企业中非正式组织的特征及其影响的路径分析
The characteristics of the informal organization in enterprise and influence analysis of the path
一、 引言
First, the introduction
随着经济的发展、社会的进步，非正式组织逐渐受到人们的重视。对非正式组织的研究最早开始于20世纪30年代梅奥等人所做的“霍桑实验”。 梅奥认为，在生产中除了有正式的班组外，还有非正式的小团体，人们在工作的过程中，无意识的形成了以感情、爱好、喜好等情绪作为基础的松散的，没有正式规定的群体。这种组织有着自己的规范和利益，对人们的行为起着控制和调节作用。非正式组织的形成过程是自然的、随机的，没有经过策划，也没有明确的组织目标，它主要靠群体的舆论，依靠弥漫于群体中的、并不成文的共同观念来约束其成员的行为，群体中所有成员的关系都是平等的。有的非正式组织可能存在一个核心或权威人物，而且其威信也不是权利赋予的，它取决于核心人物本身的组织能力、人格魅力等。
With the development of economy, the progress of the society, the informal organization gradually to the attention of the people. The study of informal organization first began in the 1930 s Mayo et al., "hawthorne experiment". Mayo believed that in addition to have a formal team, in the production and informal groups, people in the process of work, unconscious formed by feelings, interests, preferences, etc of emotion as the foundation of loose, no formal rules. This organization has its own norms and interests, control and regulation effect on people's behavior. The formation process of informal organization is natural, random, without planning, no clear organizational goals, it mainly rely on group consensus, diffuse in the group, not written concepts governing the behavior of its members together, all the members in the group relationships are created equal. Some informal organization there may be a core or authority figure, and also not right to give their authority, it is determined by the organization of the core ability, personality, etc.
这一发现让人们认识到工人不仅是单纯意义上的经济人，也是社会人，有物质和精神两方面的需要。因此要提高劳动生产率，不仅仅要满足工人物质生活方面的需要，同时也需要提供给他们精神上的满足。
This discovery makes people realize that workers is not only simple in the sense of economic man, social man, there are both material and spiritual needs. So to improve labor productivity, not only to meet the needs of the workers in material life, but also need to provide them with the spiritual satisfaction.
二、非正式组织形成的原因
Second, the causes of the formation of informal organization
在正式组织中必然存在着非正式组织。正式组织的成员，为了寻求某种心理需求的满足，在平时的工作相处中会形成一些共同接受并遵循的行为规范，从而使原来松散、随机形成的群体渐渐变成趋向固定的非正式组织。
Inevitably there are informal organizations in the formal organization. Members of the formal organization, in order to seek some kind of psychological needs to meet, in the usual work together to form some common accept and follow the code of conduct, so that the original loose, random group formed gradually become to fixed informal organization.
1.情感需求
1. Emotional needs
（1）人会有友情的需求，都会渴望结交朋友，获得友谊及关怀，彼此交流，产生共同的情感联系，从而建立起某种社会关系。这是一种亲和的需求。如果没有社会关系，一个人将很难生存。（2）追求认同。人们都希望获得别人的肯定，得到内心的满足，增强自信。经由非正式组织人们可取得社会地位、得到认同、扮演角色，让人们产生同属感。（3）逃避单调、乏味的组织生活。
(1) people have demand of friendship, will be eager to make friends, friendship and care, each other exchange, produces emotional ties together, so as to establish some kind of social relations. This is a kind of affinity. If there is no social relationship, a person will be difficult to survive. (2) the pursuit of identity. People want to get the affirmation of the others, to get inner satisfaction, enhance self-confidence. Through the informal organization can gain social status, people get identity, role, let people feel belong to feeling. (3) avoid monotonous, boring life.
2.安全需求
2. Security requirements
（1）个人的力量是有限的，人们必须借着团体的力量以维持自身的利益，这种寻求集体力量防护自我的心理，就促成了非正式组织的产生因素。（2）人都会有归属的需求，不愿意受到孤立，害怕被排挤，因此会努力把自己归于某一类人中。这是一种被动的加入。
(1) the power of individual is limited, people must through the group's strength to maintain its own interests, the power to seek collective protection of self psychology, generate factors contributed to the informal organization. (2) people have a need to belong, don't want to isolated, afraid of being squeezed out, so will try to put yourself to one kind of people. This is a kind of passive to join.
3.彼此协助的需求
3. To assist each other's needs
人是社会人，并且总有依靠自己的个人力量无法实现的愿望或目标，只有借助他人的力量方可达成，故人在组织中需要互助，为此非正式组织应运而生。
People are social, and there are always rely on their own personal power to achieve desire or goal, only with the aid of others strength relies on, someone in your organization need to help each other, for this informal organization arises at the historic moment.
4.谋求发展的需求
4. The demand of the development
人们在正式组织之中还是有谋求发展、地位提升、影响力扩张的需求，但是如果孤立无援就会难有发展，于是人们就要结合成团体，互相援引以达到职位晋升的目的，此动机为积极的。
People in the formal organization or development, status, influence, expansion of demand, but if isolation will have development difficult, so people will be combined into groups, each other quotes in order to achieve the purpose of promotion, this is a positive motivation.
三、非正式组织的特征
Third, the characteristics of the informal organization
正式组织是人们出于某种目标，在共同意愿的引导下所形成的具有一定结构、同一目标和特定功能的行为系统。而非正式组织是人们无意识之中自发形成的，依靠心理和感情的纽带联系，其形成有着不同的心理因素。因此，非正式组织拥有不同于正式组织的独特的特征。
Target people for some formal organization, under the guidance of common intend to have a certain structure, which is formed by the same target and specific function the behavior of the system. The informal organization is a unconscious spontaneous formation of the people, rely on the mental and emotional ties, its formation has different psychological factors. Therefore, informal organization has different from the unique characteristics of formal organization.
1.可辨识性差。非正式组织没有明确的组织名称、结构，没有清楚的上下级单位，初步接触很难辨认出来。
1. The sex differences can be identified. Informal organization with no clear name of organization, structure, no clear unit, the higher and lower initial contacts are hard to spot.
2.无明确目标。非正式组织由于完全是人们自愿结合而成，故其为顺乎自然，并非人为故意安排、设计，完全是由人们在正式组织之中的相互行为彼此了解、认同之下，所自然结合而形成的群体。因此非正式组织内部不存在特定的、具体的行为目标。
2. No clear goals. On the combination of informal organization because people is completely voluntary, it is accord with its natural, not man-made intentional arrangement, design, entirely by people in the formal organization behavior each other understanding and identity, the nature and form groups. So there is no specific, concrete informal organization behavior targets.
3.用影响力来领导。非正式组织的领导权利来自于组织内部成员的授予，而不是上级部门的授予。这种权利的授予依靠的是个人的人格魅力和影响力，是在发展过程中自然涌现出来的。因此这种“领导”在成员中受拥戴的程度要比正式组织中高，号召力也更强，可以说是非正式组织内部的“精神领袖”。当然，非正式组织中领导的产生也会受到事件所发生的时机、性质、成员素质等因素的影响。
3. Use influence to leadership. Informal organization awarded by members of the rights from the leadership of the organization, rather than superior departments awarded. The rights granted to rely on a person's personality charm and influence, is naturally emerge in the development process. So this kind of "leadership" in the members of the high degree of popular than formal organization, power is stronger, is the "spiritual leader" of informal organization. And, of course, produced in the informal organization led by the timing of the events will happen, nature, members of quality. The influence of such factors as
4.内部没有层级结构。非正式组织成员是自由結合，无法律限制、地位高低，成员在一种平等的原则之下彼此来往；任何的行为都由众人共同协商、同意通过而产生，只有自然形成的核心人物，不存在级别结构。
4. Internal no hierarchy. Informal organization member is free, free of legal restrictions, status of members under the principle of a kind of equality between each other; Any behavior through consultation, agree to jointly by the people, only the natural formation of the central figure, there is no level of structure.
5.感情投入程度高。如前所述，正式组织中的人们因为平时共同工作，从而彼此认识、了解，进而形成非正式组织。非正式组织之中的各人员在某些方面是相互认同或看法一致的，因而情绪共振，感情融洽，行为协调，行动一致，归属感强？。人员由于彼此之间亲密来往的结果，会从心理上把各个成员在某些方面融合成一个整体，包括同情和相互之间的认同。但是也正因如此，非正式组织的行为会以团体的情感作为依据，以致使其缺乏客观的标准及公正性。
5. High degree of emotional investment. As mentioned above, formal organization of people because work at ordinary times, so as to know each other, understanding, and informal organization. Informal organization of the staff is a mutual recognition or agree in some respects, so emotional resonance, emotional harmony, behavioral coordination, action is consistent, strong sense of belonging? . Personnel due to the close relations between each other, from the psychological to each member in some aspects of integration as a whole, including the empathy and mutual recognition. But is also for this reason, the behavior of the informal organization in community feelings as the basis, to cause the lack of objective criteria and impartiality.
6.社会距离被缩短。在正式组织之中由于层级结构限制或功能分工的关系，员工之间多少存在一些社会距离；但是在非正式组织之中，人们的结合是出于某种相同的背景，因此各成员之间的距离就变短了。
6. Social distance has been shortened. In formal organizations due to the hierarchical structure limit or function division of labor, the relationship between how much some social distance between employees; But in the informal organization, a combination of people for some of the same background, so the distance between each member becomes shorter.
7.信息沟通灵通。非正式组织成员之间往往感情密切、交往频繁、知无不言，因此在非正式组织中，信息传播更加迅速，而且成员对信息反应往往具有很大的相似性，更加容易引起共鸣。但是其弊端在于可能由于讲述人个人的情感因素或表达方式，容易对信息的解读产生歪曲或错误。
7. Information communication well informed. Informal organization members often relationship closely, frequent communication and to know everything, so in the informal organization, information spread more quickly, and members react to information often have great similarities, more easy to resonate. But the downside is that may be due to relate personal emotional factors or expression, to the understanding of the information distortion or error easily.
8.团体内部依靠行为规范约束。不同于正式组织依靠企业规章制度约束员工行为，非正式组织只有不成文的行为规范，这种行为规范存在于每个成员心中，虽然没有强制约束力，但仍会形成“团体压力”，制约内部成员的行为。
Depend on the behaviour constraints within 8 groups. Different from formal organizations rely on enterprise rules constraint employee behavior, informal organization only unwritten code of conduct, the code of conduct exist in every member of the heart, although there is no mandatory binding, but still can form "pressure groups", restrict the behavior of members of internal.
9.内部凝聚力强。非正式组织的存在主要是由于人员内部存在某种共同的认知，这一“认同”的力量会把大家紧密的连接在一起，因此，非正式组织拥有比正式组织更强的凝聚力。但是这一凝聚力也会受到外部偶然因素的影响，一旦这种“认同”被打破，将会给团体带来巨大影响。
9. The internal cohesion. The existence of the informal organization is mainly due to the personnel within a common cognition, the power of "identity" to close together, therefore, the informal organizations have stronger than formal organization's cohesive force. But the cohesion will be influenced by external accidental factors, once the "identity" is broken, it will bring huge impact group.
10.成员的重叠性。正式组织之中的非正式组织数量往往不只一个，其成员也表现出重叠性，某一个非正式组织的成员，可能同时也是一个或几个其它非正式组织的成员。
10. Members of the overlaps. Number of informal organization of formal organization is often more than one, its members also show the overlaps, a certain members of the informal organization, may is also a one or a few other members of the informal organization.
11.非正式组织之间的对抗性。非正式组织是由有相同背景或相同利益的成员组成，对于与其有背景或利益冲突的其它非正式组织，往往会产生抵触或对抗的情绪。
11. The antagonism between the informal organization. Informal organization is made with same background, or interests of the members, for other informal organization, and its background or conflicts of interest will often conflict or confrontation.
四、非正式组织对正式组织的影响
Four impact on formal organization and informal organization
1.积极影响
1. The positive impact
（1）满足成员的需要。组织成员有各种需要，有些需要通过工作本身是可以得到满足的，但还有一些则是很难从正式组织中获得的。非正式组织成员在本组织中可以获得归属感、安全感等需求的满足。这些需要的满足对员工的工作积极性影响很大，从而对组织目标的实现、组织的工作效率产生重要的影响。（2）有益于组织成员的沟通。组织中信息的传递可以通过正式途径与非正式途径来进行。正式途径的传递是主要途径，但方式过于单调，具有强制色彩，易导致形式主义的弊病，不易被成员认可，甚至产生相反的效果。而非正式传递方式信息的传递更为快捷、内容更丰富，易于引起员工的共鸣而使传递获得更好的效果。（3）有助于组织目标的实现。如果非正式组织与正式组织目标相同，基于非正式组织的特点，其内部有更强的凝聚力，其“领袖”有更强的号召力，因此更容易使成员团结力量，完成目标。
(1) meet the needs of the members. Group members have all kinds of needs, some needs can be met by the work itself is, but some are hard to obtained from official organization. Informal organization members in the organization can gain a sense of belonging, a sense of security and other needs met. The fulfillment of these needs a great influence on employees' work enthusiasm, thus to achieve the goals of the organization, the important impact on the efficiency of the organization. (2) are beneficial to the organization members of the communication. Organization of information transfer can be through formal channels and informal way. Formal way to transfer is the main way, but way too drab, with mandatory color, the disadvantage of easily lead to formalism, not easily accepted by members, and even have the opposite effect. The informal transmission way of information transmission faster, more rich content, easy to cause the resonance of the staff and make the transfer to get better effect. (3) contribute to achieving organizational goals. If informal organization the same as the formal organizational goals, based on the characteristics of the informal organization, its internal have stronger cohesion, the "leaders" have stronger power, it is easier to unite members strength, meet the target.
2.消极影响
2. The negative effect
由于非正式组织成员的联结方式、运作规范及其目标与正式组织不尽一致，因此如果处理不当也会产生消极的影响。主要表现为以下几点：（1）如果非正式组织与组织目标相冲突，则会侵害整个组织功能的运行，从而导致严重的后果。（2）非正式组织中的“团体压力”不允许有标新立异的成员出现。一旦出现这类成员，非正式组织将视其为越轨者，从而疏远并孤立这个成员，直至将之排斥出本组织，这将影响到整个组织的运行。（3）非正式组织中的成员在本组织中获得归属感、安全感满足的同时，一旦整个组织的结构功能发生变革或组织制度的变动危及到这种非正式组织的存在，其成员便会一致抵制这种变革，从而阻碍组织改革的进程。（4）非正式组织易于形成一种“集体思维”的模式。当这种思维与组织行为准则、规章制度相悖时，将会有碍于组织的发展。
The connection because of the informal organization members, standardized operation and its goals and formal organization is not consistent, so if not handled properly will produce negative influence. Mainly for the following points: (1) if the informal organization and organizational goal conflict, would infringe on the entire organization function, which can lead to serious consequences. (2) the informal organization of the members of the "pressure groups" are not allowed to have a novelty. Once appear this kind of members, informal organization will regard them as wrongdoers, thus alienated and isolated this member, until the rejection of the organization, this will affect the operation of the entire organization. (3) members of the informal organization of sense of belonging, a sense of security in the organization to meet at the same time, once the structure and function of the entire organization change or changes in the organizational system of endanger the existence of informal organization, its members will resist the change, thus hinder the organization reform process. (4) the informal organization is easy to form a "group thinking" pattern. When this conflicts with organizational behavior standards, rules and regulations, will hinder the development of the organization.
五、研究非正式组织特征及其影响的意义
Five, the study of character and meaning of informal organization
正式组织和非正式组织的理论为企业的管理工作，尤其是人事管理，提供了很好的切入点。另外，如何对企业内部非正式组织进行正确的引导和管理也是一个企业的管理者不可回避的问题。非正式组织对于企业的发展及运作具有 第一论文网重要的影响作用，这种作用可以是积极的，或者消极的，也可以是中性的。而对非正式组织特征进行研究，是企业的管理者认识和了解非正式组织的第一步。可以以此作为起点，从而更加深入研究其在企业中的地位和影响；并且依据非正式组织的特征，有针对性的确立管理及资源投入的方向和重点，使非正式组织能够发挥积极的作用，并且尽量削减其消极的影响，更好地进行管理。
Based on the theory of formal organization and informal organization enterprise management work, especially the personnel management, provides a good starting point. In addition, how to correct guide the enterprise internal informal organization and management is also an enterprise management inevitable problems. Informal organization for enterprise development and operation of the influence of the net of paper of the first importance, this effect can be positive, or negative, or neutral. And to study the characteristics of informal organization, is the enterprise managers to recognize and understand the first step in the informal organization. Can take as a starting point, in order to further study the position and influence in the enterprise; And on the basis of the characteristics of the informal organization, targeted the establishment of the management and resources investment direction and focus of the informal organization can play a positive role, and try to reduce its negative effect, better management.
