Chapter 3 MENTAL PROCESS
Liping Jia
Two questions
zWhat did you learn in the class before this
class?
zIf you win 5 million lottery, how do you
feel?
Memory
Memory
persistence of learning over time
via the storage and retrieval of
information
Memory
zYou remembered what you learned in the
last class, this is memory.
z Memory is very important for us
zWith out memory, we can not know our
parents, friends and so on. Our life will be
terrible.
z Alzheimer's disease
z
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m=-1-1-2-0
z
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Memory
Memory as Information Processing
similar to a computer
write to file (encoding)
save to disk (storage)
read from disk (retrieval)
Memory
Encoding
the processing of information into the
memory system
., extracting meaning
Memory
Storage
the retention of encoded information
over time
Retrieval
process of getting information out of
memory
Memory
Sensory Memory
the immediate, initial recording of
sensory information in the memory
system
Working Memory
focuses more on the processing of
briefly stored information
Memory
Short-Term Memory
activated memory that holds a few
items briefly
look up a phone number, then quickly
dial before the information is forgotten
Long-Term Memory
the relatively permanent and limitless
storehouse of the memory system
A Simplified Memory
Model
External
events
Sensory
memory
Short-term
memory
Long-term
memory
Sensory input
Attention to important
or novel information
Encoding
Encoding
Retrieving
Encoding: Getting
Information In
Encoding
Effortful Automatic
Encoding
Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding of incidental
information
space
time
Encoding
Effortful Processing
requires attention and conscious
effort
Encoding
Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables
TUV ZOF GEK WAV
the more times practiced on Day 1,
the fewer repetitions to relearn on
Day 2
Spacing Effect
distributed practice yields better long-
term retention than massed practice
Encoding
20
15
10
5
08 16 24 32 42 53 64
Time in
minutes
taken to
relearn
list on
day 2
Number of repetitions of list on day 1
Encoding: Serial Position
Effect
12
Percent
age of
words
recalled
0
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Position of
word in list
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Serial Position
Effect--tendency
to recall best
the last items in
a list
What Do We Encode?
Semantic Encoding
encoding of meaning
including meaning of words
Acoustic Encoding
encoding of sound
especially sound of words
Visual Encoding
encoding of picture images
Encoding
Encoding
Imagery
mental pictures
a powerful aid to effortful processing,
especially when combined with semantic
encoding
Chill spark trail
Encoding
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable
units
like horizontal organization--1776149218121941
Encoding: Chunking
Organized information is more easily recalled
Storage:
Short-Term Memory
Short-Term
Memory
limited in
duration and
capacity
“magical”
number 7+/-2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
3 6 9 12 15 18
Time in seconds between presentation
of contestants and recall request
(no rehearsal allowed)
Percentage
who recalled
consonants
Storage: Long-Term
Memory Subsystems
Types of
long-term
memories
Explicit
(declarative)
With conscious
recall
Implicit
(nondeclarative)
Without conscious
recall
Facts-general
knowledge
(“semantic
memory”)
Personally
experienced
events
(“episodic
memory”)
Skills-motor
and cognitive
Dispositions-
classical and
operant
conditioning
effects
Retrieval: Getting
Information Out
Recall
measure of memory in which the
person must retrieve information
learned earlier
as on a fill-in-the blank test
Recognition
Measure of memory in which the
person has only to identify items
previously learned
as on a multiple-choice test
Retrieval
Relearning
memory measure that assesses
the amount of time saved when
learning material a second time
Priming
activation, often unconsciously,
of particular associations in
memory
Forgetting
Forgetting as encoding failure
Information never enters the long-term
memory
External
events
Sensory
memory
Short-
term
memory
Long-
term
memory
Attention
Encoding
Encoding
Encoding
failure leads
to forgetting
Forgetting
Forgetting as
encoding failure
Which penny is the
real thing?
Forgetting
Ebbinghaus
forgetting
curve over
30 days--
initially
rapid, then
levels off
with time
12345 10 15 20 25 30
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
Time in days since learning list
Percentage of
list retained
when
relearning
Forgetting
Forgetting can result from failure to
retrieve information from long-term
memory
External
events
Attention
Encoding
Encoding
Retrieval failure
leads to forgetting
Retrieval
Sensory
memory
Short-term
memory
Long-term
memory
Forgetting as
Interference
Learning some items may disrupt
retrieval of other information
Proactive (forward acting) Interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on recall
of new information
Retroactive (backwards acting)
Interference
disruptive effect of new learning on recall of
old information
Forgetting as
Interference
Forgetting
Retroactive Interference
Without interfering
events, recall is
betterAfter sleep
After remaining awake
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hours elapsed after learning syllables
90%
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentage
of syllables
recalled
Forgetting
Forgetting can
occur at any
memory stage
As we process
information,
we filter, alter,
or lose much
of it
Forgetting-
Interference
Motivated Forgetting
people unknowingly revise memories
Repression
defense mechanism that banishes from
consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts,
feelings, and memories
Memory Construction
Eyewitnesses
reconstruct
memories when
questioned
Depiction of actual accident
Leading question:
“About how fast were the cars
going when they smashed into
each other?”
Memory
construction
Improve Your Memory
Study repeatedly to boost recall
Spend more time rehearsing or
actively thinking about the material
Make material personally meaningful
Use mnemonic devices
associate with peg words--something
already stored
make up story
chunk
Improve Your Memory
Activate retrieval cues--mentally
recreate situation and mood
Recall events while they are fresh--
before you encounter misinformation
Minimize interference
Test your own knowledge
rehearse
determine what you do not yet
know
Emotion
39
Emotion
40
angryhappy
Emotion
41
fearsad
Emotion
42
Emotion
zFaraday, an UK scientists, because of his
work stress and his poor body condition, he
fall ill frequently. Many treatments were not
effective, then, a famous doctor gave him a
check, without a prescription, just gave him a
words: a clown into the city, more than a
dozen doctors.“ 43
Emotion
zFaraday savor this sentence. From then on, he
often took time to go to the circus and
comedy, good show always made him laugh,
he also took a holiday to the field and the
beach, keep happy mood, over time, Faraday’s
body gradually recovered.
44
Emotion
zWhat can you learn from the
story?
z
45
Theories of emotion
zJames-Lange Theory
zCannon-Bard Theory
zCognitive Perspectives on Emotion
46
Theories of emotion
zWhat is emotion?
47
48
Think:
why the rain cause different emotions?
Theories of emotion
49
Theories of emotion
Xiao ming
Farmer
need
Play football
rain
Not satisfied
satisfied
disappointed
happy
Emotion: The personal experience generated
from whether the objective things are in line
with the individual need.
Theories of emotion
zDoes your heart pound because you are
afraid...
z or are you afraid because you feel your
heart pounding?
51
Theories of emotion
We feel sorry because we cry and angry because
we strike and afraid because we tremble
James-Lange Theory
52
Theories of emotion
fear
If something makes you angry, your heartbeat
increases at the same time as you think “I’m
ticked off!”
Cannon-Bard Theory
53
Theories of emotion
fear
The
barking
dog
what your reaction means in the particular
setting in which it is being experienced
Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion
Regulate your emotion
zA B C theory
