캬웕톶 ?I?Pv?6?ퟩ组管맜理샭协킭议틩M?L?D?퇐研究뺿?林쇖予폨松쯉?1,2뫘贺喜샚若?l汪췴뇳斌强잿?lI(?国맺家볒쫽数字ퟖ交붻换뮻系쾵统춳工릤程돌技벼术쫵研퇐究뺿中훐心탄,ꎬ郑횣州훝4??5?ω?0?2?)?2(?郑횣州훝大듳学톧网췸络싧中훐心탄,ꎬ郑횣州훝4??50?0?5?2?)?E??-m?a?i?l:ꎺ ?Iy??s@??ma?i?l?.ꎮn??ds?c?.ꎮc?o?m?.ꎮc??n? 摘햪?要튪??ML?D?是쫇在퓚?I?P?v6?뮷坏珑뺳下쿂重훘要튪的뗄组ퟩ播능纽ퟩ管맜理샭协킭议틩,ꎬ该룃文컄研퇐究뺿了쇋?ML??D两솽룶个킭协议틩版냦本놾的뗄工릤作ퟷ原풭理샭、ꆢ놨报컄文룱格式쪽以틔벰及主훷要튪?쳘特点뗣,ꎬ럖分컶析쇋了킭协틩议行탐为캪的뗄有폐限쿞状ힴ态첬机믺,ꎬ给룸出돶了쇋M?L?D?v?2?뛔对源풴特쳘定뚨组ퟩ播능的뗄支횧持돖和뫍对쪱原풭有폐协킭议틩的뗄改룄进뷸。ꆣ?关맘键볼词듊M?L?D? ??IP?v??6 源풴特쳘定뚨组ퟩ揭능?文컄章헂编뇠号뫅1?0??02?…ꆪ?83?3?1?…튻?(?2?ω?4??)?3?6ꆪ叩?01?3?卜?ꆪ?03??文컄献쿗标뇪识쪶码싫A??훐中阁춼分럖提샠号뫅T?P?3?9?3??R??es??e?a?rc?h? ?o??n ?????????????????????????????????????????IPv6 Multicast Group Management Protocol ???????????1ꆮ?2 ?????????????????????1 Lin Yusong He LeP Wang Binqiang1 ?(N?a?t? o?n??a?l ?Di?gi?t?al? S?w??i?tc?h?ing? ?S?y??s?te?m? R?e?s??ea?r?c?h?? C?e??n?te?r,ꎬ ?Z?he?n?g??z?h?o?u? ?45??0?0?0?2)? 2?(?N?e?tw?o?r?k? C??en??te?r ,ꎬ?Zh?e?n?g?z?h?o??u? U?n??iv?e?rs?i?t?yꎬ,Z??he?n?g?z??ho??u? 4??5?0?0?5?2)? ????????ꎺ?????????????????????????????????????????????????ꎮ????????????????????????????????????????????Abstract: MLD is an important protocol in IPv6 multicast technology.呐lÌspaper analyses the 2 versions of MLD and ????????????????????????????ꎬ???????????????????????????????????????????ꎮ????????????????????????????introduces the working principles, mes自agefonnats and properties of the to support the new mult忧郁t????????ꎬ?????????????????????ꎬ?????????????ꎮ?technology, Source Specific Multicast, is also presented. ?Ke?y??w?o?r?d?s:ꎺ M??LD?ꎬ????ꎬ??????ꆪ????????????????, IPv6 , Source吨pecificMult cast 组ퟩ管맜理샭协킭议틩是쫇在퓚网췸络싧中훐实쪵现쿖组ퟩ播능的뗄重훘要튪协킭议틩,ꎬ它쯼的뗄主훷要튪功릦?由평웷器룦告警뺯逃톡项쿮?(?Ro?u?t?e?r???A?le?rt ??op?t?i?o?n)?。ꆣ슷路평由웷吉普룦告뺯警톡逃쿮琐뗄的쒿目뗄的쫇是?쓜能是쫇在퓚主훷机믺和뫍路슷由평器웷之횮间볤交붻换뮻必뇘要튪的뗄信탅息쾢,ꎬ쪹使뗃得슷路由평器웷知횪道뗀在퓚?强잿制훆路슷由평吉웷普查닩辛뾴苦룃该놨报컄文的뗄内쓚容죝。ꆣ?连솬接뷓的뗄网췸段뛎上짏有폐哪쓄些킩主훷机믺需탨要튪提쳡供릩组ퟩ播능服럾务컱。ꆣ在퓚运퓋行탐?I?P?吨?的뗄?7 8 15 16 31 췸싧샯ꎬ탂뗄ퟩ맜샭킭틩??????????????????????????킭?샠主建2탍型?싫自电뗣点?校킣验퇩自싫电?网络里,新的组管理协议MLD(Multicast Listener Discovery)协틩좡듺쇋풭살뗄퓚????췸싧훐쪹폃뗄????킭틩ꆣ쒿잰????曲ퟮ曲듳大쿬响펦应퇓延迟동?놣保爵??议取代了原来的;在IPv4网络中使用的IGMP协议。目前MLD协킭议틩有폐两솽个룶版냦本놾,ꎬ럖分别뇰是쫇?vl?뫍和v?2?0ꆣ?룃컄헫뛔????뮷뺳쿂뗄???킭틩뷸탐퇐뺿ꎬ쏨쫶쇋????细ퟩ地뗘址횷?该文针对IPv6环境下的MLD协议进行研究,描述了MLD两솽个룶协킭议틩版냦本놾的뗄工릤作ퟷ服풭理샭、ꆢ놨报文컄格룱式쪽以틔及벰主훷要튪特쳘点뗣,ꎬ问춬时쪱也튲分럖?析컶了쇋M?L?D?v?2?刘뛔源풴特쳘定뚨组ퟩ播(능S??o??ur?c?e???S?p?ec?i?fic?? ?Mu?lt?i?ca?s?t?)?的뗄支횧持돖?뫍뛔풭폐킭틩뗄룄뷸ꆣ?回춼?1??ML?D?v?l?놨报文컄格룱式쪽?和对原有协议的改进。MLDvl报文格式与IGM队r2报文相比有些改变,.1:要是增????????????놨컄룱쪽폫??????놨컄쿠뇈폐킩룄뇤ꎬ훷튪쫇퓶?1 MLDvl 加볓了쇋码싫点뗣字ퟖ段뛎。ꆣ其웤格룱式쪽如죧图춼?I所쯹示쪾,ꎬ.훷1튪:要쓚内죝容죧如下쿂:ꎺ?M?L?D?v?l?协킭议틩只횻能쓜用폃于폚I??P?v?6环뮷境뺳,ꎬ폫与퓋运行탐在퓚I??P?v?4环뮷境뺳下쿂的뗄??(?1?샠)类탍刻ퟖ字뛎段?(?Ty??pe?)?ꎺ:8?b?i?t?oꆣ ?ML?D?v?l?훐中폐有三죽种훖报놨文컄类샠裂탍ꆣ?I??G?M?P协킭议틩相쿠比뇈,ꎬ其웤最ퟮ大듳的뗄变뇤化뮯在퓚于폚使쪹用폃?I?C?MP?v?6?놨报文컄承돐载퓘数쫽?ꋙ①1?30?:ꎺ组ퟩ능播监볠听쳽者헟资닩询톯?(?Mu?lt?i?ca?s?t?L?is?te??ne?r? Q?u??e?η)?报놨文컄ꆣ3?据뻝,ꎬ뛸而늻不像쿱I??G?MP?횱直接뷓使쪹用폃I??P报놨文컄承돐载퓘数쫽据뻝。ꆣ?用폃于폚路슷由평器웷向.쿲1훷:믺机닩查톯询ퟩ组돉成员풱状ힴ态첬。ꆣ王닩蒙톯询럖分캪为솽两훖种샠类现탍:ꎺ춨通用폃?M?L?D?v?l?协킭议틩的뗄工릤作ퟷ方랽式쪽与폫I??G?MP?v?2?协킭议틩类샠似쯆oꆣ路슷由평器웷定뚨期웚?圣닩经톯询(?G?e?n?e?r?al??Qu??日η?)?ꎬ,ퟩ组뗘地횷址字ퟖ段뛎里훃是캪为全좫?0ꎬ,뛔对쯹所폐有뗄的组ퟩ进뷸?랢发送쯍查닩询톯报놨文컄,ꎬ.훷1믺:죧机맻如쿫果볓想加죫入ퟩ组능播ퟩ组ꎬ,퓲则춨通맽过놨报룦告놨报컄文뛔对路슷?行탐组ퟩ成돉负풱责닩询톯:ꎻ特쳘定뚨组ퟩ地뗘址횷资닩询톯(?M?u?lt?i?ca?自?t?ꆪ-a??d?d?r?e?s?sꆪ-s?p?e?c?i?fi?c? 由평器웷进뷸行탐响쿬应펦。ꆣ.훷1믺:췋机돶退ퟩ出组능播ퟩ组쪱时ꎬ,랢发쯍送췋退돶出놨报컄文룸给路슷由평器웷。ꆣ主훷??Qu?e?η?)? ꎬ,헫针뛔对쳘特뚨定뗄的ퟩ组뷸进탐行ퟩ组돉成풱员닩资询톯.ꎬ놨报컄文훐中뗄的ퟩ组뗘地횷址字ퟖ段뛎?机믺之횮间볤采닉用폃响쿬应펦抑틖制훆机믺制훆来살避뇜免쏢发랢送쯍重훘复뢴确좷认죏。ꆣ?景훃为캪特쳘定뚨组ퟩ的뗄地뗘址횷。ꆣ?1?ꎮ.1? M?L?D?v?l?的뗄报놨艾컄格룱式쪽?(ꋚ1??31? ꎺ:ퟩ组능播볠览쳽昕헟者놨报告룦(?M?u?lt?i?ca?s?t??Lis?t?e?n?e?r? R?e?p?o??批?)?놨报文컄心ꆣ?M?L?D?协킭议틩是쫇I??C?M?Pv??6协킭틩议的뗄一튻个룶子ퟓ协킭议틩。ꆣ在퓚一튻个룶?I?P?v?6数쫽?用폃于폚主훷机믺向쿲路슷由평器웷报놨告룦加볓入죫某쒳个룶组ퟩ播능组ퟩ的뗄信탅息쾢。ꆣ?据뻝报놨文컄中훐,ꎬ通춨过맽将붫N?e?x?t?H?e?a?d?e?r?字ퟖ段뛎的뗄值횵直훃是캪为5?8?살来表뇭示쪾该룃报놨?③ꋠ?1?32?:ꎺ组ퟩ능播监볠听쳽者헟结뷡束쫸(?M?u?lt?i?ca?s?t?L?is??te??ne??r? D?o?n?e?)?놨报文컄。ꆣ用폃?文컄的뗄数쫽据뻝部늿分럖是쫇一튻个룶?ML?D?协킭议틩报놨文컄;ꎻ同춬时쪱将붫?Ho?p???Li?m?i?t字ퟖ段뛎?于폚主훷机믺向쿲路슷由평器웷报놨告룦离샫开뾪某쒳个룶组ퟩ播능组ퟩ的뗄信탅息쾢3ꆣ?훃캪?ꎬ퓶볓훰쳸톡쿮춷????ꆪ??ꆪ??????????????????훐뗄슷??(?2)?码싫点뗣字ퟖ段뛎(??Co?d?e?)?ꎺ:?8b?i?t?oꆣ初돵始쪼值횵为캪0景为1,增加逐跳选项头(Hop-by一hopoptions header)中的路?ꆣ0?基믹金뷰项쿮目쒿:ꎺ国맺家볒?86?3?高룟技벼术쫵研퇐究뺿发랢展햹计볆划뮮信탅息쾢技벼术쫵领쇬城폲重훘大듳专项쿮项쿮目쒿慕믹金뷰资助훺(?编뇠号뫅ꎺ:?2∞???l?AA?1?2?4?0?1?1??) 作ퟷ者헟简볲介뷩:ꎺ林쇖予폨松쯉(1???9?73?-튻)?ꎬ,쓐舅ꎬ,붲讲쪦师ꎬ,늩憾쪿士짺生ꎬ,훷才튪主퇐要研뺿究랽方쿲向ꎺ:ퟩ绵능播ꎬ,뫋核탄心슷路평由器웷设짨计볆。ꆣ贺뫘磊샚(1??9?7?4?튻斗?,ꎬ쓐男,ꎬ늩悔쪿士짺生ꎬ,훷主튪要퇐研뺿究랽方向쿲·ꎺ췸网싧络맜管理샭,ꎬ뫋核탄心路슷由평?器웷设짨计볆。ꆣ汪췴斌뇳强잿(1??9?6?3?斗??,ꎬ쓐身,ꎬ뷌教쫚授ꎬ,늩博쪿士짺生떼导쪦师,ꎬ훷主튪要퇐研뺿究方랽向쿲:ꎺ뿭宽듸带I?P网췸络싧。ꆣ?计볆算쯣机믺工릤程돌与폫应펦用폃?2?ω?4?.ꎮ3?6??1??31? ?
?캬웕톶 ?(?3)?校킣验퇩和뫍字ퟖ段뛎:ꎺ1??6?b?it?ꆣ?器웷会믡忽뫶略싔所쯹有폐的뗄离샫开뾪报놨义컄。ꆣ?a ?(?4)?最ퟮ大듳响쿬应펦时쪱间볤字ퟖ段뛎?(?Ma?x??R?e?s??p ??De??l?a?y)? :ꎺ1?6?b?i?tꆣ。횻只폐有퓚在组ퟩ??1.ꎮ3? 主훷机믺工릤作ퟷ状ힴ态첬转换뮻回춼?播능监볠昕쳽者헟查닩询톯报놨文컄中훐有폐效킧,ꎬ훷主믺机뇘必탫须퓚在ퟮ最듳大쿬晌펦成쪱时间볤到떽达듯之횮前잰?使쪹用폃ힴ状态첬转换뮻图춼能쓜够릻很뫜好뫃地뗘反랴应펦主훷机믺的뗄变뇤化뮯状ힴ态첬ꆣC对뛔于폚任죎?发랢出돶成돉员풱关맘系쾵报놨告룦报놨义컄。ꆣ通춨过맽该룃值횵,ꎬ슷路평由웷器뿉问틔以뗷调节뷚组ퟩ成돉员풱的뗄?意틢一튻个룶单떥独뛀接뷓口뿚짏t的뗄튻一个룶单떥独뛀的뗄?I?P?v6?组ퟩ播능地뗘址횷,ꎬ一튻台첨主훷机믺可뿉?离샫开뾪延퇓迟동。ꆣ?能쓜是쫇以틔下쿂三죽种훖状ힴ态첬中훐的뗄一튻种훖:ꎺ??(?5)?组ퟩ地뗘址횷地뗘段뛎:ꎺ?1?28?b?i?t?ꆣ퓚在通춨用폃组ퟩ查닩询톯中훐,ꎬ훃堂캪为趴?ꎻ在퓚特쳘定a뚨??(?1?럇)非볠监쳽昕ힴ状첬态?(?No??nꆪ-?Ii?st?e?n?er??S??t?a?t?e)? cꆣ当떱:훷t믺机쎻没폐有퓚在뷓接口뿚?组ퟩ查닩询톯时쪱,ꎬ룃该ퟖ字뛎段듦存럅放튪要닩查톯询뗄的ퟩ组능播ퟩ细뗄的뗘地횷址ꆣ。퓚在报놨룦告和뫍完췪成돉?上짏监볠昕쳽任죎何뫎一튻个룶组ퟩ播능地뗘址횷时쪱的뗄状ힴ态첬。ꆣ쎻没폐有짏上닣层协킭틩议或믲者헟应펦用폃要튪?报놨文컄中훐,ꎬ럖分뇰别폃用폚于듦存럅放主훷机믺姿튪加볓入죫和뫍离샫开뾪的뗄组ퟩ地뗘址횷。ꆣ?求쟳接뷓收쫕组ퟩ播능数쫽据뻝,ꎬ헢这쫇是죎任何뫎一튻个룶网췸络싧接뷓口뿚的뗄初돵始쪼状ힴ态첬,ꎬ此듋时쪱在퓚??ꎮ???????뗄릤ퟷ풭샭?훷主믺机上짏不늻需탨要튪存듦储뒢空뿕间볤。ꆣ? MLDvl的工作服理슷평웷춨맽???킭틩살첽달ퟓ췸쓚폐쓄킩훷믺탨튪뷓쫕?(??2)?延퇓时쪱监볠昕쳽状ힴ态첬?(?De?l?a?y?i??n?g?I?i?st?e?n?e?r? ??St?at?e)?。ꆣ헢这时쪱主훷机믺正헽?路由器通过MLD协议来探察子网内有哪些主机需要接收ퟩ능놨컄ꆣ퓚슷평웷쓚늿폐튻룶쇐뇭ꎬ놣듦ퟅ퓚슷평웷솬뷓뗄?在퓚监볠昕쳽某쒳些킩组ퟩ播능地뗘址횷,ꎬ떫但是쫇由평于폚计볆时쪱器웷尚짐米캴到떽期웚,ꎬ뮹还쎻没有폐向쿲路슷?组播报文。在路由器内部有A个列表,保存着在路由器连接的ퟓ췸쓚폐ퟩ돉풱뗄ퟩ능ퟩ뗘횷ꎬ늢쟒헫뛔쎿튻룶ퟩ뗘횷폐튻룶?由평웷器发랢送쯍报놨告룦报놨文컄。ꆣ?子网内有级成员的组播锐地址,并且针对每一个细地址有一个볆쪱웷ꆣ슷평웷횻횪뗀쒳튻룶ퟩ뗘횷폐컞뷓쫕헟ꎬ늢늻횪뗀ퟓ??(?3)?空뿕闲쿐监볠昕쳽状ힴ态첬(I??d?l??e??Iis?t?e?n?e?r? S?t?a?t?e?)?二ꆣ듋此时쪱主훷机믺正헽在퓚监볠?计时器。路由器只知道某一个组地址有充接收者,并不知道子췸쓚폐뛠짙뷓쫕헟믲헟뷓쫕헟쫇쓄첨훷믺ꆣ?昕쳽某쒳些킩组ퟩ播능地뗘址횷,ꎬ늢并쟒且튲也쎻没폐有놨报룦告퇓延쪱时볆计时쪱器웷在퓚工릤作ퟷ中훐ꆣg?网内有多少接收者或者接收者是哪台主机。죧맻슷평웷폐뛠룶췸싧뷓뿚솬뷓퓚춬튻룶췸뛎짏ꎬ퓲슷평?튻一共릲有폐5?룶个事쫂件볾会믡触뒥发랢主훷机改믺变룄状뇤态ힴ、첬:ꎺ?如果路由器有多个网络接口连接在间一个网段上,则路由웷탨튪톡퓱웤훐튻룶ퟷ캪랢쯍????쫽뻝놨컄뗄풴뗘횷ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ??(?1?뾪)开쪼始볠监쳽昕쫂事볾件(?S?t?a?r?t??I?is??t?e?ni?n?g??且?v?en?t?)?ꆣ。主훷机믺开뾪始쪼想쿫要튪?器需要选择其中一个作为发送IPv6数据报文的源地址。同时,룃뷓뿚뇘탫짨훃캪퓊탭뷓쫕쯹폐뗄쫽뻝솴슷닣ퟩ능뗘횷ꆣ?监볠昕쳽某쒳个룶组ퟩ播능地뗘址횷。ꆣ这헢个룶事쫂件볾只횻能쓜发랢生짺在퓚非럇监볠昕쳽状ힴ态첬。ꆣ?该接口必须设置为允许接收所有的数据链路层组播地址。떱튻룶췸뛎쓚솬뷓폐뛠첨슷평웷뗄쪱뫲ꎬ뇘탫톡뻙튻첨슷??(?2)?停춣止횹监볠昕쳽事쫂件볾?(?St?op???Iis?t?en?i?n?g? ?E?v?e?n?t?)?。ꆣ主훷机믺停춣止횹监볠昕쳽?当一个网段内连接有多台路由器的时候,必须选给一台路평웷ퟷ캪닩톯슷평웷???????????ꎬ웤폠뗄ퟔ좻돉캪럇닩톯?某쒳个룶组ퟩ播능地뗘址횷。ꆣ헢这룶个쫂事볾件횻只쓜能퓚在퇓延쪱时볠监쳽听믲或者헟뿕空闲쿐监볠昕쳽状ힴ态첬下쿂?由器作为查询路由器(Querierrouter),其余的自然成为非查询슷평웷????ꆪ???????????ꆣ톡뻙뗄믺훆쫇?뗘횷ퟮ킡뗄슷?发랢生짺。ꆣ?路陶器(Non-Querierrouter)。选举的机制是E地址最小的路평웷떱톡ꆣ럇닩톯슷평웷훐폐튻룶???????????????볆쪱?(?3 ?)닩查톯询놨报文컄收쫕到떽号쫂事볾件(??Qu?e?r?y??R?e?ce? ?ve?d? ?E?v?e?n?t?)?。ꆣ훷主믺机收쫕到떽?由器当选。非资询路由器中有一个OtherQuerier Present计时一个来自路由器的查询报义。在非监昕状态下,该报文被忽略。器웷,ꎬ떱当룃该볆计쪱时웷器떽到웚期죔仍쎻没有폐收쫕到떽来살自ퟔ资닩询톯路슷由평器웷的뗄报놨文컄,ꎬ则퓲认죏?튻룶살ퟔ슷평웷뗄닩톯놨컄ꆣ퓚럇볠쳽ힴ첬쿂ꎬ룃놨컄놻뫶싔ꆣ?캪룃닩톯슷평웷쪧킧ꎬ훘탂뾪쪼탂뗄톡뻙ꆣ?(??4)?놨报告룦报놨文컄收쫕到떽事쫂件볾(?R?e?p?o?r?t?R?e?c?e?i?ve?d? ??Ev?e?n?t?)?ꆣ。훷主믺机쫕收到떽?为该查询路由器失效,重新开始新的选举。슷평웷뚨웚쿲ퟓ췸쓚쯹폐뗄훷믺맣능닩톯놨컄?쒿뗄뗘횷?튻一个룶来살自ퟔ其웤它쯼主훷机믺的뗄报놨告룦报놨义컄。ꆣ퓚在럇非볠监쳽昕ힴ状态첬뫍和空뿕闲쿐监볠昕쳽状ힴ态첬?路由器定期向子网内所有的主机广播查询报文(目的地址캪????ꎺꎺ??ꎬ쒿뗄쫇믱뗃훷믺뗄놨룦놨컄ꆣ퓚슷평웷룕뾪쪼릤?下쿂,ꎬ룃该놨报컄文被놻忽뫶略싔。ꆣ?为FF02::1),目的是获得主机的报告报文。在路由器刚开始工ퟷ쪱ꎬ믡뿬쯙솬탸뗘랢쯍닩톯놨컄ꎬ틔뇣뺡뿬쯑벯떽ퟓ췸쓚뗄?(?5?)?볆计时쪱器웷到떽期웚事件쫂(볾T?ì??m?e?r??E?x??p ?re?d? ??E?v?e?n?t)? ꆣö떱当针헫对뛔某쒳…튻?作时,会快速连续地发送查询报文,以便尽快搜集到子网内的ퟩ돉풱탅쾢ꆣ?룶个报놨룦份报놨文컄的뗄计볆时쪱器웷到떽期웚后뫳发랢生짺这헢一튻事쫂件볾.ꎬ该룃事쫂件볾只횻能쓜在퓚E延퇓时쪱?组成员信息。떱훷믺뷓?쫕떽튻룶닩톯놨컄뫳ꎬ뻍캪쎿튻룶튪뷓쫕뗄ퟩ뗘?监볠昕쳽状ힴ态첬下쿂发랢生짺。ꆣ?当主机接.收到一个查询报文后,就为每一个要接收的组地횷웴뚯튻룶퇓동뚨쪱웷ꆣ뚨쪱웷뗄횵퓚?ꎬ???????????????횮?뛔对于폚其웤它쯼情쟩况뿶,ꎬ뇈比죧如쫕收到떽无컞放킧的뗄?ML?D?报놨文컄,ꎬ믲或헟者놨报컄文类샠刻탍?址启动一个延迟定时器。定时器的值在仰,MaxResp Delay 1之볤좡튻룶쯦믺쫽ꆣ죧맻닩톯놨컄훐뗄?????????????ퟖ뛎놻?늻不是쫇查닩询톯和뫍报놨告룦,ꎬ则퓲丢뚪弃웺相쿠应펦的뗄报놨文컄。ꆣ?间取一个随机数。如果查询报文中的MaxResp Delay字段被훃캪?ꎬ퓲뚨쪱웷솢뿌떽웚ꆣ뚨쪱웷떽웚뫳ꎬ훷믺믡랢쯍튻룶놨?针헫对뛔上짏述쫶的뗄?5种훖事쫂件볾,ꎬ믡会有폐7?훖种动뚯作ퟷ(?A?c?t?i?o?ns?)?发랢生짺。ꆣ?最为0,则定时器立刻到期。定时器到期后,主机会发送一4个报룦놨컄룸슷평웷ꎬ춨횪슷평웷훷믺쿫뷓쫕뗄ퟩ능ퟩ뗘횷ꆣ?(??1?랢)쯍发送놨报룦告놨报컄文(??Re?p?o?此???M创???s?a?ge?)?ꆣ?告掖义给路由器,通知路由器主机想接收的组播组地址。죧맻튻첨훷믺퓚뚨쪱웷뮹캴떽웚쪱ꎬ뻍쫕떽웤쯼훷믺춨룦?(??2)?랢发쯍送结뷡束쫸报놨文컄(??Do?n?e??M??e?s?s?ag??e)? ꆣ?如果-台主饥在定时器还未到期时,就收到其官主机通告슷평웷뗄놨룦놨컄ꎬ퓲뛁좡룃놨컄뗄ퟩ뗘횷ꎬ죧맻뫍ퟔ벺탨튪??。??)S?e?t?f?l?a?g"ꆣ如죧果맻ë훷È믺机쫇是쒳某룶个ퟩ组능播뗘地횷址的뗄最ퟮ后뫳…튻个룶成돉员풱气ꆣ?路由器的报告报义,则读版该报义的组地址,如果和自己能要춨룦뗄ퟩ뗘횷쿠춬ꎬ퓲솢뿌춣횹쿠펦뗄뚨쪱웷ꎬ늢늻퓙랢쯍맘?(? ?4 )? C??l?e?a?r ??fl?a?g"ꆣ如죧맻果主훷机믺不늻是쫇某쒳个룶组ퟩ播능地뗘址횷的뗄最ퟮ后뫳一튻个룶?通货的组地址相间,则立刻停止相应的定时器.并不再发送关폚룃ퟩ뗘횷뗄놨룦놨컄ꎬ헢퇹뻍뿉틔뇜쏢뛠첨훷믺랢쯍쿠춬쓚?成돉员풱。ꆣ?于该组地址的报告报文,这样就可以避免多台主机发送相间内죝뗄놨룦놨컄룸슷평웷ꎬ헢훖믺훆돆캪ꆰ쿬펦틖훆ꆱꆣ??(?5)?计볆时쪱器웷7뾪f쪼始计볆时쪱。ꆣ?容的报告报文给路由器,这种机制称为"响应抑制"。슷평웷쫕떽살ퟔ훷믺뗄놨룦놨컄뫳ꎬ닩뾴웤훐뗄ퟩ뗘횷ꎬ??(?6)?鼓훘鼓훃볆计时쪱稽웷。ꆣ为캪计볆时쪱器웷赋뢳予폨一튻个룶新탂的뗄值횵。ꆣ?路由器收到来自主机的报告报文后.1辈辈言其中的组地址.죧맻룃뗘횷캴퓚슷평웷뗄ퟩ뗘횷쇐뇭훐ꎬ퓲붫웤쳭볓떽ퟩ뗘횷??(7? ?)춣停止횹ì볆j-쪱时웷器。ꆣ?如果该地址米在路由器的组地址列表中,则将其添加到组地址쇐뇭훐ꎬ춬쪱캪웤웴뚯튻룶쿠펦뗄뚨쪱웷ꎻ죧맻룃뗘횷틑뺭퓚?状ힴ态첬的뗄转变뇤闹평事쫂件볾触뒥发랢.ꎬ쫂事볾件춬同쪱时뒥触랢发了쇋相쿠펦应的뗄动뚯作ퟷcꎺ죧吉日?列表中,问时为其启动l一个相应的定时器;如果该地址已经在슷평웷뗄ퟩ뗘횷쇐뇭훐ꎬ퓲붫쿠펦뗄뚨쪱웷믖뢴ퟮ듳횵ꆣ죧맻?图춼?2所쯹示쪾。ꆣ?路由器的组地址列表中,则将相应的定时器恢复最大值。如果튻一个룶组ퟩ地뗘址횷的뗄定뚨时쪱器웷到떽期웚了쇋,ꎬ퓲则쮵说쏷明룃该ퟩ组뗘地횷址퓚在ퟓ子网췸内쓚已틑经뺭没쎻?有폐接뷓收쫕者헟了쇋,ꎬ슷路由평웷器会믡将붫此듋组ퟩ地뗘址횷从듓列쇐表뇭中훐删즾除돽。ꆣ?当떱一튻台첨主훷机믺想쿫要튪加볓入죫某쒳个룶组ퟩ播능组ퟩ时쪱,ꎬ뿉可틔以늻不뇘必뗈等듽待路슷由평器웷?的뗄닩查询톯报놨义컄,ꎬ뛸而쫇是횱直뷓接쿲向슷路평由웷器랢发쯍送놨报룦告놨报컄义ꆣ。为캪了쇋놣保障헏该룃报놨?义컄的뗄可뿉靠뾿性탔,ꎬ一튻般냣会믡进뷸行탐锺훘传뒫。ꆣ?当떱튻一台첨主훷机믺想쿫要튪甚샫离뾪开쒳某룶个ퟩ组능播ퟩ组쪱时,ꎬ뇘必탫须랢发쯍送튻一룶个샫离开뾪报놨?文컄(?샠类型탍1??32?)?给룸子ퟓ问췸内쓚的뗄路슷由평器웷(?臼쒿的뗄地뗘址횷:ꎺ?FF?0?2?:ꎺ:ꎺ?2)?。ꆣ슷路평由器웷?收쫕到떽离샫开뾪报놨文컄后뫳,ꎬ会믡首쫗先쿈查닩辛뾴苦룃该ퟩ组뗘地횷址是쫇沓럱在퓚组ퟩ地뗘址횷列쇐发뇭中훐,ꎬ?如죧果맻在퓚,ꎬ퓲则랢发쯍送튻一룶个쳘特뚨定ퟩ组뗘地횷址닩查톯询룸给ퟓ予췸网쓚内的뗄所쯹有폐主훷机믺。ꆣ在퓚?튻뚨定的뗄时쪱间볤内쓚,ꎬ슷路평由웷器쫕收늻不到떽来살自ퟔ主훷机믺的뗄应펦答듰,ꎬ퓲则믡会认죏为캪该룃组ퟩ?已틑뺭经没쎻有폐接뷓收쫕者헟,ꎬ폚于쫇是붫将该룃组ퟩ地뗘址횷从듓列쇐漠뇭中훐删즾除돽。ꆣ非럇圣닩经询톯胳슷自평?圈춼2?훷主机믺状ힴ态첬转换뮻圈춼?1??32?? 2?∞??4?.ꎮ?36?计볆算쯣机믺工릤程돌与폫应펦用폃?
?캬웕톶 헢这望샯能탨婆튪说쮵明쏷的뗄是쫇,ꎬ?s?e?t ?f?1a?g뇭表쪾示主훷믺机돉成캪为该룃ퟩ组最ퟮ后뫳一튻个룶??ML?D?v?2?킭协틩议是쫇?I?C?MP?v??6킭协틩议的뗄子ퟓ协킭议틩ꎬ.?M?L?Dv?2?뗄的놨报컄文类샠型탍?돉成员풱.ꎬ?c?le?a?r? ?f1?a?g뇭表쪾后훷主机믺不늻是쫇最ퟮ后뫳一튻个룶成돉员풱ꆣO샽例如죧,ꎬ퓚在퇓延쪱时监볠?폐有以틔下쿂四쯄种훖:ꎺ?쳽听ힴ状첬态,ꎬ죧如맻果퓚在볆计쪱时웷器쎻没폐有떽到웚期的뗄时쪱候뫲,ꎬ쫕收떽到튻一룶个살来自ퟔ웤其它쯼主훷??(1? ?)T?y?p?e?=?1?3?0:ꎺ ?M?u?lt?ic?a?s?t ?Li?st?e?时??r??Q?u?e?ry? 믺机的뗄报놨告룦报놨义컄,ꎬ则퓲说쮵明쏷另쇭有폐主훷机믺向쿲路슷由평苦웷苦发랢送쯍了쇋报놨告룦报놨文컄,ꎬ闵틲??(?2 ?)?T?y?pe??口?[?I?A?N?A짐尚캴米确좷定뚨ꆿ1:ꎺ?V?e?r?s?io?n? ?2? Multicast Listener 듋此.ꎬ룃该훷主믺机뻍就늻不뇘必퓙再发랢送쯍报놨告룦报놨文컄了쇋(?停춣止횹计볆时쪱器웷)?ꎬ,춬问쪱时쮵说明쏷??R?e?p?o?r?t 룃该:훷:믺E튲机늻也쫇不룃是ퟩ该능组播ퟩ组뗄的ퟮ簸뫳后튻一룶个成돉员풱.ꎬ틲因듋此?cl?e?ar???f1?ag?ꆣo? ?(3? ?)?T?y?p?e?口?1?31?:ꎺ?V?e?rs?io??n? ?1? ?M?u?lt?i?c?a?st? ?L?i?s?t?e?n?e?r? ?R?ep??or?t? ?1.ꎮ?4 슷路由평器웷状ힴ恋첬转换뮻回춼??(?4 ?)? T?y?p?e=? ?1?3?2:ꎺ ?V?e?r?s?io??n? ?1? ?M?u?lt?i?c?a?st? ?L?is??t?e?n?e?r? ?D?o?n?e? 솬i连뷓接퓚在춬问튻一췸网뛎段짏上的뗄路슷由평器웷有폐两솽种훖类샠型탍:ꎺ튻一훖种쫇是查닩询톯路슷由평?웤其中훐后뫳솽两훖种报놨文컄是쫇为캪了쇋兼볦容죝?ML?D?v?l?协킭议틩二?웷器;ꎻ쇭另튻一훖种쫇是럇非닩查톯询슷路由평器웷。ꆣ王닩坚톯询슷路평由웷器뢺负퓰资퓚在췸网뛎段쓚内랢发送쯍盗닩??ML?D?v?2?的뗄릤工ퟷ作原풭理샭和뫍?ML?D?v?l?늢并没쎻有폐本놾质훊的뗄改룄变뇤,ꎬ횻只是쫇在퓚?톯询报놨文컄。ꆣ?쒳某킩些地뗘랽方做ퟶ了쇋改룄进뷸和뫍优폅化뮯。ꆣ以틔下쿂列쇐出돶了쇋?ML?D?v?2?的뗄主훷要튪改룄进뷸:ꎺ?폐有3?种훖事쫂件볾会믡触뒥发랢路슷由평器웷改룄变뇤类샠型탍:ꎺ??(?1?횧)돖支持풴源쳘特뚨定ퟩ组능蟠?S?S?M;ꎻ??(?1?닩)톯盗询볆计쪱时웷器떽到웚期ꆣO헢这个룶毒쫂草볾件횻只쓜能랢发짺生퓚在닩盗톯询路슷由평웷B짏上Gꆣ??(?2)?훷主믺机뿉可以틔캬维뮤护쎿每룶个뷓接口뿚짏上쎿每个룶쳗套뷓接ퟖ字上짏的뗄组ퟩ능播接뷓收쫕状ힴ??(?2)?쫕收到떽来살自ퟔ更룼小킡?I?P뗘地횷址的뗄查닩询톯报놨文컄。ꆣ?态첬.ꎬ늢并쟒且헫针뛔对쎿每튻一룶个ퟩ组능播뗘地址횷可뿉以틔定뚨义틥…튻个룶过맽滤싋模쒣式쪽和뫍一튻Aퟩ组源풴??(?3)?닩查询톯슷路由평웷器存듦믮活볆计时쪱器웷到떽웚期。ꆣ닩查询톯슷路由평웷器存듦活믮计볆时쪱器웷?地뗘址횷;ꎻ?运퓋行탐퓚在作럇查닩询톯路슷朗평器웷上짏.ꎬ뇭表쪾示닩盗톯询슷路평陶웷器뗄的듦存믮活ힴ状첬态。ꆣ一튻旦떩该룃??(?3)?路슷由평器웷中훐,ꎬ돽除了쇋组ퟩ播능地뗘址횷列쇐农뇭外췢,ꎬ还뮹维캬护뮤辛ퟅ苦쎿每룶个ퟩ组능蟠地뗘?볆计时쪱器웷到떽期웚.ꎬ럇4F닩查询톯路슷由평怨웷就뻍会믡认죏为캪查닩询톯路슷由苦평苦웷出돶了쇋故맊障헏.ꎬ将붫?址횷相쿠关맘的뗄过맽滤싋模쒣式쪽、ꆢ掷풴地뗘址횷列쇐表뇭、ꆢ源풴计볆时쪱器웷等뗈信息탅、쾢ꆣc뛸而在퓚?会믡重훘新탂进뷸行탐盗닩询톯路슷陶평器웷选톡举뻙。ꆣ?M?L?D?v?l?中훐,ꎬ슷路평由웷器횻只캬维护뮤一튻个룶组ퟩ播능地뗘址횷列쇐表뇭;ꎻ?뛔对于폚上짏述쫶的뗄事쫂件볾,ꎬ会믡产닺尘짺不늻同춬的뗄动뚯作ퟷ:ꎺ??(?4?)Q?R?V뫍和?QQ?I?Cퟖ字段뛎可뿉以틔使쪹同춬一튻网췸段뛎上짏的뗄?ML?D?v?2?슷路由평??(?1?웴)뚯启닩动圣톯经볤询룴问볆隔쪱计웷时器ꆣ。룃该볆计쪱时웷部폃用폚于控뿘制훆圣닩经톯询슷路평由웷器?器웷保놣持돖问춬步늽;ꎻ?每쎿次듎发랢送쯍盗닩询톯报놨文컄的뗄时쪱间볤间볤隔룴。ꆣ??(?5)?훷主믺机可뿉以틔定뚨义틥姿튪接뷓收쫕的뗄组ퟩ播능源풴地뗘址횷;ꎻ??(?2)?웴启动뚯圣닩经톯询슷路평陶웷器듦存活믮计볆时쪱器웷。ꆣ??(?6)?最ퟮ듳大响쿬应펦时쪱间볤增퓶加볓到떽?1?4?0分럖钟훓,ꎬ쫊适뫏合于폚较뷏大듳的뗄网췸络싧;ꎻ??(3?)?发랢送쯍通춨用폃圣닩经톯询놨报文컄Oꆣ通춨用폃圣닩经톯询놨报컄义뗄的目쒿的뗄地뗘址횷是쫇:ꎺ??(?7)?辅뢨助훺数쫽搅뻝字ퟖ段뛎为캪将붫来살的뗄应펦用폃预풤留쇴了쇋空뿕间볤:ꎻ?????ꎺꎺ?ꆣ?FF02: :1 0 ?(?8)?놨报告룦报놨文컄中훐可뿉以틔包냼含몬多뛠个룶针헫对뛔不늻间춬组ퟩ播능地뗘址횷的뗄记볇录슼.ꎬ?路슷由평器웷在퓚两솽种훖类샠型탍闷볤切쟐换뮻的뗄示쪾意틢图춼如죧图춼3?所쯹示쪾οꆣ?而뛸?ML?D?v?l?中훐,ꎬ헫针뛔对쎿每룶个ퟩ组능播뗘地횷址뚼都탨需要튪发랢送쯍一튻个룶报놨告룦报놨文컄,ꎬ因틲?此듋?ML?D?v?2?뿉可以틔有폐效킧地뗘减복少짙网췸络싧通춨信탅蜜솿:ꎻ?닩톯볆쪱웷떽웚??랢쯍춨폃닩톯??(?9)?在퓚?ML?D?v?2?中훐,ꎬ좡取쿻消쇋了잰前쏦面냦版놾本中훐的뗄响쿬应펦抑틖制훆功릦能쓜.ꎬ主훷?돵쪼ힴ첬?ꎮ?닩톯슷평웷?놨컄ꎮ웴뚯춨폃?닩톯볆쪱웷??主튪要풭原틲因쫇是ꎺꋙ:①쪹使폃用쿬响펦应틖抑훆制쪱时ꎬ,슷路평由웷器횻只횪知뗀道ퟓ子췸网짏上쫇是럱否폐有组ퟩ?成돉员풱,ꎬ뛸闹늻不횪知뗀道폐有벸几룶个组ퟩ成돉员풱,ꎬ틔以벰及돉成풱员是쫇哪쓄些킩主훷机믺;ꎻ좡取쿻消响쿬应펦?췵톯슷평웷듦믮?抑틖制훆,ꎬ슷路평由웷器뻍就可뿉以틔i볇己슼没쎿每튻一룶个ퟩ组成돉员풱的뗄信탅息쾢,ꎬ뿉可틔以뾪开发랢记볇帐헊?볆쪱웷떽웚?랢?쯍춨폃닩톯놨?等뗈功릦能쓜;ꎻꋚ~탭许뛠多췸网쟅桥믲或헟者之뛾应닣/ꎯ죽兰닣应붻交뮻换믺机퓚在实쪵现쿖?ML?D?볠监听쳽功릦?컄ꎬ웴뚯돵쪼춨?能쓜时쪱,ꎬ캪为쇋了뇜避쏢免쿬响펦应仰틖制훆,ꎬ튻一냣般늻不转랢发网췸段뛎问볤的뗄M?L?D?놨f民컄义?斗取좡?쫕떽살ퟔ룼?폃놨컄볆쪱웷?消쿻了쇋响쿬应펦抑틖制훆后뫳.ꎬ뿉可틔以简볲뮯化这헢些킩设짨备놸的뗄设짨计볆:ꎻꋠ③좡取쿻消响쿬应펦抑틖制훆?킡??뗘횷뗄?닩톯놨컄?웴?后뫳,ꆣ훷主믺机늻不뇘必뒦处샭理살来自ퟔ其웤它쯼主훷机믺的뗄报놨文컄,ꎬ简볲化뮯了쇋主훷机믺的뗄实쪵现쿖:ꎻ?뚯닩톯슷평?럇훘톯슷평웷?쫕떽살ퟔ룼킡???뗘횷뗄훘톯놨컄?웷듦믮볆쪱??(1?0?)?在퓚圣닩经톯询놨报컄文中훐,ꎬ퓶增볓加了쇋S?标뇪志횾位캻,ꎬ뿉问틔以쳡提룟高쾵系춳统的뗄健붡?웷???웴뚯훘톯슷평?웷듦믮볆쪱웷?壮ힳ性탔;ꎻ?(?1?1? ?)좡取쿻消了쇋M?L?D?v?l?中훐的뗄完췪成돉报놨文컄?(D?o?川???M?e?s?s?a?g?e?)?σꆣ?因춼3?路슷囱평错웷状ힴ态첬转挨뮻圈춼?3?? 总ퟜ结뷡?2?? M?L?D?v?2? ??ML?D?协킭议틩是쫇I??Pv?6?环뮷境뺳下쿂支횧持돖组ퟩ播능必뇘不늻可뿉少짙的뗄协킭议틩二튻?M?L?D?v?2?的뗄쳡提出돶.ꎬ훷主튪要쫇是캪为了쇋엤配뫏合源풴特쳘定뚨组ퟩ锚능的뗄实쪵现쿖.ꎬ非럇常뎣?M?L?D?v?l?与폫I??Pv??4下쿂的뗄?I?G?MP?v?2?协킭틩议有폐类샠似쯆的뗄工릤作ퟷ机믺制훆,ꎬ主훷姿튪用폃?类샠似쯆于폚I??GM?P?v?3?对뛔于폚I??G?MP?v?2?的뗄룄改进뷸。ꆣ源풴特쳘定뚨组ퟩ播능(??S?S?M:?于폚在퓚主훷机믺和뫍路슷由평器웷间볤交붻换뮻组ퟩ成돉员풱加볓入죫相뫍退췋出돶的뗄信탅息쾢。ꆣ?ML?D?v?2??S?o??ur?c?e? ?S??pe?c?i?fic? ?M?u?lt?i?c?a?s?t?)?是쫇一튻种훖区쟸别뇰于폚传뒫统춳组ퟩ播능的뗄新탂的뗄业튵务컱?是쫇在퓚M?L?D?v?l?的뗄基믹础뒡上짏,ꎬ퓶增볓加쇋了뛔对풴源쳘特뚨定ퟩ组능播的뗄支횧持돖3ꆣ目쒿잰前大듳部늿?模쒣型탍,ꎬ쯼它쪹使폃用ퟩ组능播ퟩ组뗘地횷址뫍和ퟩ组능播풴源뗘地횷址춬同时쪱살来뇪标识쪶一튻个룶组ퟩ播능会믡?分럖的뗄I?P?v?6?网췸络싧设짨备놸和뫍主훷机믺操닙作ퟷ系쾵统춳协킭议틩钱햻都뚼宜횧将돖M?L?D?v?l?.ꎬ?i뮰在.ꎬ뛸而늻不쫇是쿲向뒫传춳统뗄的ퟩ组능播럾服컱务쓇那퇹样횻只쪹使폃用ퟩ组능播ퟩ组뗘地횷址来살标뇪识쪶一튻?M?L?D?v?2?目쒿前잰只횻是쫇I??nt??e?me?t?D?r?a?f?t?,ꎬ뮹还탨需튪婆뷸进튻一늽步뗘地췪完善짆Oꆣ?个룶组ퟩ播능会믡话뮰。ꆣS?S??M保놣留쇴了쇋传뒫统춳P?I??M甲ꆪS??M模쒣式쪽中훐的뗄主훷机믺坠쿔式쪽加볓人죫?(?쫕收룥稿日죕期웚:ꎺ?2?ω?4?年쓪6?月퓂)??组ퟩ播능组ퟩ的뗄高룟效킧性탔.ꎬ但떫是쫇跳쳸过맽了쇋P?I??Mꆪ-?S?M模쒣式쪽中훐的뗄共릲卒쿭树쫷和뫍民?P??规맦程돌。ꆣS??S?M特쳘别뇰适쫊合뫏于폚点뗣到떽多뛠点뗣的组뗄ퟩ播服능务럾,컱例ꎬ샽如:죧视쫓频욵点뗣播능、ꆢ在퓚?参닎考뾼文컄献쿗?线쿟网췸络싧教뷌学톧等뗈业튵务컱,ꎬ但떫是쫇在퓚多뛠点뗣到떽多뛠点뗣的뗄应펦用폃场뎡合뫏还뮹是쫇简탨要튪?I?.ꎮD?e??er?in?g? ?S?.ꎮH?o?s?t? E?x??te?n?s?i?on?s? ?f?o?r? ?I?P ?M??u?lti?ca??st?in?g?[?S]?.ꎮR?F?C? ?1?1?1??2.ꎮ I??E?TF?、ꆢ?A?S?M?模쒣式쪽。ꆣ?1??98?9? ?为캪了쇋在퓚I??Pv?6?网췸络싧中훐实쪵施쪩S??S?M组ퟩ蟠능业튵务컱,ꎬ돽除쇋了튪要求쟳网췸络싧端뛋?2?.ꎮF?e?n?n?e?r? ?W?.ꎮl?nt?er?ne?t? G?r?o?u?p? ?M??a?n?ag?e?m??en?t? P?r?o?t??o?ω?1?.ꎮ V??er?s? ?o?n? ?2?[?5?]?.ꎮ R?F?C? ?到떽端뛋地뗘文횧持돖网췸络싧组ퟩ捕능和뫍S??S?M模쒣式쪽外췢,ꎬ问춬时쪱还뮹要튪求쟳网췸络싧和뫍应펦用폃?????ꎬ???ꎬ?????2236, IETF , 1997 支횧持돖M?L?D?飞?r?2协킭议틩梢햻。ꆣ?(?쿂下转2?3?2?页튳)?计볆算쯣机믺汇릤程돌与폫应펦用폃2?0?0?4?.ꎮ?36??1?3?3? ?
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