CCERᇏݓࣜ࠶ܴҳ China Economic Observer 2006୍౬࠱čሹֻ ௹Ď 2006୍10ᄅ29ರ ً ۔ğ֒భޡܴࣜ࠶ྙ൝ ༱ ќğೂޅुրބᄎႨຓ߸ԥС ڃğຓ߸ԥСݖຣၡૅჭ֥ധҪ۴ჷބಪ്ఓൕ ߶ၰഈ϶ӆ໙ճ සݓౝğݓ൬ೆٳொོ֝ᇁཨٮੱ༯ࢆ ᇛఃಥğ൬ೆٳ֥၂۱ౠཟაਸ਼၂۱ౠཟ ྍౄğᇏݓֹٚҍᆟᆦԛܿଆ֥ளᅮ൝ა܄܋ܵӮЧ ߶ၰ༯϶ӆ໙ճ Мࣟٳ༅ğሧࣁੀਈіࠎЧޙܱ༢აࣜ࠶௴Ұ႕ཙܙҩ ყҩหჿࠏܒֆ 2006୍ֻඹ࠱؇ყҩ Abstracts Кࣘն࿐ᇏݓࣜ࠶࣮ᇏྏ China Center for Economic Research at Peking University ৳༢ದğนࢭ +JF 5"/(
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֒భޡܴࣜ࠶ྙ൝ ً ۔ ݓࣜ࠶࣮෮෮Ӊ ޡܴࣜ࠶ࠎЧ໗קਔ༯ট ؓႿֻ࠱؇֥ࣜ࠶༯߁đႵದಪູট֤бࢠಖđ၂קӱ؇ഈᆃ္൞ყਘᆭᇏ֥bၹູ࣐ܵࣂ୍ഈ϶୍ሧᄹӉਔ30%đࣜ࠶ѩીૼཁݖಣ֥൝,Ⴕ၂ུॖି֝ᇁݖಣ֥ၹđ္ޓॹ֤֞ਔߏࢳbჰၹᄝႿğ č1Ďޓ؟҆ಯಖթᄝ၂ק֥ݖഺളӁି৯đ္ࣼ൞ඪđ2003a2004୍ۚᄹӉหљ൞ሧۚᄹӉ෮Ӂള֥၂ུളӁି৯གྷᄝФᆣૼ൞ݖഺ֥bᆃ۱൝ᄝಀ୍༯϶୍٤ӈૼཁđࣂ୍ഈ϶୍ൌ࠽ഈಯᄝ࿃b࣐ܵФః၂ུ֥҆ሧᄹӉဃۂਔđӁିݖഺ໙ีߎ൞թᄝ֥bЇওۑํaඣୃaᇗࠏྀa৯a١ᆮᄝଽ12۱҆ᇏթᄝ҂ӱ؇֥ݖഺbᄝษંࣜ࠶൝ൈđၛ༯ࠫ۱ᆷѓಸၞФޭ൪ğ൮༵đӁြሧᄹӉѩ҂ॹđᆃ၂ሧᄹӉߎ൞Ⴎֹٚᆟک֥ࠎԤഡീሧ෮bႵཌྷ֒ն၂҆ٳӁြ֥ሧԛགྷᄹӉ؇༯߁đခݚႵ֥സٺሧᄹӉ؇༯ࢆ֞10%ၛ༯đമᇀႵ֥ᄅٺڵᄹӉbཌྷбᆭ༯đ2003a2004୍֥ۚᄹӉቋԚ൞Ⴎᆟکሧջ֥đಖުၹູളӁሧਘ؋ಌՖط۲۱҆षۚሧbᄝࣂ୍ഈ϶୍ᄹӉᇏđཨٮބڛༀြ҆ᄹӉ۷ॹ၂ུđളӁሧਘ҆ᄹӉ؇٢ߏbఃՑđഈ϶୍સၞඨҵ࿃ਔಀ୍֥ሼ൝đіૼݓଽླѩ҂ຫഹbࣉ१ᄹӉбࢠߏતđղ֞21%a22%đбಀ୍ັۚ၂ׄđطԛ१ᄵ࿃ਔಀ୍30%֥ᄹđၹՎԛགྷնਈຓસඨҵđᆃ൞ݓଽླѩ҂ຫഹ֥іགྷbቋުđՖࣜ࠶ᇛ௹࢘؇ुđ2003Ē2004୍ۚᄹӉࢨ؍ᆭުߎીႵԛགྷ֮ܡđᆃ҂ژކࣜ࠶ᇛ௹֥ჰđݖഺളӁି৯ߎ൞ླေཨ߄bࣜ࠶ᆟҦᇅק֥ݺđॖၛൡ֥֒᧧ѯđ҂ିປಆཨԢbሹ֥টࢃđᇛ௹൞၂קթᄝ֥đݖಣᆭުड़קႵטᆜđᆃ္൞֝ᇁࣜ࠶٢ߏ֥၂۱ၹb č2ĎᆟҦၹb୍Ԛ֥ሧۚᄹӉႵਆնჰၹğ൮༵൞ֹٚᆟک֥ሧԊbಀ୍ಆݓٓຶଽ֥ߐࢽࠎЧࢲඏđྍܲ֞đषྍܿ߃đ҂ॖх૧֥ӁളሧԊbఃՑ൞ၿྛࣂ୍ֻ၂࠱؇֥ࠌ٢ॻđ၂࠱؇վॻᄹӉحཌྷ֒Ⴟಆ୍࠹߃վॻᄹӉح֥50%ၛഈbఃᇏ၂۱ᇅ؇ჰၹ൞ၿྛڿ۪֝ᇁၿྛྛູଆൔڿэbၿྛູਔᄝ୍ָᆭభ൬߭վॻđൌགྷ০ބሧЧԉቀੱଢѓđࠤႿᄝ୍ԚϜվॻ٢ԛಀđՖط֝ᇁ٢ॻਈࠤखഈശb 2
ࣅࢤሢԛਔਆཛᆟҦđఃᇏ၂۱൞ֹᆟҦđ۬॥ᇅֹٚᆟک֥ሧཛଢbᆃ၂॥ᇅ֥؇ཌྷ֒ॹbࢲݔ൞֝ᇁሧᄹ֥߭ઋbᆃॖၛุགྷᄝoྍष۽ཛଢ֥࠹߃ሧሹحpᆃ۱ᆷѓഈbᄝሧݖಣ֥ൈީđ߶٤ӈۚđ߶ᄝ50%ၛഈđቋ࣍ࠫ۱࠱؇၂ᆰᄝ༯߁đࣴᄅٺູ11%b֒ಖᆃ۱ඔሳѯ٤ӈնđၹູ൞ֹٚᆟکഈБ֥đႵུॖିၘࣜീ۽ਔ൞ીБđᆟҦ֥ൈީࣼБ֥ഒđᆟҦॺ֥ൈީࣼБ֥؟đᆃႵᆟҦѰᒮ֥ၹb࣐ܵೂՎđᆃ۱ᆷѓߎ൞٤ӈႵᆷൕၩၬ֥bਸ਼၂۱ᆟҦծീ൞နྛᆌؓࠌ٢ॻč֒ಖ္Ⴕఃᇭೂࠊлؿྛݖ؟aຓ߸ԥСݖ؟֩ჰၹĎ෮Ґ౼֥ࣅ෪ծീđЇওਆՑิۚሙСࣁੱaิۚ০ੱ֥ծീbॖၛಪູđᆃՑט॥ᆟҦၘིࣜđི֥ԛіགྷ൞ၝᇅᇾਔࠎԤഡീࡹഡ֥܄܋ሧሹحđᆜุ֥ሧᄹӉ؇ࣼ߶ෛᆭ٢ߏđࣜ࠶ᄹӉ؇္ࣼष٢ߏb ໃটᆃᇕטᆜ֥൝ߎ߶࿃bሧ٢ߏުđླཌྷؓၝᇅᇾਔđطݖഺളӁି৯۷߶ఏ֞ၝᇅሧ֥ቔႨb֞ଢభູᆸᄹӉ؇ߎ൞бࢠॹ֥đሧᄹӉ؇ಯಖᄝ20%ၛഈđགྷᄝඪሹླ҂ቀaႋھঔնଽླಯູൈݖᄪbՖᆟҦ࢘؇ुđߎླေ༵ܴҳ၂؍ൈࡗᄜࣉྛथҦđჰট֥ᆟҦߎေൌྛđଢభࣜ࠶ߏބ༯ט֥൝္іૼ҂ၒᄜԛྍ֥ᆟҦ(ַູཨຓ߸ᄹӉطҐ౼֥ྍ֥oؓԊpᆟҦࠧൡ֒ࡨഒੀྟ֥ᆟҦԢຓ)bఃٚ૫֥ࣅ෪ྟၹॖି߶༯ט൝ӻ࿃۷Ӊ၂؍ൈࡗbೂݔࣜ࠶༯߁ࣉ၂҄ૼཁđପಒൌေᄪ၂ׄטᆜᆟҦbᆟҦטᆜႋھေᄪđ֩֞ࣜ࠶ᄹӉ؇༯߁֞8%ၛ༯ᄜטᆜᆟҦࣼພਔb ࢳथຓ҆҂ޙğՖ؟ٚ૫ࣉྛטࢫ ᇙ෮ᇛᆩđᇏݓགྷᄝ૫ਢ၂۱ྍ֥ն໙ีđࠧຓ҆҂ޙ໙ีbᇏݓ֥ຓ҆҂ޙ໙ีބఃؿᅚᇏݓࡅ҂၂ဢbఃؿᅚᇏݓࡅ֥ຓ҆҂ޙ໙ี൞ຓ߸ԥСഒđطᇏݓགྷᄝ൞ຓ߸ԥС؟b္ྸՎൈՎख़đຓ߸ԥСᆞᄝ၂ຣၡૅჭ֥նܱbࣜӈཛଢඨҵ֥ሹحѩ҂ᇗေđᇗေ֥൞ބGDP֥б২ܱ༢bࣂ୍୍ָޓႵॖିԛགྷ֥౦ঃ൞đૅݓ֥ࣜӈཛଢҵղ֞GDP֥7%đݓ֥ࣜӈཛଢඨҵղ֞GDP֥7%bطᆃᇕ൝ߎીႵሇ֥ࠖའbૼ୍ԛ१ॖି߶࿃఼࣑đࣉ१ಯಖࢠ֮đಯႵॖିཞࣂ୍၂ဢᄹࡆਆaతၡૅჭ֥ຓ߸ԥСđު୍္ྸߎ߶࿃bຓ߸ԥСᄹӉޅൈࢲඏ൞ᆴ֤࣮֥ն໙ีbఫ؟ਔ҂၂ק൞ݺ൙bࣜ࠶࿐ჰۡුૌđ҂नޙሹ൞҂ݺ֥đ҂ܵ൞؋ಌߎ൞ݖഺb෮ၛૌေር༥࣮ඨҵݖնॖିջট֥ڄགb ૼ୍൞ᇝࣁವາࠏᇛ୍bᇝࣁವາࠏᆭభđնࡅ๙ݖঘૅݓࡅ֥࢝ᆩ֡đҍᆟԅሳބ๙ࠊளᅮ߶֝ᇁࣜ࠶າࠏb॥ᇅᇾᆃਆ۱ᆷѓᆭުđࣜ࠶ࠎЧഈ҂߶ԛն໙ีbުট֥תଲ۲ݓؓᆃਆ۱ᆷѓ॥ᇅ֤бࢠݺđҍᆟԅሳބ 3
๙ࠊளᅮбࢠ֮đ൞ޭ൪ਔఃਆ۱໙ีđࢲݔ္ԛགྷਔࣁವາࠏğ၂൞ҍӁஞଐđЇওܢ൧ஞଐބٜӁஞଐĠؽ൞ᄝݓଽ่ࡱߎ҂ऎС֥౦ঃ༯ݖᄪष٢ࣁವ൧ӆaᄍྸሧЧሱႮੀ෮֝ᇁ֥ڄགbರЧaཐۖ൞ׅ֥ҍӁஞଐđݓaႆୄᇶေ໙ี൞ࣁವ൧ӆݖᄪष٢bݢݓෙಖીႵष٢ܢಃሧđؓ؋௹അြᅏༀ֥ࡓܵޓഒbૌႿ൞Ֆᇝࣁವາࠏ֥࢝ᇏᆩ֡ေٝᆸᆃਆٚ૫֥ڄགb ၹՎđሹ֥টඪđૌᄝٝٓၛഈ۲ᇕڄགٚ૫ଢభીႵն֥໙ีbбೂඪđݓ֥ҍᆟԅሳބ๙ࠊளᅮགྷᄝޓ֮bᇏݓ൞ൗࢸഈҍᆟԅሳቋ֥֮ݓࡅᆭ၂đᆟکᅏༀᅝGDPб২္൞ቋ֥֮ݓࡅᆭ၂đնۀᄝ17%ቐႷbཌྷбᆭ༯đૐӮჴݓࡆೆჭ่֥ࡱ൞ҍᆟԅሳᅝGDP֥б২ཬႿ3%đࠇᆀᆟکᅏༀᅝGDPб২҂ӑݖ60%bರЧགྷᄝᆟکᅏༀᅝGDPб২൞160%bݓ๙ࠊளᅮഈ϶୍Ⴕഈശ֥൝đުটႻߏࢳ༯টbՎຓࣁವߎીႵಆ҆ष٢đߎႵޓ؟ሧЧ॥ᇅĠܢ൧ߎીႵఏটđٜ൧ஞଐېေఏটđնࡅޓૹۋđႻϜᇾਔb གྷᄝᇏݓԛਔ၂۱ྍ֥໙ีđࠧӉ௹aնحචඨҵčࣜӈཛଢඨҵބሧЧཛଢඨҵĎ֝ᇁ֥ຓ߸ԥСնږᄹࡆb๙ӈಪູೂՎऍح֥ຓ߸ԥСڄག߶টሱૅჭնږъᆴb൞ೂݔ֒భ֥Ⴕ֥ܵཬږڜ߸ੱᇅ؇҂эđૅჭъᆴൈದл္ъᆴđପહ࣐ܵૌཌྷؓႿჭ္նږъᆴđૅჭሧӁ؋௹ଽ္҂߶ԛགྷն֥ാbᆃᇕҦॖି֝ᇁᇏݓؓჭ֥ຓસඨҵնږᄹӉđྍ֥҂ޙႻ߶ԛགྷđ္߶Ⴕڄགđᆃ۱ڄགᄝሧЧᅬࠎЧٿо֥౦ঃ༯රެ္҂൞ޓնb ࣐ܵೂՎđૌಯಖླေ࣮චඨҵ֥໙ีđၹູᆇᆞ֥າࠏສສ൞ૌޅದીႵམ֥֞າࠏđ൞ఘࣂູᆸૌ֥ᆩ്෮҂ିყ֥໙ีbದл߸ੱಒൌႵ֮ܙ֥໙ีđ߸ੱಯಖླေטᆜđؓՎ္ၩbݖಀ୍সളӁੱૄ୍ิശ12%ቐႷđط۽ሧ୍֥ᄹӉ؇նჿູ10%đૄ୍Ⴕ၂ਆ۱Ϥٳ֥ׄҵحbႵದඪ၂ਆ۱Ϥٳׄ҂൞໙ีđॉ੮֞ᆃ۽ሧᄹӉ؇ᆺ൞ؓᆞൔᆯ۽֥࠹đѩໃݤۂ୪۽֥۽ሧđط୪۽֥۽ሧ؟୍ট൞҂ഈᅨ֥b൞טᆜ߸ੱ࠻҂ିࢳथૅݓ֥સၞҵ໙ีđ္ࢳथ҂ਔᇏݓۚحԥС֥໙ีđၹູ၂֊ದлശᆴđෙಖࣜӈཛଢ֥ඨҵॖିࡨഒđ၂ٚ૫ᆃѩ҂ିࡨഒሧႿᇏݓۚᄹӉ֥ຓݓሧѩ҂߶ࡨഒđطࠏႿದлശᆴ֥ሧЧߎ߶ࠤखഈശđຓ߸ԥСቋᇔߎ߶ഈᅨđ҂ି۴Чࢳथ໙ีb ၹՎࢳथᆃ۱໙ีđླေ۲ٚ૫֥สծീđЇওೂޅܵሧЧᅬaೂޅൌགྷસၞޙaೂޅൌགྷሱദ֥טᆜ֩đটࢳथᆃ၂໙ีbᆃ္ࣼ൞ඪđૌ֥ငࢸေ٢֤ॺ၂ུđಀනॉ۷؟֥ॖטࢫэਈđႮ؟۱҆၂ఏটࢳथb 4
бೂđᄝթᄝնਈસၞඨҵ֥౦ঃ༯đૌॖၛ࿊ᄴ௴ࠣ୪۽ഠЌটߏࢳԛ१ӁӮЧݖ֥֮؛bૌ҂჻ၩնږ؇ശᆴđ൞ၹູஃնږശᆴؓݓଽఒြ֥ӮЧᄯӮޓնԊࠌđఒြ֥ࣩᆚ৯༯ࢆđքྏԛ१સၞ֥רֆ֞ఃᇭೂࡆঘaᄀଲ֩ݓࡅčೂݔૌ֥߸ੱ҂൞۵ᇏݓ၂ఏэ֥߅Ďbطđ۷ᇗေ֥൞đ߸ੱ໙ีՖ۴Чഈ൞ૅჭЧ໊֥ݓ࠽ࣁವุ༢֥໙ีđ൞ૅჭؿ٢ݖ؟֥໙ีč60%ૅჭᄝૅݓᆭຓੀ๙Ďđ൞ૅݓ֥໙ีbૌ҂ି؟טᆜ߸ੱđڎᄵࣼэӮൗࢸഈቋ౫֥ದಀ۳ቋڶ֥ದ෮ᄯӮ֥໙ีઘֆbૌ֥ಒॖၛᄝসӮЧഈቓ໓ᅣđࠧടࠣ֒భࡹഡބཾഠ߶a෪ཬ൬ೆҵएa୪໙ีa୪۽໙ี֥୪۽ഠЌ໙ีbଢభ୪۽ഠЌ֥ڭۂੱ٤ӈ֮đഠЌุ༢൞ֹٚ߄֥đ҂ିᄝಆݓੀbၹՎđაః۷؟֥טᆜ߸ੱđ҂ೂঔնഠЌٓຶb๙ݖՎཛծീิۚসӮЧđ࠻Ⴕ০Ⴟࢳथഠ߶ҵएঘն֥໙ีđႻႵ০Ⴟࢳथૌ֒భ֥ຓ҆҂ޙ໙ีđ၂ࡰචגb ᄜбೂđᄝሧЧᅬ༯đఒြຓವሧ൞ᆃ୍ࠫᄹӉቋॹ֥ཛଢđቋ࣍۽അၿྛႻԷᄯਔൗࢸቋն֥IPOđԔࣉট၂նгૅჭđطૌၘࣜႵऍն֥ຓ߸ԥСbѩ҂൞ّؓຓഈ൧đຓഈ൧ॖၛࢹᇹຓ൧ӆ֥ᇅ؇টࡓܵૌ֥ఒြđຓഈ൧֥б২ॖၛൡ֒ࡨഒđॖၛ۷؟֥ॉ੮ೂޅ০ႨݓଽԥྐྵbՎຓđߎॖၛܝৣࢹॻྙൔ֥ሧЧੀԛđॖၛམϷمܝৣຓݓದ֞ᇏݓটؿྛᅏༀbಞૌϜૌ֥ૅჭႨ֞ݓຓಀbؓႿᇅ؇҂ࡲಆ֥ؿᅚᇏݓࡅđሧЧੀೆ֥ቋݺٚൔ൞ᆰࢤሧđطቋམ֥aڄགቋཬ֥ሧЧੀԛྙൔ൮༵൞ࢹॻb ْ߭ଢv 5
ೂޅुրބᄎႨຓ߸ԥС ༱ ќ ݓༀჽؿᅚ࣮ᇏྏࣁವ෮෮Ӊ ܱႿޡܴࣜ࠶ྙ൝đ۱ದ؎đՖ༯϶୍୍ָ֞đ҂߶Ⴕહն໙ีđࣜ࠶ᄹӉࡼົӻᄝ10%ቐႷđࡎ္҂߶ۚđࣼြٚ૫္҂߶Ⴕն֥э߄đቋު֥໙ีߎ൞ຓ҆҂ޙ֥໙ีbఃൌಪູđᄅٺޡܴᆟҦԛđᄝൈࠏഈၘࣜພਔđೂݔᄝᄅٺޡܴඔऌԛটުđࣅࢤሢᄝඹᄅٺิۚሙСࣁੱđުটᄅٺ֥ඔऌࣼ߶Ⴕ෮ڿэđ္ࣼ҂ླေᄝᄅٺҝ՜ԛ၂༢ਙծീb ၂ᆰ఼טđଆaં֥ಒླေᅧđ൞ؓႿᇏݓ֥ऎุ౦ঃ္ေᅧbޓ؟ٳ༅ದൖ֥໙ีđ൞ؓݓࡅ۲֥҆ᆟҦྐ༏ᅧ҂ܔbбೂđᇏနඪ༯϶୍ࣼሂࡱ൙ğֹaࠊлྐվa൧ӆሙೆbીႵࣉݖݓࡅࠏܱ֥ܴҳᆀॖିؓᆃུิم҂ૹۋđ๐֞ᆃུުđϜؿڿ֥Ⴕܱ൧ӆሙೆ֥໓ࡱ၂ुđьड़ק༯϶୍ॖၛט॥໊֞đીႵહ໙ีbၹູᆃט॥҂ࣇࣇ൞טᆜࠊлྐվđؿڿaߌЌअaݓ҆aഅༀ҆aඥༀअ֥֩҆၂༢ਙᆟҦ൞ᄝຶಡט॥ࣉྛ֥b࣐ܵഠ߶۲ࢸؓֆ۱ᆟҦޓܱᇿđؓႿ۲ཛᆟҦಌكᆜุ֥ಪ്bቋ࣍ଉ۴ൖօ০൮༜ࣜ࠶࿐ࡅൎֺٯ●અఅؿі໓ᅣۡු൧ӆದൖđਔࢳᇏݓࣜ࠶ሼཟॖିေ۷؟֥ܱᇿؿڿ֥ᆟҦđط҂൞ࡥֆֹཌྷྐದၿྛ֥၂ུܲჴ֥ޡܴٳ༅đᆃ၂ંႵ၂ק֥ၩၬb ᇏݓࣜ࠶֒భ૫ਢ֥໙ีᇏđಪູđቋ֥൞ؓຓࣜ࠶൙ༀ໙ีboචඨҵp֝ᇁຓ߸ԥСݖ؟đടࠣ֞߸ੱೂޅטᆜaೂޅࢳथࠊл٢ݖնaሧၛ॥ᇅ֩໙ีbၹՎđ߸ੱ໙ี൞֒భ֥ᇶေ໙ีb ᄝࣂ୍7ᄅ21ರuֻ၂ҍࣜൈБvഈࡼࢳथ߸ੱ໙ี֥ٚσ๙֥ሹࢲູ۱ሳbֻ၂đoڿpb߸ੱ໙ีधؓ҂൞ࣇࣇശᆴ֥໙ีđط൞ေڿ۪߸ੱྙӮࠏᇅđϜຓ߸൧ӆቓնaቓധb෮໌ቓնđࣼ൞ಞ۷؟֥ದҕაຓ߸൧ӆࢌၞđᄝ൧ӆഈྙӮ၂۱۷ն֥ӽĠ෮໌ቓധđࣼ൞Ϝ൧ӆഈ֥۲ᇕхགࣁವ۽ऎؿᅚఏটbֻؽđoൿpb൮༵ေෘԛൡ؇֥ԥСđ؟ԛ֥҆ٳေສຓđམϷمಞϤྠ֞ຓఫđႨຓ߸bֻđopb҂ھࣉট֥ຓ߸aິمິ֥ܿຓ߸ေ࣐৯ᇾđေᇿၩࢂৣԛಀaཋᇅࣉটbᄝᆃٚ૫đຓ߸ܵअၘࣜԛਔޓ؟ծീđߎႵޓն۽ቔॢࡗbགྷᄝၘࣜ҂འ1979୍ପဢᆺႵ8ၡૅࣁຓ߸ԥСđ္҂൞1979-1989ൈս୍֥न38ၡૅࣁຓ߸ԥСđၹՎष٢ᆟҦླ 6
ေטᆜđ၂్ႵᇹႿႄࣉݚຓ༵ࣉඌa༵ࣉܵࣜဒ֥ຓ߸ေམ࣐Ϸمႄࣉটđ൞၂్აՎܱ֥ຓ߸ႋھࡔथᇾđЇওטᆜֹٜӁᆟҦaຓસᆟҦa٢તཐۖၛຓ֥ݚຓഈ൧֥ࢫሽၛࠣܿٓᅱഅႄሧᆟҦ֩֩bགྷᄝಆݓ۲ֹ҂ࢃѓሙ֥ଁࣉྛᅱഅႄሧđᆃུေטᆜbֻඹđoԊpbದၿྛေࠒࠞؓԊնਈຓ߸ԥС෮Ӂള֥ದл܂ႋbᆃ۱۽ቔߎႵҠቔॢࡗđ္൞໗ק֒భ߸ੱ֥ᇗေߌࢫbֻđoଽpđࠧঔնଽླđঔնཨٮbሹఏটඪđຓ߸ԥС໙ีေሸކॉ੮đط҂ေࡼࣚ৯ֆٚ૫֥ࠢᇏᄝದлေ҂ေശᆴaശᆴ؟ഒഈb ᄝᆃ۱Мࣟᆭ༯đࣂ฿ซ۱ሳᇏoൿpሳ֥၂ུଽಸb ֻ၂đӑൡ؇֥ຓ߸ԥСି҂ିႨĤ۱ದಪູॖၛႨb൮༵൞ေٳӑൡ؇ຓ߸ԥСބൡ؇֥ຓ߸ԥСb۴ऌᇏݓ֥ؓຓڵᅏaࣉԛ१ܿଆ֥གྷሑaሧ߭Б০ၛࠣ࠹ཛଢ֥၌đ۱ದಪູ֒ࣂᇏݓ7000ၡຓ߸ԥСࣼቀܔਔb֒ಖđᆃ൞၂۱֥ۀđॖၛൡ֥֒טᆜބэb7000ၡᆭຓ֥ࣼႋھࠒֹࠞಀႨđ҂Ⴈࣼ൞ݓڞ০֥ാđ҂Ⴈࣼ൞ݓࡅᅞ০ၭ֥ാđ҂Ⴈࣼ߶૫ਢૅჭъᆴ֥ڄགbطᆃඪ֥oႨpđ൞ᄝݚຓႨđѩ҂߶႕ཙݓଽࣜ࠶໗קބࡎ໗קđᆃؓᇏݓႵહ҂ݺĤ ֻؽđᄸહႨĤݓ࠽ഈીႵ၂֥ѓሙb۱ದಪູđӑൡ؇֥ຓ߸ԥСॖၛႨႿࢳथൎ໙ีđбೂᇿሧݓႵഅြၿྛĠ္ॖၛႨႿࢳथݓࣜ࠶؋௹ᄎྛ໙ีĠဢđ۷ॖၛႨႿݓࡅ֥ࣜ࠶ᅞ০ၭbၹՎđႨ֥ٚཟ൞ಆ૫֥b གྷᄝྙӮ܋്֥ႨЇওğܓઙെႲބః༎ಌሧჷđҕܢ൬ܓݓຓᇗေ֥ఒြđܓઙႵ০ႿᇏݓሱᇶԷྍ֥۲ᇕඌaದҌbܓઙߛࣁ္൞၂۱ٚཟđଢభݓࡅߛࣁԥС֥б২֮֮bᆃ҂൞ඪགྷᄝࣼնਈઙࣉߛࣁđགྷᄝ֥ࣁࡎ҂၂קކൡbܝৣఒြሼԛಀaܝৣंؓຓሧҍđҟ߸Ⴟᆃ္ུ൞Ⴕི֥ࣥb۴ऌચࣁ୪֥࠹đᇏݓࡗӻႵ֥ؓຓሧӁᅝᇏݓᆜ۱ؓຓሧӁ֥24%ቐႷđطರЧھб২൞55%ቐႷbі૫ഈुᇏݓ֥ຓ߸ԥСӑݖರЧđ൞ϤྠӻႵ֥ຓ߸ѩ҂؟đၹՎҟ߸Ⴟ֥۽ቔߎॖၛቓbՎຓđᄝކᄍྸ֥౦ঃ༯đႵུࠏܒაఒြఴຓᅏ֥ॖ࣐ॹߎຓᅏĠߎॖၛܝৣݚຓఒြᄝᇏݓഈ൧ࠇᆀؿྛૅჭᅏಊb ᆃུծീߎ҂ܔbಪູॖၛؓ֒భ֥ຓ߸ԥСุܵᇅࣉྛൡ؇֥ڿ۪bӉ௹ၛটđݓࡅбࢠ౫đຓ߸ԥСбࢠഒđႮದၿྛ၂ࡅটܵ൞ॖၛ֥bቋ࣍Ⴕ҂֥ၩđҍᆟ္҆མܵຓ߸ԥСbຓ߸ԥС֥ۿିđ၂۱൞ٝٓݓࡅࣁವڄགaડቀຓ߸ੀྟླေđਸ਼၂۱൞ࠆ֤ሧ൬ၭbຓ߸ԥСགྷᄝᇶေႨႿੀྟླေaٝٓࣁವڄགđႨႿሧ֥ߎޓഒbෛሢຓ߸ԥС֥ᄹӉđॖၛॉ੮ࡼӑൡ؇֥ຓ߸ԥС҂ࣇႨႿ၂Ϯ֥ሧ൬ၭđطႵ่ࡱಀႨႿݓࡅࣜ 7
࠶ᅞbಪູնุ֥ᇅ҂ေэđᇶေ֥ຓ߸ԥСߎႮದၿྛটܵđॖၛଦԛ၂ཬ҆ٳຓ߸ԥСđႮҍᆟ҆ࠇᆀӮ৫ህࠏܒটܵđᇗׄ٢ᄝሧ൬ၭބݓࡅࣜ࠶ᅞ০ၭٚ૫bᆃ۱Ⴎနྛ၂ࡅটቓႵ؇đၹູఃЧദޡܴט॥֥ᄳ္ޓᇗնđದჴ္ႵཋđطႵུሧႻ҂ࣇࣇअཋႿࣁವሧb ᆴ఼֤ט֥൞đᆃཛڿ۪ॖၛ༵ཬ҄ڿ۪đቔ҂ေնđбೂଦԛ250-400ၡૅჭ֞ݓຓಀႨđؓޡܴט॥aຓ߸ԥСીႵޅ႕ཙbऎุቓم൞ğֻ၂đҍᆟ҆ᄝ൧ӆഈؿྛหᇕݓᅏđԔࠢದлཟနྛܓ߸đᆃॖၛᆰࢤࡨഒݓଽࠊл܂۳đླྀᇹနྛࡨഒࠊл܂۳֥৯aࣉྛႵི֥ޡܴט॥bֻؽđҍᆟܓઙຓ߸ၛުđᇶေႨႿݚຓ֥ބݓଽ֥ᅞྟሧđЇওؓնၿྛሧa֞ຓઙെႲ֩đᆃဢՖӉ௹টुॖၛૼཁᄹ఼ݓࡅ֥ӻ࿃ࣩᆚ৯bֻđҍᆟܓ߸ၛުđԢਔधն҆ٳႨႿᅞྟሧၛຓđഒ҆ٳ္ॖႨႿҐܓݚຓఒြᇅᄯ֥طݓଽ࢝ტa၄ਏaߌЌaνಆളӁa୪ըࠎԤഡീ֩൙ြࠤླ֥ሧބഡСđбೂඪ֞ݓຓಀઙXܻࠏaBӑࠏުđၛᇿሧ֥ྙൔ༯ѭ۳୪ըކቔ၄ਏࠏܒđᆃؓႿࡆॹࣉބཾഠ߶Ⴕޓն֥ݺԩbֻඹđԢਔഈඍᇕႨمᆭຓđࡼൡ֒aഒਈ֥ຓ߸ႨႿഠЌࠎࣁҀԉ൞҂߶ؓҍᆟྙӮ৯֥đၛުᄜࢨ؍ྟᇿೆbೂݔഠЌࠎࣁႵಌ१đ๙ݖҍᆟ֥҆ຓ߸ሧ൬ၭ൞ॖၛแҀ֥b๙ݖཬ҄ሼđ༵ଦԛ250ᇀ500ၡૅჭđࠒದҌބࣜဒđၛުᇯ҄ঔնܿଆđ҂߶ԛહ໙ีđޅঃနྛགྷᄝၘࣜᆃહቓਔb ᄝႨຓ߸֥ൈđಪູႋھᆜކᇏန߸ࣁ܄ඳđࡼఃՖနྛ৫ԛটđᆇᆞοᅶݓࡅᅞၩၬট࿊ᄴሧཛଢđႮᆃဢ၂۱ࠏܒህڵᄳݚଽຓࣁವሧđമᇀЇওൌุఒြ֥ሧbႵ֥ਵ֝քྏᆃဢቓაمੰႵԊđ۱ದಪູđીႵິمbᇏݓದၿྛمܿקđᇏݓದၿྛӻႵaܵaࣜႏݓࡅຓ߸ԥСbགྷᄝ֥ቓم൞ҍᆟՖ൧ӆഈԔࠢದлđཟᇏနၿྛઙ߸đᆃ҆ٳຓ߸ၘࣜ҂ܒӮຓ߸ԥСđીႵິМದၿྛمbֻؽđಆݓದնӈ߶ሙ֥uܱႿݓᅏჅح֥ܵϷمܿקvđหᇕݓᅏ҂ਙೆݓࡅყෘđޅঃؿหᇕݓᅏ൞ሧݚଽຓఒြđ൞Ⴕຓ߸ሧӁթᄝ֥đ҂൞၂Ցྟཨٮו֥đ҂ܒӮҍᆟ৯b ਸ਼ຓđ֒భҍᆟྙ൝҂հđଽླཨٮ҂ܔđႋھ࣐ॖିঔնҍᆟԅሳđࢳथݓଽཨٮ໙ีၛࠣ၄ਏaࣼြa୪֩໙ีđᆃބຓ߸ીႵܱ༢b ຩഈᆌ֥ܴؓׄႵದิԛّؓၩđಪູᆃဢቓಸၞႄఏ๙ࠊளᅮbಪູҍᆟ҆Ԕఫઙ߸đϜದл߭൬ਔ၂҆ٳđط൞Ⴈຓ߸֞ݚຓઙת༆đ҂߶ႄఏݓଽ๙ࠊளᅮ֥bّ֚൞ૅݓބఃݓࡅႋھքྏૌܓઙݖ؟đ߶֝ᇁૌ֥๙ࠊளᅮbՎຓđႵದքྏሧЧնࣉնԛ֥໙ีbಪູದлሧЧཛଢष 8
٢൞၂۱бࢠӉaбࢠߏત֥ݖӱđधؓ҂൞Бᆼބૂุ෮ඪ֥đ୍ࠫࡗࣼေӞָष٢b෮ၛᆃ൞၂ᇕ؟Ⴥ֥քྏb ْ߭ଢv 9
ຓ߸ԥСݖຣၡૅჭ֥ധҪ۴ჷބಪ്ఓൕ iiݓࣜ࠶ӮӉྍࢨ؍֥ࠏმބ็ᅞ ڃ Кࣘն࿐ᇏݓࣜ࠶࣮ᇏྏ࢝൱ ದૌყ௹ݓຓ߸ԥСܿଆ҂ࣲࡼӑݖ၂ຣၡૅჭb၂۱ؿᅚᇏݓࡅຓ߸ԥСݖຣၡૅჭđંՖѓሙંߎ൞ݓ࠽ࣜဒ࢘؇ु൞ّӈགྷའbห൹གྷའМުႵห൹ࠏᇅđห൹ࠏᇅМުႵห൹ܿੰbೂޅӑԛؓᆃ၂໙ี؋௹ؓҦٳ༅൪့đՖಪ്ݓࣜ࠶ӮӉऎุหׄބܿੰᆃ၂Ӊӱ൪࢘ሢငฐษఃധҪ۴ჷބఓൕၩၬđ൞ࣜ࠶ؿᅚൌิԛ֥ᇗေ໙ีb༯૫Ֆݓҕაݓ࠽ٳ۽ࢨ؍ྟหׄa֒սಆ౯Ӂଽٳ۽ൈս่ࡱaದл߸ੱ֮ܙാޙ۱Ҫ૫ٳ༅ᆃ၂གྷའđᄝՎࠎԤഈษંᆃ၂གྷའิൕݓࣜ࠶ӮӉࣉೆྍࢨ؍֥ಪ്ఓൕބᆟҦݣၬb ӻ࿃චඨҵğຣၡԥСགྷའᆰࢤӮၹࠣఃหᆘݣၬ ݓຓ߸ԥСॹᄹӉᆰᇀቋ࣍ຣၡૅჭඣđ൞ພ࣍ൈ௹ݓ࠽൬ᆦචඨҵؿᅚ֥ࢲݔbචඨҵᆷݓ࠽൬ᆦᇏࣜӈཛଢა҂ЇওܲٚԥС֥ሧЧཛଢൈԛགྷຓ߸൬ೆնႿຓ߸ᆦԛ֥႔ჅሑbՖݓ࠽൬ᆦᅬקၬܱ༢ुđೂݔ҂ॉ੮o༂ҵބ၌pđචඨҵൌགྷਆ۱ᅬ႔Ⴥᆭބ֩Ⴟຓ߸ԥСᄹਈb ၛ1990୍սԚູࢸϜڿ۪ष٢ൈ௹ٳູਆ۱ࢨ؍đݓݓ࠽൬ᆦޙ൝ؿളࢲܒྟэbభ௹ݓ࠽൬ᆦࢲܒࢠ؟іགྷູࣜӈބሧЧᅫඨҵ҂ٚཟޙٚൔቆކđ1982-1993୍12୍ࡗႵ୍ࣴඨҵቆކbު௹ݓ࠽൬ᆦࢲܒ๙ӈྙሇэູචඨҵđ1994-2005୍12୍ᇏႵ11୍ູචඨҵbӻ࿃චඨҵຓ߸ԥСᄹӉđႭః୍࣍টຓ߸ԥСӑӈᄹӉđᆰᇀቋ࣍ຣၡૅჭնܱb ၂۱նݓݓ࠽൬ᆦ؟୍ЌӻචඨҵđંՖѓሙࣜ࠶ંߎ൞ݓ࠽бࢠࣜဒٚ૫ु൞ّӈགྷའbՖંഈुđؽᅞުੀྛ֥ؿᅚࣜ࠶࿐ѓሙଆ๙ӈࡌקؿᅚᇏݓࡅ૫ਢਆᇗಌ१ჿඏğ၂൞ൌགྷଢѓࣜ࠶ᄹӉੱ෮ླሧაݓଽԥྐྵᆭࡗҵएܒӮԥྐྵಌ१đؽ൞ࣜ࠶ᄹӉ෮ླࣉ१ܿଆაԛ१ି৯ᆭࡗҵएྙӮસၞಌ१đຓሧੀೆčЇওຓჱĎކਆᇗಌ१൞ࣜ࠶ؿᅚ֥сေ่ࡱbႮႿؿᅚᇏݓࡅླေ๙ݖሧЧੀೆ০Ⴈຓ҆ԥྐྵđၛҀݓଽԥྐྵ҂ቀѩູસၞಌ१ิ܂ವሧđݓ࠽൬ᆦࢲܒႋऎႵࣜӈᅬҵބሧЧᅫඨҵ֥oඨҵቆކpหׄbݓӻ࿃චඨҵ൞ഈඍѓሙଆၛࢳ֥གྷའb 10
ࣜဒᆣऌ္གྷݓӻ࿃චඨҵགྷའหᆘݣၬb࿊ᄴಆ౯50۱સၞਈቋն֥ݓࡅބࣜ࠶ุđ࠹ૌ1970୍սၛটؿളචඨҵބཁᇷචඨҵ֥ੱbሹ܋1337۱୍؇ܴҳᆴဢЧᇏđ҂Їওᇏݓਆ۱ᅫԛགྷඨҵܴҳᆴູ141୍ՑđᅝဢЧሹඔ֥%Ġᇏݓ1982୍Ⴕݓ࠽൬ᆦᅫඔऌၛট܋࠺14۱୍ٺචඨҵđᅝܴҳ୍ٺбᇗູ54%bᇏݓၛຓݓࡅਆ۱ᅫඨҵᅝGDPбᇗٳљӑݖ2%֥ཁᇷචඨҵ၂܋ؿളਔ25୍ՑđᅝሹဢЧ%Ġᇏݓؿളཁᇷචඨҵ܋Ⴕ୍čٳљູ1997୍ၛࠣ2002-2005୍Ďđູܴҳ୍ٺ֥%đؿളੱ൞ಆ౯ٓຶ၂ᆷѓᆴ֥Пbਸ਼ຓՖຓ҆౦ঃुđᆃোཁᇷචඨҵᇶေؿളᄝຖaྍࡆaݢݓaօચa୳ຯa၈ঘक़aଽೋঘaୄರୄ֩ᇏཬࣜ࠶ุđᇏݓնᆃဢնࣜ࠶ุԛགྷཁᇷචඨҵູࠞݨđቋ࣍ඹ୍৵࿃Ќӻཁᇷචඨҵ۷൞धࣇႵb ࡆ۽સၞაᆰࢤሧቔႨğຣၡԥСགྷའ֥ࢲܒӮၹ ູહᇏݓࣜ࠶ؿᅚ߶ԛགྷหᆘݣၬ༷ૼ֥චඨҵགྷའĤՖݓҕაݓ࠽ٳ۽ࢨ؍ྟหׄࠣཌྷႋݓ࠽൬ᆦᅫࢲܒྙुđᆃ൞ࡆ۽સၞඨҵބຓഅᆰࢤሧӻ࿃ᄹӉቔႨ֥ࢲݔbࡆ۽સၞඨҵӻ࿃ᄹӉ֤ݓસၞᅫၛࠣࣜӈᅫޙٚൔაഈඍѓሙଆყҩٚཟٳ֡ဘᬘđ٤ࡆ۽સၞಯӻ࿃ҵၹطაѓሙଆٳ༅ࢲંնุ၂ᇁđຓഅᆰࢤሧޓնӱ؇थקሧЧᅬඨҵѩაࡆ۽સၞթᄝധख़ଽᄝ৳༢đᆃུܒӮݓචඨҵၛࠣຣၡԥСགྷའ֥ࢲܒ۴ჷbb ࡆ۽સၞॹᄹӉ൞ݓࣜ࠶ष٢ӮӉଆൔุགྷᄝસၞࢲܒഈ֥ᇗေหׄbڿ۪ष٢Ԛ௹࣍20୍đݓࡆ۽સၞᄹӉ؇ཁᇷۚႿ٤ࡆ۽સၞđ֞1990୍սު௹ਆোસၞᄝಆ҆સၞᇏնุ۲ᅝ϶уࡾbࡆ۽સၞႵ၂۱ࣜ࠶උྟđࣼ൞֥ޙٚൔऎႵԷᄯຓ߸႔Ⴥ֥หׄbࢩᇀ2005୍ݓࡆ۽સၞ࠹ඨҵ6609ၡૅჭđࣂ୍ॖିӑݖ8200ၡૅჭbაࡆ۽સၞ҂đݓ٤ࡆ۽સၞࠎЧЌӻҵđ֞2005୍࠹ҵӑݖ3000ၡૅჭbॖೂݔીႵࡆ۽સၞඨҵđࣼ҂ॖିႵࣜӈᅬ࠹ඨҵb ՖሧЧᅫ࢘؇ुđຓഅᆰࢤሧ֞2005୍࠹ሹحູ6200؟ၡૅჭđࣂ୍ॖିေᄹӉ֞6700ၡૅჭđܒӮᆦӻݓሧЧᅬඨҵ֥ቋᇗေၹbࡆ۽સၞ࠹႔ჅაFDIੀೆحᆭބ֞2005୍ჿູ12775ၡૅჭđб୍֒ଌຓ߸ԥС8189ၡૅჭ؟ԛ4586ၡૅჭđҀ٤ࡆ۽સၞ࠹ҵ3114ၡૅჭຓđߎؓݓ࠽൬ᆦఃཛଢ࠹1000؟ၡૅჭҵิ܂ವሧb Ⴍఃᆴ֤ᇿၩ֥൞đݓຓഅᆰࢤሧაࡆ۽સၞᆭࡗթᄝૡ్৳༢b2003୍ඔऌཁൕđჿϖӮࡆ۽સၞႮຓሧఒြӵքࠇҕაđఃᇏຓഅሧఒြ൞Ֆ൙ࡆ۽સၞຓሧఒြ֥ᇶ࢘bᆃ၂ܴҳඪૼݓགྷࢨ؍ᄝಆ౯ࡆ۽ളӁุ༢ᇏбࢠ 11
Ⴊ൝൞་ႄຓഅটሧ֥ܱၹᆭ၂đຓሧఒြؓࡆ۽સၞᄹӉބචඨҵࢲܒؿᅚؿߨਔܱቔႨb Ӂଽٳ۽აष٢ሔۊğຣၡԥСགྷའ֥ധҪ۴ჷ ࣉ၂ܴ҄ҳđഈඍؓຓસၞބຓሧ০ႨࢲܒหׄđႻაӁଽٳ۽ቔູັܴࠎԤ֥֒սࣜ࠶ಆ౯߄หׄթᄝധख़৳༢bฐษಆ౯Ӂଽٳ۽ؿളଽᄝࠏᇅაݓݓ࠽൬ᆦචඨҵ֥ଽᄝ৳༢đႵᇹႿՖൈսМࣟაݓࣜ࠶ष٢ଆൔหׄ࢘؇ಪ്චඨҵაຓ߸ԥСࠗᄹ֥ധҪ۴ჷb Ֆݓ࠽ٳ۽ྙဆэ࢘؇ुđ֒սࣜ࠶ಆ౯߄ቋᇗေหׄđ൞Ӂଽٳ۽ྖఏѩᄝݓ࠽ٳ۽ਵთϲဆᄀটᄀᇗေ࢘boӁଽٳ۽čIntra-product specializationĎpࠎЧݤၬᆷӁളӁݖӱЇݣ֥҂۽ࠇ؍ٳ҃֞҂ݓࡅބࣜ࠶ุࣉྛđหקӁളӁݖӱ҂۽ࠇ؍๙ݖॢࡗٳ߄ᅚषູॴთࠇॴݓྟളӁ৽่ࠇุ༢đՖطᄀটᄀ؟ݓࡅఒြ֤ၛҕაหקӁ֥ളӁࠇ܂ႋࠃb აݓ࠽ࣜ࠶࿐ಪູoྛြଽસၞčintra-industry tradeĎpაбࢠႪ൝ܱ֥ѓሙંࡌඪ҂đ֒սӁଽٳ۽ቋࠎЧჷಅಯ൞҂ݓࡅሧჷጋڮࢲܒथק֥бࢠႪ൝ၹđఒြଽ҆ބຓ҆ܿଆࣜ࠶္ܒӮӁଽٳ۽֥০ၭটჷbӁଽٳ۽ؿᅚၹটሱ֒սඌࣉ҄ބᇅ؇ڿࣉbหљ൞ྐ༏๙ބࢌ๙ᄎൻਵთඌ۪ଁđ؟шaචшaֆшaთસၞሱႮ߄౼ཟᇅ؇ڿ۪đࠞնࢆ֮ਔॴࣜ࠶ࠃࢌၞӮЧđؓ֒սӁଽٳ۽ᄝಆ౯ٓຶᅚषؿߨਔܱቔႨb Ֆ֒սӁଽٳ۽ऎุؿᅚݖӱुđ1963୍ૅݓൌoྛളӁٳཚčproduction sharing schemeĎpᆟҦđഡ৫ބਆቆྍඥݼܝৣڛልaሰ֩ྛြӁসૡࠢ۽ཟݚຓሇ၍đᇏૅᇝބתଖུݓࡅބࣜ࠶ุӵࢤૅݓఒြຓЇ۽đܒӮ֒սӁଽٳ۽ྖఏ֥ᄪ௹ܱၹbࢠᄪҐႨݚຓ۽ຓЇҦ֥ఒြӮۿิശሱദࣩᆚ৯đѩ๙ݖ൧ӆࣩᆚࠏᇅᆃ၂ളӁٚൔ௴ࠣbMBA࢝ტหљ൞ᅞܵཌྷܱज़ӱؓᆃোҦ֥ࢺക࿆ԮđࡆॹਔྍളӁٚൔ֥ܼࣉӱb ؽᅞުੀྛ֥ࣉ१ูսଽཟؿᅚᅞࡹ৫ᄝԛ१ИܴંࡌഡࠎԤᆭഈđӁଽٳ۽ྍളӁٚൔྖఏؓᆃ၂ᇏྏࡌഡ֥ંބࣜဒࠎԤิԛᇉၐđູࣜ࠶ઋުݓࡅฐ෬ބ࿊ᄴຓཟؿᅚଆൔิ܂ਔྍ֥Ⴕ০ຓ่҆ࡱbתoඹཬpࣜဒཁൕđᄪ௹๙ݖӵࢤބҕაଖུᇅᄯြቋᇔቆል֩ཌྷؓࡥֆ۽్ೆಆ౯ളӁٳ۽ุ༢đෛު๙ݖᄝӁଽٳ۽༢ଽ҆࿐༝ބิശି৯đႵॖିཟࢠۚᄹࡆᆴ۽ބߌࢫശđܒӮࣜ࠶ӻ࿃ᄹӉ֥ܱၹbݓ࠹߃ࣜ࠶ൌ൳կު 12
ฐ෬ྍ֥ؿᅚ֡ਫ਼đࢹఃݓࡅ০ႨӁଽٳ۽ߌ՜ࣉሱദӮӉ֥ࣜဒđܒӮष٢ᅞ֥Ⴕࠏଽಸbࡆ۽સၞაຓഅᆰࢤሧቔႨࠣఃෑᄯݓݓ࠽൬ᆦචඨҵࢲܒหᆘ֥ቔႨđԛཁൕӁଽٳ۽ᆃ၂֒սࣜ࠶ಆ౯߄ັܴࠏᇅᄝؓݓष٢ӮӉଆൔ࿊ᄴյ༯֥ൈսাႆb ၇ऌݓᆟکႵܱ҆קၬđoࡆ۽સၞ൞ᆷՖຓЌඥࣉ१ಆ҆ࠇ҆ٳჰڣҋਘaਬ҆ࡱaჭఖࡱaЇልਘčࣉ१ਘࡱĎđࣜଽఒြࡆ۽ࠇልުđࡼᇅӮگԛ१֥ࣜႏࠃđЇওটਘࡆ۽ބࣉਘࡆ۽pbՖસၞؓႋݓ࠽ٳ۽ো࢘؇ुđࡆ۽સၞหᆘඋྟᄝႿ҂൞৫ളӁଖ۱Ӂđط൞ӵքหקࠇۄ۽֥ࡆ۽ളӁࠃđၹط൞ݓଽఒြҕაಆ౯Ӂଽٳ۽֥ӁbՖݓ࠽൬ᆦ࢘؇ुđࡆ۽સၞหᆘඋྟᄝႿ߶קၬྟֹԷᄯཌྷ֒Ⴟݓଽࡆ۽ᄹࡆᆴ֥સၞ႔ჅđၹطસၞޙٚൔაԮؿᅚࣜ࠶࿐ંࡌඪᝀಖႵљb భ૫ܴҳඔऌіૼđࡆ۽સၞ႔Ⴥ൞ݓࣜӈᅬඨҵ֥ቋᇗေथקၹbຓഅᆰࢤሧնܿଆੀೆđᇗေၹᆭ၂ᄝႿ০ႨݓሧჷбࢠႪ൝đ๙ݖᆰࢤሧྙӮളӁି৯ၛࠆ౼০đѩᄝग़ܴഈݓࣜ࠶ӮӉູಆ౯܂ႋ৽၂۱ᇗေߌࢫbႮՎॖđචඨҵགྷའᆰࢤჰၹ൞ࡆ۽સၞაຓഅᆰࢤሧ֥ቔႨđധೆܴҳᄵ൞ᄝၛӁଽٳ۽ູหᆘ֥֒սࣜ࠶ಆ౯߄Мࣟ༯đݓڿ۪ष٢ᆟҦնږ؇ࢆ֮ҕაݓ࠽ٳ۽ࢌၞӮЧުđఒြބসᆀ๙ݖ࿐༝ބԷྍؿߨԛݓሧჷбࢠႪ൝ބնݓܿଆႪ൝֥ࢲݔb ದлൌ࠽߸ੱ֮ܙാޙğຣၡԥСགྷའ֥ᆟҦМࣟ ᄝၛӁଽٳ۽ູࠎԤ֥֒սࣜ࠶ಆ౯߄Мࣟ༯đࣜ࠶ॹሔۊݓࡅ၂קൈ௹ॖିԛགྷචඨҵअ૫bႮႿචඨҵބཌྷႋຓ߸ԥСᄹӉ൞ݓ࠽ٳ۽ധ߄ބбࢠႪ൝ჰؿളቔႨ֥ࢲݔđၹطᄝັܴࠏᇅҪ૫ऎႵࣜ࠶ކྟބॖӻ࿃ྟbਸ਼၂ٚ૫đݓ୍࣍ຓ߸ԥСӑӈᄹӉႻაದлൌ࠽߸ੱ֮ܙթᄝཁᇷ৳༢đՖᆟҦ࢘؇ुႻऎႵാޙྟၹbϜ֒սࣜ࠶ಆ౯߄หׄၛࠣหקุᇅᆟҦνஆቔႨਆٚ૫ၹ႕ཙđႵᇹႿಆ૫ࢳݓຓ߸ԥСᦻശགྷའ֥ധҪ۴ჷđ୍ؓ࣍ૅݓචԅሳࢲܒࠣ෮໌oಆ౯ാޙpགྷའ္ऎႵଖᇕࢳۿିb Ϝದл߸ੱᆚંঘ߭֞ࣜ࠶ٳ༅ࠎЧӈ്Ҫ૫ࢳđླေᄝٳ༅නਫ਼ഈቓਆׄטᆜb၂൞ေࡹ৫ൌ࠽߸ੱۀđϜၬ߸ੱቔູൌ࠽߸ੱ၂۱ିטࢫၹটࢳĠؽ൞ေՖࣜ࠶ሔۊӉӱМࣟሢငđሂᇾЧлൌ࠽߸ੱაࣜ࠶ӮӉܱ༢ᆃ၂ಪ്ܱbൌ࠽߸ੱקၬູࣜݖၬ߸ੱטᆜ֥ݓଽຓཌྷؓࡎ۬đ൞טࢫष٢ࣜ࠶Ӊ௹ؓຓܱ༢֥ࠎЧࡎ۬эਈb၂۱ࣜ࠶ൌุࠎЧࣩᆚ৯ޓൈđЧлൌ࠽߸ੱླေקᄝࢠඣđҌିᄝݓ࠽ࣩᆚᇏؿߨሧჷбࢠႪ൝ѩᆦӻष٢ؿᅚᅞbೂݔࣜ࠶ࣩᆚ৯ӻ࿃ᄹ఼đᄵླေൌ࠽߸ੱശᆴၛླྀטଽຓ҆ࣜ࠶ 13
ܱ༢bൌ࠽߸ੱ؋௹ѯ൳گᄖၹ႕ཙđಖط၇ऌݓ࠽ࣜ࠶࿐Ϙঘ-᠉غ೦ིႋંࡌඪđЧлൌ࠽߸ੱӉ௹ሼ൝Ⴎॖસၞ҆ཌྷؓসളӁੱथקđၬ߸ੱႮॖસၞ҆ཌྷؓֆ໊সӮЧथקbೂݔ၂ݓࣜ࠶ሔۊϴෛॖસၞ҆সളӁੱཌྷؓᄹӉđЧлൌ࠽߸ੱଽളԛ๙ݖ၂ϮࡎཌྷؓഈᅨބčࠇĎၬ߸ੱሼ఼طᅚषൌགྷ֥Ӊ௹ശᆴ൝ 1990୍սᇏު௹ၛটݓॖસၞ҆সളӁੱཌྷؓॹᄹӉđॖસၞ҆ֆ໊সӮЧཌྷؓӻ࿃༯ࢆđࣜ࠶ӮӉࠎЧ૫эა1990୍սު௹ൌྛ֥סᇾૅჭ߸ੱᇅ҂ཌྷđܒӮ୍࣍ದл߸ੱ֮ܙാޙࠎЧМࣟbཌྷܱඔऌཁൕđ1995-2005୍ݓॖસၞ҆սіᇅᄯြসളӁੱิശПđ҂ॖસၞ҆սіčڛༀြĎসളӁੱᄹӉ80%đᇅᄯြཌྷؓڛༀြളӁੱิശПĠᆃ၂ᆷѓбૅݓ֩ؿղݓࡅཌྷؓᄹӉ60-90%ቐႷb၇ऌϘঘ-᠉غ೦ིႋࡌඪđေದлൌ࠽߸ੱ๙ݖཌྷؓࡎഈശࠇčބĎၬ߸ੱശᆴطཁᇷശᆴbਸ਼၂ٚ૫đ1995-2005୍ݓᇅᄯြၬ۽ሧᄹӉПđൌ࠽ᄹӉПđ୍नᄹӉੱჿູ10%đൌ࠽۽ሧᄹӉ҂ࣇა࠹߃ࣜ࠶ൈ௹୍न%ᄹӉੱ҂ॖರطეđ္ննۚႿ1978-1995୍ࡗ%୍֥नᄹbಖطႮႿসളӁੱ۷ॹᄹӉđᇅᄯြֆ໊সӮЧ༯ࢆ30%đбૅݓཌྷؓ༯ࢆ22%đб13۱OECDݓࡅ༯ࢆږ؇۷նđေದлၬ߸ੱཁᇷശᆴb ಖطႮႿᇕᇕၹᇅჿđದл߸ੱᄝ၂؍ൈ௹ၛؓࣜ࠶ࠎЧ૫эቓԛཌྷႋטࢫބّႋbದлၬ߸ੱᄝתଲࣁವາࠏުҐ౼סᇾૅჭᆟҦđ2005୍7ᄅ߸ੱุᇅڿ۪ުҌष໑ބശᆴbႮႿૅჭ୍࣍ሹุഈԩႿ൝đದлؓᇶေસၞࠄϴ֥Ⴕིၬ߸ੱമᇀߎԛགྷັъᆴb۳קၬ߸ੱሼ൝đࡆഈൗࡀᆭࢌݓଽޡܴࣜ࠶ԛགྷ๙ࠊࣅ෪đ၂Ϯࡎᄹږ֮Ⴟؿղݓࡅनඣđၹطൌ࠽߸ੱ҂ࣇીႵശᆴّطႵ෮ъᆴbದлסᇾ߸ੱᇅაݓളӁੱሔۊ҂෮ႄೆ֥߸ੱࡎაݓ࠽൬ᆦാޙྟ႕ཙđᄝൗࡀᆭࢌФתଲາࠏԊࠌႄؿ֥ದлъᆴ൧ӆყ௹ၹ෮ַཨԊ֎đಖطႮႿתଲࣜ࠶າࠏીႵڿэݓࣜ࠶ӮӉࠎЧ૫ஊള֥ശᆴ৯đ2002୍భުາࠏ႕ཙཨᄉᆭުđದлൌ࠽߸ੱ֮ܙാޙඋྟьགྷԛটb ୍ܱ࣍Ⴟದл߸ੱᆟҦіղ֥ၩٳఆđཁൕᇏݓࣜ࠶ष٢ӮӉაЧлൌ࠽߸ੱܱ༢ᆃ၂གྷൌ໙ีؓࣜ࠶࿐གྷႵᆩ്ิԛ็ᅞđླေࢲކᇏݓࣜ࠶ؿᅚൌ࠽ࣜဒࡆၛٳ༅ॉҳbຓ߸ԥСݖຣၡૅჭᆃ၂୍ࠫభॖିߎၛམའ֥э߄đႋ֒൞ิൕದл߸ੱ֮ܙ֥ቋྍࣜဒᆣऌbؓݓࣜ࠶఼࣑ሔۊМࣟ༯ܥק߸ੱᇅ֥҂ॖӻ࿃ྟđߎॖၛ๙ݖ୍ؓ࣍ݓຓ߸ԥСᄹӉ݅ࠖቓࡥֆຓࡆၛษંb2002୍ၛটݓຓ߸ԥСᄹӉնุҐ౼ᆷඔ݅ࠖᄹӉbೂݔࡔӻ߸ੱ҂э 14
৫ӆѩຓ߸ԥС࿃2002୍ၛটᆷඔᄹӉ݅ࠖđࡥֆଆ୍ު߶ղ֞࣍ຣၡૅჭđ္ྸॖၛቔູࡔ൯ܥק߸ੱᆟҦࡌഡ༯ຓ߸ԥСᄹӉ֥ંࠞཋᆴbᆃ၂ࡥֆຓࢲݔӮູགྷൌ֥ॖିྟ҂նđಖطࡗࢤཁൕ୍࣍ຓ߸ԥСࠗᄹ҂ॖӻ࿃ྟđิൕ୍࣍ದлൌ࠽߸ੱಒൌऎႵ֮ܙാޙྟđ္ඪૼ2005୍ᄅᆟک٢ఙסᇾ߸ੱᇅڿ۪൞сေ֥b ߸ੱ֮ܙބຓ߸ԥСݖਈᄹӉؓݓࣜ࠶ؿᅚऎႵڵ૫႕ཙbФӻႵݖਈऍحຓ߸ԥСđ߶ၹູЧຓлሧӁໃটყ௹൬ၭҵၳၛࠣದлൌ࠽߸ੱቋᇔശᆴջটޓնݓڞ০ാb۷ᇗေ֥൞đ߸ੱ֮ܙཋᇅ০Ⴈ০ੱ֩൧ӆྟ൭؍טࢫޡܴࣜ࠶ᄎྛđطݖ؟၇ঠูսྟྛᆟט॥൭؍đ߶ؓࣜ࠶ؿᅚӉ௹ӮӉջট҂০႕ཙbၹطೂޅ๙ݖ߸ੱࠣสᆟҦטᆜႋؓଢభଽຓࣜ࠶ܱ༢ാޙ໙ีđᇯ҄၇Ցൌགྷຓ߸ԥСбਬᄹӉaधؓਈਬᄹӉaधؓਈࡨӻ֩טࢫଢѓđ൞႕ཙݓໃটࣜ࠶ӻ࿃ႵིᄹӉ֥ᇗေᆟҦၰีb ࣜ࠶ӮӉࣉೆၬሔۊิྍࢨ؍ğຣၡԥСགྷའ֥ఓൕၩၬ ഈඍٳ༅іૼđದлൌ࠽߸ੱശᆴ৯ӁളധҪ۴ჷᄝႿݓॖસၞ҆সളӁੱཌྷؓᄹӉđၬ߸ੱശᆴ৯ധҪ۴ჷᄝႿݓॖસၞ҆ֆ໊সӮЧཌྷؓ༯ࢆbຓ߸ԥСݖຣၡૅჭགྷའᄜՑิൕഈඍܱ༢֥ଽᄝग़ܴྟbՖӉ௹܂۳૫࢘؇ुđݓࣜ࠶ӮӉభࣟ۴Чഈ౼थႿିڎ๙ݖളӁݦඔӻ࿃эসളӁੱӻ࿃ᄹӉbೂݔ߭ճ൞ड़ק֥đᄵದлൌ࠽߸ੱࡼ߶૫ਢӉ௹ശᆴ൝đѩݓࣜ࠶ӮӉࣉೆၬሔۊ؇ӑݖൌ࠽ሔۊྍࢨ؍b Ֆڿ۪ष٢ၛটݓࣜ࠶ሔۊӉӱ൪ܴ࢘ҳđၬሔۊაൌ࠽ሔۊཌྷؓ؇ᄝ҂ࢨ؍ऎႵ۲ሱหׄbཌྷܱඔऌཁൕđ1978-2005୍đݓದनЧлGDP࠹ᄹӉПđૅݓದनЧлGDP࠹ᄹӉ70%đᇏૅൌ࠽ᄹӉҵحࠇݓཌྷؓૅݓൌ࠽ሔۊࠒᆷඔູ532b1978-2005୍đૅݓದनGDPՖຣૅჭᄹӉ֞ຣૅჭđᇏݓႨ߸ੱᅼෘದनૅჭGDPཌྷؓૅݓбᇗՖ%ഈശ֞%đཌྷؓૅݓದन൬ೆбᇗࠇၬሔۊᄹږ҂֞1ПbႨૅჭޙਈ֥ݓཌྷؓૅݓದनGDPб২эቔູٳሰđၛݓЧлޙਈ֥ದनൌ࠽൬ೆཌྷؓૅݓᄹӉږ؇ቔູٳଛđؽᆀཌྷԢ֤֞oၬ/ൌ࠽ሔۊᆷඔpbၛ1978୍oၬ/ൌ࠽ሔۊᆷඔpູ100đھᆷඔᄝڿ۪ቋԚ؟୍ࡗӻ࿃༯ࢆđ1994୍ቋູ֮ׄ29bݖಀ୍భުھᆷѓᆸי߭ശđ൞ഈശ؇ߏતđ2005୍ູ34bڿ۪ष٢ൈ௹28୍ሹ࠹đݓࣜ࠶ၬሔۊ؇ࣇჿູൌ࠽ሔۊ؇֥ٳᆭ၂b ၬაൌ࠽ሔۊбࢠᆷඔᄝۀഈ֩ႿႨࡗࢤѓൕمޙਈ֥Члൌ࠽߸ੱđၹطھᆷѓ༯ࢆაЧлൌ࠽߸ੱъᆴ൞၂ݖӱ֥҂іඍbڿ۪ष٢Ԛ௹ݓᇅᄯြູսі֥ॖસၞ҆ཌྷؓളӁੱሔۊك৯đࡆഈླေཨ߄࠹߃ุᇅൈ 15
௹ದлൌ࠽߸ੱۚܙ౷đ֝ᇁದлൌ࠽߸ੱնږъᆴb1990୍սᇏު௹ၛটđݓॖસၞ҆সളӁੱԛགྷॹሔۊ൝đॖસၞ҆ֆ໊সӮЧᄵӻ࿃༯ࢆđᇯ҄ದлൌ࠽߸ੱބၬ߸ੱӉ௹э൝Ӕശᆴٚཟሇэbಖطᆃ၂ൈ௹ದл߸ੱശᆴ֥൝৯ਈߎ҂ܔ఼նބ໗קđࡆഈหקൈ௹ຓ҆Ԋࠌaޡܴࣜ࠶ᇛ௹ၛࠣᆟҦۄყၹቔႨđದлൌ࠽߸ੱൈъൈശđၬაൌ࠽ሔۊᆷඔ؟୍ࣇႵնჿ5۱Ϥٳׄߏત߭ശb ႮႿݓໃটࣜ࠶ᄹӉࡼ࿃ϴෛসളӁੱॹሔۊđൈႮႿଢభൌ࠽߸ੱଖᇕ֮ܙđႵႮཌྷྐದлൌ࠽߸ੱࡼ૫ਢӉ௹ശᆴ൝đՖطஊളԛໃট၂؍ൈ௹ݓࣜ࠶ၬሔۊӑݖൌ࠽ሔۊหׄbࡌקໃট20୍ૅݓದनGDP୍नᄹӉ؇ູ2%đۚႿݖಀ28୍न%नᄹĠࡌקݓໃট20୍ದन൬ೆ୍ᄹӉੱభ୍ູ7%đު୍ູ6%Ġᄵ2005-2025୍ࡗҐႨᇏૅਆݓൌ࠽ᄹӉཌྷؓҵएޙਈ֥ݓൌ࠽ሔۊᆷඔູ237bࡌקದлൌ࠽߸ੱҐ౼୍नᄹӉ%%%ᇕٚσđᄵൌ࠽߸ੱᄝໃট20୍ଽࡼٳљശᆴ80%a1Пބ119%bႮՎყҩݓದनૅჭGDPč2005୍ૅჭ҂эࡎĎٳљູ10905ૅჭa12014a13230ૅჭđࢽൈཌྷ֒ႿૅݓದनGDPбᇗჿູ%%ބ%bഈඍൌ࠽߸ੱശᆴყҩᆴđࣼ൞ݓໃট20୍ၬሔۊӑݖൌ࠽ሔۊ؇֥ყҩᆴb 20୍ުࠧьൌགྷഈඍყҩᆴđಯ҂֞ݢݓބຖଢభჿ15000؟ૅჭದन൬ೆඣđა20୍ުૅݓ֩ؿղݓࡅದन൬ೆಯႵޓնҵएbಖطՖݓࣜ࠶ؿᅚӱुđᆃၐࡼսі၂Ցൎྟᄁథbೂିൌགྷᆃ၂Ӊ௹ؿᅚଢѓđऍࣜ࠶ุܿଆࡼݓᄝಆ౯ࣜ࠶ᇏཌྷֹ໊ؓࣉ၂҄ิശđնݓݓଽთؿᅚ҂ޙྟၩሢଖུؿղസದन൬ೆࡼࢤ࣍ଢభؿղݓࡅඣbᆃུࡼູݓࣜ࠶ᄝЧൗࡀު࿃۷ۚࢨ؍ሔۊקсေࠎԤb ݓࣜ࠶ӮӉྍࢨ؍֥ࠏმބ็ᅞ ሺܴݓࣜ࠶ఏ٦֥ᆜุࣟđ࠻Їݣष٢ࣜ࠶ӮӉ၂ϮܿੰđႻุགྷԛა֒սࣜ࠶ಆ౯߄ൈս่ࡱၛࠣݓݓ౦Мࣟཌྷ৳༢֥ऎุหׄbݓڿ۪ष٢ၛটࣜ࠶ӮӉ֥ห൹Ԛᇅ؇่ࡱބุᇅሇМࣟđथקਔದлൌ࠽߸ੱऎႵoᇛཬԫ-྆p҉ҩ؟୍భิԛ֥o༵ъުശpဆэྙbຓ߸ԥСݖຣၡૅჭགྷའđิൕದлൌ࠽߸ੱᆞᄝࣉೆoުശpࢨ؍đ္ิൕݓࣜ࠶ӮӉࣉೆၬሔۊ؇ӑݖൌ࠽ሔۊྍࢨ؍b ݓໃটࣜ࠶ӮӉభࣟđܱ౼थႿૌିڎ࿃ࣉѩࠎЧປӮ൧ӆ߄౼ཟڿ۪đ౼थႿࣜ࠶ಆ౯߄ཌྷؓष٢֥ຓ҆ߌିڎ֤֞ົބؿᅚbᄝഈඍଽຓุᇅߌࡌקିնุડቀభิ༯đݓݓଽॹᇉބದ৯ሧЧࠒđնܿଆ 16
ඌሇ၍a་൬ބԷྍ֩ࠎЧᄹӉၹđࡼູሹุളӁݦඔࢲܒބҕඔӻ࿃эิ܂сေ่ࡱđՖطקݓࣜ࠶ໃট၂؍ࢠӉൈ௹ӻ࿃ॹᄹӉ֥ॖିྟb၇ऌসളӁੱॹሔۊაЧлൌ࠽߸ੱശᆴ൝ܱ༢၂Ϯჰၛࠣݓଽຓཌྷܱࣜဒđӻ࿃ൌ࠽ሔۊࡼ๙ݖದлൌ࠽߸ੱശᆴၬሔۊၛ۷ॹ؇ᅚषbၹطՖંaགྷൌaൎ҂࢘؇ॉҳđ20୍ުݓದन൬ೆӑݖ၂ຣૅჭ֥ყҩٳ༅ଢѓ൞Ⴕॖିൌགྷ֥b Ⴍఃᇗေ֥൞ླေౢྜಪ്֞đᆃ۷൞၂۱ൈ҂րၹطླေ৯ᆚൌགྷ֥ଢѓbݓದ१ࢲܒဆэ൝ౢ༉ཁൕđିڎᄝໃট၂؍ൈ௹Ќӻॹሔۊđࡼथקݓࣜ࠶ᗌఏቋᇔିܔղ֥֞ཌྷؓൎۚ؇b৳ކݓದ१ࠣყҩඔऌཁൕđݓၘࣜࣉೆॹਭ߄ࢨ؍đ2005-2010୍୍ਭ60ෟࠣၛഈਭದ१б২ૄ୍ᄹӉ۱Ϣٳׄđᆃ၂ᆷѓᄝ2010୍ၛުࡼնุົӻ୍न۱Ϥٳׄ؇ᄹӉđ֞2030୍ղ֞24%đაૅݓ֒ൈ֥%ყҩᆴཌྷҵࠫĠ2050୍ղ֞31%đӑݖૅݓ֥%б২ᆴbݓসದ१ሹڢအбࡼՖ2005୍༯ࢆ֞2010୍ቋ୍֮ׄުղ֞ቋ֮ׄުᆸי߭ശđ֞2025୍ղ֞đनস৯ڵքਭބظದ१ದඔཌྷؓᄹӉ%bೂݔݓໃট20୍҂ିॹ෪؋აؿղݓࡅҵएđoໃڶ༵pದ१ࢲܒࡼၩሢൎॖିႥჹ҂߶۳ૌֻؽՑࠏ߶b ൌགྷࣜ࠶ӮӉྍࢨ؍ؿᅚଢѓླေ؟ٚ૫ᆟҦטᆜb՜ࣉሧჷႵིᇂބӻࣲࣜ࠶ࠃ৯ุ֥ᇅЌᅰ൞ࣜ࠶ሔۊ֥۴Ч่ࡱđၹطླေധ߄ڿ۪ၛࡲಆބປഠ߶ᇶၬ൧ӆุᇅބᄎྛࠏᇅb୍࣍ࣜ࠶ؿᅚൌิԛྍڿ۪ၰӱb၂൞్ൌઋൌႏఒြᄝྛြሙೆٚ૫֩րმđᆇᆞࢳथޓ؟ਵთሙೆٚ૫թᄝ֥“Ѫৰ”໙ีbؽ൞॓࿐ࢸקޡܴט॥ٓຶބ൭؍đᆟکؿߨޡܴܵބטࢫᆯିႋა൧ӆุᇅჰބࠏᇅᄎྛေ࡙ಸ၂ᇁb൞ധ߄ބࣉֹaঀӁ֩ࠎԤሧჷӁಃᇅ؇ڿ۪đડቀࣜ࠶ӮӉྍࢨ؍ุؓᇅԷྍ֥۷ۚေb ܵ၂۱ॹэࣜ࠶ބഠ߶ሇࣉӱđ૫ਢೂޅླྀט۲ᇕگᄖ؛ބ০ၭ֥็ᅞđၹطླေࡆ఼ၛ॥ᇅຓ҆ྟބᄹࣉഠ߶ބཾ؇ູଢѓ֥ۄყᆟҦbླေ్ൌࡆ఼ߌЌࡓܵđႋؓࣜ࠶ؿᅚջট֥ߌ৯Ġ๙ݖᆦӻࠎԤ࢝ტބିđ๙ݖсေ֥൬ೆሇ၍ᆟҦđࢆ֮ं൬ೆҵљѩ۷؟ದٳཚ֞ؿᅚӮݔĠླေᇗྍܙԮದ१ᆟҦđൡ֒٢ದ१ԛളܵᇅၛߏࢳໃটದ१ਭ߄ބሹڢအбॹᄹӉջট֥৯b ఒြ൞ࣜ࠶նൈս֥ᇶ࢘đݓఒြіགྷ൞ໃটݓࣜ࠶ؿᅚଢѓିڎൌགྷ֥ቋᇔथקၹbఒြေӮۿႋؓࣜ࠶ӮӉྍࢨ؍ൌ࠽߸ੱശᆴބေࡎ۬ิۚջট֥ྍ็ᅞđླေ༢ิശሱദᇉބି৯đఃᇏധ߄Ӂಃڿ۪ބປᇍࠏ 17
ᇅ൞భิđؿߨ࿐༝ིႋၛࠒದ৯ሧЧ൞ܱđࣉඌԷྍѩิശӁြࢲܒ൞ᇗׄđ఼߄ࣩᆚႪ൝ၛᄹࣉ႔০ି৯൞۴Чb ْ߭ଢv 18
߶ၰഈ϶ӆ໙ճ ิ໙ğՖࣂ୍֥ࣜ࠶ྙ൝টुđଲٚസٺؿᅚбࢠ໗đطཞଽܞᆃᇕᇗ߄۽സٺሧᄹࠤख༯ࢆbૌؿགྷ၂۱෮໌o֥િܯಁpđࠧિ؟ਔؿđ؟ਔေિbᆃဢGDPᄹࡆਔđದ֥ڞ০ඣ༯ࢆਔbଢ଼ೂޅुրᆃ۱໙ีĤ ً۔ğિ֩҆ᄝݖಀ୍ࠫ൞ࣜ࠶ݖಣaളӁି৯ঔԉ٤ӈॹ֥҆đϴෛሢࣜ࠶֥ᇛ௹đ҂ॖх૧֥ေࣉྛטᆜđ෮ၛݖಀ൳ၭႿࣜ࠶ݖಣֹ֥҂ॖх૧֥߶ԛགྷ෮ิԛ֥໙ีbఃМުႅҟ֥۷ധҪՑ֥໙ี൞ሧჷӁಃ໙ีđࠧሧჷӁಃ҂໊֞෮ᄯӮ֥ሧჷࡎ۬౷໙ีbࡎ۬౷ᄜࡆഈሧݖӱࢠӉᄯӮ؟Ց֥ذྟ࿖ߌđ၂߶ظݖഺ၂߶ظ҂ቀbࣂު֥ٚཟႋھ൞ڿ۪ૌ֥ሧჷӁಃᇅ؇aሧჷקࡎᇅ؇đᆺႵᆃဢҌିᆃུሧჷྛြሼཟਅྟ࿖ߌđՖطิۚሧჷ০Ⴈིੱb ิ໙ğႵޓ؟ದಪູࣜ࠶߶ԛགྷّđбೂԛགྷྐվঔᅦđଢ଼ಪّູ֥ॖିྟႵ؟նĤܙ࠹ᄝહൈࡗ߶бࢠૼཁĤ ً۔ğՖଢభ֥ᆟҦሑঃটुđّޓbᄝနྛؓྐվᄹӉ֩ᆷѓ֥॥ᇅ༯đᆺေֹٚᆟکሧીႵնܿଆّ֥đ۱ದಪູࢤ༯টࠫ۱ᄅሧߏત༯ט֥൝ߎ߶࿃đԢ٤ԛགྷၩਘᆭຓ֥൙౦bࣇࣇՖଢభ֥ᆟҦሼ൝ބࣜ࠶౦ঃটुđ҂ॖି߶Ⴕնّ֥b ิ໙ğࣣᠮ༵ളᄝᇏݓࣜ࠶50ದંฆഈิԛؓ୪ࣉྛಆഠЌđଢ଼ᆺซ֞୪۽ഠЌb൞҂൞ႋھЇওࣉಀĤ ً۔ğᆃซ֥ᆺ൞୪۽֥ഠЌ໙ีđؓఃഠЌି҂ିൌീીႵ࣮bေ఼ט֥൞đ୪۽ഠЌधؓ൞сေ֥đᆃ္൞ބః۽ದ֥܄໙ีbႮႿ୪۽ၘࣜੀԛটđ୪۽֥ഠЌ္ႋھοᅶӬ൧֥ഠЌଆൔᄎྛbೂݔ୪۽ીႵഠЌđࡼটᆺ၇ौఃᄝ୪ը֥၂ཬॶֹđࡼ߶Ӂളޓᇗ֥ഠ߶໙ีbطิ܂୪۽ഠЌཁಖ߶טᆜఒြӮЧb֥ࠎЧ֥නਫ਼൞đၹູຓ҆҂ޙđაః๙ݖิۚ߸ੱটิۚӮЧđ҂ೂ๙ݖഠЌটิۚb֒ಖ҂൞ܝԸӮЧิശđᆺ൞ඪđᄝଢభӮЧсྶิശ֥౦ঃ༯čೂݔ҂ิശđ߶Ӂളસၞଉ҈đაݓ߶Ⴕસၞᅞ֩֩ĎđԢਔטᆜ߸ੱaטᆜԛ१ඥੱaؓሱ࠭ൌྛຓસཋᇅđૌߎႵഠЌᆃ۱טᆜॢࡗđطؓૌ֥Ӊᇍࣲνၛࠣࢳथഠ߶ҵएႵݺԩb 19
ิ໙ğຓ߸ԥС܋Ⴕ࣍ຣၡૅჭđοᅶଢ଼֥ඪمđॖၛႨ֥ӑൡ؇ຓ߸ԥСႵ3000ၡૅჭb๙ݖؿݓᅏ֥ٚൔઙೆᆃུຓ߸ѩಀݓຓܓઙഡСđбೂႨႿڿ୪ը၄ਏ่ࡱ֥၄࿐ഡСđི֥ݔࡼ߶ೂޅĤਸ਼ຓđ൞ڎႋھϜ؟Ⴥ֥ຓ߸ԥСႨႿࢳथ୪໙ีࠇࡆնၬༀ࢝ტೆ֩֩Ĥ ༱ќğᆰࢤႨ3000ၡi4000ၡૅჭ֥ᆟҦࡹၰड़ק҂߶ФҐବbؓႿೂՎնܿଆ֥Ⴈຓ߸đਵ္֝߶քྏ൞ڎႵିܔႨݺᆃહնгఫ֥ದҌbಪູᄝຓ߸ԥС֥Ⴈഈႋھཬ༵҄đ༵500ၡૅჭbࠒᄟਔࣜဒᆭުᄜॉ੮ն҄ሼbؓႿֻؽ۱໙ีđೂݔϜຓ߸ԥСႨႿݓଽđбೂิۚ୪۽րმࠇᆀಆ҆ҀԉഠЌࠎࣁ֩ٚ૫đପહႨൈຓ߸ႻေэӮದлđᄹնࠊл܂ႋਈđದၿྛᆭభ֥ؓԊҠቔིݔ߶նյᅼ२bՖᆃ۱ၩၬഈটඪđᄝݓଽຓ߸ေཬྏđ္ࣼ൞ݓଽoਆՑߐ߸p֥໙ีbطೂݔ๙ݖؿྛݓᅏԔࠢದлಀနྛؑߐૅჭđಖުࣉ१ݓຓ֥Ӂࠇሧđପહݓଽࠊл܂ႋਈ߶ࡨഒbᄝ֒భದл૫ਢശᆴ৯֥౦ঃ༯đૌքྏ֥൞ದл܂ႋ؟bದл܂ႋਈࡨഒିࡨနྛ֥ؓԊ৯đᆃ൞ૌ༐ຬु֥֞b ܁఼č$$&3࢝ഽĎğᆟکᆰࢤႨຓ߸߶҂߶ջটིੱ֮༯֥໙ีĤ߶҂߶߭֞ᆟఒކ၂֥ਫ਼Ĥ ༱ќğᆟکི֥ੱ໙ี൞ႋھॉ੮֥b൞֒భ۷ᇗေ֥໙ี൞ຓ߸ԥСေԛಀđေۊࣅbᆟک֥ሧིੱିܔڿđܱᄝႿದҌބᇍࢲܒ֥໙ีbྍࡆႵݖোර֥ࣜđૌቓ֤൞҂հ֥bᆟکིੱ֥ڿ൞၂۱ᇯ֥҄aતત֥ݖӱb ิ໙ğत֤ଢ଼֥ծീ൞ਢൈྟ֥đᆺି၂ཬ҆ٳ֥ఫbޓ؟ຓ߸টჷႿఒြԛ१đପહಞఒြԷ߸֥ൈ္ିႨ߸ॖି൞۱ࢠݺ֥Ϸمbޡܴܵᆀႋھᇶေॉ੮ೂޅ๙ݖఒြᆃ۱൧ӆᇶุটטࢫຓ߸ࣉটބԛಀ֥ੀਈbᆃҌ൞ࢳथ໙ี֥ቋᇔϷمb ༱ќğࣼքྏնࡅሂᇾᆃ၂ׄ҂٢b၂षᄝٳ༅ޡܴྙ൝ൈၘඪݖđᇏݓଢభቋಞದฮ֥໙ีࣼ൞߸ੱބຓ߸bᄝᆃ۱Мࣟ༯ࢳथ߸ੱ໙ี֥ܱ൞ᄝoБۡpᇏิ֥֞۱ሳđପ۱ሳᇏЇݣਔ෮ิ֥֞໙ีđᆺ൞ၹູൈࡗܱ༢҂ିᅚषࢃbېҌᇗׄࢃఃᇏoൿpሳᇏ֥၂۱ٚ૫đࠧᄸહဢ؟Ⴥ֥ຓ߸ԥСaӑൡ؇֥ຓ߸ԥСđࢃೂޅཬ҄ڿ۪ຓ߸ԥСุܵᇅđࣼՎطđაิԛ֥໙ี҂؛b ิ໙ğଢ଼ิ֞ყҩᇏఒြ০ყҩᄝิۚđყ௹ࣜ࠶ᄹ༯ࢆbᄸહࢳਆᆀࡗ֥؛Ĥ 20
ڃğᆃ൞၂۱ޓݺ֥໙ีbൌ࠽ഈૌु֞ࢲݔၛު္ᄝษંbಪູᄝ؋௹ଽਆᆀ൞ႵॖିႵ၂ུ҂၂ဢ֥bӉ௹টࢃ০ބࣜ࠶ؿᅚ؇ᆭࡗड़קႵܱ༢đ൞ؓႿ၂۱࠱؇ᆃဢ֥؋௹ଽđਆᆀࡗ൞ڎປಆӮб২֥э߄Ĥत֤ॖၛࣉ၂҄ษંb ิ໙ğՖൌ࠽౦ঃটुđᄝݓ࠽൧ӆഈᇏݓࠫެ൞ઙહહđછહહbᇏݓ֥ఒြбೂᇏെႲaᇏെ߄ᄝݓຓ֥ࠫՑ൬ܓ൞ႮႿ۲۱ݓࡅᆟᇍٚ૫֥ၹطીႵӮۿbམ໙đᆟکᆭࡗ֥ᆟҦaุᇅ֩ؓຓ߸ԥС֥ᄹӉႵહ႕ཙĤೂޅটཨԢᆃٚ૫ၹĤ ༱ќğᇏݓઙહહđᆃၘ൞غࢧሧᆀ֥१ᨆđ҂ஆԢૌߎႵޓ؟ᇕת༆ॖၛಀઙbܓઙᇏ֥ऎุ༥ࢫ֥໙ีေ࣮bೂݔᆇေൌീ֥ࡹၰđေॉ੮֥൞ᆟک۲۱҆ᆭࡗေቕ༯ট࣮đႮଧ۱҆ఠĤ୪ြ҆a॓҆aᆟ҆֩۲؟ഒĤᄸહĤၩ֥ܴׄđೂޅݺຓ߸Ⴕ၂ק؇đ൞ીႵڎקېҌࡹၰ֥ٚཟbૌࣼ൞ေϜᆃ۱ఫۊࣅԛಀđ҂ԛಀ൞শٮbܱႿݚຓ൬ܓ൳ቅ໙ีđ္ಪູૌཌྷܱࣜဒߎ҂ܔđ္ѩ҂ିஆԢૌಯಖေӔᆃ۱ٚཟđေ࣐ॹሹࢲ࢝đଃ෬ࣜဒb ْ߭ଢv 21
ݓ൬ೆٳொོ֝ᇁཨٮੱ༯ࢆ සݓౝ Кࣘն࿐ᇏݓࣜ࠶࣮ᇏྏ࢝൱ οᅶטᆜު֥ඔऌđंཨٮᅝGDP֥б২ᄝ2005୍ղ֞ਔ%đб2000୍֥%༯ࢆਔ۱Ϥٳׄđनૄ୍༯ࢆ࣍۱Ϥٳׄbᆃဢ֥ඔऌᄝྙഈुఏটࣼཞ၂۱ն߁ะbοᅶᆃ۱߁ะོ֥؇ࠧݖಀ୍֥ࠫ༯ࢆ؇টყҩđໃট֥ࢲݔಞದᆑࣙbఃൌ%ᆃ۱ඔሳЧദࣼၘࣜቀܔದᆑࣙਔđ၂۱ॖၛбࢠ֥ඔऌ൞đૅݓ2005୍ंཨٮᅝGDP֥б২ູ%b ၂aंཨٮᅝᆦԛمGDP֥б২
5652484440367880828486889092949698000204 ട୍ࠣ֞࣍ট֥ཨٮੱࠇᆀሧੱ໙ีđбࢠ௴ђ֥ुمಪູࠎЧჰၹ൞ंཨٮౠཟ֮bᇏݓં൞ބఃݓࡅཌྷбߎ൞ބሱ֥࠭ݖಀбđଢభ֥ंཨٮౠཟಒൌбࢠ֮b൞đཨٮౠཟ֥ध֮ؓۚ൞၂߭൙౦đ֥э߄൞ਸ਼၂߭൙౦bཨٮౠཟ֮ቋ؟ିࢳཨٮੱбࢠ֥֮౦ঃđط҂ିࢳཨٮੱӻ࿃༯ࢆ֥གྷའbंཨٮᅝбӻ࿃նږ؇༯ࢆ֥ჰၹđေહ൞ཨٮౠཟӻ࿃նږ؇༯ࢆđေહ൞ं൬ೆᅝGDP֥б২ӻ࿃նږ؇༯ࢆđࠇᆀ൞ਆᆀൈؿളb ᆃٳ༅֥ࠎЧඔऌটሱᇏݓ࠹୍ᇏ1992-2003୍֥ሧࣁੀਈіb๙ӈGDPႵᇕෘمđࠧളӁمaٳمބ൬ೆمbᆃซ֥൞൬ೆمGDPࠣఃࢲܒđّ႘ݓ൬ೆᄝᆟک҆aఒြ҆ބᇾ҆ᆭࡗ֥ٳ౦ঃbႮႿჰіીႵ۴ऌGDPྩᆞު֥ඔऌࣉྛטᆜđູਔбࢠđᄝෘ2004-2006୍֥ඔऌൈđ၂οᅶ֥ࣸGDP१ࣥࣉྛ࠹ෘb 22
ᄝު૫֥ࠫᅦඔऌᇏđ1992-2003୍֥Ⴕܱඔऌᆰࢤ౼ሱၘࣜ܄֥҃ሧࣁੀਈіb2004-06୍֥ඔऌᇏၛၼ႕іൕ֥൞ෘඔऌb෮Ⴕടࠣ֞2006୍֥ඔऌđЇওਔֻؓඹ࠱؇֥ყҩb ࠎЧ֥ෘّ႘ᄝؽބᇏđః֥ෘ൞οᅶᆃਆ۱ෘࢲݔ࠹ෘ֥bؽіൕđ۴ऌݓࡅҍᆟ൬ೆᅝGDP֥б২đෘᆟک҆ॖᆦ൬ೆᅝݓሹ൬ೆб২֥ࢲݔbّ႘đ۴ऌܿଆၛഈ۽ြఒြ০đෘఒြ҆ॖᆦ൬ೆᅝݓሹ൬ೆб২֥ࢲݔbᆃ֥ෘ൞ཌྷ֒ࡥֆ֥đࠎЧഈοᅶܥק֥б২đ൞ҕॉਔ၂ུః֥ၘࣜ܄֥҃ඔऌbႮႿ۲ᇕჰၹđЇওGDPטᆜ໙ีđෘ֥ࢲݔ૧Ⴕ༂ҵbު૫ซ֥֞၂ུࢲંđ൞ॉ੮ਔᆃུ༂ҵ֥đ෮ၛ҂ࢲݔ֥ॖौྟ҂b ؽaᆟک҆ॖᆦ൬ೆᅝݓሹ൬ೆб২ "
ބ ݓࡅҍᆟ൬ೆᅝྍGDPб২ #
đ 262422Inferred20A1816Actual14B1210 929394959697989900010203040506 aఒြ҆ॖᆦ൬ೆᅝݓሹ൬ೆб২ "
ބ ܿଆၛഈ۽ြఒြ০ሹحᅝྍGDPб২ #
2016AInferred128ActualB40929394959697989900010203040506 23
ඹaंॖᆦ൬ೆᅝݓሹ൬ೆ֥б২čĊĎ 70686664Inferred626058929394959697989900010203040506 ࢩᆸ֞2003୍đᆟک҆ބఒြ֥҆ॖᆦ൬ೆᅝݓ൬ೆ֥б২၂ᆰᄝഈശđ2004୍ၛটႋ֒൞ࣉ၂҄ࡆഈശđଢభु҂֞ޅ༯ࢆമᇀሼ֥ࠖའbቔູࢲݔđंॖᆦሹ൬ೆᄝݓሹ൬ೆᇏ֥бᇗնږ؇༯ࢆbᆃ۱б২ᄝ1992୍֥ൈީູ%đაૅݓགྷᄝ֥౦ঃཌྷ֒đ2003୍༯ࢆ֞ਔ%đଢభնჿູ%b ॖၛ۴ऌᆃུඔऌ࠹ෘं֥ཨٮౠཟbᄝ1992-2003୍֥ሧࣁੀਈіᇏđंཨٮౠཟ൞ഈശ֥b۴ऌෘ֥ඔऌ࠹ෘđ2004୍֞2006୍֥ंཨٮౠཟ္ીႵ༯ࢆb҂ݖđෘ֥༂ҵؓႿཨٮౠཟႵࢠն֥႕ཙđ෮ၛؓႿᆃ۱ࢲંಯಖႵ၂קЌbሹ֥টඪđՖݓ൬ೆٳޙі֥࢘؇ुđીႵႮಪູंཨٮౠཟႵૼཁ֥༯ࢆ൝b ᄝ2000୍֞2001୍ࡗđंཨٮౠཟཌྷؓޓۚࠧԥྐྵౠཟཌྷؓޓ֮bᆃ֥၂۱ჰၹ൞๙ࠊࣅ෪bᄝ๙ࠊளᅮ௹ࡗđࣁವሧӁ֥ᆇൌࡎᆴ൞༯ࢆ֥đο߶࠹ٚم࠹ෘ֥ࣁವሧӁࡎᆴФۚܙbᄝ๙ࠊࣅ෪௹ࡗ౦ঃᆞཌྷّbೂݔοᅶ๙ࠊளᅮ౦ঃؓཨٮބԥྐྵቓטᆜđ๙ࠊளᅮ௹ࡗ֥ཨٮౠཟေສഈטđ๙ࠊࣅ෪௹ࡗ֥ཨٮౠཟေສ༯טbቓਔᆃ۱טᆜၛުđंཨٮౠཟ֥э߄б෮ൕေ۷ࡆ໗b ၂۱ޓᇗေ֥౦ঃ൞ੂཁൕ֥ंԥྐྵᅝݓሹ൬ೆб২֥э߄౦ঃbՖ1992୍֞2003୍đᆃ۱б২҂ࣇીႵഈശđطߎႵཌྷ֒նږ؇֥༯ࢆbᄝ2000୍֞2001୍Ⴕնږ؇֥༯ࢆđ၂۱ჰၹ൞ഈ၂؍ิ֥֞ཨٮౠཟؓ๙ࠊࣅ෪ّ֥ႋbႮՎটुđंԥྐྵᅝݓሹ൬ೆ֥б২Ⴕбࢠૼཁ֥༯ࢆ൝bᆃ၂ׄඪૼđᇀഒՖэ߄֥࢘؇টुđࡼሧੱഈശ֥ჰၹ݂ࢲູंԥྐྵੱۚ൞҂Ӯ৫֥b 24
aंཨٮౠཟčĊĎ 75747372Inferred717069686766929394959697989900010203040506 ੂaंԥྐྵᅝݓሹ൬ೆ֥б২čĊĎ 23222120Inferred19181716929394959697989900010203040506 ंԥྐྵᅝݓሹԥྐྵ֥б২ᄝૼཁ༯ࢆđطఒြބᆟک҆ԥྐྵ֥б২ᄝഈശbଢభđఒြ֥҆ሹԥྐྵޓॖିၘࣜӑݖਔं֥ሹԥྐྵđطఒြބᆟکԥྐྵᆭބޓॖିӑݖਔݓሹԥྐྵ֥60%bᆃᇿၩ֞đࠧंԥྐྵᅝݓሹ൬ೆ֥б২ીႵ༯ࢆط൞ሼđၹູݓሹԥྐྵᅝݓሹ൬ೆ֥б২նږ؇ഈശđंԥྐྵᅝݓԥྐྵ֥б২ಯಖ൞༯ࢆ֥bՖᆃ۱࢘؇ॉ੮đࣼ൞۷ࡆԉٳॉ੮֞࠹ބෘ֥۲ᇕ༂ҵđࡼሧੱഈശ֥ჰၹ݂ࢲູंԥྐྵੱ֥ۚඪم္൞҂Ӯ৫֥b ླေหљ఼טđЧ໓ඪ֥൬ೆaԥྐྵ൞oሹpࠇᆀoરp֥ၩනđીႵࡨוܥקሧӁᅼࣸbࡨוܥקሧӁᅼࣸၛު֥൬ೆބԥྐྵ൞֥࣪đః҆б২აሹ൬ೆࠇᆀሹԥྐྵ֥҆б২Ⴕ҂đэ߄൝ႋ֒ޓࢤ࣍b ༯૫Ֆః֥࢘؇টҰंԥྐྵᅝݓ൬ೆб২֥э߄౦ঃbႮႿඔऌ֥ཋᇅđᆃҐႨਔਆ۱ंԥྐྵჅح֥ඔऌᆷѓđ၂۱൞ं֥Члԥྐྵթॻބ 25
൭ӻགྷࣁčAĎđਆᆀᆭބᅝၬGDP֥б২Ֆ1979୍ၛট၂ᆰնږ؇ഈശđഈᅨ֞2003୍đ2003୍֞གྷᄝࠎЧഈӻࠇᆀັ༯ࢆbᆃ൞၂۱٤ӈᇗေ֥ሇэbၹູԥྐྵթॻ൞۱ದԥྐྵᇏᄹӉቋॹ֥҆ٳđ൭ӻགྷࣁ֥ᄹӉ္ཌྷؓбࢠॹđਆᆀ֥ሹބေбఃࣁವሧӁᄹӉॹbᆃਆᆀᅝGDP֥б২҂ഈശđପહఃჅ҆ٳ֥б২ࣼ߶༯ࢆđࡆఏট֥б২ࣼ߶൞༯ࢆ֥b ਸ਼ຓ၂۱ᆷѓ൞ᄝЧлԥྐྵթॻބགྷࣁᆭຓđᄜࡆഈᆣൔݓᅏބຓлԥྐྵթॻčBĎbᆃඹ҆ٳჅحᅝGDP֥б২ᄝ2003୍ၛট൞༯ࢆ֥đቔ୍ູ֒ԥྐྵ֥ࣁವሧӁᄹਈᅝGDP֥б২ૼཁ༯ࢆbః֥ࣁವԥྐྵߎЇওЌགބܢௐ֩đކఏটෘ֥б২ߎေ༯ࢆ۷؟bᄝंࣁವሧӁჅحᅝGDP֥б২༯ࢆ֥ݖӱᇏđࣁವሧӁᄹਈࠧ֒భԥྐྵᅝGDP֥б২ཁᇷ༯ࢆb aंaఒြބᆟکሹԥྐྵᅝݓሹԥྐྵ֥б২čĊĎ 6050InferredHousehold403020Government10929394959697989900010203040506 ϖaंࠊлĦࠣħჅحაၬGDP֥б২čĊĎ 26
ܱႿंܓઙᇾٜട֥ࠣԥྐྵ໙ีᄝቋުษંđᆃᆺิ֞ਆׄđ၂൞ᆃ҆ٳ֥ॖб֥ᄹਈѩ҂ཞࡥֆुఏটପહնđؽ൞ཨٮބԥྐྵ֥ࣜ࠶࿐ၩၬބ࠹קၬ҂ປಆ၂ᇁđఃᇏႵ၂ུॖၛᆚં֥ં໙ีbॉ੮֞ᆃུđགྷᄝߎ҂ିड़קඪं֥ཨٮౠཟᄝഈശđ൞٤ӈड़קֹඪ༯ࢆ۷ಌكඔऌᆦӻb ሹࢲ၂༯ഈ૫֥ٳ༅đႵࠫ۱ࢲંbοݓ൬ೆٳނෘ१ࣥෘđ၂൞ंԥྐྵᅝGDP֥б২༯ࢆđؽ൞ंॖᆦ൬ೆᅝGDP֥б২ॹ༯ࢆđ൞ंሹԥྐྵᅝݓሹԥྐྵ֥б২ॹ༯ࢆđࠧᆟک҆ބఒြ҆ሹԥྐྵᅝݓሹԥྐྵ֥б২ॹഈശbቋު၂่ܱႿंཨٮౠཟ֥э߄đॉ੮֞ंઙٜ໙ีބ۲ᇕܙ࠹༂ҵ֥໙ีđၛቓԛбࢠሙಒ֥؎đॖି൞ັࢆaӻമᇀഈശb ݓ൬ೆٳб২֥э߄൞ޓն֥൙౦bंॖᆦ൬ೆᅝGDPб২֥э߄đՖ1978୍֞གྷᄝ൞၂۱ն֥֚Uđ1994୍ၛభॹഈശđ1998୍ၛট༯ࢆđቋ୍࣍ࠫॹ༯ࢆbᆃᇕሑঃӻ࿃༯ಀ߶Ⴕޓն֥໙ีb҂ඪंཨٮౠཟି҂ିڿэđࣼෘॖၛؿള၂ུэ߄đ္ۊ҂ഈ൬ೆб২༯ࢆ֥႕ཙb෮ၛđᄝݓ൬ೆٳ۬अ֥൝ીႵ٤ӈն֥э߄֥౦ঃ༯đंཨٮᅝGDP֥б২ᆺି༯ࢆđ္ࣼ൞ሧࡆഈસၞඨҵᅝGDP֥б২ᆺିഈശb ླေᇿၩ֥၂ׄ൞၂ུ൬ೆۀႅݣ֥໙ีbႋھљҍᆟ൬ೆaҍᆟॖᆦ൬ೆaҍᆟԅሳބҍᆟԥྐྵb10୍ၛభޓ؟࣮ඪᇏݓҍᆟ൬ೆᅝGDPб২ބఃݓࡅбఏট֮đ఼טေҍᆟ൬ೆ֥б২ഈശbఃൌҍᆟ൬ೆᄝ၂קӱ؇ഈᆺ൞၂۱ੀඣᅬđЇݣਔሇ၍ᆦڱđϜሇ၍ᆦڱಀו൞ҍᆟ֥ॖᆦ൬ೆbݓᆟک҆ॖᆦ൬ೆᅝGDP֥б২ఃൌ൞ཌྷ֥֒ۚđ୍࣍ট۷൞նږ؇ഈശbਸ਼ຓđ๙ӈ෮ඪ֥ҍᆟԅሳ൞ࣜӈᅬ֥ۀđߎႋھႵ၂۱ሧЧᅬbၹູҍᆟႵޓն၂҆ٳሧđೂݔࣜӈᅬႵԅሳđሧЧᅬ႔Ⴥնđࡆఏটߎ൞႔Ⴥbᄝᆃᇕ౦ঃ༯ᆺࢃҍᆟԅሳ൞Ⴕ໙ี֥bՖݓ൬ೆٳބሧཨٮ֥࢘؇ुđᇗေ֥൞ᆟک҆ԥྐྵ֥ۀđࣼ൞ᆟک҆ॖᆦ൬ೆࡨಀཨٮđ္ࣼ൞ࣜӈᅬაሧЧᅬԅሳࠇ႔Ⴥᆭބbૅݓ2005୍ҍᆟ൬ೆᅝGDP֥б২൞29%đᇏݓ൞17%bՖᆃ۱ᆷѓটुđᇏݓбૅݓ֮12۱Ϥٳׄb҂ݖᆟک҆ሹԥྐྵᅝݓሹ൬ೆ֥б২đᇏݓ2003୍൞9%đ2005୍նჿ10%đૅݓ֥ᆃ၂ᆷѓ൞ᄝ2005୍ູ-5%b ߎႵ၂ׄ൞ᄝݓ൬ೆނෘᇏđљݓႵ҆აႵ҆бљᆟک҆ބః҆۷ᇗေbՖݓ൬ೆٳ֥࢘؇ुđႋھࡼݓࡅҍᆟބݓႵఒြ֥൬ᆦ႔ކѩ࠹ෘđࣼ൞ѩіbՖݓ൬ೆٳն۬अ֥࢘؇ुđݓࡅҍᆟބݓႵఒြЇওݓႵၿྛྠoݓpđᄝ၂ק֥ၩၬഈ൞ቐ१տބႷ१տ֥ܱ༢bೂݔࡼ 27
ᆟک҆ބݓႵఒြކѩෘᅬđݓႵ҆ॖᆦ൬ೆބሹԥྐྵᅝݓ൬ೆ֥ޓն၂҆ٳѩॹഈശb Ֆགྷᄝ֥౦ঃुđݓ൬ೆٳ۬अ֥טᆜႵ٤ӈն֥ॢࡗb۱ದԥྐྵ൞ູྨުအቓሙСđݓࡅԥྐྵޓ؟ࣼીႵсေਔđหљ൞ીႵсေಞݓႵ҆ԥྐྵᅝݓ൬ೆ֥б২ᄝၘࣜбࢠ֥ۚඣഈӻ࿃նږ؇ഈശbᆃ۱໙ีॖၛඪ൞oҟڶႿpߎ൞oҟڶႿݓp֥໙ีb၂۱Ⴕܱ֥ં൞ࡁ֩ࡎđఃၩන൞đoݓpЧটࣼ൞op֥đҍڶ٢ᄝoݓp֥१տა٢ᄝop֥१տ൞၂ဢ֥b൙ൌഈҵљޓնđopѩ҂ಪູoݓp१տ֥ҍڶ൞ሱ֥࠭ࠇᆀ҂ᆩ֡ݓࡅ१տႵ؟ഒđఃᇏႻႵ؟ഒቋުაሱ࠭Ⴕܱbऎุ֞ཨٮഈ૫đंཨٮߎ൞აंҍڶط҂൞ݓҍڶܱ༢۷նb ቔູҀԉđซซंܓઙᇾٜބԥྐྵ֥໙ีbቋ୍֥࣍ࠫ၂۱ᇗေ౦ঃ൞۱ದܓઙᇾٜ֥ᆦԛᄹӉޓॹb۱ದઙٜ֥൮ڱބ݂ߎվॻ֥Чࣁႋ֒ෘᄝ֒భԥྐྵᇏđࣁವሧӁٚ૫ԥྐྵбࢠ֥֮၂۱ჰၹ൞ઙٜᆦԛᄹӉॹb൞ᄝݓ൬ೆٳ֥Ⴕܱۀᇏđֹሇ၍֝ᇁ֥൬ೆބᆦԛѩ҂ܒӮݓ൬ೆbбೂඪđ၂Ӭᆓंઙ၂สٜሰਔ100ຣჭđཌྷႋ֥ഠ߶ሧູ40ຣđਸ਼ຓ60ຣ൞ֹ֥ࡎ۬bֹ֥ࡎᆴѩ҂ෘӮ൞ളӁԛট֥đཌྷႋ֥൬ೆᆦԛᆺ൞ሇ၍ᆦڱbᄝᆃ۱২ሰᇏđཌྷႋ֥ളӁᄹࡆᆴࠧݓሹ൬ೆބഠ߶ሹԥྐྵᆺႵ40ຣđ҂൞100ຣb Ֆޙі֥࢘؇ुđೂݔඪӬᆓंઙٜᆦԛ֥100ຣ൞ԥྐྵ֥߅đછֹ୪ପႋ֒ෘ60ຣ֥ڵԥྐྵđᆜ۱ंԥྐྵߎ൞ᆺႵ40ຣb၂۱ᇗေ֥౦ঃ൞đӬᆓंઙٜᆦԛᇏЇݣ֥ઙֹ֥ᆦԛޓնđ୪֤֥֞છֹ൬ೆေഒ֤؟đᆃ۱նҵࡎ֥թᄝ൞۱ᇗေ֥౦ঃbՖࣜ࠶ٳ༅֥࢘؇ुđೂݔֹ֥ൌ࠽ࡎᆴࢤ࣍୪֥ൌ࠽൬ೆđପહࡼֹՖ֮ࡎᆴ֥୪ြሇ၍֞ۚࡎᆴ֥Ӭᆓᇾٜđഠ߶ིႨᄹࡆਔb൞ଢభ࠹ᇏ֥ݓ൬ೆᆃུۀѩ҂Їওֹሇ၍ႄఏ֥ࡎᆴэ߄b ቋ୍࣍ࠫ෮໌oಣఫpࣉট֥ޓ؟đఃᇏཌྷ֒၂҆ٳႨႿܓઙᇾٜđᆃ҆ٳൌᇉഈ҂ႋ֒ෘቓݓଽं֥൬ೆބԥྐྵbߎႵ၂ׄ൞ᇾٜᇅ؇э߄֝ᇁ֥҂ॖбྟbჰট൞ֆ໊ٳٜđགྷᄝڿӮ۱ದઙٜđႵܱ֥൬ೆބઙٜᆦԛ֥ᄹࡆ҂ॖбbေбࢠ֥߅đႋ֒ࡼჰটٳ֥ٜሰοކൡ֥ࡎ۬࠹ෘູྴ൬ೆބԥྐྵb ቋᇗေ֥൞đٜࡎഈശ֝ᇁ֥ԥྐྵᄹࡆ൞ྴ֥đᆇൌ֥ᇾٜԥྐྵ֥ᄹࡆႋ֒Ⴈᇾٜᇉਈބඔਈ֥ᄹࡆট࠹ෘbοᆃ۱१ࣥ࠹ෘԥྐྵđטᆜ൬ೆൡႨ֥ࡎ۬ᆷඔࣼႋ֒Їওٜࡎbᆃဢෘ༯টđෙಖഈ૫ඪ֥၂ུб২߶ؿളэ߄đ൞ंᆇൌॖᆦ൬ೆބᆇൌԥྐྵ֥ᄹӉੱಯಖ҂ۚbᆞ൞ॉ੮֞ᆃ၂ׄđࡼंܓઙ 28
ᇾٜᇏႨႿܓઙֹ֥҆ٳ҂ෘູंԥྐྵࠧಆ҆ෘӮ୪֥ڵԥྐྵđ໙ี҂൞ޓնb҂ݖᆃބఃٚ૫ߎ൞Ⴕޓն֥҂ಒקྟđ෮ၛܱႿंཨٮౠཟ֥э߄ߎ൞ၛႵбࢠሙಒ֥؎b ቋުࡥֆඪ၂༯ؓ֒భޡܴࣜ࠶౦ঃ֥ुمbࣴᄅٺࠊл֥ߌбᄹӉੱޓ֮đೂݔᆺ൞ࠊлᄹӉੱ༯ࢆ໙ีѩ҂նđ൞Ϝ߸ੱॉ੮ᄝଽđؽᆀࢲކܒᄯ֥ਵ༵ᆷѓ༯ࢆ֤۷ࡆৢݝđҵ҂؟֞ਔ2001୍ၛট֥ቋ֮ཌđ༯၂҄ေՏࠗࣜ࠶Ҍྛbቋ୍֥࣍ࠫޡܴࣟగఏઋđഈ϶୍ु֞ࣜ࠶ಣđषđ֞༯϶୍Ⴛष٢đ֝ᇁࣜ࠶҂؎ѯbఃᇏซ֤ޓ؟֥໙ี൞ሧੱۚaሧᄹӉੱۚ֩֩bႋھϜਆ۱໙ีٳषটb၂۱൞ሹླᄹӉੱݖۚđᆃ۱໙ีᄝࣂ୍ഈ϶୍ఃൌѩ҂ޓᇗđൡ֒ט॥ࣼॖၛਔbਸ਼၂۱໙ี൞ሧੱۚđᄝཨٮੱӻ࿃༯ࢆ֥౦ঃ༯đሧੱࠇᆀሧࡆഈસၞඨҵ֥б২ഈശ൞ીႵϷم֥bંᆃՑޡܴט॥ඪིॹđ္൞Ֆሹਈഈुđ֞ૼ୍࠹ෘሧࡆඨҵᅝGDP֥б২Ⴛ߶ഈശbᆃ۱б২֥ᇏӉ௹൝ა؋௹֥ޡܴט॥ఃൌીႵ؟նܱ༢b ْ߭ଢv 29
൬ೆٳ֥၂۱ౠཟაਸ਼၂۱ౠཟ ᇛఃಥ Кࣘն࿐ᇏݓࣜ࠶࣮ᇏྏ࢝൱ ޓഒႵದಪູሱ֥࠭൬ೆொۚđॖ൞ޓ؟ದა၂ဢđޓಸၞؿགྷљದ֤֞ਔ҂ކ֥ۚ൬ೆbᆃඪૼđग़ܴaֹ࣡ษં൬ೆٳ໙ีѩ҂ಸၞb҂ݖ࠻ಖ൬ೆٳၘࣜႄఏਔܼ֥ܱٗᇿđૌߎ൞࣐ॖିग़ֹܴটቓ၂ུฐษbЧ໓љਔ൬ೆҵएაٳ҂܄ᆃਆ۱ཌྷ৳༢aᇔ࣮ॖၛౢԣࢸٳ֥໙ีđࠢᇏႿሇࣜ࠶֥ٳ҂܄໙ีb ࠎୄ༢ඔა൬ೆۀ 2002୍đᇏݓ֥ࠎୄ༢ඔ൞đݓ࠽ഈޓഒႵݓࡅ֥ࠎୄ༢ඔ߶ӑݖᆃ۱ඔሳđԢਔঘנૅᇝቋۚղ֞ݖđᆃႄఏਔದૌ֥ࣅᅦbቓᆃཛ࣮۽ቔ֥ൌބᅵದ࢝൱ಪູ൬ೆ֥ޙਈႵޓ؟bбೂđ҂ं֥षᆦӮЧ҂đၹູӬཔaֹᆭࡗࡎᆷඔ҂b҂ݖđൗࢸၿྛ֥࣮ཬቆ০Ⴈ2001୍ඔऌؓࠎୄ༢ඔࣉྛਔࡎᆷඔטᆜđ൞Ϝࡎᆷඔ٢ࣉಀ֥đ҂֥ದಕa҂ֹ֥ေࣉྛࡎטᆜbטᆜభ֥ࠎୄ༢ඔ൞đטᆜު൞ႮႿӬཔҵၳؓࠎୄ༢ඔ܊ངޓնđࡎᆷඔטᆜުࠎୄ༢ඔ൞༯ࢆ֥bਸ਼၂ٚ૫đགྷᄝ֥ࠎୄ༢ඔࠎЧഈ൞οᅶކم֥ࠊл൬ೆ࠹ෘđطޓ؟ൌ൬ೆđഠ߶ڞ০൬ೆીႵ࠹ෘbਸ਼ຓđӬ൧ंିܔཚ൳֥ഠ߶ڞ০ބ୪ըं֤֥֞ഠ߶ڞ০൞҂֥b҂ݖđטᆜު֥ඔऌߎીႵԛটđൌ࢝൱ቋ࣍ඪᆃ۱ඔሳड़ק߶Ⴕิۚb ෮ၛđॖၛु֞གྷႵ࣮࠻Ⴕۚܙ֥ၹđ္Ⴕ֮ܙ֥ၹb֒ಖđࣇࣇॉ੮ൌྟ൬ೆބڞ০൬ೆߎ҂ܔđၹູቔູሇࣜ࠶ߎႵཌྷ֒҆ٳ֥٤م൬ೆބߧ൬ೆbၹՎđᄸહটטᆜᆃ۱༢ඔđѩ֤ԛ۷ग़ܴ֥a۷ሙಒّႋڿ۪ष٢ၛট൬ೆэ߄൝֥ࢲݔđߎླቓࣉ၂֥҄۽ቔb ൬ೆቔູࣜ࠶࿐֥ۀѩ҂ࡥֆb۴ऌIrving Fisherؓ൬ೆ֥קၬđ൬ೆࣼ൞ҍӁčሧӁaሧჷĎaࠇᆀದЧദ֥ି৯đჷჷ҂؎ֹิ܂֥ڛༀđطಪູ൬ೆቋᇗေ֥ቔႨ൞ջটཚ൳bၛՎটࢳದૌ֥ྛູđࠧದૌᆚ౼൬ೆࣼ൞ᆚ౼ཚ൳đ෮ၛႋھϜ෮Ⴕҍڶջট֥ڛༀྟ֥ת༆ॉ੮ࣉটbࡥֆֹࢃđࣼ൞҂ିᆺॉ੮ࠊл۽ሧđၹູޓ؟ཚ൳ބࠊл۽ሧܱđႭః൞ᄝૌᆃ۱ሇ 30
ഠ߶ᇏbൌ࠽ഈေϜࠊл֥đ٤ࠊл֥đൌ֥đކم֥đ٤م֥đߧ֥၂ఏটđՖᆜุॉ੮൬ೆٳ໙ีb ಃ০ࢸקა൧ӆ܂थק൬ೆ ೂݔϜᇿၩ৯ࣇࣇࠢᇏᄝކمࠊл෮֤ഈđࣼ߶ޭః໙ีĠေ൞ᆺؓކمࠊл൬ೆ֥ҵएҐ౼טࢫծീđॖିஊളఃᇗ໙ีbᄝ࣮ٳᆟҦႵܱ໙ีᆭభđૌေ໙đ൬ೆָ֞൞ᄸဢᄝഠ߶ӮჴᆭࡗٳĤࡥֆֹࢃđᇶေ၇ऌਆ۱ၹb ֻ၂൞ौಃ০֥ࢸקđၹູ൬ೆ൮༵൞၂ཛಃ০bӁಃႨa൬ၭބሇಞॖၛಞҍӁ֥ڛༀۿିiiࠧӁള൬ೆii֤ၛؿߨđ෮ၛđӁಃᇅ؇֥νஆथקਔٳ۬अbбೂđၛభ୪сྶοᇏန࠹߃۶ᇕđ҂ିሱႮᇕᆱđ҂ି۞ڬြđ҂ିሱႮյ۽bᆃൈಃ০ၘࣜקਔđ൬ೆٳࣼקਔđࣼ൞୪֥௴ђ౫bڿ۪ၛުđᄍྸ୪ቓჰট҂ᄍྸቓ֥൙౦đն҆ٳ୪֥ൌބࠊл൬ೆᄹࡆਔbުট୪൬ೆᄹӉэđପ൞ၹູ୪Ӂ֥൧ӆླᄝགྷႵ֥Ӭཔࢲܒ༯ᄹӉીႵପહॹਔđ෮ၛࢤ༯ট໙ีࣼ൞୪ି҂ିՖ൙٤୪Ӂြࠃđି҂ିࣉӬༀ۽đ֞ਔӬᆓି҂ିઋb ୪൞ᆃဢđః۲۱ҪՑ൞ဢ֡bईိૼ֥২ሰđ֥൬ೆᄸહקĤ൮༵൞ಃ০ࢸקğ၂۱ᄝᇏݓအ֥ᄎჴି҂ି֞ݓ࠽ഈ൳ܦݓĤݖಀุ֥ᇅ҂ᄍྸbऌඪุტ҆ބղӮ၂۱ٳཚླྀקđၩԛಀđҕࡆNBAbᆃ၂ಃ০֥ࢸקࣼथקਔိૼ֥൬ೆbোර֥౦ঃ္ؿളᄝႚႵ൧ӆӵಪ֥Ҍି֥ᇏݓದദഈđбೂđᆩ฿༯đቋ࣍֞ཐۖಀဆԛđପш֥ܲჴࣼߋ႒ቓཐۖႥࣲंđط၂Ϯದᄝཐۖंᇾ୍ၛުҌႵॖିэӮႥࣲ֥ंđᆃࣼ൞၂ᇕ٤ࠊл֥ᇗေ൬ೆđॖၛ֞100؟۱ݓࡅ҂Ⴈదᆣđߎ൞ᇏݓದb၂۱Ⴕၜඌ฿ٳ֥ದॖၛᄝಆൗࢸᅳࠏ߶đ္൞ಃ০֥ࢸקथקਔ֥൬ೆb ᄜु܄ༀჴ֥൬ೆđൌ࠽۽ሧ൞၂ॶđڞ০൞၂ॶđཚ൳֥Ϸ܄่ࡱ൞၂ॶđ۽ቔ໗קྟႻ൞၂ॶđᄜࡆഈሇࣜ࠶ᇏಃ৯֞൧ӆၛު٤م֥aߧ֥൬ೆđ൮္༵൞ಃ০ࢸק໙ีbᅦӈᄻႵંᆷԛđದোഠ߶၂܋Ⴕᇕᇅ؇νஆğֻ၂൞ҍӁקಃđֻؽ൞֩ࠩקಃđֻ൞ਆᇕุᇅᆭࡗ֥ྛᆟಃ৯ࣉೆ൧ӆࠆ֤ሿࣁđ֒ൈඪ֥൞ႆ؇ൔ֥ڪϧđ္ࣼ൞ᇅ؇ྟ֥ڪϧbሇࣜ࠶ᇏđಸၞࢶჰট֥֩ࠩקಃᇏࠆ֤൧ӆ൬ၭđط൧ӆࣜ࠶ေສၛҍӁקಃ০֥ٚཟሼđᇏࡗႵ၂؍٤ӈሼ֥ਫ਼b֥ಒđ୪aህြದൖބఒြࡅ֥ಃ৯ࢸקਔđ൞ჰট॥ᇅᆜ۱ሧჷ֥ٳaႨa൬ၭ֥ྛᆟ֩ࠩಃ৯ุᇅđି҂ି؇ݖሼཟ൧ӆ֥ܱ१Ĥ 31
νߪקჹభཅ࠺ӧᅸپ֥છܲσޓႵ࣮ࡎᆴđၹູછܲ൞၂۱٤مಃ০đ٤مಃ০๙ӈᆺ֤છޓ֥֮ࡎఫđطӧᅸپ܋٤م൬൳207ದ334Ց෮ෂದл284ຣჭđਸ਼ຓđߎႵ545Ⴥຣჭದл҂ିඪૼކمটჷb٤مಃ০ିܔછ֤ᆃહն֥ࡎఫ൞၂۱ᇗေགྷའb൙౦ၘࣜؿളਔđطᆃো൙౦ध҂൞۱љགྷའbછܲᝳण҂൞൳༆֥ٚ႕ཙđط൞ૌЧ֥Ԯb҂ݖЧൎഈ֥છܲᝳणބࣂ฿թᄝޓնҵљbൎഈ๙ӈ൞ݓࡅҍᆟԛਔ໙ีൈҌછܲđછܲࠆ֤֥ఫ൞݂܄֥č֒ಖପൈ֥o܄p൞ߟּ֥฿༯Ďđࣂ฿છ֤֥ܲ֞ఫ݂ܲჴႵbఃՑđൎഈછ֥ܲ؟ඔ౦ঃ൞ྴᆯđбೂն໓ݷඳઔཌྷೂđऌඪ֥ᆯༀࣼ൞ႮႿࡅ๖ڶღҌ֤֥֞đ֒ਔ္ܲᆺ҂ݖཿཿൂ໓đطࣂ฿છ֥ಏ൞ൌಃđߎթᄝ৵෭ّႋiiઙܲ൞ሧđଦ໊֞ܲުᄜછܲ߭൬đؓഠ߶܄ᆞބᇇ֥ߊ٤ӈᇗbᆃѩ҂ິМېҌඪ֥Ӂಃथק൬ೆ֥ჰᄵđط൞ၹູಃ০ࢸקᇏթᄝݣֹ֥ٚđࠇ൞مੰࢸקބൌ࠽ࢸקթᄝҵљđࠇ൞ࡓa॥ᇅ۵҂ഈđҌԛགྷᆃဢ֥౦ঃbၹՎđಪູ҂ܵ൞ଧ۱ࢨҪđଧ۱ದđ֒ࣂഠ߶൬ೆ֥টჷ൮༵൞ಃ০ࢸקb ֻؽ۱थק൬ೆٳ֥ၹ൞൧ӆ܂b୪Ⴕਔյ۽֥ಃ০đ൞յ۽֥ದ؟đࣩᆚࠗਛđ൬ೆࣼޓิۚđᆃࣼླေෛሢࣜ࠶ؿᅚэ߄স৯֥܂ྙ൝bбೂᄝଲٚԛགྷਔo۽ߙpđఒြᄜ҂ิۚ۽ሧđࣼᅱ҂֞ݺ۽ದđ෮ၛ൧ӆ܂္थק൬ೆb љ൬ೆҵएაٳ҂܄ ֒ದૌत֤൬ೆٳԛགྷޓն໙ีđླေטᆜބۄყൈđႵਆ۱࿊ᄴbೂݔϜ൬ೆҵए໙ี٢ֻ֞၂໊đࠇᆀࣇࣇሢငކم֥ࠊл൬ೆҵၳđପࣼ߶ຶಡᆃ۱ଢѓҐႨ၂༢ਙ൭؍đ္߶ႮՎӁള၂༢ਙ֥ࢲݔb൞္Ⴕਸ਼ຓ၂۱ଢѓđࣼ൞ࠢᇏࢳथٳ҂܄֥໙ีbᆃ൞ਸ਼ຓ၂۱ۀđ҂Ⴟ൬ೆҵएđޓಸၞࠁ֞၂ఏb ٳ҂܄൞൬ೆҵएն֥၂۱Ӯၹđ൞൬ೆҵएնߎॖିႵఃჰၹđбೂඪိૼބ୪۽֥൬ೆҵљޓնđᇀഒ҂ಪູᆃ۱ҵए૫Ⴕ؟ն֥ٳ҂܄b൧ӆ܂ଖ၂ུᆯ໊֥൬ೆ٤ӈۚđᆺေఃഠ߶ӮჴႵಃؓՎቔԛّႋđࣼીႵсေնۄۥࡆၛۄყii٤ေۄყ္ॖၛđᆺ҂ݖ߶ջটఃڬӁࣼ൞ਔbбೂᇏݓ֥ᇅᄯြđᆞᄝӮЧэ߄่֥ࡱ༯ശࠩđؓऎႵԷྍၩ്ބି৯֥ఒြࡅၛࠣ۲ᇕ۲ဢ֥ህြҌିӁളਔྍ֥൧ӆླđ္֝ᇁཌྷؓ൧ӆࡎ֥۬э߄đᆃൈೂݔದֹູၝᇅđԷྍބശ֥ࠩ৯ࣼࡨਔb ಪູ҂ିϜࠎୄ༢ඔቔູ൬ೆٳ໙ี֥ᇏྏᆷѓđၹູࠧሙಒ؇ਈԛ൬ೆ֥ҵएđ္҂֩Ⴟሙಒ؇ਈԛٳ҂܄֥ӱ؇bીႵޓ؟ದؓိૼa֥ 32
ۚ൬ೆႵၛಸಧ֥҂ડၩb൞đӧᅸپ֥ۚ൬ೆࣼ൞ਸ਼ຓ၂߭൙ਔbߎႵ၂ུۚ؇ྛᆟ؎֥҆ۚ൬ೆđ҂ေඪႏఒြ҂ڛđఃݓႵఒြ္҂ڛb ෮ၛಪູေϜٳ҂܄֥໙ีބ൬ೆҵएݖն֥໙ีٳषđೂݔ࣯ҿᄝ၂ఏđߎႵ၂۱ஊള֥ުݔđࣼ൞ჴնࡅϜޓ؟ࠊл൬ೆቔ٤ࠊл߄֥ԩbбೂđࣂ୍ᇏࡀބݓࡅࡓҳ҆ህؿ໓đ࣌ᆸ֔ᆟࠏܱࠢሧۂٜbહࢡࠢሧۂٜĤჰট֥ڿ۪ၘࣜϜڞ০ٳٜ๔וਔđൌ࠽ഈགྷᄝ҂ഒֹٚၘࣜඵߧگಗđၹູ၂ུ҆Ⴕӑն֥ಃ৯đॖၛႨಃ৯đႨ֮ࡎֹ֥ބࡹᇽҋਘۂٜđಖުьၒֹٳ۳ۄ҆đ๙ݖࠢሧۂٜնږ؇ֹሇ၍ਔ൬ೆb෮ၛࣇࣇؓࠊл൬ೆ֥ҵएҐ౼ծീđॖିஊളః໙ีb Ⴅࣲྟ൬ೆ൞ᆷ၂۱ҍӁ߶Ⴅჹջট൬ೆđᆃᄝ൧ӆഈ֥႕ཙбࢠնbॖ൞གྷᄝ҂ە໊ބ҂ྛြđିڎ֤֞ӻ࿃ྟ൬ೆ֥ҵљ٤ӈնbඪo܄ༀჴ൬ೆொۚpđ֥۴ऌࣼ൞୍࣍܄ༀჴБॉ౼б২ᄀটᄀۚđᄸဢࢳĤఃᇏ၂۱ၹࣼ൞܄ༀჴ۽ቔбࢠ໗קđބః൧ӆэڄགರၭᄹ֥ۚ۽ቔە໊ཌྷбđ܄ༀჴە໊֥ݣࣁਈཌྷؓഈശਔb൞ࣇࣇՖࠊл൬ೆਈु໙ีđࣼ߶ಪູ܄ༀჴ൬ೆߎ൞֮đླေࣉ၂҄ᅨ۽ሧbਸ਼၂۱ၹࣼ൞ഈ໓ิ֥֞ሇൈ௹ܲჴಃ৯൧ӆđႮႿᆟᇍڿ۪aྛᆟڿ۪֥ᇌުđᆃٚ૫Ⴕᇗ໙ีb ሹᆭđૌေु֞൬ೆٳٚ૫֥၂۱ౠཟ,ࣼ൞҂ഠ߶Ӯჴᆭࡗ֥֒௹ࠊл൬ೆҵएޓնđᆃ൞൧ӆ߄ࣜ࠶ڿ۪aࠊл߄ࣉӱaၛࠣྛᆟބᆟᇍุᇅڿ۪ᇌު֥၂۱܋ࢲݔbൈૌߎေᇿၩ൬ೆٳ໙ี֥ਸ਼၂۱ౠཟđପࣼ൞Ϝ“ࢆ֮֒௹čކمĎࠊл൬ೆҵए”ቔູु໙ี֥ሢငׄބઋׄđႮՎޭਔ“ٳ҂܄”ᆃ၂ᇗ໙ีđѩॖିջԛ၂ུᆟҦڬӁđؓӻ࿃֥ࣜ࠶ᄹӉބഠ߶ؿᅚᄯӮ҂ਅ႕ཙb ْ߭ଢv 33
ᇏݓֹٚҍᆟᆦԛܿଆ֥ளᅮ൝ა܄܋ܵӮЧ ྍౄ Кࣘն࿐ᇏݓࣜ࠶࣮ᇏྏ࢝൱ Ч໓֥ଢ֥൞ॉҳ֒భֹٚҍᆟི֥ࠛđܱᇿ֥ᇗׄ൞ֹٚᆟکᅧ֥ሧჷளᅮӱ؇ၛིࠣੱೂޅbႵᇕܴׄಪֹູٚᆟک൙ಃ؟طҍಃ҂ܔđᆇൌ౦ঃ൞ڎೂՎĤՎຓđೂݔᆟک҂ሇđႮᆟکটᇶ֝ࡹ৫ބཾഠ߶đࡼ൞હဢ֥ሧჷᇂིੱĤᆃུ൞Ч໓ࡼေ߭ճ֥໙ีb ֹٚᆟکҍᆟሧჷ֥۱൪࢘ ൮༵đֹٚ܄܋ᆦԛᅝֹ֒GDP֥бᇗđࠧყෘଽᆦԛაყෘຓᆦԛᆭބაЧസaЧֹ֥GDPᆭбbಆݓֹٚ܄܋ᆦԛބಆݓGDP֥б২ᄝ19%ቐႷbಖطЧ໓ѩીႵࡥֆֹႨᆃ۱ඔऌđط൞ٳസ࠹ෘoҍᆟᆦԛ/GDPpđಖު౼ಆݓनᆴđၹູૄ۱സ֥ҍᆟᆦԛᆺႵაЧസGDPཌྷؓбđҌିཁൕԛֹٚᆟک෮ᅧ֥܄܋ሧჷᄝֹ֒ࣜ࠶ᇏ֥бᇗbᄝ1994Ē2003ᆃ10୍ᇏھбᇗՖ%ഈശᇀ%đ܋ഈശਔ۱Ϥٳׄbٳസটुđ܄܋ᆦԛᅝֹ֒GDPбᇗ֥ۚസٺնࠢᇏᄝ༆҆҂ؿղֹbᄀ൞ؿղֹđೂࡾ්aᆄࡾaܼתaת֩ခݚസٺđ܄܋ᆦԛᅝֹ֒GDPбᇗّط֮bॖđoҍᆟᆦԛ/GDPpᆃ۱бੱѩ҂൞ࣜ࠶ؿղ֥ѓᆽbᆃࣼႄԛ၂۱໙ีđᆟکყෘܿଆளᅮିڎ՜ࣉࣜ࠶ؿᅚაᄹӉĤᆟکఫ൞ڎႵིੱĤo܄܋ᆦԛ/GDPp֥ٳസनᆴބಆݓሹбੱᄝഈശđඪૼֹٚᆟکҍᆟܿଆбࣜ࠶ܿଆ֥ᄹӉ؇ေॹđֹٚᆟک෮॥֥ࣜ࠶ሧჷ҂ᄝधؓਈഈᄹࡆਔđطᄝཌྷؓਈഈ္ննᄹࡆਔb ఃՑđದनֹٚҍᆟᆦԛ֥э߄bಆݓದनֹٚҍᆟᆦԛՖ1994୍ದन589ჭᄹࡆ֞2003୍֥2120ჭđ10୍ࡗᅨਔПđᆃ۱ᄹޓॹđॖၛඪ൞ൗࢸഒႵbؓႿ୪ြնസটඪđ2003୍ದनֹٚҍᆟ܄܋षᆦᄝ1000ჭቐႷđطದन୪Ղ൬ೆᆺႵ2400ჭđؽᆀб২൞1ğđᆃ۱б২ॖ҂֮b֒ಖđoದनֹٚҍᆟ܄܋षᆦpᄝസაസᆭࡗ֥ҵၳ൞ޓն֥bದनֹٚҍᆟषᆦᄝഈݚ൞7078ჭč2003୍Ďđطᆃ۱ඔሳᄝ୪ြնസࣇႵ913ჭđնཬཌྷҵПbႋ֒ᆷԛđസ࠽ᆭࡗ֥ڶҵएᄝ1994i2003୍ࡗѩીႵ෪ཬb1993୍đದनֹٚҍᆟषᆦቋۚᆴ ္൞ӁളႿഈݚđູ1874ჭđቋ֮ᆴ൞ᄝνߪđູ234đնཬཌྷҵ8Пb 34
ֻđֹٚᆟکყෘଽᆦԛᅝಆ҆ყෘᆦԛ֥бᇗb࣐ܵᄝ1994୍ٳඥᇅᆭުđֹٚᆟک֥ყෘଽҍᆟ൬ೆᅝಆ҆ყෘ൬ೆ֥бੱ༯ࢆਔđೂݔुᆦԛࢲܒđՖ1994୍ၛটđᄵֹٚᆟکყෘଽᆦԛᅝಆ҆ყෘଽҍᆟᆦԛ֥бᇗ၂ᆰᄝ70%ቐႷđ2003୍ູ%đ2004୍ູ%đ2005୍ູ%bࠧҵ҂؟Ⴕඹٳᆭ֥ყෘଽሧࣁ൞Ⴎֹٚᆟکᆦ֥bᇏနֹ֥ؓٚሇ၍ᆦԛཌྷ֒Ⴟֹٚᆟکҍᆟ൬ೆ֥%đֹٚҍᆟᆦԛᇏႵնჿ1/3֥ሧჷ൞Ⴎᇏနሇ၍طট֥b აఃݓࡅཌྷбđᇏݓֹٚᆟکყෘଽᆦԛᅝಆ҆ყෘᆦԛ֥бᇗ൞ቋ֥ۚbοᅶ1997୍ඔऌđᇏݓ൞%đૅݓ൞%đέ۴๓൞%đ༆ۢᆺႵ%bႆ؇ֹ֥ٚᆟکႋھ߶ఫ҂ഒđॖ္҂ݖ൞%b і၂aֹٚҍᆟᆦԛᅝಆ҆ҍᆟᆦԛбᇗ֥ݓ࠽бࢠ ݓࡅ 1990୍ 1997୍ έ۴๓ Ϗն০ ᇏݓ ֣ݓ ႆ؇ ႆ؇ୄ༆ ༆ۢ جઅථ ଲ٤ ૅݓ ֻඹđֹٚᆟک֥ყෘຓᆦԛܿଆbοགྷႵ࠹१ࣥ࠹ෘ֥ყෘຓ൬ೆაᆦԛđࣇࣇ൞ֹٚᆟکყෘၛຓҍᆟ൬ೆაᆦԛ֥၂҆ٳbყෘຓ൬ೆᆺ൞ݓࡅمੰᄍྸֹ֥ٚᆟک֥٤ඥ൬ೆđఃᇏᇶေ൞ྛᆟ൙ြ൬ٮაᆟکࠎࣁ൬ೆđીႵЇও٤ყෘ൬ೆބֹԛಞ൬ೆbֹٚᆟک֥ყෘຓᆦԛܿଆ֥ளᅮ္൞ޓॹ֥b2004୍đಆݓყෘຓ൬ೆູ4699ၡჭđఃᇏྛᆟ൙ြ൬ٮູ3208ၡჭđᅝ2/3ၛഈbᆃᇕྛᆟྟ൬ٮᇶေႨႿྛᆟ֥҆ᆞӈົӻđၹູ3134ၡჭྛᆟ൙ြ൬ೆٮࣼᆰࢤቔູoྛᆟ൙ြᆦԛpطוਔb oყෘຓpҍᆟࠎЧഈ൞Чࠩᆟک֥ކمཬࣁ९bࠎЧ҂թᄝഈ༯ࠩᆟکᆭࡗ֥ഈࢳა༯ѭܱ༢đoყෘຓpҍ৯oш࠽Ӯpбੱۚđࢤ࣍100%bၹՎđૄࠩᆟکđႭః൞ཅ၂ࠩᆟکؓoყෘຓpঔᅦđႵሢ఼ਛ֥ࠗৣbᆃ҂Ⴟᆘ൬ᄹᆴඥ֥ш࠽Ӯੱğೂݔസࠩᆟکᆘ֞ᄹᆴඥđസࠩᆟکш࠽Ӯੱູ25%Ġೂཅࠩᆟکᆘ֞ඥđཅЧࠩॖ֥ᆺູ10%đࠧസᆟکေՖཅᆟکᆘ֥֞ᄹᆴඥᇏิ15%đֹٚࠫࠩᆟکш࠽ӮሹބҌູ25%b 35
ႮႿ2004୍ყෘଽoྛᆟܵٮpषᆦᆺႵ2417ၡჭđఃᇏֹٚᆟکᄝყෘଽ֥ྛᆟܵٮषᆦູၡĠطoყෘຓpྛᆟܵٮषᆦၡჭđఃᇏֹٚᆟک֥oყෘຓpྛᆟषᆦჿູ2851ၡჭb္ࣼ൞ඪđᄝಆݓྛᆟषᆦᆃ၂ཛᇏđႵ56%൞๙ݖoყෘຓpٚൔԛಀ֥Ġᄝֹٚᆟک֥ྛᆟषᆦᇏđႵ%൞๙ݖoყෘຓpٚൔו֥b࣍ট҂ഒህࡅ࿐ᆀᆷԛਔᆟکྛᆟٮႨഈശॹaܿଆն൞ᇏݓ܄܋ุܵᇅ֥р؊ᆭ၂đطૌᄝᆃᄵؿགྷđྛᆟषᆦഈശݖॹđႭః൞ֹٚᆟکྛᆟषᆦݖնđഈശݖॹđఞఞ൞ࢹᇹႿoყෘຓpᆃᇕࢠູoೈp֥ყෘჿඏ่ࡱطൌགྷ֥bၹՎđေڿᇏݓᆟک܄܋ི֥ܵࠛđႭః൞ڿoྛᆟܵpི֥ࠛđᇍoყෘຓp൬ᆦь൞сࣜᆭਫ਼b ֻđֹҍᆟ֥ܿଆbऌ2006୍9ᄅ4ರu21ൗࡀࣜ࠶Б֡včֻ၂ϱഠğoֹԛಞࣁڿ۪֥ޡܴࣜ࠶ིႋp Ďิ܂֥ሧਘğ2001-2003ݓֹԛಞކ࠹9100؟ၡđჿᅝ௹ಆݓֹٚҍᆟ൬ೆ֥35%Ġ2004୍նཋpֹႵӊԛಞࣉ၂҄൧ӆ߄b୍֒ಆݓԛಞ֥ࡎॻ۷ղ5894ၡჭđᅝ௹ֹٚҍᆟሹ൬ೆ֥47%Ġ2005୍ݓᆳྛ൬ࣅֹ۴ᆟҦđԛಞࣁ൬ೆᅝбෙႵ෮༯ࢆđሹحಯႵ5505ၡჭĠෛሢֹٜӁ൧ӆ֥ࠅЕđ2006୍ԛಞࣁ൬ೆଢభၘղ3000ၡჭቐႷđყ࠹ಆ୍ԛಞࣁᅝֹٚҍᆟ൬ೆб২ॖିࡼ50%đ൙ൌഈđКࣘaܼᇜaധᎪֹٜ֩Ӂಣׄთֹ֥ԛಞࣁഈ϶୍֥൬ೆࣼၘӑݖಆ୍֥ሹحb ഈඍඔऌָ֞ॖौྟೂޅĤૌ۳ԛሱ࠭৫֥ܙෘb൮༵đ๙ݖuᇏݓ࠹୍v֥o۲ֹӬ൧ࡹഡ౦ঃpণᅳ֞ᆟکoᆘႨֹ૫ࠒp֥۲സඔऌb2004୍ᆘႨֹ૫ࠒ൞1600؟ٚ܄đཌྷ֒Ⴟ၂۱նӬ൧bఃՑđࠆֹ֤ࡎ۬ඔऌbϜuᇏݓࣜ࠶௴Ұ୍2004୍včֻजĎิ܂֥o۲ֹֹٜӁषؿఒြֹषؿࠣఃܓᇂֹ૫ࠒpაoЧ୍ֹӮࢌࡎحpཌྷԢđ֤֞۲സaᆰ༪൧aሱᇍֹ֥नࡎb෮טҰ֥ϖ۱സ֥ൌ࠽ֹनࡎა࠹ෘ֤֥֞ᆴཌྷژđၹՎభ૫ֹनࡎ֥࠹ෘٚم൞ॖौ֥bቋުđ࠹ෘᆟکԛಞֹ֥൬ೆb֒ಖđֹᆘ൬૫ࠒ҂֩Ⴟԛಞֹ֥૫ࠒđၹູႵ၂ུᆘႨֹ֥ေႨႿੳ߄a܄܋ࢌ๙ބֹԥС֩b۴ऌؓ8۱സ12۱ཅ2۱൧֥טҰඔऌđॖၛܙ࠹ԛᆘႨֹ֥80%ႨႿԛ൲đఃᇏ60%൞છ۳ֹٜӁഅđ40%છ۳ᅱഅႄሧ་ႄট֥ఒြbᆃུႄೆ֥ఒြॖၛཚ൳ֹႪ߲đᆺླᆦڱնჿ1/4ᇀ1/3ֹ֥नࡎbၹՎđᆟکԛಞֹ൬ೆ = ᆘႨֹ૫ࠒč+1/3Ďֹनࡎ = ᆘႨֹ૫ࠒֹनࡎb Ֆ۲സԛಞֹඔऌॖၛؿགྷđ2004୍č1Ďܼתaଲaתaࡾ්൞ᆘႨֹቋ؟֥സٺđૄ۱സᄝ2004୍ᆘႨ200ٚ܄ቐႷֹ֥đඹ۱സ 36
ᆘႨֹ֥ᆭބཌྷ֒ႿಆݓᆘႨֹሹඔ֥၂϶ቐႷbč2Ďֹनࡎቋ֥ۚസٺ၇Ցູᆄࡾč1823ჭ/Ďaڞࡹč1275ჭ/Ďaഈݚč1218ჭ/ĎაКࣘč1140ჭ/ĎbഈݚaКֹ֥ࣘࡎ֮Ⴟᆄࡾაڞࡹđఃჰၹ൞ః෮ᆘֹ֥ᇶေ൞ჹࢍ֥bč3Ďֹҍᆟ൬ೆቋ֥ۚസٺ၇Ցູğଲč1177ၡჭĎaࡾ්č1054ၡჭĎaაᆄࡾč1028ၡჭĎbࣇᆃ۱സֹٚᆟکֹ֥൬ೆࣼղ3259ၡჭđࢤ࣍Ⴟಆݓᆟکԛಞֹ൬ೆ֥၂϶bᆃіૼđֹҍᆟෙಖܿଆޓնđٳ҃ޓ҂नᄋb2006୍ֹࡎ۬ཌྷб2004୍նږഈᅨđֹԛಞ൬ೆ၂ק߶၂ຣၡჭb ᆟکᆦڱ۳ാֹ୪ބं֥Ҁӊࣁᄝԛ൲ֹ൬ೆᇏ෮ᅝбੱ֮ࠞbؓᆄࡾസSཅაY൧֥טҰཁൕھбੱᆺႵ3%ᇀ5%đԛಞ၂ଙֹ֤֞ჿ130ຣჭđᆦڱ۳୪֥ҀӊᆺႵ҂֞5ຣჭđఃᇏ2ຣ؟ჭ൞۶ᇕٚ૫֥ാđߎႵ2ຣ؟ჭ൞ఃٚ૫֥Ҁӊbਸ਼ຓđॉ੮ֹ֞ٚ߶۳സaᇏနഈ࢚նჿ2%֥ሿ൬ೆđֹٚᆟکčཅa൧ࠩĎնჿᅝႨਔԛ൲ֹ൬ೆ֥90%ቐႷb ֹԛಞ൬ೆᄵ࠻҂ਙೆყෘଽđႻໃਙೆყෘຓܵb୍࣍ࠫটđෛሢᇏနؓᆟکྛᆟ൬ٮ֥ܵᄀটᄀܿٓđྛᆟ൙ြ൬ٮᄝყෘຓ൬ೆᇏֹ໊֥൳֞ਔၝᇅđཌྷбᆭ༯đֹԛಞ൬ೆӮֹູٚᆟکႭః൞ת҆ࠫ۱സ൧ֹٚᆟکčหљ൞ཅᆟکĎ൬ೆ֥ᇗေটჷbਸ਼၂૫đֹԛಞaֹٜӁषؿაၛֹ৷ࡎԛಞູ൭؍֥ᅱഅႄሧႻॖၛջটֹࣜ࠶ঔᅦđՖطջყෘଽ֥ඥჷᄹࡆb ֹҍᆟؓႿ۲ֹᆟکႵ་ႄ৯đѩ҂൞ૄ۱സa൧aཅႵֹҍᆟ֥ࠏმđᆃ۱ࠏმࣼ൞ᅱഅႄሧbᆃ္֝ᇁਔಆݓٓຶଽתaᇏa༆ֹ҆ٚᆟکҐ౼ਔᇕ҂֥ҍᆟྛູğת҆ᇗֹđᇏ҆ᇗ൬ٮđ༆҆ᄵ൞ौሇ၍bᆃіૼđࣜ࠶ᄀؿղđֹٚᆟکؓҍᆟყෘଽ൬ೆ֥၇ঠӱ؇ьᄀ֮bࣜ࠶ᄀؿղđᆞ֥ܿყෘؓᆟک֥ჿඏӱ؇ьᄀ֮Ġᆟکࠩљᄀ֮đყෘ٤ᆞ֥ܿӱ؇ᄀۚb ֹٚ܄܋֥ܵӮЧაིੱ ᄝݖಀ10؟୍đֹٚᆟکᄝܿଆளᅮ֥ൈིੱೂޅĤoྛᆟӮЧpॖႨGDPo֥ྛᆟӮЧྟpট؇ਈb1996-2003ᆃϖ୍ࡗྛᆟᆦԛᄹࡆਔჿПđ௹GDPᄹࡆਔ࣍ПđྛᆟӮЧྟ൞္ࣼ൞ඪđᇏݓGDPૄᄹࡆ1۱ϤٳׄđֹٚᆟکྛᆟӮЧࣼေഈശ۱Ϥٳׄb1996୍GDPᇏ%֥ఫႨႿྛᆟषᆦđط2003୍ᆃ၂б২ၘࣜᅨ֞ਔ%đჹჹۚႿݓؓ࢝ტ֥ೆđᆃᇕ౦ঃ൞҂ᆞӈ֥bᇏݓၛֹٚᆟکᇶ֥֝ࣜ࠶ঔᅦđ҂ࣇGDP֥ሱಖିݻഈശđطGDP֥ದ৯ሧЧӮЧაቆᆮӮЧ္ࠤखഈശb 37
іؽa۲ֹֹࡎ۬ބᆟکԛ൲ֹ൬ೆč ୍Ď ֹٜӁഅܓֹٜӁഅֹᆟکᆘႨᆟکԛ൲Ӭᆓंֹनࡎ ֹ ᇂֹ૫ࠒ Ӯࢌࡎॻ ֹ૫ࠒ ֹ൬ೆ ۽ྈ൬ೆ (ٚ) (ຣჭ) (ჭ/ٚ)čٚ܄ĎčၡჭĎ čჭĎ ಆݓ 488946455 35299475 1613 7153 Кࣘ 27623253 3149642 53 11590 ฿ࣃ 13181321 780913 7509 ފК 12469300 563001 36 5590 ༆ 5033799 288300 9 6339 ଽܞ 5788532 172359 4 5894 ୡ 22568792 1779227 39 5806 ࠝਟ 4941544 276099 13 5447 ޑࡾ 5691027 315054 12 5032 ഈݚ 13326018 1622615 61 13157 ࡾ් 51206029 4745052 194 6869 ᆄࡾ 30235973 5512394 96 10753 νߪ 24050089 1234711 28 5584 ڞࡹ 15895074 2026359 28 7996 ࡾ༆ 15268983 538174 82 5542 ת 47330537 2001294 209 8327 ފଲ 17252288 880041 27 5322 К 21470234 871125 39 6391 ଲ 21654902 2143984 203 6807 ܼת 33774776 1844662 289 11646 ܼ༆ 13512482 474792 43 6738 ݚଲ 8524276 102180 0 5599 ᇗ౩ 11376127 730169 31 7163 ඹԫ 24551964 1642456 22 5461 ᇜ 7769192 241942 4 5135 ᄉଲ 7727857 449162 21 6138 ༆ҟ 2960306 62755 0 10205 ༆ 7796076 329630 24 5725 ۅ 3055860 138664 8 6087 ౝݚ 1302874 49831 8 5023 ୡ༱ 4611743 190256 25 5166 ྍࡿ 6995227 142632 7 6395 ሧਘটჷğoֹٜӁഅܓᇂֹ૫ࠒpބoֹٜӁഅֹӮࢌࡎॻpটሱႿuᇏݓࣜ࠶௴Ұ୍ ୍vđᇏݓ࠹ԛϱഠđ ୍ԛϱĠoֹनࡎp൞oֹٜӁഅֹӮࢌࡎॻpაoֹٜӁഅܓᇂֹ૫ࠒpᆭഅĠoᆟکᆘႨֹ૫ࠒpބoӬᆓं۽ྈ൬ೆpটሱႿuᇏݓ࠹୍ ୍vđᇏݓ࠹ԛϱഠđ ୍ԛϱb 38
༯૫ၛ࢝ტᇉਈູ২ඪૼֹٚყෘຓᆦԛؓᆟک܄܋ڛༀི֥ࠛ႕ཙbᆃႨഽളбđࠧཬ࿐࢝ᆯ۽აᄝཬ࿐ള֥б২đট؇ਈ࢝ტᇉਈb࠹ਈࢲݔіૼđᄝః่ࡱཌྷ֥౦ঃ༯đყෘຓ൬ೆᄹࡆൈđֹٚᆟکิ܂࢝ტི֥ੱ۷֮Ġყෘຓ൬ೆࡨഒൈđֹٚᆟکิ܂࢝ტི֥ੱ۷ۚbطყෘଽҍᆟᆦԛა࢝ტᇉਈ൞ᆞཌྷܱbႵ౿֥൞đֹٚᆟکყෘຓ൬ೆᄹࡆൈđֹٚᆟکྩࡹ܄ਫ਼ི֥ੱิۚĠطყෘຓ൬ೆࡨഒൈđֹٚᆟکྩࡹ܄ਫ਼ི֥ੱࢆ֮bᆃඪૼֹٚᆟکᇗ൪ބᅱഅႄሧႵܱ༢֥ࠎԤഡീೆđؓႿఃࠎЧ܄܋֥ೆᄵ൞Ⴕ໙ี֥b ݺ؟സᄝ۞ࠎႿֹ֥ഠЌđࠧᆘ൬୪ֹಖުؿအࣁbᆃᇕቓمࡼটሱຓֹ֥୪۽ஆԢᄝຓđၹູૌᄝֹ֒ીႵֹđࣼીႵಃ০ٳཚֹ֥֒࢝ტaളބࠎЧഠ߶Ќᅰ֩܄܋ڛༀbᄝᆃᇕุᇅ༯đೂݔಞֹٚᆟکটิ܂࢝ტaളބഠЌᆃུࠎЧ܄܋đॖିႵ໙ีđહൈީିቓݺॖି൞۱ໃᆩඔbݓຓ֥ࣜဒіૼᆃোࠎЧ܄܋ᆺିႮᇏနᆟکটิ܂đֹٚᆟکᆺିสބઋൌb ཬࢲ ሹఏটुđᇏݓֹٚᆟکᄝଢభᇏݓҍᆟሧჷ۬अᇏѩ҂ԩႿo൝pbೂݔૌࡼ2004୍ֹٚᆟک൭ᇏ֥ყෘຓ൬ೆ4323ၡჭčֹٚᅝ୍֒ყෘຓ൬ೆ֥%ĎაഈඍֹٚᆟکႨ6151ၡჭֹԛಞ൬ೆਆᆀཌྷࡆđఃބູ10474ၡჭbᆃၘࣜࢤ࣍Ⴟ2004୍ֹٚყෘଽ൬ೆ11893ၡჭ֥ඣđཌྷ֒Ⴟֹٚყෘଽҍᆟ൬ೆ֥88%bᄜࡆഈᇏနᆟکሇ၍۳ֹٚᆟک֥ҍᆟ൬ೆđ2004୍ᇏݓֹٚᆟک֥ൌ࠽ॖᆦҍ৯ູ30367ၡჭbᆃ۱ඔሳđ൞୍֒ᇏݓᇏနᆟکҍᆟᆦԛ7894ၡჭ֥Пđ൞2004୍ᇏݓGDPሹح159878ၡჭč௴ҰުඔሳĎ֥19%bૌѩ҂ڎಪ҂ഒֹႭః൞၂ུ୪ြӁ֥ཅaཔᆟکҍᆟሑ࣬௧֥൙ൌđՖၛഈ࠹ෘ֥ࢲݔुđᇏݓֹٚᆟکሹุඪটીႵo५౫p֥Ⴎb ໙ีᄝႿđֹٚᆟکھႵ֥ҍᆟ൬ೆીႵଦ֞đ҂ھႵ֥ҍᆟ൬ೆॖିሱ࠭ుుؿᅚԛটਔĠھ֥ఫીႵđط҂ھႮֹٚᆟک֥ఫಏնгԛಀਔbᆃᇕҍಃčҍᆟෟೆಃĎა൙ಃčᆦԛಃĎ֥ࢲܒ౷đҌ൞֒భᇏݓֹٚᆟکҍᆟܿଆளᅮა܄܋ิ܂҂ቀਆགྷའѩթุ֥ᇅჰၹbၹՎđ໙ีॖିᇶေ֥҂൞o൙ಃčᆦԛಃĎp၂ٚაቔູਸ਼၂֥ٚoҍಃč൬ೆಃĎpᆭࡗ֥ሹਈ҂ؓӫđطᄝႿo൙ಃpЧദᇂ҂֒đᄝႿoҍಃpЧദ֥ᇂ҂֒đҌᄯӮֹٚҍᆟყෘི֥ࠛ־ࡨb 39
സa൧aཅଽ֥҆Լᆰ҂֩໙ี္ᆴ֤ᇗ൪b҂ؿղֹ֥ཞඹԫaފଲದनᆦԛ္Ⴕ1000؟ჭđཅದनҍᆟᆦԛ္ࣼ൞300a400ჭđ҂ֹ֞ٚሹҍᆟᆦԛ֥40Ċđն҆ٳֹٚҍᆟᆦԛᄝཅၛഈbཅ൞۱ࠎЧ֥ҍᆟֆ໊đཅҍᆟᄝᆜ۱ֹٚҍᆟ۬अ֒ᇏ൞ཬ֥bՖᆃ۱࢘؇ुđᆦӻࡨഒྛᆟҪՑđᆦӻസܵཅᆃဢ֥ڿ۪൫ׄb ْ߭ଢv 40
߶ၰ༯϶ӆ໙ճ ิ໙ğଢ଼ିڎᄜඪ၂༯൬ೆٳ֥ਆ۱ౠཟָ֞൞હĤ ᇛఃಥğ෮໌၂۱ౠཟࣼ൞གྷᄝնࡅܱᇿ֥൬ೆҵएэնđбೂࠎୄ༢ඔഈശđቋڶ֥10Ċ֥ࡅ๖ބቋ౫֥10Ċ֥ࡅ๖֥൬ೆб২ഈശb۴ऌ٤֥ܲٚඪمđ10Ċ֥ԥႚႵ90Ċ֥ၿྛթॻbᇭೂՎোđᆃ൞གྷᄝնࡅܱᇿ֥đ൞ࢃ֥֞၂۱ౠཟbਸ਼ຓ၂۱ౠཟࣼ൞൬ೆٳ҂܄b൬ೆٳ҂܄္൞ᄯӮ൬ೆҵएն֥၂۱ჰၹb܄ބ҂܄קၬఏটႵུઐِđ൞ሹॖၛᅳ֞၂ུնࡅٳఆбࢠཬ֥đбೂ၂۱ཅ࠺๙ݖછܲ৻ҍđॣஃીႵದ߶ಪູᆃ൞܄֥đطؓႿః౦ঃ߶Ⴕٳఆb ೂݔࣇࣇؓ൬ೆҵएնҐ౼ծീđႭఃؓၬ֥ކم֥ࠊл൬ೆҵएҐ౼ծീđପહॖି֝ᇁఃགྷའؿളđбೂࠊл߄ӱ؇ުđ൬ೆൌ߄bૌၘࣜु֞ਔᆟکࠏܱ֥ࠢሧۂٜđਸ਼ຓࣼ൞܄Ӛ໙ีb܄Ӛڿ۪ᄝϖ୍భࣼၘࣜิԛđགྷᄝಆݓ܄Ӛڿ۪ߎ൞҂b܄Ӛ҂ࣇླေᆦڱܓઙٮႨđߎေЇওཨݻٮႨđطဢ֥રѨ܄ӚྩٮႨҵ҂؟бӚေۚ10ПĆಪູགྷᄝ໙ีᇗᄝٳ҂܄đᆃބุᇅሇႵܱ༢đ҂൞۱ದ֥֣֡໙ีbᄝՖಃ৯ٳሧჷ֥࠹߃ุᇅሇ֞൧ӆุᇅ֥ݖӱᇏđಃ৯߶эӮఫđᆃ۱ܱݖ҂ਔሇࣼݖ҂ਔbགྷᄝࣜ࠶൞ᄝᄹӉđ൞ࣼᆃ۱໙ีطđીႵु֞Ⴕᆣऌᆣૼᇏݓ๙ݖਔᆃ۱ࢨ؍b෮ၛႋھࢳथᆃ۱໙ีbᄸહࢳथĤ൬ೆ٤൞ਆ۱টჷđ၂۱൞ಃ০ࢸקđ၂۱൞൧ӆ܂bೂݔ҂ᄜؓಃ৯ࢸק༯۽ڏđطࣇࣇ॥ᇅ൧ӆ֥ཌྷؓࡎ۬aڱԛఃٚ૫֥սࡎđᆃ൞ᇍѓ֥Ϸمbॖି߶ಞഠ߶Ⴤંࠆ֤၂ུൿđ৯֤֞٢đ൞ᆃ҂၂קޓႵ֡bᆇᆞᆌؓٳ҂܄টࢳथ໙ีđࣼ൞ቋ࣍ࢃ֥֞ࣜ࠶ุᇅaᆟᇍุᇅaഠ߶ุᇅa໓߄ุᇅေࣉڿ۪đط҂ିࣇࣇ๔ᄝݧ१ݼđေҐ౼ൌ࠽֥ծീđڎᄵࣜ࠶ᄹӉބ൬ೆ҂܄֥ࢲݔ൞҂൞ିܔФ၂۱ഠ߶Ӊ௹ӵ൳ॖି္൞၂۱ޓն֥໙ีb֥ुم൞ႋھᇍЧđ֒ಖᇍѓ֥ծീ္൞ླေ֥b ิ໙ğݓࡅᆞᄝࣉྛֹ֥ט॥ჟဆჟਛđఃᇏႵࠫ۱ծീбೂֹ֥൬ᆦࡼটေବೆყෘଽ֥ܵbᆃֹؓٚᆟک֥ྛູ߶Ⴕ؟ն֥႕ཙĤбೂֹ֥ٚᅱഅႄሧ߶҂߶൳֞ޓն֥႕ཙĤ ྍౄğ္ᄝܱᇿֹט॥ᆟҦbམֻ၂۱ቔႨड़ק൞ֹࡎ۬ิۚđၹູ҂ି۳ᅱഅႄሧิ܂ၛభପહႪ่߲֥ࡱਔbൌ࠽ഈაੂᄅٺ֥ඔऌཌྷбđ 41
ࣴᄅٺᅱഅႄሧֹ֥ԛಞࡎ۬ၘࣜഈᅨbֹࡎ۬ᆜุड़ק߶ഈಀđᆃ൞ၘࣜु֥֞ࢲݔbᆃ߶҂߶႕ཙ֞ᅱഅႄሧĤૌߎીႵቓ࣮bՖၛభ֥౦ঃुđଲaתaࡾ්aڞࡹaᆄࡾaܼתᆃࠫ۱സᄝᅱഅႄሧൈđֹႪ߲ಒൌ൞၂۱൭؍b तֹ֤໙ีܱ҂ᄝႿđ҂ᄝႿ൞ڎႋھᆃဢቓđܱ֥൞ေ܄षbႄೆਔહཛଢđႵહဢ֥ඌݣਈđൈิ܂ਔଧུႪ่߲ࡱđᆃུေ܄षđའЌඥପဢđ҂ေπདҠቔbಪູᆃ൞ࠎЧ֥ჰᄵbૌטҰؿགྷđ֞ଢభູᆸಆݓ܄षஅછֹ֥бᇗ҂֞25Ċđ܄षஅછӱߎቓ֤҂ປᆜđૄ۱സ֥ӵ୶ીႵ܄षđཌྷࡗҵए٤ӈնbીႵ၂ᇕ܄ष֥ӵ୶đбೂॖၛཟࣉೆ֥ຓሧิ܂؟ഒႪ߲đࣼ߶ಞֹٚܲჴ֥ෛࠏྟބซ֥ࡎ٤ӈۚđಸၞႄఏڪϧđಪູᆃ൞၂۱໙ีb ۷ᇗေ֥൞ૌି҂ି০Ⴈֹᅨࡎᆃ۱ࠏ߶đϜఫԔఏটđݺݺࢳथഠЌaࠎЧ࢝ტa၄ਏٚ૫֥ሧࣁ҂ቀ໙ีbݓࡅॖၛԔॉ੮ᆃུ൙đ҂ေࡥֆ֥ಪֹູٜӁᅨࡎ҂ݺđֹᅨࡎ҂ݺbႋھ൞০Ⴈᆃ۱ࠏ߶đᆇᆞᄯڞૌϤྠb ᇿğႵܱසݓౝ࢝൱֥ิ໙ބ߭ճၘّࣜ႘ᄝසݓౝ࢝൱ྩڿު֥oݓ൬ೆٳொོ֝ᇁཨٮੱ༯ࢆp၂໓b ْ߭ଢv 42
}Мࣟٳ༅~ ሧࣁੀਈіࠎЧޙܱ༢აࣜ࠶௴Ұ႕ཙܙҩ น ࢭ CCERᇏݓࣜ࠶ܴҳ ሧࣁੀਈі൞၂۱ݓࣜ࠶ނෘۀđބఒြ߶࠹ᇏ֥གྷࣁੀਈіᄝࠎЧනਫ਼ഈႵུোරđਆᆀ൞ປಆ҂֥bሧࣁੀਈіᇶေၛ൬ೆٳބሧࣁᄎູނෘؓའbࡼᇕٚمčളӁمa൬ೆمaᆦԛمĎނෘ֥GDP৳༢ఏটđؓႿᆟکaఒြaᇾ֥֩҆൬ೆaཨٮaԥྐྵႵಆ૫ّ֥႘đఃᇏܱႿԥྐྵ֥ඔऌ൞ఃБіીႵ֥bሧࣁੀਈіؓႿ၂ུᇗն֥໙ีđбೂं൬ೆᅝݓሹ൬ೆ֥бᇗ൞༯ࢆߎ൞ഈശđିܔ۳ԛૼಒ֥߭ճb ൞đοᅶีࠇܱՍෆ෬ݓଽ࿐ඌ௹़ބ࿐໊ં໓đߎીႵؿགྷህંඍՎ໙ี֥໓ᅣbᆃॖିԛႿਆٚ૫ჰၹb൮༵đሧࣁੀਈіൎඔऌбࢠഒđඔऌ܄҃ൈࡗбࢠᇌުđбೂ2003୍֥ሧࣁੀਈіᄝ2006୍༯϶୍ԛϱu֥ᇏݓ࠹୍2006vഈҌ܄҃đᇌުਆ୍؟ൈࡗbఃՑđݓଽ࿐ࢸބᆟک҆ؓႿሧࣁੀਈނෘ҂ܱᇿb ࣜ࠶௴ҰުGDPࣉྛਔᇗնྩרđ൞ऌႵܱ҆ࢺകđሧࣁੀਈі֥ྩרေ֞2007୍ҌିປӮbࣜ࠶௴Ұުđंॖᆦ൬ೆބंԥྐྵ෮ᅝбᇗ߶Ⴕᄸဢ֥э߄Ĥᆃ൞Ч໓ܱྏ֥໙ีbᄝಌكྩרުሧࣁੀਈі֥౦ঃ༯đᆺି۴ऌሧࣁੀਈі֥ࠎЧޙܱ༢ࣉྛܙҩbູਔьႿਔࢳđЧ໓Ⴛࢺകਔሧࣁੀਈі֥ൎခ۪ބᇶေۀb ൎခ۪ ܱႿሧࣁੀਈނෘ֥ൎခ۪đᅵԽæቓਔབྷ༥֥ඪૼđЧ໓oൎခ۪p҆ٳ༢ಆ҆ႄሱھ໓b 1992 ୍đݓࡅ࠹अaᇏݓದၿྛaҍᆟ҆aݓࡅ࠹ඹࡅ৳ކ༯ؿuܱႿщᇅሧࣁੀਈі֥๙ᆩvđಒק۲֥҆ቆᆮٳ۽౦ঃğݓࡅ࠹अڵᄳщᇅሧࣁੀਈіൌࢌၞ҆ٳđѩڵᄳЧ༢щіದჴ֥ြༀࠣඌᆷ֝Ġᇏݓ æᅵԽđݓࡅ࠹अݓࣜ࠶࠹ෘඳđoሧࣁੀਈіщᇅඪૼpb 43
ದၿྛڵᄳщᇅሧࣁੀਈі֥ࣁವࢌၞ҆ٳđѩڵᄳЧ༢щіದჴ֥ြༀࠣඌᆷ֝Ġҍᆟ҆ڵᄳิ܂സࠩၛഈሧࣁੀਈނෘླေ֥ყෘଽބყෘຓ൬ᆦૼ༥іࠣఒြ൙ြֆ໊ႵܱҍༀሧਘĠݓࡅ࠹ҕაބླྀט۲҆ᄝטҰބщіݖӱᇏ֥۽ቔđӵքሧࣁੀਈނෘ֥ٳ༅აႋႨ۽ቔb୍đݓࡅ࠹अނෘඳބᇏݓದၿྛᅺषಆݓሧࣁੀਈނෘ۽ቔ߶ၰbᇀՎषਔሧࣁੀਈނෘ۽ቔb ᄝሧࣁੀਈނෘі֥ഡ࠹ഈႵݖ၂ུэ߄b୍ࣴսԚ௹đሧࣁੀਈі֥ࠏܒ҆ٳູఒြaྛᆟ൙ြֆ໊aҍᆟaࣁವࠏܒaंބݓຓੂ۱҆bᆃᇕٳোა৳ކݓѓሙႵ෮҂đҵљ൞ૌϜᆟک҆ٳӮਔਆ۱҆ٳđ၂൞ྛᆟ൙ြֆ໊đؽ൞ҍᆟbᆃဢቓ൞ູਔ؟ّ႘ҍᆟ֥ٳۿିb֒ൈᄝሧࣁੀਈі֥ᇶণഈ္ֆਙਔҍᆟყෘଽ൬ೆaყෘຓ൬ೆđყෘଽᆦԛaყෘຓᆦԛ֩ᆷѓbᆃဢቓࢠݺֹડቀਔ֒ൈޡܴࣜ࠶֥ܵླေbෛሢݓ൧ӆ߄ӱ؇֥҂؎ิۚބؓຓष٢ӱ؇֥҂؎ঔնđପൈ֥ሧࣁੀਈނෘٚمၘᇯࡶВԛ֥अཋྟb֥ࠏܒ҆ഡᇂაݓࣜ࠶࿖ߌᅫ҂สđ္҂ьႿაఃݓࡅࣉྛؓбbູਔᄹ఼ݓሧࣁੀਈނෘ֥ݓ࠽ॖбྟđᄹ఼ݓࣜ࠶ނෘุ༢֥ླྀטྟބ၂ᇁྟb1997 ୍Ԛđᄝࢹ1993 ୍SNA ֥ࠎԤഈđ۴ऌݓࣜ࠶ނෘุ༢֥ᆜุေđૌؓᇏݓሧࣁੀਈіࣉྛਔࢠն֥ྩרđЇওؓџণ֥ࠏܒ҆ބᇶণ֥ࢌၞཛଢࣉྛטᆜbטᆜު֥ࠏܒ҆ಒקູ٤ࣁವఒြ҆aࣁವࠏܒ҆aᆟک҆aᇾ҆aݓຓ҆bᇶণཛଢ္۴ऌݓࣜ࠶ނෘุ༢֥ေቓਔᇗྍྩרđᄹഡਔԚՑٳሹ൬ೆ֩ࢌၞཛଢbྩרު֥ሧࣁੀਈіđџণ֥ࠏܒ҆აᆜ۱ุ༢֥ࠏܒ҆ཌྷ၂ᇁđᇶণ֥ࢌၞཛଢაݓࣜ࠶ނෘᅫཌྷ༻ࢤđҪՑ۷ࡆٳૼđิۚਔٳ༅ႋႨۿିb ᇶေۀ ሧࣁੀਈіčൌࢌၞĎç֥ऎุྙൔॖҕ୍uᇏݓ࠹୍vݓࣜ࠶ނෘ҆ٳbఃᇏᇶণ൞ࢌၞཛଢđџণ൞ࠏܒ҆đૄ۱ࠏܒ҆ؓႿ෮ႵࢌၞཛଢႵoᄎႨpބoটჷpਆ҆ٳb Ⴕࠫ۱ࢌၞཛଢ҂൞ޓӈđླေབྷ༥֥קၬbuᇏݓ࠹୍v֥oᇶေ࠹ᆷѓࢳp҆ٳ۳ԛਔૼಒ֥ࢳboളӁඥ࣪حpᆷളӁඥࡨളӁҀ์ު֥ჅحbളӁඥᆷᆟکؓളӁֆ໊Ֆ൙ളӁaཧ൲ބࣜႏࠃၛࠣၹՖ൙ളӁࠃႨଖུളӁေ(ೂܥקሧӁaֹaস৯)෮ᆘ൬֥۲ᇕඥaڸࡆٮބܿٮbളӁҀ์აളӁඥཌྷّđᆷᆟکؓളӁֆ໊֥ֆٚ૫ሇ၍ᆦԛđၹՎ൪ູڵ ç ሧࣁੀਈіčࣁವࢌၞĎၹބݓ൬ೆٳܱ༢҂նđᄝՎՖb 44
ളӁඥđЇওᆟҦҀ์aࡎ۬Ҁ์֩bᆃ۱קၬીႵඪౢԣᄹᆴඥ൞ڎЇওᄝଽđ҂ݖႮႿ2003୍ᆟک֥҆ളӁඥ࣪حղ֞20633ၡჭèđඔحཌྷ֒նđॖၛҩളӁඥ࣪حЇওਔᄹᆴඥb“ࣜӈሇ၍”൞၂۱ࠏܒֆ໊ཟਸ਼၂۱ࠏܒֆ໊ิ܂ࠊaڛༀࠇሧӁđطൈѩીႵՖު၂ࠏܒֆ໊ࠆ֤ޅࠊaڛༀࠇሧӁቔູ߭Б֥၂ᇕࢌၞbࣜӈሇ၍Їও२ԢሧЧሇ၍ຓ֥෮Ⴕሇ၍bఃྙൔႵ൬ೆඥaഠ߶Ќགڱॻaഠ߶Ҁᇹބఃࣜӈሇ၍b“ሧЧሇ၍”ᆷ၂۱҆ӊֹཟਸ਼၂۱҆ᆦڱႨႿ٤ࣁವሧ֥ሧࣁđ൞၂ᇕ҂Ֆؓٚࠆ౼ޅؓႋቔູ߭Б֥ࢌၞbሧЧሇ၍ऎႵ҂Ⴟࣜӈሇ၍֥ਆ۱หᆘđ၂൞ሇ၍֥ଢ֥൞ႨႿሧđط҂൞ႨႿཨٮĠؽ൞ሧЧሇ၍ఃൌྙൔສສടࠣԢթࠊބགྷࣁၛຓሧӁ෮Ⴕಃ֥ሇ၍ĠఃགྷࣁྙൔສສടࠣԢթࠊၛຓ֥ሧӁ֥ԩᇂbሧЧሇ၍ЇওሧྟҀᇹބఃሧЧሇ၍b“ሧЧྙӮሹح”ᆷӈᇾֆ໊ᄝ၂קൈ௹ଽࠆ֤ࡨಀԩᇂ֥ܥקሧӁބթࠊ֥࣪حđЇওܥקሧЧྙӮሹحބթࠊᄹࡆਆ҆ٳb ഠ߶Ќག࢚ॻބഠ߶Ќགڞ০൞ਆ۱ห൹֥ࢌၞཛଢbഠ߶Ќག࢚ॻ࠻ุགྷູᇾ֥҆ᄎႨđႻุགྷູᆟک֥҆টჷđཌྷ֒Ⴟᇾ࢚҆ॻ֞ᆟک҆Ġطഠ߶Ќགڞ০ᆞݺބഠ߶Ќག࢚ॻཌྷّđഠ߶Ќགڞ০࠻ุགྷູᆟک֥҆ᄎႨđႻุགྷູᇾ֥҆টჷđཌྷ֒Ⴟᇾ҆Ֆᆟک҆ਵఫbೂݔഠ߶Ќགڞ০҂эđطഠ߶Ќག࢚ॻննᄹࡆđᄝః่ࡱ҂э֥భิ༯đࣼ߶֝ᇁᆟکॖᆦ൬ೆᄹࡆbᆃᇕ౦ঃ༯֥ᆟکॖᆦ൬ೆᄹࡆ൞၂ᇕ҂ᆇൌ֥ᄹࡆđМު֥ݓ൬ೆٳ۬अѩીႵڿэđၹູഠ߶Ќག࢚ॻބളӁඥ࣪حa൬ೆඥ҂đ൞҂ିФᆟکෛၩᆦ֥đቋᇔಯಖေሇ߄ູഠ߶Ќགڞ০b҂ݖđଢభ֥౦ঃ൞đഠ߶Ќག࢚ॻބഠ߶Ќགڞ০֥ܿଆཌྷҵ҂նđ२וഠ߶Ќགڞ০ު֥ഠ߶Ќག࢚ॻ࣪حᆺႵ867ၡჭč2003୍ĎđཌྷؓႿ୍֒25823ၡჭ֥ᆟک҆ॖᆦ൬ೆđб২ཌྷ֒ཬbၹՎđഠ߶Ќག࢚ॻ࣪ح֥э߄҂൞ᆟک҆ॖᆦ൬ೆᅝݓሹ൬ೆб২ᄹࡆ֥၂۱ᇗေჰၹb ๙ݖܴҳૄ۱ࠏܒ҆ؓႋ۲۱ࢌၞཛଢ֥ඔऌđॖၛؓࠏܒ֥҆࠹ٓຶႵ۷ധೆ֥ࢳbᇾ֥҆সᆀБԏ҆ٳ҂ࣇႵটჷđ္ႵᄎႨbᆃඪૼᇾ҆ѩ҂ࣇࣇ൞Фܦႛaࠆ౼সᆀБԏ֥ದđ္Їও۱ุ۽അđЇওପ္ུܦႛದჴ҂ିෘೆo٤ࣁವఒြ҆p֥ࣜႏֆ໊bॖၛඪđoᇾ҆pބo٤ࣁವఒြ҆pᆭࡗѩ҂൞ପહуৈٳૼđط൞թᄝሢޓն֥ଆॢࡗbᆟک֥҆ളӁඥ࣪ح҆ٳ္൞࠻Ⴕটჷđ္ႵᄎႨbᆃඪૼሧࣁੀਈіo֥ᆟک҆p൞၂۱ܼၬ֥ۀb۴ऌuᇏݓ࠹୍v֥ࢳđoᆟکֆ໊ᇶေЇ è uᇏݓ࠹୍2006v88်b 45
ও۲ᇕྛᆟֆ໊ބ٤ႏ০ྟ൙ြֆ໊b෮Ⴕᆟکֆ໊݂ѩᄝ၂ఏđࣼྙӮᆟک҆bp൙ြֆ໊֥թᄝࣼࢳਔູહᆟک֥҆ളӁඥ࣪ح҆ٳ္ႵᄎႨb ࠎЧޙܱ༢აࣜ࠶௴Ұ႕ཙܙҩ ሧࣁੀਈіࡼᇕٚمčളӁمéa൬ೆمaᆦԛمĎނෘ֥GDP৳༢ఏটb൮༵Ֆ۲҆ᄹࡆᆴषbႮႿྩרభ2003୍ሧࣁੀਈіêݓଽކ࠹֥ᄹࡆᆴᆭބაྩרభ2003୍ളӁمGDPປಆཌྷ֩đॖၛಪູđሧࣁੀਈі൞ՖളӁمGDPष֥bࢤ༯টđሧࣁੀਈіؓ۲҆ᄹࡆᆴ२ࡨࠇเࡆ൬ೆمGDP֥ਆ۱ᇗေ҆ٳčসᆀБԏބളӁඥ࣪حĎëđࡆഈҍӁ൬ೆ࣪حđ֤ࣼ֞ԚՑٳሹ൬ೆbԚՑٳሹ൬ೆࡨಀࣜӈሇ၍ުđ֤ࣼ֞ॖᆦሹ൬ೆb๙ݖбࢠྩרభ2003୍ሧࣁੀਈіݓଽކ࠹֥ॖᆦሹ൬ೆބྩרభ2003୍ളӁمGDPॖၛؿགྷđؽᆀ൞ࠎЧཌྷ֥đၹູসᆀБԏaളӁඥ࣪حaҍӁ൬ೆaࣜӈሇ၍൞۲۱҆ᆭࡗ֥ሇ၍đطᄝݓଽሹਈഈэ߄҂նđݓຓ҆ؓႿݓଽሹਈ֥႕ཙ൞٤ӈཬ֥bॖᆦሹ൬ೆႨႿᇕࣥğቋᇔཨٮčЇওंཨٮބᆟکཨٮĎaሧЧྙӮሹحčЇওܥקሧЧྙӮሹحބթࠊᄹࡆĎބ࣪ࣁವሧđݓଽކ࠹֥ᆀᆭބ֩Ⴟॖᆦሹ൬ೆbᄝྩרభ2003୍ሧࣁੀਈіđݓଽކ࠹֥oंཨٮpaoᆟکཨٮpa oܥקሧЧྙӮሹحpaoթࠊᄹࡆpބྩרభ2003୍ᆦԛمGDPؓႋ֥ඔऌປಆ၂ᇁb෮ၛඪđሧࣁੀਈіႻބᆦԛمGDP৳༢ఏটb ۴ऌྩרభ2003୍ሧࣁੀਈіđݓଽކ࠹֥࠹༂ҵܿଆղ֞4573ၡჭđཌྷ֒Ⴟॖᆦሹ൬ೆč118202ၡჭĎ֥%đб২ߎ൞ཌྷ֒ն֥bႮႿ༂ҵ֥թᄝđሹԥྐྵބሹሧᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢ؿളਔЧᇉྟ֥ڿэb࣪ԛ१֥թᄝඪૼݓଽሹԥྐྵնႿሹሧđ൞ሧࣁੀਈі֥ሹԥྐྵč50708ၡჭĎཬႿሹሧčࠧሧЧྙӮሹح51555ၡჭĎb࣪ԛ१ބԥྐྵཬႿሧਆ۱གྷའѩթ֥ჰၹࣼ൞࠹༂ҵbՖ࠹༂ҵ֥धؓܿଆটुđᇾ֥҆࠹༂ҵቋնđ٤ࣁವఒြ҆Ցᆭđಖު൞ᆟک҆đࣁವ֥҆࠹༂ҵቋཬbᆃᇕٳ҃ห္ׄ൞ژކӈ്֥đၹູࣁವ֥҆ֆ໊ඔਈഒđ࠹ཌྷؓປСđطᇾ҆ބ٤ࣁವఒြ҆ֆ໊ඔਈ؟đ࠹؇նb é ๙ӈ෮ඪ֥GDPࠧ൞ളӁمGDPbൌ࠽ഈᇏݓ֥GDP൞ളӁمބ൬ೆم֥ሸކࢲݔđູਔބఃGDPཌྷљđطࡼఃӫູളӁمGDPb ê ູਔሙಒఏđࡼuᇏݓ࠹୍2006v֥2003୍ሧࣁੀਈіӫູྩרభ2003୍ሧࣁੀਈіbՎຓđuᇏݓ࠹୍2006vᇏิ܂ਔྩרު2003୍ളӁمGDPބᆦԛمGDPඔऌđطuᇏݓ࠹୍2005vഈ૫Ⴕྩרభ2003୍ളӁمGDPބᆦԛمGDPඔऌb ë ؓႿ٤ࣁವఒြ҆ބࣁವ҆đՖఃᄹࡆᆴᇏ२ࡨসᆀБԏބളӁඥ࣪حĠؓႿᆟک҆đՖఃᄹࡆᆴᇏ२ࡨসᆀБԏđเࡆః҆ᄎႨ֥ളӁඥ࣪حĠؓႿᇾ҆đՖఃᄹࡆᆴᇏ२ࡨളӁඥ࣪حđเࡆః҆ᄎႨ֥সᆀБԏb 46
๙ݖඔऌ࠹ෘॖၛؿགྷđ࠹༂ҵ֩Ⴟሧࣁੀਈіൌࢌၞ҆ٳބࣁವࢌၞ҆ٳਆ۱࣪ࣁವሧඔऌᆭࡗ֥ҵحbбೂؓႿ٤ࣁವఒြ҆đൌࢌၞ҆ٳ֥࣪ࣁವሧ൞ၡჭđطࣁವࢌၞ҆ٳ֥࣪ࣁವሧ൞ၡჭđުᆀࡨಀభᆀᆞݺ֩Ⴟ٤ࣁವఒြ֥҆࠹༂ҵčၡჭĎbࣁವࠏܒ҆ބᆟک҆ဢೂՎb൞ᄝᇾ҆ބݓଽކ࠹҆ٳđഈඍܱ༢҂Ӯ৫ਔbऌႵܱ҆ࢺകđ࠹༂ҵ֥ඔऌ൞ᆞಒ֥đ൞ࣁವࢌၞ҆ٳ֥࣪ࣁವሧඔऌᄝԩ۬ൔൈԛགྷਔհ༂b ۴ऌሧࣁੀਈіބᇕٚمނෘ֥GDP֥ࠎЧޙܱ༢đॖၛՖਸ਼ຓ၂۱࢘؇ٳ༅࠹༂ҵbྩרభ2003୍ളӁمGDPބᆦԛمGDPٳљູ117390ၡჭބ121730ၡჭđభᆀбުᆀഒ4340ၡჭbᆃؽᆀ֥ҵحაྩרభ2003୍ሧࣁੀਈіݓଽކ࠹҆ٳ֥࠹༂ҵč4573ၡჭĎູࠞࢤ࣍bطྩרު2003୍ളӁمGDPބᆦԛمGDPٳљ൞135822ၡჭބ136398ၡჭđؽᆀ֥ҵएࠫެॖၛޭ҂࠹bႮՎॖၛ؎đྩרުሧࣁੀਈіݓଽކ࠹֥࠹༂ҵ္ॖၛޭ҂࠹b Ԣਔ࠹༂ҵđࣜ࠶௴Ұߎ߶ؓሧࣁੀਈі֥ఃඔऌӁളહဢ֥႕ཙđࠧंॖᆦ൬ೆބंԥྐྵ෮ᅝбᇗႵીႵڿэčधؓحႋھ߶эնĎĤ༯૫Ֆ۱࢘؇ࣉྛܙҩb č1ĎՖളӁمGDP֥ྩרটुđྩרުֻӁြᄹࡆᆴิ֤ۚቋ؟bݓࡅ࠹अჰअӉ֣ඣᄝࣜ࠶௴Ұྍ໔ؿ҃߶ഈิ֞ğoᄝ۱ุaႏࣜ࠶Ӯٳᅝࢠնбᇗ֥ࢌ๙ᄎൻҝԥႯ๙ྐြaؿਬ൲સၞҔႂြaֹٜӁြ۱ྛြᇏđ௴Ұު֥ᄹࡆᆴбӈܿ࠹؟ԛ࣍ຣၡჭđᅝֻӁြྍᄹ҆ٳ֥70%bp ìႮႿ۱ุ۽അඋႿᇾ҆đྩרުᇾ֥҆ᄹࡆᆴބॖᆦ൬ೆႋھᄹӉޓ؟đᄝंཨٮྩרӱ؇҂ն֥౦ঃ༯đंԥྐྵ߶бྩרభննᄹࡆb č2ĎՖ൬ೆمGDPটुđა൬ೆمGDPཌྷܱ֥ྩרުሧࣁੀਈіඔऌo္ྸpॖၛՖགྷႵ൬ೆمGDP֤֞bᇿၩđᆃ֥ඪم൞o္ྸpđၹູଢభѩીႵ၂۱ಆݓ֥൬ೆمGDPඔऌđ္ીႵࣜ࠶௴Ұުྍ࠹֥൬ೆمGDPbuᇏݓ࠹୍2004vഈ૫֥2003୍oֹളӁሹᆴཛଢࢲܒp҆ٳ൞۲സ൧֥ඔऌb๙ݖࡆሹ۲സ൧ඔऌđॖၛࡗࢤ֤֞ಆݓ֥൬ೆمGDPඔऌbದӹ֥ࣙ൞đᆃહ࠹ෘԛট֥2003୍൬ೆمGDPۚղ135539ၡჭđބྩרު2003୍ളӁمGDPaᆦԛمGDPࠫެປಆཌྷ֩đطuᇏݓ࠹୍2004vഈ֥ඔऌ൞ࣜ࠶௴Ұభ֥ඔऌbႮႿᇕٚمނෘ֥GDPᄝંഈࣼႋھཌྷ֩đЧ໓ႵႮ ìҕ 47
ҩđ൬ೆمGDP҂ླေྩרđ൬ೆمGDP֥ٳཛඔऌࠧসᆀБԏč67261ၡჭĎaളӁඥ࣪حč19362ၡჭĎaܥקሧӁᅼࣸაႏြ႔Ⴥᆭބč48916ၡჭĎ္൞ࠎЧژކൌ࠽֥bႮႿᆃ֥সᆀБԏބളӁඥ࣪حٳљбྩרభ2003୍ሧࣁੀਈіؓႋඔऌഒ1888ၡჭބ1271ၡჭđࡼఃӫູྩרުসᆀБԏބളӁඥ࣪حb ႮႿসᆀБԏ൞ᇾ҆ॖᆦሹ൬ೆ֥ᇶေটჷđളӁඥ࣪ح൞ᆟک҆ॖᆦሹ൬ೆ֥ᇶေটჷđᄝྩרުসᆀБԏބളӁඥ࣪حၘᆩ֥౦ঃ༯đथק۲҆ॖᆦሹ൬ೆ֥ࣼ൞ܥקሧӁᅼࣸაႏြ႔Ⴥčหљ൞ྩרު֥ᄹࡆحĎᄝ۲۱҆ᆭࡗ֥ٳࢲݔbઆܱࠠ༢ೂ༯ğܥקሧӁᅼࣸაႏြ႔Ⴥ=ྩרުളӁمGDPčࠧ൬ೆمGDPĎ─ྩרުসᆀБԏ─ྩרުളӁඥ࣪ح=čྩרభളӁمGDP─ྩרభসᆀБԏ─ྩרభളӁඥ࣪حĎ+ྩרުളӁمGDPᄹࡆح─čྩרުসᆀБԏ─ྩרభসᆀБԏĎ─čྩרުളӁඥ࣪ح─ྩרభളӁඥ࣪حĎb2003୍oྩרభളӁمGDP─ྩרభসᆀБԏ─ྩרభളӁඥ࣪حp֥ඔح൞27606ၡჭđطoྩרުളӁمGDPčࠧ൬ೆمGDPĎ─ྩרުসᆀБԏ─ྩרުളӁඥ࣪حp္ࣼ൞ܥקሧӁᅼࣸაႏြ႔Ⴥ֩Ⴟ48916ၡჭíđՖطॖၛ֤֞ྩרభު֥ᄹࡆح൞21310ၡჭb ႮႿܥקሧӁᅼࣸ൞ބܥקሧӁթਈཌྷܱ֥đଢభߎીؿགྷႵ۲҆ܥקሧӁթਈ֥ඔऌb൞Ֆ۲֥҆ܥקሧЧྙӮሹحᆃ۱ੀਈটुđն؟ඔܥקሧӁࠢᇏᄝ٤ࣁವఒြ҆đཌྷႋ֥ն؟ඔܥקሧӁᅼࣸᄹࡆح္߶ࠢᇏᄝ٤ࣁವఒြ҆bၛ؎֥൞ႏြ႔Ⴥᄹࡆح֥ٳ҃bႮႿᆟک҆Їݣ൙ြֆ໊đᇾ҆Їݣ۱ุ۽അđႏြ႔Ⴥᄹࡆح҂ॖିಆุ҆གྷᄝ٤ࣁವఒြ҆đऎุٳб২҂ݺܙҩb č3ĎՖᆦԛمGDPটुđ۴ऌྩרު2003୍ᆦԛمGDPඔऌđॖၛᆰࢤ֤֞၂҆ٳྩרު2003୍ሧࣁੀਈіඔऌbбೂđ2003୍ंཨٮՖ52686ၡჭྩר֞56834ၡჭđᆟکཨٮՖ14808ၡჭྩר֞20615ၡჭđܥקሧЧྙӮՖ51555ၡჭྩר֞53491ၡჭđթࠊᄹࡆՖ251ၡჭྩר֞2472ၡჭbఃᇏྩרު֥ܥקሧЧྙӮѩીႵοᅶࠏܒ҆ٳোđః۱ඔऌॖၛؓႋ֞ሧࣁੀਈіหק֥҆đթࠊᄹࡆؓႋo٤ࣁವఒြ҆pbೂݔၛoྩרު֥ᄹࡆحԢၛྩרభھ҆ॖᆦሹ൬ೆpູᆷѓޙਈྩרږ؇đପહᆟک҆ཨٮ֥ྩרږ؇ቋնč%Ďđ٤ࣁವఒြ҆թࠊᄹࡆ֥ྩרږ؇Ցᆭč%đᆃໃЇওܥקሧЧྙӮྩר֥႕ཙĎđطᇾ҆ཨٮ֥ྩרږ؇ቋཬč%ĎbഈඍཨٮaܥקሧЧྙӮaթࠊᄹࡆඋႿᆦԛ֥ٓԐbᆦԛࡆԥྐྵҌ֩Ⴟॖᆦ í ളӁمGDPა൬ೆمGDPᆭࡗ֥ັཬҵएᄝՎޭ҂࠹b 48
൬ೆđطॖᆦ൬ೆᇏ۲۱҆б২֥э߄Ҍ൞ቋᆴ֤ܱᇿ֥b൞۲҆ԥྐྵᄝྩרభު֥э߄ીႵޓݺ֥Ϸمܙҩb ሸކၛഈ۱ٚ૫টुđളӁمGDPᇾ֥҆б২ॖିФૼཁ֮ܙđ൬ೆمGDPᄵཁൕܥקሧӁᅼࣸᄹࡆحᇶေؿളᄝ٤ࣁವఒြ҆đᆦԛمGDPྩרࢲݔіૼᆟک҆ཨٮᄹࡆቋ؟b۲ᇕ႕ཙཌྷַཨުđᄝҍӁ൬ೆބࣜӈሇ၍э߄҂ն֥౦ঃ༯đ۲҆ॖᆦ൬ೆ֥бᇗᄝྩרభުޓॖିીႵնэ߄đ൞ᇾ֥҆ԥྐྵᅝሹԥྐྵ֥бᇗᄝྩרުॖି߶Ⴕնږᄹࡆb ླေᇿၩ֥൞đഈ૫ษં֥൞۴ऌࣜ࠶௴Ұඔऌؓ၂୍ٺሧࣁੀਈіࣉྛྩרభު֥э߄đࠧ၂Ցྟטᆜđطᄝྩרభު҂୍ٺ֥э߄൝ᄵ൞ਸ਼ຓ၂۱໙ีbႮႿྩרభު۲҆ॖᆦ൬ೆ֥бᇗޓॖିэ߄҂նđބൎൈ௹ཌྷбđंॖᆦ൬ೆ෮ᅝбᇗ֥༯ࢆ൝ѩ҂߶ၹࣜ࠶௴Ұࢲݔطڿэđ൞ंԥྐྵᅝሹԥྐྵ֥бᇗॖି҂߶ᄜའྩרభପဢӯགྷૼཁ֥༯ࢆ൝b ْ߭ଢv 49
ყҩหჿࠏܒֆ ࠏܒಆӫ ყҩದჴᆯༀ ܻնᆣಊႵཋᄳ܄ඳ ۚ໓ ൮༜ࣜ࠶࿐ࡅ ٓࡴ ᇶ ݓࡅྐ༏ᇏྏࣜ࠶ყҩ҆ ሀЏਅ ൮༜ࣜ࠶࿐ࡅ ূ ෮Ӊ ݓबνᆣಊܢٺႵཋ܄ඳ࣮෮ ᇛक़ᠺ ޡܴ҆ࣜ ౕफ ࣮ჴ ఋࠢčĎ ߛၭ ൮༜ࣜ࠶࿐ࡅ Jonathan ೋၿᆣಊᇝႵཋ܄ඳ ൮༜ࣜ࠶࿐ࡅ AndersonဗӮӉ ൮༜ࣜ࠶࿐ࡅ ണၿຣݓᆣಊ࣮෮Ⴕཋ܄ඳ ߰Ⴇ ۚࠩٳ༅ഽ ӧ໓ ۚࠩٳ༅ഽ ฿ᄵࣜ࠶࣮෮ ᅦආܻ ࣮ჴ ݗ૿ ൮༜ࣜ࠶࿐ࡅ ᇏݓݓ࠽ࣁವႵཋ܄ඳ ࣜ࠶࿐ࡅ ᇏݓޡܴࣜ࠶࿐߶ ࡹ ӈༀڬӉ ລ ෮Ӊ ࿒ ࣜ࠶ଆ൩ᇶ ᇏݓഠ॓ჽඔਈࣜ࠶აඌࣜ࠶࣮෮ഫ০ള ࿐ඌჴ߶ڬᇶ ᅦม ࣜ࠶ଆ൩ڬᇶ ᇭࡹٙ ൮༜ޡܴٳ༅ഽ ᇏྐࡹᆣಊ ཟת Ѱൖު࣮ള ޱဇୀ ޡܴٳ༅ഽ ྷې ࣮҆ሹࣜ ᇏྐᆣಊ ӧ࠶फ ࣮҆ۚࠩڬሹҊ ઔౝ ࣮҆ۚࠩڬሹҊ ᇏၿݓ࠽ᆣಊႵཋᄳ܄ඳ ңჹᆘ ൮༜ࣜ࠶࿐ࡅ Кࣘն࿐ᇏݓࣜ࠶࣮ᇏྏ සݓౝ ࢝൱ ᇿ1ğԢКࣘն࿐ᇏݓࣜ࠶࣮ᇏྏၛຓđοࠏܒಆӫ൮ሳଛஆĠ۲ࠏܒஆᄝֻ၂໊֥ყҩದჴູყҩڵᄳದb ᇿ ğࣂުॖିႵྍࠏܒҕაᆃ၂ཛଢb 50
2006୍ֻඹ࠱؇ყҩ ۽ြ ܥקሧਬ൲۽ြ GDP CPI ԛ१ࣉ१০ੱ ߸ੱᄹࡆᆴ Ӂሧሹح০ CCER ࠏܒ02 ࠏܒ03 ࠏܒ04 ࠏܒ05 ࠏܒ06 ࠏܒ07 ࠏܒ08 ࠏܒ09 ࠏܒ10 ࠏܒ11 ࠏܒ12 ** ࡥֆन ࡆಃन * GDPοᆦԛم࠹ෘđܥקሧӁሧοॖбࡎ۬࠹ෘb ඪૼğ 1aԢ০ੱa߸ੱຓđ۲ᆷѓყҩᆴᆷყҩ࠱؇ބഈ୍࠱č҂൞ሱ୍Ԛ࠹Ďཌྷб֥бᄹӉੱbGDPބ۽ြᄹࡆᆴοॖбࡎ۬࠹ෘđሧaਬ൲حaࣉԛ१حބ০οၬࡎ۬࠹ෘb০ੱބ߸ੱᆷყҩ࠱؇ቋު၂฿၂୍௹ԥྐྵթॻ০ੱބದлؑૅჭ߸ੱधؓඔb 2aყҩࡆಃनᆴ၇ऌҕაࠏܒؓ2005୍aඹ࠱؇ބ2006୍၂aؽa࠱؇۲ᆷѓყҩིࠛ࠹ෘb࠹ෘࡆಃनᆴીႵЇওࠏܒ12֥ყҩඔऌb 3aGDPބܥקሧӁሧࡥֆनᆴ္҂Їওࠏܒ12֥ඔऌb 4aіᇏყҩࠏܒщݼބหჿࠏܒֆ҂ऎႵؓႋܱ༢b 51
China’s Current Macroeconomic Situation Gang FAN Director, National Economic Research Institute Economic slowing in the third quarter of 2006 is not surprising but expectable. Firstly, many industries have substantially excess capacity, the growth rate of business investment is not high and trade surplus signals weak domestic demand. Secondly, land control, political measures and monetary tightening were used by the government to cool down the economy. There is much discussion about whether administrative measures are justifiable. In fact, administrative measures are not useful now, and more powerful tools such as political measures should be used. As a result, the number of newly started projects, an indicator reported by local governments and with large fluctuation, has kept falling for the past several months. It can be forecasted that such a trend of slowing will continue in the future. At this time, it is not necessary to implement new tightening polices. If economic slowing is more obvious, expansionary polices should be put at hand. None of the four indicators of economic crisis is applicable to China. Firstly, China has a very small fiscal deficit, and the proportion of governmental debt to GDP is as low as 16-17%. Secondly, inflation rate has been in good control despite somewhat rise for the first half year. Thirdly, capital account has not been liberalized. Fourthly, there is no stock bubble, and many policies have been adopted to deal with real estate bubble. Enormous foreign exchange reserve is a big problem for China. Although RMB exchange rate may be underestimated to some degree, the adjustment of RMB exchange rate cannot reduce the trade deficit of USA or the trade surplus of China. Here are my two suggestions on the problem of enormous foreign exchange reserve. Firstly, social security should be provided to farmer workers. If so, labor cost will be increased, trade surplus will be reduced and income gap will be narrowed. Secondly, the scale of overseas listing and corresponding foreign exchange inflow can be smaller, and debt instrument rather than FDI should be the best way of capital outflow for developing countries. 52
How to Look on and Use Foreign Exchange Reserve Bin XIA Director, Institute of Finance, Development Research Center of State Council Among the problems of Chinese economy, the most difficult one is foreign economic issues such as twin surplus and too much foreign exchange reserve. With regard to that, I proposed five solutions. Firstly, what is important is not RMB appreciation but the reform of RMB exchange rate formulation system. The reform should develop foreign currency market both in breath (. more participants) and depth (. more instruments). Secondly, foreign exchange reserve larger than an optimal amount should be spent overseas. Thirdly, foreign exchange inflow should be limited. Accordingly, real estate policies, trade policies, overseas listing policies, etc. should be adjusted. Fourthly, RMB supply during the process of foreign exchange reserve accumulation should be sterilized sufficiently. Fifthly, domestic demand and domestic consumption should be expanded. The second solution (. how to spend foreign exchange reserve) is described here in detail. In my view, 700 billion USD is the optimal amount of foreign exchange reserve for China. The part higher than 700 billion USD (. ultra-appropriate foreign exchange reserve) should be used actively, otherwise strategic interests will not be guaranteed. On the use of ultra-appropriate foreign exchange reserve, there are many suggestions. For example, it can be used to buy gold, crude oil, other natural resources, technologies, experts, etc. In addition, there is much room to encourage households to have foreign exchange. The proportion of foreign asset at the hand of households is 24% of all in China, but is 55% in Japan. These suggestions are not enough. My suggestion is to make institutional reform. In the past, the amount of foreign exchange reserve is small, and it is better to let the People’s Bank of China, the only institution, to manage foreign exchange reserve with primary focus on mobility. At present, however, a small step of reform can be started. For example, the Department of Treasury finances RMB by issuing special bond, buy foreign currency with RMB financed, makes strategic investment or purchases urgently needed equipments overseas with foreign currency bought. Such a process is incremental in scale and beneficial to the accumulation of expertise and experiences. It will not violate current laws or cause inflation as worried by critics. 53
The Roots and Implications of Foreign Exchange Reserve With More Than 1000 Billion Dollars Feng LU Professor, the CCER at Peking University It is not consistent with standard economic theories or international experiences for a developing country to have a foreign exchange reserve with more than 1000 billion dollars. The direct reason why China can have such a huge reserve is twin-surplus for both current and capital accounts. For the period 1982-2005, China has twin-surplus for 14 years or 54% of all and significant twin-surplus for 5 years or % of all. By contrast, 50 countries with the largest trade volume have had twin-surplus for only % of all years and significant twin-surplus for % of all years ever since 1970s. Twin surplus can be attributed to structural factors. One of them is processing trade, which imports raw materials, exports products finished and surely realizes current account surplus. The other structural factor is foreign direct investment (FDI), which makes contribution to surplus in capital account. Moreover, FDI conducts about 80% of all processing trade in China. The reason why processing trade and FDI are so successful recently is that intra-product specialization has become the most important characteristic of globalization and developed countries can now outsource labor-intensive production procedures to developing countries. The underestimation of RMB real exchange rate is a policy factor for twin-surplus. For the period 1995-2005, labor productivity of tradable-goods sector grows by 340% and non-tradable-goods sector by 80%. It means that relative growth rate is 240% in China, and “relative relative” growth rate for China and developed countries is 60-90%. If so, RMB real exchange rate should have appreciated considerably, but did not actually. Appreciation of RMB real exchange rate in the future implies that the growth rate denominated in dollars will be much higher than that in RMB. If China’s GDP per capita denominated in RMB grows by 7% annually for next ten years and by 6% annually for another ten years, USA’s GDP per capita grows by 2% annually and RMB real exchange rate appreciates 3% (% or 4%) annually, China’s GDP per capita in 20 years later will be 10905 (12014 or 13230) dollars. This will be a great leap for Chinese economy, but can happen only if China can meet relevant challenges and improve production function continuously. Otherwise, rapidly aging population will deprive China the opportunity of catching-up. 54
National Income Allocation Causes the Decline of Household Consumption Rate Guoqing SONG Professor, the CCER at Peking University The proportion of household consumption to GDP (. household consumption rate) falls from % in 2000 to 38% in 2005. Both the speed of decline and current level are startling. By contrast, US’s consumption rate is 70% in 2005. Common remarks attribute low consumption rate to low consumption propensity. However, low consumption propensity cannot explain the decline of consumption rate. In fact, the decline of consumption rate can be the result of decreasing consumption propensity and/or falling proportion of household income to GDP. Based on announced data on “flow of funds” (still not revised according to the economic census in 2004), this article finds that the proportion of household disposable income to GDP declined from 69% in 1992 to % in 2003 and 55% (forecasted number) in 2006, while the proportions of enterprises’ disposable income and governmental disposable income to GDP have increased considerably. Another finding is that household consumption propensity does not demonstrate a trend of decrease. As a result, the proportion of household saving to GDP has declined. Household saving is not the reason for high investment rate in China, unlike widely accepted comments. The rise of investment rate has been driven by increasing shares of enterprises’ saving and governmental saving in GDP. There are other evidences for declining household saving relative to GDP. For example, the ratio of household deposit in banks and cash to GDP has stopped increasing in 2003. They are the two parts of household saving that increases the fastest. Their recent stable proportion to GDP supports the conclusion that household saving relative to GDP is declining. If governmental bonds and stock are taken into account, the trend of decline will be more apparent. Investment rate and the growth rate of gross demand are two separate concepts. Tightening polices launched in the fast half year of 2006 have controlled the growth rate of gross demand, but the increase of investment rate is a phenomenon in the medium and long term and will not be changed by tightening polices. 55
One Propensity of Income Allocation and Another Propensity Qiren ZHOU Professor, the CCER at Peking University Large income gap in China has caught much attention. For example, Gini coefficient was in 2002. However, Gini coefficient may be not an accurate indicator due to two reasons. Firstly, different areas have different price levels. Price adjustment will reduce income gap measured. Secondly, Gini coefficient is usually calculated with monetary income, while there is much non-monetary income in China. If non-monetary income is included, income gap will be widened. In addition to income gap, another propensity of income allocation is income unfairness. Income allocation is primarily dependent on two factors. The first one is specification of legal right. For example, farmers could not make production decisions freely under the command economy mechanism. Such a specification of right determines low income of farmers. Similar right specifications include whether farmers can work in cities, whether domestically trained athletes can work abroad, etc. The second factor is supply-demand relationship. Expertise in large demand can enjoy high income. Unfair income allocation concentrates on monopoly industries and governmental officials. Officials still have much power in resource allocation, and they can profit using their power. For instance, they get land and materials at cheap prices and allocate houses constructed to themselves. The case of Zhaofeng Chen also demonstrates that a county-level governmental leader can earn much money personally by selling governmental positions to other officials. As a result of governmental officials’ luring income, the proportion of job-seekers and governmental positions can be as high as 100 now. Income gap and income unfairness are two separate concepts, and it is income unfairness that brings about wide-spread complaints. Large income gap is not a problem if anyone has the opportunity of entering highly profitable industries. If policies are designed to solely reduce income gap, some “by-product” effect may be inevitable such as rampancy of non-monetary income. 56
Local Fiscal Expenditure Expansion in China and Administrative Cost Xinqiao PING Professor, the CCER at Peking University Five indicators show that local governments control enormous fiscal resources. Firstly, the proportion of local fiscal expenditure to local GDP has increased from % in 1994 to 21% in 2003. This proportion is relatively low for developed areas in China. Secondly, local fiscal expenditure per capita has increased from 589 Yuan in 1994 to 2120 Yuan in 2003. Such a high growth rate is hardly comparable from international perspective. Thirdly, the share of local fiscal expenditure in all fiscal expenditure has been kept stably around 70%, which is higher than most countries, although the share of local fiscal income in all fiscal income has fallen. Fourthly, ultra-budgetary expenditure of local governments is substantial in scale. Most of ultra-budgetary expenditure is used for administrative purposes. Fifthly, land sale income of local governments has rocketed. In 2006, the number will be more than 1000 billion Yuan. Fiscal expenditure related to land sale is neither budgetary nor ultra-budgetary. In total, local governments have more than 3000 billion Yuan’s disposable fiscal resources in 2004 (or 19% of GDP): billion Yuan in ultra-budgetary income, billion Yuan in land sale income, the others in budgetary income and income transferred from the central government. Problems do not lie in the insufficiency of local governments’ fiscal resources, but in the inappropriate income and expenditure of local governments. As a result, necessary public expenditure is not financed, while resources are used for unjustifiable purposes. For the period 1996-2003, administrative cost has increased by 192%, and GDP by 91%. The elasticity of administrative cost to GDP is . Consequently, the ratio of administrative cost to GDP increased from % in 1996 to % in 2003, which is higher than the ratio of education expenditure to GDP. In addition, efficiency of education provision turns low when ultra-budgetary income increases. These are evidences of inappropriate local fiscal expenditure. 57
