캬웕톶 第뗚2??3뻭~?第뗚?2期웚?阿낢냓坝师쪦范랶高룟等뗈专科뿆学톧校킣学톧报놨?2??00?6?年쓪6?月퓂?V??o?1.ꎮ2??3? ?No?.ꎮ2? ?J?O?U?R?N?A?L?? ?O?F ?A?B?A? ?T??EA?C?H??ER?S? ?C?O?L?즽L?EG?E?? ?Ju?n?.ꎮ ?20?0??6? 짺生命쏼伦싗理샭与폫릫公共릲健붡康뾵伦싗理샭的뗄冲돥突춻?퓸曾퇞艳?史ꎬ쪷军뻼?z?(?1ꆢ몫、즽韩쪦山师랶范톧学풺院헾政램法톧学풺院ꎬ，맣广뚫东潮뎱州훝5?2?1?0?4?1?ꎻi 2?、ꆢ쟥清뮪华듳大톧学哲헜学톧系쾵，ꎬ北놱京뺩?1?0?00?8?4?)?[ꆾ햪摘튪要]ꆿ生짺쏼命伦싗理샭与폫公릫共릲健붡康뾵伦싗理샭所쯹产닺生짺的뗄社짧会믡背놳景뺰不同늻，춬它ꆣ쯼们쏇有폐不늻同춬的뗄任죎务컱与使폫쪹命，쏼这ꆣ헢使쪹得뗃它쯼们쏇在퓚研究퇐目뺿标쒿、뇪方ꆢ랽法램、原ꆢ풭则퓲、ꆢ?理샭论싛基믹础뒡等뗈许탭多뛠方랽面쏦存듦在퓚着ퟅ冲돥突춻，ꆣ헢这些킩冲돥突춻具뻟体쳥表뇭现쿖在퓚以틔下쿂四쯄个룶方랽面쏦:ꎺ룶个쳥体善짆与폫公릫共릲品짆的뗄冲돥突춻;ꎻ룶个죋人自ퟔ훷主与폫政헾府뢮干룉顿풤的뗄冲돥突춻;ꎻ义틥?务컱싛论与폫目쒿的뗄论싛的뗄冲돥突춻;ꎻퟔ自평由훷主틥义폫与짧社좺群훷主틥义뗄的冲돥突춻ꆣ。因틲듋此，ꆣ짺生쏼命싗伦샭理늻不쓜能ퟷ作캪为릫公릲共붡健뾵康싗伦샭理뗄的起웰点뗣，ꎬ릫公릲共붡健뾵康싗伦샭理뇘必탫须形탎돉成自ퟔ己벺?独뛀立솢的뗄理샭论싛体쳥系쾵，ꆣ틔以펦应뛔对릫公共릲健붡康뾵中훐不늻断뛏出돶现쿖的뗄伦싗理샭问컊题쳢。ꆣ?[ꆾ맘关볼键듊调ꆿ]짺生쏼命싗伦理샭:ꎺ릫公릲共붡健康뾵伦싗理샭;ꎻ돥冲突춻?[ꆾ훐中캧图럖分샠类号뫅1ꆿ?日?8?2?ꆾ컄文献쿗뇪标识쪶码싫]ꆿA??ꆾ文컄헂章编뇠号뫅?]1?∞??8?-ꆪ4?1?4?2?(?2?∞?6?)??02?-ꆪ?0?06?7?-ꆪ?0?4??O?n ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????the Conflicts between Life ethics and Public Health Ethics ?????????1ꎮ???????2 ZENG Yan. SHI Jun(?1?.ꎮ S??c?h?oo?l? ?of?P?o?l?it?ic?s? a?n??d ??L?a?w? o??fH?a?n?s?h?a??n ??Te?a?c?h?e?r?s? C?o?l?le?g?e?ꎬ, C?h?a?o??z?h?ou?? G?u?a?n??gd??o?ng?? 5?2?1??04?1?;ꎻ ??2.ꎮP?h?i?lo?s??op??hy?? D?e?p?a??rt?m?e?n?t ?o??f? Qi?ng?h?u?a?? U?n?i?ve?r?si?ty?,ꎬ ?B?e?ij?in??g ?1??00??08?4?,ꎮ C?h?i?n?a?)? ꆾ[A??b?st?r?a?ct?)ꆿ L??if?e ?a??n?d? p??u?bl?i?c? ?he??al?t?h? e??址t?ic?sa?r?e? f?ro?m? ?d??iff?e?re?n?t ?so?c?i?al? b?a?c?k?g??ro?u?n?d??s.ꎮ T?h?e??y? h?a??ve?? d?if?f?e?re??n?t t?a?s?k?s? ?and?? m??i?s?s?io?n??s? ?w?h?ic??h? ?br?i?ng? ??f?o?r?th?? c??on?? i?c?t?s? ?t?o?? t?he?? ?t?w?o? s?i?d?es?? i?n? r?e??s?ea?r??ch?? o?b?j??e?c岱??v?es?ꎬ，?me?t?ho?曲??，ꎬ?pr?i?nc?i?p?l??e?s，ꎬ位?l?eo?r?e?t?ic?a?l??b?臼?i?s.ꎮT?h?e?s??e? c??o?n i?c?t?s ??fin?d?? ?vi?vi?d ??e?x?p?r?es?s?i?o??n? i?n? t?he?? f?o?l?lo?w?i?ng?:ꎺ 1??) ?c?o?n? ?ic?t?s ?b?e??tw?e?e?n? ?ind?iv??i?du??al? ?go?o??d? ?and?? ?p?ub?l?i?c? ?go?o?d?;ꎻ ?2?) c??o?n i?c?t?s ??b?et?we??e?n? i?nd?i?v?i?d?ua??li?s?m? a?n?d? g??o?v?e?n?u?ne?时??ꆯ'?s?i?nt?e?r?fe?r?e?n?c?e?jꎻ ?3)? c??o?n i?c?t?s ??b?et?we??e?n? d?e?o?n?t?o?l?og?y? ?a?n?d? ?te?l?e?o?l?og?y?;ꎻ 4?)? ?co?n?ßi??c也??b?e?t?we?e??n?i?nd?i?v?i?d?ua??li?s?m? a?n?d? c?o?m?m??un?a?l?i?sm?.ꎮ ?Th??e陀??f??o?re?ꎮ，l?i?fe? ??e址??t?i?c?s??c?an’ꆯt? ??b?e? t?a??k?en? ?a??s? a? ?s?t??a?r咀??ng??p?o?i?n?t? ?fo?r ??pu?b?l?ic?? h?e?a?l?由?e?t?hi?c?s?.ꎮP??u?bl?ic?? h?e??a?l?th? ?et?h?i?c?s? ?s?ho?u??l?d? f??o?n?n? ?i1?8 ?o??wn??由?e?o?r??e?岱?ca?l??s?y?s?tem?? t?o?? c?o?p?e? wꆢ?i由???et?h?i??ca?l??p?ro??b?le??m?s? f?re?q?u??en??tin?g? ??pu?b?l?ic?? ?h?ea?l?th.ꎮ? <ꆾK??ey??w?o?rd?s]ꆿ ?ife? ?et?hi?cs?;ꎻ p?u?b??lic? h??ea?lt?h? e址?t?iCS?jꎻ?c?la?s?h? 生짺命쏼伦싗理샭是쫇在퓚2?0?世쫀纪볍6?0?年쓪듺代至훁?7?0쓪年代듺，ꆣ为캪了쇋应펦?标뇪、ꆢ랽方램法ꆢ、풭原퓲则ꆢ、샭理싛论믹基뒡础뗈等탭许뛠多랽方쏦面듦存퓚在着ퟅ冲돥突춻，ꆣ헢这些킩?对뛔由평新탂탋兴生짺物컯医튽学톧技벼术쫵所쯹带듸来살的뗄伦싗理샭困삧境뺳而뛸出돶现쿖的뗄。ꆣ生짺?돥冲突춻具뻟体쳥表뇭现쿖在퓚以틔下쿂四쯄个룶方랽面쏦:ꎺ?命쏼伦싗샭理的뗄퇐研究뺿对뛔象쿳不늻再퓙限쿞于폚医튽学톧伦싗理샭所쯹研퇐究뺿的뗄医튽患뮼关맘?튻→、ꆢ쒿目뇪标:ꎺ룶个쳥体짆善与폫公릫共릲苦짆·뗄的돥冲춻突?系쾵问컊题쳢，ꎬ뛸而쫇是냼包삨括了쇋十쪮分럖广맣泛랺的뗄问컊题쳢，ꆣ如죧器웷官맙移틆植횲、ꆢ믹基因틲?生짺쏼命伦싗理샭所쯹关맘注힢的뗄主훷要튪是쫇个룶人죋，ꎮ在퓚健붡康뾵问컊题쳢上짏，ꆣ它쯼?工릤程돌、ꆢ짺生횳殖쇷流닺产、ꆢ뿋克슡隆벼技쫵术ꆢ、튽医쇆疗费풴掘럖分엤配뗈等폐有뫜很잿强쪱时代듺?是쫇以틔个룶人죋健붡康뾵为캪直횱接뷓对뛔象쿳，ꎬ它쯼所쯹要튪实쪵现쿖的뗄是쫇个룶体쳥的뗄善짆。ꆣ?性탔特쳘征헷的뗄伦싗理샭问컊题쳢，ꎮ떫但쯼它쯹所맘关힢注뗄的훷主튪要뮹还쫇是由평벼技쫵术应펦用폃?与폫生짺쏼命伦싗샭理有폐关맘的뗄活믮动뚯主훷要튪是쫇治훎疗쇆性탔的뗄，ꆣ죧如웷器맙官틆移植횲和뫍?所쯹带듸来살的뗄伦싗理샭问컊题쳢，ꎬ뛸而뛔对릫公릲共붡健뾵康컊问쳢题좴却짙少폐有攒짦벰及。ꆣ公릫?基믹因틲情훎疗쇆主훷要튪都뚼是쫇抽훎疗쇆性탔的뗄，ꎬ훎治쇆疗뗄的뛔对쿳象횻只쓜能쫇是뛀独特쳘的뗄?共릲붡健康뾵伦싗理샭则퓲是쫇在퓚?20?世쫀纪볍末쒩至훁2?1?世쫀纪볍初돵，ꎮ쯦随ퟅ着뒫传좾染病늡?个룶体쳥，ꆣ뛸而늻不쓜能쫇是쒳某룶个늻不좷确뚨定的뗄群좺体쳥。ꆣ因틲此듋，ꆣ짺生쏼命싗伦샭理쫇是以틔?(?죧如났艾ퟌ滋늡病폫与?S?AR?町??、ꆢ짺生컯物뿖恐닀怖훷主틥义、ꆢ뮷环뺳境캣危믺机뗈等뛔对릫公众훚?治훎쇆疗살来达듯到떽促듙进뷸个룶人죋健붡康뾵，ꎬ쪵实쿖现룶个쳥体짆善뗄的目쒿뇪标。ꆣ퓚在生짺命쏼?健붡康뾵的뗄严퇏重훘威췾胁킲而뛸得뗃到떽人죋们쏇重훘视쫓的뗄。ꆣ新탂的뗄时쪱代듺对뛔릫公共릲健붡?伦싗理샭中훐，ꆣ룶个쳥体뗄的짆善具뻟有폐绝뻸对뛔的뗄优폅先쿈性탔。ꆣ?康뾵伦싗理샭提쳡出돶了쇋新탂的뗄研퇐究뺿任죎务컱，ꎬ如죧流쇷行탐病늡、ꆢ家볒长뎤式쪽千룉甜풤、ꆢ免쏢?公릫共릲健붡뾵康쯹所쏦面뛔对的뗄퓲则쫇是整헻个룶杜짧群좺的뗄人죋口뿚而뛸不늻是쫇单떥?疫틟、ꆢ틾隐쮽私、ꆢ쿞限훆制ퟔ自평由?(죧如룴隔샫离?)뗈等릫公훚众붡健뾵康훐中的뗄伦싗理샭问컊题쳢。ꆣ?拙뛀的뗄个룶人죋，ꎬ쯼宫뗄的쒿目뇪标쫇是整헻个룶社짧群좺的뗄安낲全좫与폫健붡康뾵，ꎬ因틲此듋，ꎬ公릫?由평폚于짺生쏼命伦싗샭理폫与릫公릲共健붡康뾵伦싗샭理쯹所닺产生짺的뗄社짧会믡背놳景뺰?共릲붡健康뾵伦싗理샭所쯹要튪实쪵现쿖的뗄不늻是쫇个룶体쳥的뗄善짆，ꎬ而뛸是쫇公릫共릲的뗄善짆。ꆣ?不늻同춬，ꎬ쯼它쏇们폐有늻不춬同뗄的任죎务컱与폫使쪹命쏼，ꎬ헢这쪹使뗃得쯼它쏇们퓚在研퇐究뺿目쒿?公릫共릲붡健康뾵쯹所值쪹用폃的뗄常뎣是쫇整헻体쳥性탔的뗄术쫵语폯，ꎬ죧如붵降뗍低좫全짧杜舍믡的뗄?[ꆾ쫕收룥稿日죕期웚]ꆿ2??0?0?6ꆪ-?0?3?-0?9?? ꆾ[ ퟷi'乍헟者볲简뷩介]ꆿ퓸曾抱퇞(?1?9?7?ι?-)?，ꎮ얮女ꎮ.뫓河쓏南탅仿퇴阳죋人ꎮ.몫拂즽山쪦师랶范톧学풺院훺助뷌教，ꎬ쮶硕쪿士ꆣ，퇐研뺿究랽方쿲向ꎺ:컷西랽方헜哲톧学폫与싗伦샭理学톧;ꎻ쪷支军뻼?(1?97?8?튻一)?，ꎬ쓐另ꎮ，뫾湖놱北쪮十堪퇟?人죋，ꎬ쟥清뮪华듳大学톧헜哲学톧革쾵?2?00?4?级벶博늩士쪿研퇐究뺿生짺，ꆣ훷主튪要从듓事쫂应펦用폃伦싗理샭学톧研퇐究뺿。ꆣ?
캬웕톶 阿낢坝냓师쪦范랶高룟等뗈专科뿆学톧校킣学톧报놨?2?0?0?6?年쟰?68 发랢病늡率싊与폫死쯀亡췶率싊、ꆢ降붵低뗍交붻通춨事쫂故맊发랢生짺率싊等뗈，ꆣ因틲此듋，ꎬ公릫릲共健붡?新탂的뗄时쪱代듺要튪求쟳重훘新탂重훘视쫓个룶人죋的뗄尊ퟰ严퇏与폫权좨利샻、ꆢ强잿烈쇒反랴对뛔各룷?康뾵常뎣常뎣需탨要튪借뷨助훺于폚健붡康뾵统춳计볆资料쇏，ꎬ而뛸在퓚统춳计볆资料쇏中훐，ꆣ个룶?种훖不늻人죋道뗀行탐为캪，ꎬ认죏为캪个룶人죋的뗄自ퟔ主훷、ꆢ自ퟔ由평具뻟有폐最ퟮ高룟的뗄价볛值횵，ꎬ?体쳥的뗄健붡康뾵状ힴ况뿶是쫇被놻忽뫶视쫓的뗄。ꆣ比뇈如죧在퓚酣탯酒뻆问컊题쳢上짏，ꎬ生짺命쏼伦싗?任죎何뫎人죋都뚼无컞权좨剥냾夺뛡。ꆣ如횪l情쟩同춬意틢原풭则퓲就뻍是쫇适쫊应펦这헢种훖要튪求쟳而뛸?理샭关맘栓힢的뗄是쫇对뛔个룶体쳥性탔选톡择퓱的뗄解뷢释쫍，ꎬ如죧酣탯酒뻆者헟的뗄动뚯机믺、ꆢ性탔?出돶现쿖的뗄生짺命쏼伦싗理샭原풭则퓲。ꆣ知횪情쟩同춬意틢是쫇"ꆰ늡病죋人퓚在훎治쇆疗被놻实쪵施쪩?格룱与폫经뺭历샺等뗈问컊题쳢;ꎻ뛸而릫公릲共붡健뾵康쯹所맘关힢注뗄的퓲则是쫇整헻个룶杜짧会믡的뗄?之횮前잰，ꎬ횪知뗀道뫍和춬同틢意쳘特폐有뗄的情훎疗쇆形탎式쪽"ꆱ(4?)?1'?2ꎬ헢8튻这一풭原퓲则튪要쟳求?集벯体쳥性탔选톡择퓱，ꎬ如죧酒뻆类샠的뗄整헻体쳥消쿻费럑量솿、ꆢ价볛楠룱、ꆢ营펪业튵时쪱间볤、ꆢ年쓪?个룶人죋在퓚没쎻有폐外췢界뷧压톹力솦的뗄情쟩况뿶下쿂自ퟔ愿풸地뗘做ퟶ出돶自ퟔ己벺的뗄选톡择퓱。ꆣ?龄쇤结뷡构릹等뗈统춳计볆信탅息쾢，ꆣ쯼它늻不쫇是쿱像짺生쏼命싗伦샭理쓇那样퇹解뷢释쫍为캪什쪲么쎴?公릫릲共健붡康뾵的뗄执횴行탐者헟通춨常뎣是쫇代듺表뇭公릫共릲利샻益틦的뗄政헾府뢮，ꎬ政헾?人죋们쏇会믡饮틻酒뻆上짏瘾，ꎬ늢并쫔试图춼找헒到떽治훎疗쇆的뗄办냬法램，ꎮ而뛸쫇是说쮵明쏷为캪?府뢮在퓚执횴行탐公릫共릲健붡康뾵政헾策닟时쪱往췹往췹会믡对뛔个룶人죋使쪹用폃家볒长뎤式쪽的뗄?什쪲么쎴一튻些킩社짧群좺或믲一튻段뛎时쪱期웚内쓚的뗄酣탯酒뻆率싊会믡上짏升짽，ꎬ井늢寻톰找헒预풤?干룉预풤，ꎬ틔以놣保뮤护뫍和듙促뷸进헻整룶个짧社믡会뗄的붡健뾵康ꆣ。헢这킩些룉干预풤在퓚许탭多뛠?防럀措듫施쪩。ꆣ"ꆰ릫公릲共붡健뾵康믮活뚯动듓从잿强뗷调짺生컯物튽医톧学方랽面쏦转为캪强잿调뗷?情쟩况뿶中훐都뚼是쫇必뇘要튪的뗄，ꆣ죧如뛔对公릫民쏱的뗄强잿制훆免쏢疫틟、ꆢ뛔对벱急탔性传뒫染좾?包냼括삨多뛠种훖因틲素쯘的뗄社짧会믡方랽面쏦。ꆣ"ꆱ[I?JP!l1要튪促듙进뷸公릫共릲健붡康뾵，ꎬ뷶仅靠뾿?病늡人죋的뗄强잿行탐治훎疗쇆与폫隔룴离샫、ꆢ잿强훆制맦规뚨定뾪开뎵车쾵系安낲좫全带듸与폫骑웯摩쒦?对뛔个룶体쳥特쳘殊쫢病늡例샽的뗄情훎疗쇆是쫇很뫜难쓑达듯到떽敢킧果맻的，뗄因ꎬ틲为캪"ꆰ人죋口뿚?托췐车뎵戴듷头춷盔뿸等뗈。ꆣ헢这킩些룉干풤预뛔对룶个죋人的뗄自ퟔ由평쓑难쏢免会믡퓬造成돉一튻定뚨?的뗄健붡康뾵更룼多뛠뗘地쫇是由평良솼好뫃的뗄公릫共릲健붡康뾵措듫施쪩与폫社짧会믡经뺭济볃条쳵?程돌度뛈的뗄侵쟖犯랸，ꎬ믡会쿞限훆制룶个人죋的뗄选톡择퓱。ꆣ但떫"ꆰ릫公릲共붡健뾵康쪵实볹践的뗄核뫋?件볾所쯹致훂，ꎬ뛸而럇非짺生컯物튽医톧学벼技쫵术发랢햹展的뗄结뷡果맻叩ꆱꆾ?JP?I뫷曲ꆣ。퓚在벲疾늡病这헢?心탄是쫇保놣护뮤公릫共릲善짆的뗄义틥务컱，ꎬ即벴使쪹在퓚(?췾威胁킲)?늻不좷确뚨定的뗄쟩情况뿶?种훖导떼致훂不늻健붡康뾵的뗄直횱接뷓原풭因틲背놳后뫳还뮹有폐众훚多뛠潜잱在퓚的뗄社짧会믡、ꆢ文컄?下쿂，ꎬ튲也뿉可캪为듋此目쒿标뇪而뛸实쪵施쪩干룉预풤。ꆣ"ꆱ1?'1?1咽由평于폚每쎿个룶人죋都뚼有폐各룷?化뮯、ꆢ뮷环뺳境、ꆢ헾政닟策뗈等풭原因틲，ꆣ죧如뮷环뺳境陌컛虫좾、ꆢ튽医쇆疗费掘풴分럖配엤不늻均뻹、ꆢ?不늻相쿠同춬的뗄需탨求쟳，ꎮ죋人쏇们뗄的룷各훖种늻不춬同뗄的탨需쟳求횮之间볤以틔及벰个룶人죋的뗄?教뷌育폽不늻力솦、ꆢ짺生믮活랽方式쪽不늻健붡康뾵、ꆢ짧社믡会习쾰俗쯗辖실后뫳等뗈。ꆣ而뛸且쟒，ꎬ公릫?需탨求쟳与폫社짧会믡的뗄需탨求쟳之횮间볤会믡发랢生짺冲돥费춻，ꎬ떱当돥冲突춻캣危及벰社짧믡会公릫?共릲健붡康뾵所쯹面쏦对뛔的뗄个룶体쳥常뎣常뎣是쫇未캴知횪的뗄，ꆣ죧如퓚在쒳某훖种疾벲病늡流쇷行탐?共릲利샻益틦时쪱就뻍需탨要튪由평代듺表뇭社짧会믡公릫共릲利샻益틦的뗄政헾府뢮对뛔各룷种훖利샻?期웚间볤，ꆣ쮭谁믡会놻被뒫传染좾是쫇不늻确좷定뚨的뗄，ꎬ틲因듋此，ꎬ횻只쓜能닉采좡取풤预럀防뛸而不늻?益틦进뷸行탐权좨衡뫢。ꆣ뛔对룶个죋人自ퟔ由평的뗄볒家长뎤쪽式干룉预풤뻍就是쫇这헢种훖权좨衡뫢的뗄?쫇是情훎疗쇆的뗄措듫施쪩达듯到떽降붵低뗍整헻个룶社짧会믡健붡康뾵风럧险쿕的뗄目쒿的뗄，ꎬ如죧注힢?结뷡果맻。ꆣ헢这폐有킩些샠类쯆似폚于믴霍늼布쮹斯쯹所쮵说뗄的ꆰ"샻利캬维첹坦ꆱꎮ国맺家볒是쫇集벯?짤射疫틟苗쏧就뻍是쫇一튻种훖成돉功릦的뗄预풤防럀措듫施쪩。ꆣ当떱然좻，ꎬ릫公릲共健붡康뾵离샫不늻?合뫏所쯹有폐个룶人죋좨权샻利于폚튻一짭身的뗄"ꆰ샻利캬维첹坦ꆱ因ꆣ틲此듋，ꆣ它쯼有폐对뛔个룶人죋?开뾪医튽学톧技벼术쫵的뗄支횧持돖，ꎬ죧如릫公릲共붡健뾵康탨需튪要튽医톧学벼技쫵术进뷸行탐疾벲病늡?自ퟔ평由쪵实쪩施뇘必要튪的뗄干룉预풤以틔保놣护뮤公릫共릲健붡康뾵的뗄义틥务컱。ꆣ?볬检测닢，ꆣ떫但쫇是튽医톧学벼技쫵术뷢解뻶决的뗄只횻是쫇单떥独뛀的뗄病늡例샽，ꆣ튪要뷢解决뻶整헻?2?∞??3?쓪年?S?AR?S?的뗄좫全球쟲性탔놬爆发랢说쮵明쏷个룶人죋的뗄行탐为캪甚짵至훁?个룶人죋口뿚的뗄健붡康뾵更룼需탨要튪从듓宏뫪观맛上짏对뛔公릫共릲健붡康뾵进뷸行탐预풤防럀。ꆣ?在퓚无컞意틢的뗄情쟩况뿶下쿂也튲可뿉能쓜会믡威췾胁킲到떽杜짧会믡的뗄安낲全좫与폫人죋口뿚的뗄?公릫릲共붡健康뾵实쪵践볹的뗄核뫋心탄价볛值횵튪要쟳求个룶体쳥善짆服럾从듓于폚公릫共릲?健붡康뾵，ꎬ틲因듋此ꎬ，퓚在쏦面뛔对퇏严훘重췾威킲胁뗄的쪱时뫲候，ꎬ헾政뢮府뿉可틔以뛔对个룶人죋自ퟔ?静짆。ꆣ公릫共릲健붡康뾵中훐的뗄公릫共릲菁짆(?公릫众훚的뗄健붡康뾵与폫安낲全좫)?쫇是社퓽群좺中훐?由평뷸进탐行룉干풤预以틔保놣뮤护公릫릲共健붡康뾵。ꆣ릫公릲共붡健뾵康싗伦理샭巾훐的뗄政헾뢮府干룉?룶个体쳥普짆(?룶个죋人뗄的붡健뾵康与폫安낲全좫)?뗄的믽职샛罩늢井듳大폚于헢这种훖积믽累샛。ꆣ公릫?预풤在퓚?S?AR?S?쪱时웚期的뗄隔룴离샫듫措施쪩中훐也튲得뗃떽到了쇋쳥体现쿖。ꆣ紧뷴急벱情쟩况뿶?共릲짆篝并늢늻不是쫇说쮵每쎿个룶人죋都뚼有폐同춬样퇹的뗄健붡康뾵状ힴ况뿶和뫍需탨求쟳。ꆣ一튻个룶?中훐뗄的隔룴샫离듫措쪩施可뿉使쪹公릫众훚远풶离샫可뿉预풤见볻的뗄潜잱在퓚威췾胁킲，ꆣ헢这是쫇用폃?人죋믡会因틲天쳬生짺的뗄基믹因틲结뷡构릹问컊题쳢而뛸得뗃某쒳种훖疾벲病늡，ꎬ틲因듋此쯻他与폫没쎻?积믽极벫的뗄行탐动뚯避뇜免쏢潜잱在퓚的뗄损쯰失쪧，ꎮ헢这튪要쟳求헾政뢮府퓚在뛔对紧뷴벱急情쟩况뿶?有폐这헢种훖基믹因틲结뷡构릹的뗄人죋有폐不늻同춬的뗄健붡康뾵需탨求쟳，ꎮ떫但쯻他쏇们퓚在促듙进뷸?(?죧如벲疾늡病벰及웤其뒫传능播?)쎻没폐有좷确쟐切뿆科톧学횪知쪶识뗄的쟩情뿶况쿂下닉采좡取行탐?公릫릲共的뗄健붡康뾵与폫安낲全좫，ꎮ복减짙少릫公릲共뗄的붡健뾵康럧风쿕险랽方面쏦폐有着ퟅ릲共罔춬?뚯动，ꎬ쯼它튪要뻶决뚨定ꆰ"퓚在벲疾늡病뒫传능播늻不좷确뚨定뗄的쟩情况뿶下쿂，ꆣ펦应룃该닉采좡取多뛠?뗄的탨需쟳求，ꎬ쯹所틔以쯻他쏇们튪要폃用릲共춬同뗄的솦力솿量복瞄짙少헢这킩些럧风쿕险。ꆣ릫公共릲?쎴么맣广泛랺的뗄隔룴离샫措듫施쪩"ꆱ。ꆣ闷뻉?阳菁짆늢并不늻分럖离샫于폚或믲独뛀立솢于폚组ퟩ成돉它쯼的뗄个룶人죋善짆，ꆣ튲也늢并늻不쫇是쯹所有폐?三죽、ꆢ풭原퓲则ꎺ:틥义컱务싛论폫与쒿目뗄的싛论뗄的돥冲춻突?뗄的룶个죋人都뚼会믡从듓公릫共릲替짆中훐受쫜益틦，ꆣ틲因캪为릫公릲共짆善쏦面뛔对的뗄是쫇不늻确좷?生짺쏼命伦싗理샭重훘视쫓个룶体쳥的뗄生짺命쏼尊ퟰ严퇏，ꎬ랴反뛔对뛔对룶个죋人좨权利샻以틔?뚨定的뗄人죋群좺，ꎬ맊故놻被쫓视캪为쫇是属쫴于폚整헻个룶社짧群좺的뗄。ꆣ所쯹以틔，ꆣ릫公릲共붡健뾵康?죎任뫎何形탎式쪽的뗄侵쟖扭랸，ꎬ쯼它쯹所ퟱ遵톭循뗄的쫇是틥义컱务싛论뗄的싗伦理샭풭原퓲则。ꆣ义틥?뗄的뿚口뫅号늻不펦应룃该쫇是ꆰ"쓣你쯹所췬挽뻈救뗄的뿉可쓜能쫇是쓣你ퟔ自벺己뗄的짺生쏼命ꆱꆣ而뛸?务컱싛论잿强调뗷的뗄是쫇权좨利샻和뫍义틥务컱，ꎬ쯼它뷶仅틔以좨权샻利뫍和틥义컱务살来에判뛏断行탐?펦应是쫇"ꆰ컒我쏇们튻一웰起挽췬敬뻈的뗄生짺命쏼可뿉能쓜包냼括삨你쓣"。ꆱꆣ?캪为的뗄헽正当떱탔性，ꆣ如죧"ꆰ一튻个룶人죋有폐以틔某쒳种훖方랽式쪽行탐为캪的뗄权좨利샻"ꆱ或믲?二뛾、ꆢ랽方램法ꎺ:룶个죋人ퟔ自훷主폫与헾政뢮府룉干풤预뗄的돥冲춻突?ꆰ"쒳某죋人폐有늻不ퟨ阻낭碍쯻他죋人뗄的쒳某훖种탐行为캪的뗄义틥务컱"ꆱꆣ。틥义컱务싛论뗄的ퟮ最大듳?짺生쏼命伦싗理샭的뗄核뫋心탄价볛值횵是쫇个룶人죋自ퟔ主훷，ꎮ剧벴l强잿调뗷个룶人죋的뗄自ퟔ?듺代表뇭是쫇康뾵德뗂，ꎬ뾵康뗂德죏认为캪要튪尊ퟰ重훘人죋，ꆣ튪要把냑죋人作ퟷ为캪目쒿的뗄本놾身짭，ꆣ?컒我决뻶뚨定在퓚生짺命쏼伦싗理샭中훐是쫇处뒦于폚核뫋心탄的뗄地뗘位캻。ꆣ"ꆰ튻一룶个自ퟔ主훷믲或?而뛸不늻뷶仅뷶仅쫇是쪵真쿖现쯻他죋人目쒿的뗄的뗄쫖手뛎段，ꎮ쯻他잿强쇒烈反랴对뛔功릦샻利主훷?ퟔ自컒我뻶决뚨定뗄的죋人쫇是选톡悻퓱或믲设짨计볆他쯻自ퟔ己벺生짺活믮的뗄计볆划뮮，ꆣ늢并내按듋此?义틥，ꎬ틲因캪为릦功샻利훷主틥义믡会냑把튻一킩些죋人떱当ퟷ作쇭另튻一킩些죋人뗄的쫖手뛎段。ꆣ在퓚?볆计划뮮生짺活믮的뗄人죋，ꎬ뛸而늻不쫇是놻被쯻他죋人믲或뮷环뺳境웈迫쪹使톡选퓱择믲或设짨볆计生짺?뾵康뗂德那쓇里샯，ꆣퟰ尊톬重죋人뗄的믹基뒡础쫇是쎿每个룶人죋都뚼拥펵有폐的뗄理샭性탔，ꎮ죋人们쏇?믮活计볆划뮮的뗄人죋。ꆣ"ꆱ뫷阴?阳짺生쏼命싗伦샭理뛔对룶个죋人ퟔ自훷主뗄的헢这훖种튪要쟳求쫇是?能쓜룹根뻝据샭理탔性뗃得돶出뗀道뗂德탐行캪为뗄的ꆰ"뻸绝뛔对쏼命쇮令ꆱꎬ也튲就뻍是쫇说쮵人죋们쏇?폫与其웤닺产生짺的뗄历샺史쪷背놳景뺰分럖不늻开뾪的뗄。ꆣ짺生쏼命싗伦理샭的뗄最ퟮ돵初动뚯力솦来살?폐有能쓜솦力决뻶定뚨自ퟔ己벺该룃如죧何뫎生짺活믮，ꆣ틲因此듋，ꎬ쯻他쏇们폐有쪵实쪩施自ퟔ벺己生짺?ퟔ自폚于뛔对죋人쳥体퇐研뺿究(?如죧二뛾战햽中훐的뗄人죋体쳥实쪵验퇩)?、ꆢ뮼患헟者좨权샻利퓋运?믮活볆计划뮮的뗄权좨利샻，ꎬ헾政뢮府폐有ퟰ尊훘重并늢놣保护뮤这헢种훖权좨利샻的뗄义틥务컱。ꆣ?뚯动、ꆢ탂新탋兴튽医톧学벼技쫵术퓋运폃用뗄的反랴쮼思，ꎮ틔以벰及맣广랺泛뗄的짧社믡会헾政훎治变뇤?떫但쫇是在퓚릫公릲共붡健뾵康싗伦샭理中훐쫗首튪要뾼考싇虑的뗄좴却늻不是쫇룶个人죋的뗄?뮯化，ꎬ죧如뢾妇얮女좨权솦力运퓋动뚯、ꆢ뫚黑죋人뷢解脏럅、ꆢ춬同탔性솵峦좨权利샻等뗈的뗄回믘应펦。ꆣ?좨权利샻，ꎬ뛸而쫇是헻整룶个짧社믡会뗄的붡健뾵康ힴ状뿶况ꆣ。릫公릲共붡健뾵康폐有很뫜强잿的뗄目쒿?
캬웕톶 뗚?웚?퓸퇞ꎬ쪷뻼ꎺ짺쏼싗샭폫릫릲붡뾵싗샭뗄돥춻??6?9? 第2期曾艳，史军:生命伦理与公共健康伦理的冲突뗄的탔性，ꆣ죧如쳡提룟高짧杜믡会뗄的붡健뾵康쮮水平욽、ꆢ풤预럀防벲疾늡病폫与쿻消돽除붡健뾵康隐틾?ퟔ自벺己뗄的샭理쿫想잿强볓加于폚릫公民쏱，ꆣ뛸而펦应퓚在뛔对짺生믮活폐有볛价횵值뗄的늻不춬同샭理?뮼患뗈等。ꆣ公릫릲共健붡康뾵不늻能쓜不늻考뾼虑싇健붡康뾵的뗄结뷡果맻，ꎬ뇈比죧如릫公릲共붡健康뾵?싛论之횮间컊保놣持돖中훐立솢。ꆣ?헾政닟策的뗄훆制뚨定춨通常뎣뻍就是쫇以틔对뛔政헾策닟所쯹产닺生짺的뗄健붡康뾵后뫳果맻或믲目쒿?ퟔ自평由훷主틥义잿强뗷调自ퟔ由평的뗄不늻可뿉侵쟖犯랸性탔，ꆣ죧如탂新ퟔ自평由훷主틥义的뗄?뗄的的뗄分럖析컶为캪基믹础뒡的뗄，ꆣ而뛸且쟒，ꎮ퓚在탭许뛠多쟩情뿶况下쿂，ꎬ릫公릲共붡健뾵康튪要쪵实?듺代表뇭人죋物컯约풼翰몲·ꆤ싞罗뛻尔쮹斯?(J?o?h?n??Ra?w?l?s)?쯹所잿强뗷调뗄的ꎺ每ꆰ쎿个룶人죋都뚼?쿖现的뗄뻍就是쫇最ퟮ佳병的뗄公릫共릲健붡康뾵目쒿标뇪。ꆣ因틲此듋，ꎬ릫公릲共붡健뾵康뛔对目쒿的뗄?쿭享폐有튻一种훖붨建立솢在퓚正헽义틥基믹础뒡之횮上짏的뗄不늻可뿉侵쟖犯랸性탔，ꎬ即벴쪹使是쫇ퟷ作?싛论有폐훖种直횱觉뻵性탔的뗄诉쯟求쟳。ꆣ目쒿뗄的싛论횸指탐行캪为的뗄뗀道德뗂탔性取좡뻶决于폚웤其?캪为헻整体쳥的뗄社짧会믡福뢣利샻也튲不늻能쓜压톹倒떹这헢种훖不늻可뿉侵쟖把랸性탔。"ꆣꆱ阴??阳퓚在?뷡结果맻뗄的뫃好뮵坏的뗄规맦范랶伦싗理샭理샭论싛。ꆣퟮ最뗤典탍型的뗄目쒿的뗄论싛뻍就是쫇릦功利샻?싞罗尔뛻쮹斯看뾴来살，ꎬ좨权샻利쫇是폅优쿈先폚于짆静뗄的，ꎬ튲也뻍就쫇是쮵说좨权샻利뗄的뫏合샭理?훷主틥义，ꎮ功릦利샻主훷义틥认죏为캪如죧果맻一튻个룶行탐为캪的뗄结뷡果맻是쫇利샻大듳于폚弊뇗，ꆣ?탔性늻不依틀赖삵于폚某쒳种훖善짆的뗄理샭论싛，ꎬ룶个죋人좨权샻利폅优쿈先폚于릫公릲共善짆。ꆣ不늻?쓜能닺产짺生ꆰ"ퟮ最듳大뛠多쫽数죋人뗄的ퟮ最듳大탒幸뢣福ꆱꎬ那쓇么쎴它쯼就뻍是쫇一튻个룶道뗀德뗂?뷶仅如죧듋此，ꎬ좨权샻利뮹还뿉可틔以맦规뚨定짆善뗄的쓚内죝容ꎬ某ꆰ쒳种훖行탐为캪是쫇善짆的뗄，ꆣ?짏上好뫃的뗄行탐为캪，ꎮ쯹所틔以，ꆣ내接릦功샻利훷主틥义，ꎬퟮ最병佳뗄的릫公릲共붡健뾵康톡选퓱择뻍就?뷶仅뷶仅因틲为캪它쯼与폫某쒳种훖生짺活믮方랽式쪽相쿠适쫊应펦，ꎮ뛸而헢这훖种짺生믮活랽方式쪽卫폖?쫇是能쓜닺产生짺最ퟮ大듳多뛠数쫽人죋的뗄最ퟮ大듳健붡康뾵的뗄选톡择퓱。ꆣ功릦샻利主훷틥义有폐탭许?폫与已틑经뺭掌헆握컕的뗄权좨利샻原풭则퓲保놣持돖一튻致훂。ꆣ"ꆱ阴뎰阳因틲此듋，ꆣퟔ自평由훷主义틥?多뛠샭理싛论困삧境뺳，ꎮ랴反뛔对릦功샻利훷主틥义뗄的훷主튪要샭理평由횮之튻一쫇是쯼它믡会떼导致훂?要튪쟳求罔맺家볒不늻能쓜侵쟖犯랸个룶人죋权좨利샻，ꎮ要튪求쟳国맺家볒是쫇最ퟮ低뗍限쿞度뛈的뗄，ꎬ?늻不正헽义틥。ꆣ죧如맻果얫妞틛役폫与헛折쒥磨뛔对多뛠쫽数죋人所쯹产닺生짺的뗄利샻益틦超뎬过맽了쇋?죧如诺억齐웫克뿋所쯹说쮵的뗄最ퟮ低뗍限쿞度뛈的뗄国맺家볒，ꆣ它쯼"ꆰ뷶仅쿞限폚于놣保뮤护它쯼쯹所?뛔对少짙数쫽人죋的뗄伤짋害몦，ꎮ헢这쫇是럱否튲也쫇是뗀道뗂德뗄的쓘呢?比뇈죧如퓚在튻一艘쯒뻈教?폐有的뗄公릫民쏱免쏢遭퓢靠놩力솦、ꆢ춵偷窃쟔、ꆢ웛欺욭骗횮之몦害，ꎬ늢并잿强훆制쪵实탐行契웵约풼?짺生船뒬上짏，ꎮ즱杀쯀死늢井돔吃뗴掉튻一킩些폶遇쓑难헟者틔以놣保횤证쪣剩쿂下뗄的죋人쓜能够릻듦存?뗈等ꆱ"1?刚?刚헢这쫇是튻一훖种쫘守특夜죋人쪽式뗄的맺国볒家ꎬ，쯼它쎻没폐有잿强迫웈人죋们쏇去좥?믮活是쫇否럱是쫇可뿉以틔接뷓受쫜的뗄?如죧果맻是쫇这헢样퇹，ꎮ컒我쏇们쫇是늻不쫇是펦应룃该选톡?ퟶ做쒳某킩些事쫂情쟩的뗄权좨利샻，ꎬ맺国볒家횻只쫇是캪为룷各훖种샻利틦益뗄的릫公욽平뺺竞争헹提쳡?퓱择那쓇些킩最ퟮ不늻受쫜欢뮶迎펭，ꎬ或믲者헟最ퟮ有폐"ꆰ营펪养퇸"ꆱ뗄的人죋为캪牺컾牲짼品욷昵쓘???供릩了쇋舞컨台첨，ꎬ쪹使릫公쏱民쓜能퓚在늻不폫与쯻他죋人뗄的自ퟔ평由쿠相돥冲춻突뗄的条쳵볾件下쿂?퓚在公릫릲共健붡康뾵中훐，ꎮ컒我쏇们쫇是럱否쓜能잿强웈迫붡健뾵康뗄的죋人쏇们捐뻨쿗献肾짶퓠脏以틔?ힷ追훰逐自ퟔ己벺的뗄目쒿的뗄。ꆣ自ퟔ由평主훷义틥是쫇历샺史쪷的뗄产닺物컯，例ꎮ샽如죧，ꎬ古맅典뗤自ퟔ?놣保证횤"ꆰퟮ最듳大뛠多쫽数죋人뗄的ퟮ最大듳健붡康뾵"ꆱ쓘呢?죧如맻果뻈救훎情쒳某킩些늡病죋人花뮨?평由훷主义틥是쫇对뛔近뷼代듺社짧会믡政헾治훎、ꆢ뺭经济볃危캣机믺的뗄回믘应펦，ꆣ뛾二战햽后뫳自ퟔ?费럑太첫大듳，ꎮ컒我쏇们쫇是럱否能쓜不늻对뛔他쯻们쏇进뷸行탐昂낺贵맳的뗄医튽疗쇆呢쓘??当떱然좻，ꆣ?由평훷主틥义뗄的뢴复탋兴쫇是뛔对룷各훖种벫极좨权主훷义틥的뗄랴反쪡省和뫍反랴思쮼。ꆣ如죧约풼?在퓚릫公?坑붡健康뾵中훐运퓋用폃功릦利샻主훷义틥这헢种훖目쒿的뗄论싛原풭则퓲并늢不늻意틢味캶?翰몲·ꆤ뾭凯뿋克쮹斯?(J?o?h?n?Ke?k?e?s?)所쯹퇔言ꎬ自ꆰퟔ由평主훷义틥的뗄实쪵质훊是쫇对뛔础뛀?着ퟅ可뿉以틔对뛔人죋的뗄权좨利샻肆쯁意틢违캥背놳。ꆣ릦功利샻主훷义틥的뗄问컊쳢题主훷要튪是쫇在퓚?裁닃、ꆢ专뛏断뗄的权좨力솦、ꆢ늻不뿭宽죝容、ꆢ헲镇톹压ꆢ、웈迫몦害ꆢ、컞无램法컞无쳬天틔以벰及룹根짮深?个룶人죋层닣面쏦上짏的뗄，ꆣ벴即뛔对릫公릲共뗄的ퟮ最듳大샻利틦益늻不쓜能놣保횤证뛔对每쎿个룶个룶?蒂뗙固만的뗄正헽统춳据엉观맛念쓮对뛔个룶人죋的뗄压톹迫웈的뗄道뗀德뗂批엺判에。ꆣꆱ"[ꆭ11]?阳쳥体的뗄正헽义틥，ꎬ틲因캪为퓚在탭许뛠多쟩情况뿶下쿂，ꆣ뛔对ퟮ最듳大릫公릲共샻利틦益的뗄ힷ追求쟳?뛸而公릫共릲健붡뾵康싗伦샭理由평폚于쯹所횱直뷓接面쏦对뛔的뗄就뻍是쫇作ퟷ为캪一튻个룶?쫇是建붨立솢在퓚对뛔个룶人죋权좨利샻的뗄限쿞制훆或믲违캥背놳基믹础뒡上짏的뗄。ꆣ因틲此듋，ꎬ目쒿?整헻体쳥的뗄社짧群좺，ꆣ这헢使쪹它쯼与폫社짧群좺主훷义틥有폐着ퟅ千잧丝쮿万췲缕싆的뗄联솪系쾵，ꆣ?的뗄싛论튪要폫与짧社会믡正헽义틥풭原퓲则뷡结合뫏起웰来살才닅能쓜保놣证횤公릫共릲健붡康뾵结뷡?甚짵至훁有폐톧学헟者죏认为캪，ꆣ릫公릲共붡健뾵康싗伦샭理学톧目쒿前잰的뗄一튻个룶主훷要튪任죎?果맻的뗄道뗀德뗂正헽确좷性탔。ꆣ?务컱特ꎬꆰ쳘别是뇰쫇在퓚将붫公릫共릲健붡康뾵方랽法램应펦用폃于폚现쿖代듺慢싽性탔病늡、ꆢ伤짋?虽쯤然좻目쒿的뗄论싛1폐官룷各훖种理샭论싛困삧境뺳，ꆣ떫但쫇是，ꎮ튻一훖种쓜能죃让좫全人죋?害몦、ꆢ뻆酒뺫精폫与웤其쯻他튽医튩药컊问쳢题的뗄时쪱候뫲，ꎮ뻍就쫇是튪要룹根뻝据짧社좺群的뗄观맛?类샠产닺生짺良솼好뫃的뗄健붡康뾵效킧果맻的뗄原풭则퓲的뗄确좷是쫇很뫜吸컼引틽人죋的뗄，ꎮ而뛸?点뗣重톬新탂描쏨述쫶这헢些킩问컊题쳢，ꎬ늢并랴反뛔对쪢盛탐行폚于탭许뛠多헜哲톧学与폫짧社会믡科뿆?且쟒，ꎬ没쎻有폐哪쓄一튻种훖道뗀德뗂理샭论싛可뿉以틔完췪全좫免쏢除돽任죎何뫎理샭论싛困삧境뺳。ꆣ?学톧中훐的뗄自ퟔ由평主훷义틥，ꎬ틲因캪为它쯼쏇们是쫇有폐效킧预풤防럀的뗄极벫大듳障헏碍낭。ꆣꆱ"l?叫??因틲此듋，ꎬ쒿目뗄的싛论죔仍폐有쯼它뗄的짺生쏼命力솦，ꎮ죔仍뿉可ퟷ作캪为릫公릲共붡健뾵康伦싗理샭?pzm公릫共릲健붡康뾵与폫自ퟔ由평主훷틥义之횮间볤的뗄冲돥突춻已틑돉成为캪公릫릲共健붡康뾵伦싗?判에断뛏的뗄一튻种훖依틀据뻝。ꆣ헽正죧如有폐킩些学톧헟者对뛔功릦利샻主훷义틥所쯹分럖析컶的뗄那쓇?理샭的뗄一튻种훖共릲识쪶，ꆣ톧学헟者쏇们튻一훂致认죏为캪，ꎬ쫊适뫏合폚于릫公릲共붡健뾵康的뗄标뇪?样퇹尽ꎺꆰ뺡管맜有这폐헢些킩异틬议틩，但ꆣ떫功릦利샻主훷义틥对뛔后뫳果맻的뗄分럖析컶仍죔将붫继볌?准ힼ늻不能쓜从듓以틔自ퟔ由평主훷义틥캪为훷主导떼的뗄生짺쏼命伦싗理샭的뗄基믹本놾假볙设짨中훐?续탸在퓚公릫共릲健붡康뾵实쪵践볹中훐起웰核뫋心作탄用ퟷ。폃"ꆣ阴ꆱ?阳ꎯ?晒??得뗃出돶，ꎬ릫公릲共붡健뾵康싗伦샭理횻只能쓜以틔社짧群좺主훷义틥为캪其웤理샭论싛基믹础뒡。ꆣ?四쯄、ꆢ믹基뒡础ꎺ:ퟔ自평由훷主틥义폫与짧社좺醉훷主틥义뗄的冲돥突춻?社뛅群좺主훷义틥是쫇一튻种훖新탂亚퇇里샯士쪿多뛠德뗂哲헜学톧，ꎮ쯼它맘关힢憧폚于公릫共릲?生짺쏼命싗伦샭理强잿调뗷个룶人죋的뗄权좨利샻，ꎮ其웤理샭论싛基믹础뒡是쫇自ퟔ由평主훷?善짆，ꎬ늢并맘关탄心뫃好뗄的릫公쏱民폫与뫃好뗄的짧社좺群횮之볤间뗄的맘关쾵系。ꆣ짧社群좺主훷义틥?义틥。ꆣ自ퟔ由평主훷义틥的뗄一튻个룶特쳘征헷就뻍是쫇个룶人죋主훷义틥，ꎮ它쯼죏认为캪个룶人죋权좨?是쫇作ퟷ为캪对뛔西컷方랽社짧会믡主훷流쇷的뗄自ퟔ由평主훷义틥的뗄批엺判에而뛸兴탋起웰的뗄，ꎬ如죧?利샻是쫇绝뻸对뛔的뗄和뫍普웕遍뇩的뗄，ꎮ튻→룶个릫公헽正的뗄짧社믡会뇘必须탫遵ퟱ循톭的뗄基믹本놾?社짧群좺主훷义틥认죏为캪自ퟔ由평主훷义틥的뗄"ꆰ人죋的뗄本놾质훊"ꆱ及벰"ꆰ自ퟔ我컒"ꆱ맛观쓮念不늻?原풭则퓲是쫇不늻能쓜为캪了쇋公릫共릲利샻益틦而뛸牺컾牲짼个룶人죋极좨利샻。ꆣ自ퟔ由평主훷义틥主훷?充돤分럖，ꆣ쪹使짧社믡会돉成풱员볤间늻不뿉可쓜能뛔对볛价횵值탎形돉成릲共同춬的뗄理샭解뷢。ꆣ社짧?张헅在퓚个룶人죋与폫社짧会믡或믲国맺家볒的뗄关맘系쾵中훐以틔个룶人죋为캪中훐心탄，ꎮ将붫个룶人죋?群좺主훷义틥者헟认죏为캪，ꆣ샭理뷢解죋人뗄的캩惟튻一랽方램法쫇是냑把죋人럅放떽到其웤生짺活믮的뗄?的뗄独뛀立솢、ꆢퟔ自평由훃置폚于ퟮ最폅优先쿈的뗄地뗘位캻，ꎬ짧社믡会믲或맺国볒家뇘必须탫以틔雄캬?社짧会믡、ꆢ컄文뮯化뫍和샺历쪷史훐中좥去뾼考닩查，ꆣ틲因캪为룶个죋人횻只폐有퓚在짧社좺群或믲社짧?护뮤个룶人죋的뗄自ퟔ由평、ꆢ自ퟔ主훷캪为根룹本놾任죎务컱，ꎬ룶个죋人늻不쫜受짧社믡会或믲国맺家볒?会믡关맘系쾵中훐才닅能쓜完췪善짆自ퟔ身짭。ꆣ짧社좺群훷主틥义뿉可以틔놻被描쏨쫶述为캪一튻种훖试쫔?的뗄千쪮预풤。ꆣ自ퟔ평由훷主틥义헟者죏认캪为ꎮ对뛔个룶人죋自ퟔ由평的뗄最ퟮ大듳威췾胁킲往췹往췹?图춼对뛔公릫共릲问컊题쳢(?죧如公릫共릲健붡康뾵问컊题쳢)?닺产生짺一튻致훂意틢见볻的뗄哲헜学톧。ꆣ?来살自ퟔ政헾府뢮，ꎬ主훷张헅国맺家볒在퓚道뗀德뗂问컊题쳢上짏要튪保놣持"돖中ꆰ훐立솢.ꆱ.ꎮ不늻能쓜?杜짧群좺主훷义틥的뗄一튻룶个믹基놾本问컊题쳢是쫇:ꎺ由평谁ힼ来살决뻶定뚨什쪲么쎴是쫇道뗀德뗂?强잿迫웈짧社믡会뷓接쫜受쒳某쓪科?뗀道뗂德ꆣ国ꆰ맺家볒应펦避뇜免쏢告룦诉쯟公릫民쏱什쪲么쎴是쫇?的뗄?뛔对헢这튻一컊问쳢题뗄的늻不춬同回믘듰答뿉可붫将짧杜좺群主훷义틥分럖为캪相쿠对뛔社짧群좺?有폐价볛值횵的뗄生짺活믮"阴ꆱꆾiJ?P8뻍就쫇是쮵说맺国볒家펦应떱当ퟰ尊훘重쎿每룶个人죋的뗄实쪵际볊?主훷义틥和뫍普웕遍뇩社짧群좺主훷斗죽。ꆣ쿠相뛔对짧叶좺群主훷틥义认죏为캪道뗀德뗂是쫇内쓚存듦于폚?ꎮ欲폻望췻而뛸不늻是쫇国맺家볒认죏为캪个룶人죋应펦当떱具뻟有폐的뗄欲폻望췻，ꎮ国맺家볒不늻能쓜把냑?文컄化뮯背놳景뺰中뷭的뗄，ꆣ没쎻有폐普웕遍뇩适쫊用폃于폚所쯹有폐文컄化뮯传뒫统춳的뗄道뗀德뗂，ꎬ?
캬웕톶 ?70?? 阿낢냓坝师쪦范랶高룟等뗈专科뿆学톧校킣学톧报놨??20?0?6?年쓪?ꎬ?道뗀德뗂的뗄标뇪准ힼ应펦由평各룷个룶文컄化뮯传뒫统춳自ퟔ己벺决뻶定뚨。ꆣ뛸而普웕뇩遍杜짧좺群主훷??Jo?u?m?a?l? o??f? Pu?b?l?i?c? H?c?a??lt?h,ꎮ F?c??b? ?20?0?2?.ꎮ? 틥义认죏为캪，ꎬ폐有쯹所폐有짧杜좺群뚼都쫊适폃用的뗄普웕遍뇩道뗀德뗂标뇪准ힼ，ꎮ比뇈如죧在퓚公릫?[ꆾ3?]ꆿ ?He?l?ga?? K?u?h?s?e;ꎻ ?P?ct?c?? S??ing??cr?.ꎮ A? ?C?o?m?p?a??ni?on?? ?to? ? ?io??c?th??ic??s? ?릲붡뾵훐ꎬ쯹폐뗄짧믡뚼펦쳡뎫쒳킩탐캪ꎬ죧늻퓚릫릲?[ꆾ?c]ꆿ.ꎮ ?Ox?f?or?d?:ꎺ B?l?a?ck?w?e?l?l? ?P?ub?l?is?h??cr?sꆣ, 2??0?01?ꎮ.? 共健康中，所有的社会都应提倡某些行为，如不在公共뎡쯹컼퇌뫍룸폨뢾얮쫜뷌폽뗄욽뗈믺믡ꆣ릫릲붡뾵싗샭?[ꆾ4?]ꆿ [ꆾ볔关ꆿ]췐托십马쮹斯'ꆤ?A'ꆤ香쿣龙쇺.ꎮ키肖캡巍译틫.ꎮ짺生쏼命싗伦샭理톧学떼导싛论ꆾ[?M]ꆿ.ꎮ?场所咂烟和给予妇女受教育的平等机会。公共健康伦理퓚퓋폃뛅좺훷틥샭싛쪱믡폶떽튻킩컊쳢ꎬ샽죧ꎮ듙뷸짧?맾哈尔뛻滨뇵:ꎺ黑뫚龙쇺江붭人죋民쏱出돶版냦社짧，ꎮ?2∞???5.ꎮ?在运用社群主义理论时舍遇到一些问题，例如，促进社좺붡뾵뗄얬솦믡늻믡뇤돉늻뫏램뗄잿웈?짧좺뗄뇟뷧퓚?[ꆾ5?]ꆿ ?Ro?n?a?l?d? ?Ba??y?cr?;ꎻ A??my? ?L?.ꎮ F??a?ir?ch?i?ld?.ꎮ T?h?e?? ?Ge?n?c?s?is? ?o??f? 群健康的努力舍不会变成不合法的强迫社群的边界在쓄샯?떱짧좺훐돶쿖늻춬뗄붡뾵튪쟳쿠뮥돥춻쪱ꎬ죧뫎?P?u?b?l?i?c? H?c??aJt?h? E?t?hi?cs??U?].ꎮ B?i?o?et?h?i?c?s?.ꎬ ?V?ol?u?mc? ?1??8? ?Nu?m?b?c??r? 哪里当社群中出现不同的健康要求相互冲突时，如何6 ,2004. 决뻶定뚨뫎何种훖健붡康뾵是쫇好뫃的뗄?헢这些킩问컊题쳢쪵实际볊上짏是쫇社짧群좺主훷义틥自ퟔ身짭??ꆣ????ꎮ?뗄샭싛삧뺳ꎬ릫릲붡뾵싗샭탨튪헒떽뷢뻶헢킩삧뺳뗄ퟮ?[ꆾ6?]? J?a?m?c?s? C?o?l?gr?ov?c?;ꎻ ?Ro??na?J?d? B??ay??cr?,ꎬ M?a?n?i?f?ol?d ??Rꎮc?s?tr?a?i?n?t?s?.ꎮ ?的理论困境，公共健康伦理需要找到解决这些困境的最병랽낸ꆣ??L?ibe?r?ty?ꎬ, ?Pu?b?l?ic? ??Hc?a?J?th?,ꎮ a?n??d? ?th?e? ??L?eg?a??cy? ??o?f] ?a?c?o?b?s??on?? v?? 佳方案。MassachuscttsU]. Amcrican )ourna1 of Public HeaJth. 컥证、ꆢ뷡结싛论??????????????ꎬ???????????????????????????ꎬ??A?pr? 2?以??后?.ꎮ?듓从以틔上짏分럖析컶中훐可뿉以틔看뾴出돶;ꎺ릫公릲共붡健뾵康싗伦샭理폫与生짺쏼命伦싗理샭?[?7]ꆿ ?Ma?r?c? ?J ?R?o?b?c?r?ts;ꎻ M?i?ch?a?c?l? ?R ??Rc?i?ch?.ꎮ E?t?h?i?c?a?l? a?n??aJy?s?is? ?in? ?在퓚产닺生짺的뗄历샺史쪷背놳景뺰、ꆢ目쒿标뇪、ꆢ랽方램法ꆢ、풭原퓲则폫与샭理싛论믹基뒡础짏上뚼都是쫇??pu?b?l?i?c? h?c?a?J?th?U??].ꎮ ?Th?c?? L?a?n?c?时?，?ꎬ?V?ol? 3??5?9,ꎬ M?a?r?ch?? ?23?.ꆣ ?20?0?2?.ꎮ? 背놳道뗀而뛸驰돛的뗄，ꎬ헢这힢注뚨定쇋了짺生쏼命싗伦샭理늻不쓜能ퟷ作캪为릫公릲共붡健뾵康伦싗理샭?[ꆾ8?]ꆿ ?Da??ni?cJ? B??cl?l.ꎮ ?Co?m?m?u?n?i?ta?r?i?an?i?s?m? a??nd?? ?it?s? C?r?it?i?cs?[?M]ꆿ.ꎮ? 的뗄웰起点뗣，ꎬ公릫共릲健붡康뾵伦싗理샭必뇘颁탫形탎成돉自ퟔ己벺独뛀立솢的뗄理샭论싛体쳥系쾵，ꎮ??N?e?w? Y ???ꎺ????????????????????ꎬ????ꎮ?ork: Oxford University Prω，s. 1993. 틔以应펦뛔对公릫共릲붡健康뾵中훐不늻断뛏出돶现쿖的뗄伦싗理샭问컊题쳢oꆣ?ꆾ[?9]ꆿ R?a?w?l?s.ꆣ J??oh?n?.ꎮ A?? T?h?c?o?r?y? ?o?f)?u?s?r?ic?c?[?M?]?.ꎮ ?Ca?m?b?r?i?d?c?g?.ꆣ ??Ma?s?s:ꎺ T?h?e? ?B?c?J?kn?a?p? ??Pr?e?s?s? o??f? Ha?r?v?a??r?d? U?n?i?ve??n?i?ty? P??rc?s?s?.ꆣ? Iꆾ鲁닎老뾼文컄献쿗ꆿ1?1?9?7?1?.ꎮ? ꆾ?ꆿ???????????ꎻ?????????????ꎻ?????????????ꎻ?ꆾ[?10?]ꆿ罗싞伯늮特쳘·ꆤ억诺웫齐뿋克.ꎮ뫎何뮳怀宏뫪等뗈译틫.ꎮ컞无헾政뢮府、ꆢ맺国볒家폫与쓱乌췐托邦냮?[1] Louise Potvin; Sylvie Gendron; Angelc Bilodcau; ?????????????ꎮ??????????????????????????????[ꆾ?M]ꆿ.ꎮ놱北京뺩:ꎺ훐中맺国짧社믡会뿆科톧学돶出냦版社짧ꎬ.1??99?1?.ꎮ?Patrick Chabot. lntegrating SociaJ Theory into Public ??????????????ꎮ????????????????????????????ꎬ?ꆾ(1??1]ꆿ约풼输몲·ꆤ뾭凯뿋克쮹斯.ꎮ펦应奇웦译틫.ꎮ랴反뛔对ퟔ自평由훷主义닦[ꆾ?M]ꆿ.ꎮ南쓏京뺩:ꎺ江HeaJth PracticcU]. American )oumaJ of Public HcaJ巾，붭????????ꎮ?苏쯕人죋民쏱出돶版냦社짧，ꎮ?2?ω?3?.ꎮ?Apr 2005. ꆾ?????????????ꎻ?????????????ꎮ???????????????[ꆾ1?2?]? ?P?os?t.ꆣ S??t?cp??hc??n? ?G:ꎺa?口??.ꎮ.?r?d.ꎮE?n?c?y??c1?0p?c?d?i?a? ?of? ?io?ct?h?i?c?s?[?M??].? ꎮ?[2] DanicJ CaJlahan; Brucc )cnnings. Ethics and public ?????ꎺ????????????????????????ꎮ??????????td 3?cd??iti?on?ꎬ, N?e??w? Y?o?r?k?:ꎺ T?h?o?m?s??on?? ?Ga?l?c? p?r??c囚??.ꆣ2?0?0?4??heaJth: Forging a sttong relationshipU]. Amcrican ?(짏土뷓接第뗚?66?页튳)?쫓视헻整体쳥利샻益틦。ꆣ2?、ꆢ잿强뗷调짧社믡会맘关쾵系훐中뗄的싗伦理샭?史쪷文컄献쿗要튪采닉取좡严퇏肃쯠认죏真헦的뗄态첬度뛈，ꆣ切쟐不늻可뿉望췻文컄生짺义틥。ꆣ?义틥务컱和뫍责퓰任죎。ꆣ3?、ꆢퟔ自잿强늻不쾢息的뗄精뺫神짱。ꆣ4?、ꆢힷ追쟳求돧崇룟高뗄的뺫精짱神境뺳?以틔짏上쫇是뛔对싞罗맺罔뷜杰맘关于폚正헽좷确뛔对待듽中훐国맺뒫传统춳道뗀德뗂批엺判에?界뷧。ꆣ5?、ꆢ쳡提뎫倡룶个죋人뗄的ퟔ自짭身탞修养퇸。ꆣ늢并쟒且，ꎬ듓从헢这컥五룶个랽方쏦面틥又쳡提炼솶?继볌承돐问컊题쳢的뗄思쮼想쿫的뗄粗듖略싔概룅括삨。ꆣ从듓中뷭可뿉以틔发랢现쿖，ꎬ在퓚对뛔中뷭国맺?出돶中훐国맺传뒫统춳价볛值횵观맛的뗄核뫋心탄。ꆣ쯻他쫇是헢这퇹样쮵说뗄的ꆣ中ꆰ훐国맺古맅代듺传뒫?传뒫统춳道뗀德뗂批엺判에雄볌承돐的뗄目쒿的뗄、ꆢ原풭则퓲、ꆢ랽方램法벰及뛔对뒫传춳统道뗀德뗂内쓚?统춳价볛值횵观맛的뗄核뫋心탄，ꆣ쫇是튻一훖种틔以헻整쳥体뺫精짱神뫍和퓰责죎任틢意识쪶占햼主훷导떼?죝容的뗄归맩纳쓉上짏，ꎮꆣ쯪罗맺圄뷜杰뚼都폐有쯹所뒴创新탂，ꎬퟷ作돶出쇋了믽职벫极뗄的샭理论싛贡릱?地뗘位캻的뗄价볛值횵观맛，ꎬ为캪r?实쪵现쿖和뫍践볹履싄整헻体쳥精뺫神짱和뫍责퓰任죎意틢识쪶，ꎬ?쿗献。ꆣ캪为컒我쏇们헽正좷确뛔对듽待훐中맺国뒫传춳统싗伦샭理뗀道뗂德쮼思想쿫提쳡릩供了쇋랽方法램?쯼它要튪求쟳一튻个룶人죋应펦当떱从듓完췪善짆自ퟔ身짭、ꆢ修탞身짭养퇸性탔出돶发랢，ꎮ以틔追ힷ求쟳?짏上的뗄指횸导떼，ꎮ튲也냯帮훺助죋人쏇们뷸进튻一늽步쏷明좷确볌继돐承뫍和뫫弘퇯扬中훐国맺优폅良솼?崇돧高룟的뗄理샭想쿫为캪最ퟮ终훕目쒿的뗄，ꆣ듓从뛸而듯达떽到캬维뮤护헻整体쳥利샻益틦和뫍l샷}j'行탐?传뒫统춳道뗀德뗂对뛔构릹建붨中훐国맺特쳘色즫社짧会믡主훷义틥道뗀德뗂体쳥系쾵，ꎬ췪完静짆马십克뿋?自ퟔ己벺应펦尽뺡责퓰任죎的目뗄的쒿。뗄"ꆣ[2ꆱ뎰J?p쿬1l7ll?쮼思主훷义틥伦싗理샭学톧理샭论싛，ꆣ듙促뷸进짧社믡会훷主틥义컯物훊质컄文쏷明和뫍뺫精神짱文컄明쏷?ퟮ最后뫳要튪补늹克돤的뗄是쫇，ꆣ싞罗国맺杰뷜曾퓸特쳘别뇰强잿调뗷指횸出돶，ꎬ퓚在뫫弘勘퇯?붨建设짨等뗈方랽面쏦具뻟有폐重훘要튪而뛸深짮远풶的뗄理샭论싛和뫍实쪵践볹意틢义틥。ꆣ?古맅代듺优폅良솼道뗀德뗂传뒫统춳时쪱，ꆣ尤폈其웤还뮹需탨处뒦理샭好뫃以틔下쿂几벸个룶问컊题쳢:ꎺ?1?ꆢ、뫫弘퇯揭맅古듺代폅优솼良뗀道뗂德뒫传춳统튪要폫与랢发揭퇯中훐国맺룯革命쏼道뗀德뗂传뒫统춳?ꆾI닎参考뾼文컄献쿗iꆿ?쿠뷡뫏ꆣ?ꆢ뫫퇯폅솼뒫춳뗀뗂ꆣ튪힢틢춬뢴탋죥톧뗄ꆰ탂?[ꆾ1?]?罗싞圈맺뷜杰罗ꎮ싞国맺杰뷜文컄集벯(?土짏뻭"'}?[ꆾ?M]ꆿ.ꎮ石쪯家볒庄:ꎺ뫓河놱北大듳学톧出돶?相结合。2、弘扬优良传统道德，要注意同复兴儒学的"新版社，2ωO.儒죥家볒"ꆱ쮼思想쿫相쿠区쟸别뇰。ꆣ3?、ꆢ뮹还튪要힢注틢意춬同럢封붨建쏔迷탅信뗈等늻不붡健뾵康的뗄?냦짧ꎮ????ꎮ?뢴맅훷틥쮼뎱ퟷ뚷헹ꆣ?ꆢ튪쪼훕쟥돾뗘죏쪶떽뫫퇯폅솼?[ꆾ?2]ꆿ罗싞国맺杰뷜.ꎮ싞罗맺国뷜杰文컄集벯下쿂~뻭[ꆾM?]ꆿ.ꎮ石쪯家볒庄:ꎺ뫓河놱北듳大톧学出돶냦版?复古主义思潮作斗争。4、要始终清楚地认识到弘扬优良뒫춳뗀뗂뗄룹놾쒿뗄뫍믹놾풭퓲ꆣ?ꆢ퓚랽램싛짏ꆣ튪힢?社짧，ꎮ?20?0?0?.ꎮ?传统道德的根本目的和基本原则。5、在方法论上，要注틢엺에볌돐쪱ꎬ뮹튪헽좷뒦샭뫃튻냣폫룶뇰ꆢ릲탔폫룶?ꆾ[?3]ꆿ李샮春뚾秋쟯，ꎬ쎫毛캵蔚삼兰ꎮ뒫传춳统싗伦샭理뗄的볛价횵值审짳쫓视ꆾ[?M]ꆿ.ꎮ놱北뺩京ꎺ:놱北뺩京?意批判继承时，还要正确处理好一般与个别、共性与个탔ꆢ돩쿳폫뻟쳥뗈맘쾵컊쳢ꎬ튪퓋폃뫃뷗벶럖컶뗄랽램ꎬ?师쪦范랶大듳学톧出돶版냦社짧，ꎮ?20?0?3?.ꎮ?性、抽象与具体等关系问题，要运用好阶级分析的方法，쫗쿈튪볌돐샺쪷짏샍뚯죋쏱뗄폅탣뗀뗂틅닺ꆣ?ꆢ뛔듽샺?[ꆾ?4]ꆿ郭맹广맣银틸.ꎮ싗伦샭理탂新싛论ꎮ.훐中맺国쫐市뎡场뺭经볃济쳥体훆制쿂下뗄的뗀道뗂德붨建짨设?首先要继承历史上劳动人民的优秀道德遗产。6、对待历ꆾ[?MJꆿ.ꎮ北놱京뺩:ꎺ죋人民쏱出돶版냦社짧，ꎬ2?0?0?4?.ꎮ?
