The Global
Gender Gap Report
2017
Insight Report
Insight Report
The Global
Gender Gap Report
2017
The Global Gender Gap Report is an insight tool published
annually by the World Economic Forum. The 2017 edition
of the Report features a range of unique contextual data
through a research collaboration with LinkedIn.
AT THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM
Professor Klaus Schwab
Founder and Executive Chairman
Richard Samans
Head of the Centre for the Global Agenda;
Member of the Managing Board
Saadia Zahidi
Head of Education, Gender and Work;
Member of the Executive Committee
Till Alexander Leopold
Project Lead, Education, Gender and Work
Vesselina Ratcheva
Data Lead, Education, Gender and Work
AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY
Professor Ricardo Hausmann
Director of the Center for International Development (CID)
and Professor of the Practice of Economic Development
at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
Professor Laura D’Andrea Tyson
Director of the Institute for Business and Social Impact at
the Haas School of Business and Chair of the Board of
Trustees of the Blum Center for Developing Economies
We are very grateful to Milorad Kovacevic, Chief Statistician
of the Human Development Report Office at the UNDP, and
to our colleagues in the Education, Gender and Work System
Initiative: Nada Abdoun, Piyamit Bing Chomprasob, Sofia
Michalopoulou, Paulina Padilla Ugarte, Valerie Peyre, Brittany
Robles, Theodore Roos, Pearl Samandari and Susan Wilkinson.
We gratefully acknowledge the outstanding support of LinkedIn’s
research team, including Nick Eng, Paul Ko, Rachel Bowley, Chris
Pham and Jackie Zhao. We also thank Nadiya Stasyshyn and
Sue Duke for their institutional engagement and coordination.
A special thank you to Michael Fisher for his excellent copyediting
work, Neil Weinberg for his superb graphic design and layout, and
to Kamal Kimaoui and the World Economic Forum’s Publications
team for their invaluable collaboration on the production of this
Report. We greatly appreciate, too, the outstanding work of design
firms Accurat, which created the Report’s Country Profiles and
online Data Explorer, and Graphéine, which created the cover.
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ISBN 978-1-944835-12-5
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iiiThe Global Gender Gap Report 2017
v Preface
vii Key Findings
1 PART 1: MEASURING THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP
3 The Global Gender Gap Index 2017
3 Measuring the Global Gender Gap
7 Results and Analysis
25 Progress Over Time
27 Gender Gaps and Income
3 The Case for Gender Parity
27 Closing Occupational Gender Gaps
36 Conclusion
41 Appendices
41 Appendix A: Regional and Income Group Classifications, 2017
43 PART 2: COUNTRY PROFILES
45 User’s Guide: Exploring the Global Gender Gap Index Data
57 List of Countries
58 Country Profiles
347 Contributors
349 System Initiative Partners
Contents
vThe Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Talent is one of the most essential factors for growth and
competitiveness. To build future economies that are both
dynamic and inclusive, we must ensure that everyone
has equal opportunity. When women and girls are not
integrated—as both beneficiary and shaper—the global
community loses out on skills, ideas and perspectives that
are critical for addressing global challenges and harnessing
new opportunities.
This report finds that, globally, gender parity is shifting
into reverse this year for the first time since the World
Economic Forum started measuring it. Yet there are also
many countries that have made considerable progress,
understanding that talent is a critical factor for growth.
These countries are poised for further success. This year’s
analysis also reveals gender gaps at the industry level and,
in particular, highlights that even though qualified women
are coming out of the education system, many industries
are failing to hire, retain and promote them, losing out on a
wealth of capacity.
As the world moves from capitalism into the era
of talentism, competitiveness on a national and on a
business level will be decided more than ever before by
the innovative capacity of a country or a company. In this
new context, the integration of women into the talent pool
becomes a must.
While no single measure can capture the complete
situation, the Global Gender Gap Index presented in this
report seeks to measure one important aspect of gender
equality: the relative gaps between women and men
across four key areas: health, education, economy and
politics.
The Index was developed in part to address the need
for a consistent and comprehensive measure for gender
equality that can track a country’s progress over time.
The Index does not seek to set priorities for countries
but, rather, to provide a comprehensive set of data and
a clear method for tracking gaps on critical indicators
so that countries may set priorities within their own
economic, political and cultural contexts. The Index also
points to potential role models by revealing those countries
that—within their region or income group—are leaders in
distributing resources more equitably between women and
men, regardless of the overall level of available resources.
The Forum’s work in the System Initiative on Shaping
the Future of Education, Gender and Work provides
a platform for leaders from all stakeholder groups to
collaborate, devise solutions and share best practices to
close gender gaps. In particular, because progress on
education has not resulted in equivalent gains for women in
earning opportunity, economic independence and
leadership, the Forum’s Closing the Gender Gap project
aims to accelerate the pace of change on gender parity
through global dialogue and a national public-private
cooperation model currently practiced in several future-
ready countries.
On behalf of the Forum, I would like to express my
appreciation to Till Alexander Leopold, Vesselina Ratcheva,
Richard Samans and Saadia Zahidi for their leadership of
this project. We greatly appreciate, too, the innovative data
collaboration with LinkedIn and the ongoing support of
Ricardo Hausmann and Laura D. Tyson. I would also like
to thank the whole team engaged in the System Initiative
on Shaping the Future of Education, Gender and Work
for their support in shaping this project. Finally, we are
inspired by the leadership of the Stewards and Partners of
the System Initiative on Shaping the Future of Education,
Gender and Work.
It is our hope that this latest edition of the report will
serve as a call to action to governments to accelerate
gender equality through bolder policy-making, to
businesses to prioritize gender equality as a critical
economic and moral imperative and to all of us to become
deeply conscious of the choices we make every day that
impact gender equality globally. We call upon every reader
of this report to join these efforts.
Preface
KLAUS SCHWAB
Founder and Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum
viiThe Global Gender Gap Report 2017
The Global Gender Gap Index was first introduced by
the World Economic Forum in 2006 as a framework for
capturing the magnitude of gender-based disparities and
tracking their progress over time. This year’s edition of
the Report benchmarks 144 countries on their progress
towards gender parity on a scale from 0 (imparity) to
1 (parity) across four thematic dimensions—Economic
Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment,
Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment—
and provides country rankings that allow for effective
comparisons across regions and income groups. The
rankings are designed to create global awareness of the
challenges posed by gender gaps and the opportunities
created by reducing them. The methodology and
quantitative analysis behind the rankings are intended
to serve as a basis for designing effective measures for
reducing gender gaps. The methodology of the Index
has remained stable since its original conception in 2006,
providing a basis for robust cross-country and time-series
analysis.
The 2017 Report’s key findings are:
• Weighted by population, in 2017, the average progress
on closing the global gender gap stands at %—
meaning an average gap of % remains to be closed
worldwide across the four Index dimensions in order
to achieve universal gender parity, compared to an
average gap of % last year.
• On average, the 144 countries covered in the Report
have closed 96% of the gap in health outcomes
between women and men, unchanged since last
year, and more than 95% of the gap in educational
attainment, a slight decrease compared to last year.
However, the gaps between women and men on
economic participation and political empowerment
remain wide: only 58% of the economic participation
gap has been closed—a second consecutive year of
reversed progress and the lowest value measured by
the Index since 2008—and about 23% of the political
gap, unchanged since last year against a long-term
trend of slow but steady improvement.
Key Findings
• Despite this overall mixed picture and continued stalling
of progress at the global level, the situation is more
nuanced at the regional and country level. Out of the
142 countries covered by the Index both this year and
last year, 82 countries have increased their overall
gender gap score compared to last year, while 60
have seen it decrease. By contrast, last year’s Report
found negative outcomes in more than half of countries
surveyed. Moreover, as detailed in the Report, a
number of countries and regions have crossed symbolic
milestones on the path to gender parity for the first time
this year.
• Although this year’s edition of the Global Gender Gap
Index sees no new entrants to its top 10 list, there have
been notable rank changes. The top spots continue
to be held by smaller Western European countries,
particularly the Nordics that occupy the top three
positions, with two countries from the East Asia and
the Pacific region, one country from the Sub-Saharan
Africa region, one country from the Latin America and
the Caribbean region, and one country from the Eastern
Europe and Central Asia region also represented. All but
three countries in the Index top 10 have now crossed
the threshold of closing more than 80% of their overall
gender gap—up from five both last year and in 2015.
• At a global level, in 2017 four regions have a remaining
gender gap of less than 30%—two of which are
crossing this threshold for the first time this year.
Western Europe records a remaining gender gap of
25%, placing it ahead of North America, with a gap of
28%, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, with a gap of
29%, and Latin America and the Caribbean, with a gap
of %. The East Asia and the Pacific region ranks
ahead of Sub-Saharan Africa, with a remaining gender
gap of % and %, respectively, and South Asia,
with a gap of 34%. The Middle East and North Africa
region, for the first time this year, crosses the threshold
of having a remaining gender gap of slightly less than
40%.
viii The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
• On current trends, the overall global gender gap can be
closed in exactly 100 years across the 106 countries
covered since the inception of the Report, compared to
83 years last year. The most challenging gender gaps
remain in the economic and health spheres. Given the
continued widening of the economic gender gap, it will
now not be closed for another 217 years. However, the
education–specific gender gap could be reduced to
parity within the next 13 years. The political dimension
currently holds the widest gender gap and is also the
one exhibiting the most progress, despite a slowdown
in progress this year. It could be closed within 99 years.
The health gender gap is larger than it stood in 2006.
• While all world regions record a narrower gender gap
than they did 11 years ago, more efforts will continue to
be needed to accelerate progress. At the current rate of
progress, the overall global gender gap can be closed
in 61 years in Western Europe, 62 years in South Asia,
79 years in Latin America and the Caribbean, 102 years
in Sub-Saharan Africa, 128 years in Eastern Europe and
Central Asia, 157 years in the Middle East and North
Africa, 161 years in East Asia and the Pacific, and 168
years in North America.
• A variety of models and empirical studies have
suggested that improving gender parity may result in
significant economic dividends, which vary depending
on the situation of different economies and the specific
challenges they are facing. Notable recent estimates
suggest that economic gender parity could add an
additional US$250 billion to the GDP of the United
Kingdom, US$1,750 billion to that of the United States,
US$550 billion to Japan’s, US$320 billion to France’s
and US$310 billion to the GDP of Germany. Other
recent estimates suggest that China could see a
US$ trillion GDP increase from gender parity and
that the world as a whole could increase global GDP
by US$ trillion by 2025 by closing the gender gap in
economic participation by 25% over the same period.
• A key avenue for further progress is the closing of
occupational gender gaps. These gaps often reflect
a myriad set of factors that require adjustments
within the education sector, within companies and by
policymakers. In a research collaboration with LinkedIn,
the Report finds that men are distinctively under-
represented in Education and Health and Welfare, while
women are strongly under-represented in Engineering,
Manufacturing and Construction and Information,
Communication and Technology. Fair returns to skills
and the availability of deeper talent pools are disrupted
by existing gender biases—and the fields most
affected, such as the care economy and the emerging
technology sector, are losing out on the benefits of
diversity.
Part 1
Measuring the
Global Gender Gap
3The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
The Global Gender Gap Index was first introduced by
the World Economic Forum in 2006 as a framework for
capturing the magnitude of gender-based disparities and
tracking their progress over time. The Index benchmarks
national gender gaps on economic, education, health
and political criteria, and provides country rankings
that allow for effective comparisons across regions and
income groups. The rankings are designed to create
global awareness of the challenges posed by gender
gaps and the opportunities created by reducing them. The
methodology and quantitative analysis behind the rankings
are intended to serve as a basis for designing effective
measures for reducing gender gaps.
Last year’s 11th edition introduced a number of
updated elements—namely, a higher threshold for
calculating gender gaps in estimated earned income, a
revised regional classification, and a refreshed visualization
of results—to evolve the Global Gender Gap Index for
its second decade. This year’s 12th edition continues
to build on the well-established strengths of the Report
by introducing an innovative online Data Explorer tool,
available on the Report website (.
org/global-gender-gap-report-2017/dataexplorer), which
enables readers to directly compare patterns of gender-
based inequities between countries as well as explore
comprehensive rankings by indicator, region and subindex.
The first part of this chapter reviews the underlying
concepts employed in creating the Global Gender Gap
Index and outlines the methods used to calculate it. The
second part presents the 2017 rankings, overall trends,
regional performance and notable country cases. It
also provides information on progress over time and
progress within income groups. Next, the Report lays
out the economic case for gender parity, with a focus on
the growing evidence of inter-linkages between gender
gaps and the future economic prospects and resilience
of industries and countries. Finally, the fourth part of this
chapter takes a deeper look at gender parity trends across
industries, presenting a range of innovative data about
evolving hiring trends and gender gaps in skills and fields
of study, based on a research collaboration with LinkedIn.
The Country Profiles contained in Part 2 of this Report
give a more detailed picture of the relative strengths and
weaknesses of each country’s performance compared
with that of other nations and relative to its own past
performance. The first page of each profile contains key
demographic and economic indicators as well as detailed
information on the country’s performance in both 2017
and in the year in which it was first featured in the Report.
The second page of the Country Profiles highlights more
than 70 gender-related indicators that provide a fuller
context for the country’s performance. These indicators
include information on workforce participation, economic
leadership, access to assets and technology, political
leadership, family, the care economy, education and
skills, and health-related factors. Interactive versions of
the Country Profiles are available on the Report website,
as part of the Report’s online Data Explorer tool (http://
dataexplorer).
Measuring the Global
Gender Gap
The methodology of the Index has remained stable since
its original conception in 2006, providing a basis for robust
cross-country and time-series analysis. Last year’s edition
introduced an updated threshold for estimating gender
parity in earned income, adjusting the income level cap to
The Global Gender Gap
Index 2017
4 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
better reflect contemporary costs of living and bringing the
Index in line with the latest thinking and methodology of
statistical reports by the United Nations and others. This
year’s edition removes this income level cap completely
and also updates its primary reference source for the sex
ratio at birth indicator. Sensitivity analysis of both changes
finds their impact on overall country scores and ranks to be
Three underlying concepts
There are three basic concepts underlying the Global
Gender Gap Index, forming the basis of how indicators
were chosen, how the data is treated and the scale
used. First, the Index focuses on measuring gaps
rather than levels. Second, it captures gaps in outcome
variables rather than gaps in input variables. Third, it
ranks countries according to gender equality rather than
women’s empowerment. These three concepts are briefly
outlined below. For a description of how these concepts
are captured by the construction techniques used in the
creation of the Index, please see the Construction of the
Index section below.
Gaps vs. levels
The Index is designed to measure gender-based gaps
in access to resources and opportunities in countries
rather than the actual levels of the available resources and
opportunities in those countries. We do this to disassociate
the Global Gender Gap Index from countries’ levels of
development. In other words, the Index is constructed
to rank countries on their gender gaps not on their
development level. For example, rich countries, generally
speaking, are able to offer more education and health
opportunities to all members of society, although this is
quite independent of the gender-related gaps that may
exist within those higher levels of health or education. The
Global Gender Gap Index rewards countries for smaller
gaps in access to these resources, regardless of the overall
level of resources. Thus, in the case of education, the Index
penalizes or rewards countries based on the size of the
gap between male and female enrolment rates, but not for
the overall levels of education in the country.
Outcomes vs. inputs
The second basic concept underlying the Global Gender
Gap Index is that it evaluates countries based on outcomes
Table 1: Structure of the Global Gender Gap Index
Subindex Variable Source
Economic Participation
and Opportunity
Ratio: female labour force participation over male value International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database,
2016 or latest available data
Wage equality between women and men for similar work
(survey data, normalized on a 0-to-1 scale)
World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey (EOS),
2016-17
Ratio: female estimated earned income over male value World Economic Forum calculations based on the United
Nations Development Programme methodology (refer to
Human Development Report 2007/2008)
Ratio: female legislators, senior officials and managers
over male value
International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database,
2016 or latest available data
Ratio: female professional and technical workers over
male value
International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database,
2016 or latest available data
Educational Attainment Ratio: female literacy rate over male value United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics, Education
indicators, database, 2016 or latest available data
Ratio: female net primary enrolment rate over male value UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education indicators
database, 2016 or latest available data
Ratio: female net secondary enrolment rate over male
value
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education indicators
database, 2016 or latest available data
Ratio: female gross tertiary enrolment ratio over male
value
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education indicators
database, 2016 or latest available data
Health and Survival Sex ratio at birth (converted to female-over-male ratio) United Nations Population Division, World Population
Prospects, 2016 or latest available data
Ratio: female healthy life expectancy over male value World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory
database, 2015 or latest available data
Political Empowerment Ratio: females with seats in parliament over male value Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in Politics: 2017,
reflecting elections/appointments up to 1 June 2017
Ratio: females at ministerial level over male value Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in Politics: 2017,
reflecting appointments up to 1 January 2017
Ratio: number of years with a female head of state (last
50 years) over male value
World Economic Forum calculations, reflecting situation
as of 30 June 2017
5The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rather than inputs or means. Our aim is to provide a
snapshot of where men and women stand with regard to
some fundamental outcome indicators related to basic
rights such as health, education, economic participation
and political empowerment. Indicators related to country-
specific policies, rights, culture or customs—factors that we
consider “input” or “means” indicators—are not included
in the Index, but they are discussed further in the analytic
sections of this chapter, as well as being featured in the
Report’s Country Profiles. For example, the Index includes
an indicator comparing the gap between men and women
in high-skilled jobs such as legislators, senior officials and
managers (an outcome indicator) but does not include
data on the length of maternity leave (a policy indicator).
This approach has contributed significantly to the Index’s
distinctiveness over the years and, we believe, continues to
provide the most objective basis for discussing underlying
contextual
Gender equality vs. women’s empowerment
The third distinguishing feature of the Global Gender Gap
Index is that it ranks countries according to their proximity
to gender equality rather than to women’s empowerment.
Our aim is to focus on whether the gap between women
and men in the chosen indicators has declined, rather than
whether women are winning the so-called “battle of the
sexes”. Hence, the Index rewards countries that reach the
point where outcomes for women equal those for men,
but it neither rewards nor penalizes cases in which women
are outperforming men in particular indicators in some
countries. Thus, a country that has higher enrolment for
girls rather than boys in secondary school will score equal
to a country where boys’ and girls’ enrolment is the same.
The four subindexes
The Global Gender Gap Index examines the gap
between men and women in four fundamental categories
(subindexes): Economic Participation and Opportunity,
Educational Attainment, Health and Survival and
Political Empowerment. Table 1 (page 5) displays all four
of these subindexes and the 14 different indicators that
compose them, along with the sources of data used for
each.
Economic Participation and Opportunity
This subindex contains three concepts: the participation
gap, the remuneration gap and the advancement gap. The
participation gap is captured using the difference between
women and men in labour force participation rates. The
remuneration gap is captured through a hard data indicator
(ratio of estimated female-to-male earned income)3 and a
qualitative indicator gathered through the World Economic
Forum’s annual Executive Opinion Survey (wage equality
for similar work). Finally, the gap between the advancement
of women and men is captured through two hard data
statistics (the ratio of women to men among legislators,
senior officials and managers, and the ratio of women to
men among technical and professional workers).
Educational Attainment
This subindex captures the gap between women’s and
men’s current access to education through ratios of
women to men in primary-, secondary- and tertiary-level
education. A longer-term view of the country’s ability to
educate women and men in equal numbers is captured
through the ratio of the female literacy rate to the male
literacy rate.
Health and Survival
This subindex provides an overview of the differences
between women’s and men’s health through the use of
two indicators. The first is the sex ratio at birth, which
aims specifically to capture the phenomenon of “missing
women”, prevalent in many countries with a strong son
Second, we use the gap between women’s
and men’s healthy life expectancy. This measure provides
an estimate of the number of years that women and men
can expect to live in good health by taking into account
the years lost to violence, disease, malnutrition and other
relevant factors.
Political Empowerment
This subindex measures the gap between men and women
at the highest level of political decision-making through the
ratio of women to men in ministerial positions and the ratio
of women to men in parliamentary positions. In addition,
we’ve included the ratio of women to men in terms of
years in executive office (prime minister or president)
for the last 50 years. A clear drawback in this category
is the absence of any indicators capturing differences
between the participation of women and men at local
levels of government. Should such data become available
at a globally comparative level in future years, it will be
considered for inclusion in the Index.
Construction of the Index
The overall Global Gender Gap Index is constructed
using a four-step process, outlined below. Some of the
indicators listed in Table 1 require specific standardization
or modification in order to be used in the Index. For further
information on the indicator-specific calculations, please
refer to the User’s Guide: Exploring the Global Gender Gap
Index Data section in Part 2 of this Report.
1. Convert to ratios
Initially, all data is converted to female-to-male ratios.
For example, a country with 20% of women in ministerial
positions is assigned a ratio of 20 women to 80 men, thus
a value of . This is to ensure that the Index is capturing
gaps between women and men’s attainment levels, rather
than the levels themselves.
6 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
2. Truncate data at equality benchmark
As a second step, these ratios are truncated at the
“equality benchmark”. For all indicators, except the two
health indicators, this equality benchmark is considered to
be 1, meaning equal numbers of women and men. In the
case of sex ratio at birth, the equality benchmark is set
at , and in the case of healthy life expectancy the
equality benchmark is set at Truncating the data at
the equality benchmarks for each assigns the same score
to a country that has reached parity between women and
men and one where women have surpassed men.
The type of rating scale chosen determines whether
the Index is rewarding women’s empowerment or gender
To capture gender equality, two possible scales
were considered. One was a negative-positive scale
capturing the size and direction of the gender gap. This
scale penalizes either men’s advantage over women or
women’s advantage over men, and gives the highest points
to absolute equality. The second choice was a one-sided
scale that measures how close women are to reaching
parity with men, but does not reward or penalize countries
for having a gender gap in the other direction. We find the
one-sided scale more appropriate for our purposes, as it
does not reward countries for having exceeded the parity
benchmark. However, disparities in either direction are
recorded in the Country Profiles.
3. Calculate subindex scores
The third step in the process involves calculating the
weighted average of the indicators within each subindex
to create the subindex scores. Averaging the different
indicators would implicitly give more weight to the measure
Table 2: Calculation of weights within each subindex
Economic Participation and Opportunity Subindex
Ratio Standard deviation
Standard deviation
per 1% point change Weight
Female labour force participation over male value
Wage equality between women and men for similar work
Female estimated earned income over male value
Female legislators, senior officials and managers over male value
Female professional and technical workers over male value
TOTAL .................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Educational Attainment Subindex
Ratio Standard deviation
Standard deviation
per 1% point change Weight
Female literacy rate over male value
Female net primary enrolment rate over male value
Female net secondary enrolment rate over male value
Female gross tertiary enrolement ratio over male value
TOTAL .................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Health and Survival Subindex
Ratio Standard deviation
Standard deviation
per 1% point change Weight
Sex ratio at birth (converted to female-over-male ratio)
Female healthy life expectancy over male value
TOTAL .................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Political Empowerment Subindex
Ratio Standard deviation
Standard deviation
per 1% point change Weight
Females with seats in parliament over male value
Females at ministerial level over male value
Number of years with a female head of state (last 50 years) over male value
TOTAL .................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Note: Calculations are based on the Global Gender Gap Report 2006.
7The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
that exhibits the largest variability or standard deviation. We
therefore first normalize the indicators by equalizing their
standard deviations. For example, within the Educational
Attainment subindex, standard deviations for each of the
four indicators are calculated. Then we determine what a
1% point change would translate to in terms of standard
deviations by dividing by the standard deviation for
each indicator. These four values are then used as weights
to calculate the weighted average of the four indicators.
This way of weighting indicators allows us to make
sure that each indicator has the same relative impact
on the subindex. For example, an indicator with a small
variability or standard deviation, such as primary enrolment
rate, gets a larger weight within the Educational Attainment
subindex than an indicator with a larger variability, such as
tertiary enrolment rate. Therefore, a country with a large
gender gap in primary education (an indicator where most
countries have achieved near-parity between women and
men) will be more heavily penalized. Similarly, in the case
of the sex ratio at birth indicator (within the Health and
Survival subindex), where most countries have a very high
sex ratio and the spread of the data is small, the larger
weight will penalize more heavily those countries that
deviate from this value. Table 2 displays the values of the
weights
4. Calculate final scores
For of all subindexes, the highest possible score is 1
(parity) and the lowest possible score is 0 (imparity),
thus binding the scores between inequality and equality
An unweighted average of each subindex
score is used to calculate the overall Global Gender Gap
Index score. Similar to subindex scores, this final value
ranges between 1 (parity) and 0 (imparity), thus allowing
for comparisons relative to ideal standards of equality
in addition to relative country The parity and
imparity benchmarks remain fixed across time, allowing
the reader to track individual country progress in relation
to an ideal standard of equality. Furthermore, the option of
roughly interpreting the final Index scores as a percentage
value that reveals how a country has reduced its gender
gap should help make the Index more intuitively appealing
to
Results and analysis
Country Coverage, 2017
We aim to include a maximum number of countries in the
Report every year, within the constraints posed by data
availability. To be included in the Report, a country must
have data available for a minimum of 12 indicators out of
the 14 that make up the Index. In 2017, we have been able
to include 144 countries in the Report. Of these, 106 have
consistently been included in the Report every year since
the first edition published in 2006.
Nearly 200 countries were considered for inclusion
in the Index this year. Out of the 144 ultimately covered in
this Report, 23 countries had one data point missing and,
in addition, seven further countries had two data points
missing. Missing data is clearly marked on each relevant
Country Profile. This year’s Report features one new
country never previously covered by the Index, Myanmar,
and one country not covered in last year’s edition, Fiji.
The Global Gender Gap Report groups countries into
eight broader geographical groupings: East Asia and the
Pacific; Eastern Europe and Central Asia; Latin America
and the Caribbean; Middle East and North Africa; North
America; South Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; and Western
Europe. The classification of countries according to these
categories is detailed in Appendix A.
Global Results
Figure 1 provides a global snapshot of the gender gap
in the four subindexes. It shows that, on average, the
144 countries covered in the Report have closed 96% of
the gap in health outcomes between women and men,
unchanged since last year, and more than 95% of the gap
in educational attainment, a slight decrease compared to
Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2017.
Note: Covers all 144 countries featured in the 2017 index.
Figure 1: Global performance, 2017
Political Empowerment subindex
Health and Survival subindex
Educational Attainment subindex
Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex
Global Gender Gap Index 68%
58%
95%
96%
23%
8 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
last year, which marked the highest value ever measured
for this subindex. However, the gaps between women and
men on economic participation and political empowerment
remain wide: only 58% of the economic participation gap
has been closed—a second consecutive year of reversed
progress and the lowest value measured by the Index since
2008—and about 23% of the political gap, unchanged
since last year against a long-term trend of slow but steady
improvement. Weighted by population, in 2017, the average
progress on closing the global gender gap stands at a
score of —which means that an average gap of 32%
remains to be closed worldwide across the four Index
dimensions in order to achieve universal gender parity. Last
year that average gap was %.
Despite this overall mixed picture and continued
stalling of progress at the global level, the situation is more
nuanced at the regional and country level. Out of the 142
countries covered by the Index both this year and last year,
82 countries have increased their overall gender gap score
compared to last year, while 60 have seen it decrease. By
contrast, last year’s Report had found negative outcomes
in more than half of countries surveyed. Moreover, as
detailed in the following sections of the Report, while a
number of countries and regions have crossed symbolic
milestones on the path to gender parity for the first
time this year, a number of major economies and high-
population countries have experienced reversals on their
past progress this year.
Table 3 (page 10) displays the 2017 Index and
subindex rankings, organized from highest to lowest by
rank on the overall Index. Figure 2 visualizes the 2017
overall Index results, organized by size of countries’ overall
gender gaps left to be closed. No country in the world has
fully closed its gender gap, but four out of the five Nordic
countries and, for the first time this year, one country
each from the Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the
Caribbean and Eastern Europe and Central Asia regions—
Rwanda, Nicaragua and Slovenia—have closed more than
80% of theirs. Yemen, the lowest-ranking country, has
closed slightly less than 52% of its gender gap. For further
analysis, refer to the Performance by Subindex, Top 10,
and Performance by Region and Country sections.
Performance by Subindex
Table 4 (page 12) displays the rankings by subindex,
organized highest to lowest by rank per subindex. On the
Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex,
13 countries (two more than last year), including six from
Sub-Saharan Africa—Burundi, Benin, Botswana, Rwanda,
Namibia and Guinea—and two Nordic countries—Norway
and Sweden—have closed more than 80% of their gap.
However, 18 countries (13 from the Middle East and North
Africa region) have closed less than 50% of the gap for
this subindex, with Pakistan and Syria holding the last
two spots. Thirty-one countries have scores below the
world average (, weighted by population) on this
Figure 2: Gender gap by country, 2017
Yemen
Pakistan
Syria
Chad
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Mali
Saudi Arabia
Lebanon
Morocco
Jordan
Egypt
Côte d'Ivoire
Mauritania
Turkey
Qatar
Kuwait
Timor-Leste
Algeria
Bahrain
Fiji
Bhutan
Angola
Nigeria
Burkina Faso
United Arab Emirates
Gambia, The
Korea, Rep.
Tunisia
Benin
Ethiopia
Japan
Guinea
Mauritius
Nepal
Guatemala
Sri Lanka
India
Liberia
Maldives
Swaziland
Malaysia
Hungary
Brunei Darussalam
Malawi
China
Cambodia
Azerbaijan
Armenia
Paraguay
Tajikistan
Georgia
Global Weighted Average
Malta
Cyprus
Senegal
Brazil
Cape Verde
Czech Republic
Cameroon
Suriname
Kyrgyz Republic
Indonesia
Myanmar
Italy
Mexico
Madagascar
Belize
Greece
Montenegro
Kenya
Thailand
Slovak Republic
Lesotho
Ghana
Russian Federation
Dominican Republic
Vietnam
Tanzania
Macedonia, FYR
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Singapore
Lao PDR
Chile
El Salvador
Ukraine
Venezuela
Luxembourg
Romania
Austria
Uruguay
Honduras
Croatia
Mongolia
Kazakhstan
Jamaica
Zimbabwe
United States
Peru
Bangladesh
Botswana
Uganda
Israel
Panama
Ecuador
Costa Rica
Serbia
Poland
Albania
Estonia
Colombia
Australia
Argentina
Portugal
Netherlands
Belgium
Moldova
Mozambique
Lithuania
Bahamas
Belarus
Cuba
Spain
Barbados
Burundi
Switzerland
Latvia
South Africa
Bulgaria
Bolivia
Canada
United Kingdom
Denmark
Namibia
Germany
France
Philippines
New Zealand
Ireland
Slovenia
Nicaragua
Sweden
Rwanda
Finland
Norway
Iceland
Score (– scale)
Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2017.
9The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
subindex. The Report’s Country Profiles include a wide
range of additional contextual data, including on workforce
participation, economic leadership, access to assets and
technology, and the care economy.
In 2017, 27 countries have fully closed the gap on the
Educational Attainment subindex, three countries more
than last year. Benin, Guinea and Chad hold the last three
spots on this subindex, with Chad having closed less than
60% of its education gender gap. In total, there are 18
countries where women still have less than 90% of the
education outcomes that men have—one less than last
year but a continued improvement over 2015, when this
was still the case for 22 countries. Thirty-three countries
have scores below the world average (, weighted by
population) on this subindex. While the Index takes into
account four key indicators to measure the gender gap on
education outcomes, the Report’s Country Profiles provide
information on additional gaps between women and men—
on out-of-school children of primary and secondary school
age, education attainment rates, advanced and vocational
degrees, and gender gaps across various fields of study.
Thirty-four countries (four less than last year) have
fully closed their gender gap on the Health and Survival
subindex. Azerbaijan, Armenia and China are the lowest-
ranked countries, and no country currently has a gap
bigger than 90% on this subindex. Only six countries
have scores below the world average (, weighted by
population) on this subindex. While the Index takes into
account two key measures of gender gaps, this year’s
Country Profiles present additional contextual data that
reveals differences between female and male health
outcomes from infectious disease, non-communicable
disease, accidental and intentional injuries and self-
harm. Additionally, the Country Profiles contain detailed
information on maternal health and domestic violence.
On the Political Empowerment subindex, only
Iceland has closed more than 70% of its gender gap. While
no other country has currently closed more than 60%
of its gender gap, four countries—Nicaragua, Rwanda,
Norway and Finland—have crossed the 50% threshold,
while 34 countries, from across all world regions, have
closed less than 10% of their gap (five less than last year).
Lebanon, Qatar and Yemen have the lowest rankings
on this subindex, having closed less than 2% of their
political gender gap. Weighted by population, 95 countries
rank below the subindex world average () this year.
In addition to the indicators included in the Index, the
Country Profiles present detailed information on women’s
political participation, such as the number of years since
the establishment of women’s suffrage, female heads of
government to date, and the existence of voluntary political
party quotas.
This year, the only countries to have fully closed their
gaps on both the Health and Survival and Educational
Attainment subindexes are five nations from the Eastern
Europe and Central Asia region—Czech Republic, Latvia,
Lithuania, Slovak Republic and Slovenia—as well as
Brazil. No country has yet fully closed either its Economic
Participation and Opportunity or Political Empowerment
subindex gaps.
Figure 3 illustrates the range of country scores for the
four subindexes. The population-weighted average for each
subindex is highlighted by blue diamonds. The Educational
Attainment subindex is closing in on the Health and
Global Gender Gap
Index
Political Empowerment
subindex
Health and Survival
subindex
Economic Opportunity
and Participation
subindex
Educational Attainment
subindex
Score (– scale)
Saudi Arabia
Pakistan
India
India
India
Rwanda Iceland
Chad
United States
Nigeria Nepal
Yemen
Iceland
Norway
Cambodia
Nigeria
United Arab Emirates Finland
Nigeria
China
Mexico
FranceSenegal Canada
United States
Norway
United Kingdom
China
United States
Figure 3: Range of scores, Global Gender Gap Index and subindexes, 2017
Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2017.
Note: Blue diamonds correspond to subindex averages.
10 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Table 3: Global rankings, 2017
GLOBAL INDEX ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION AND OPPORTUNITY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
Country Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Iceland 1 14 57 114 1
Norway 2 8 38 80 4
Finland 3 16 1 46 5
Rwanda 4 7 113 1 3
Sweden 5 12 37 112 8
Nicaragua 6 54 34 1 2
Slovenia 7 13 1 1 11
Ireland 8 50 1 96 6
New Zealand 9 23 43 115 12
Philippines 10 25 1 36 13
France 11 64 1 54 9
Germany 12 43 98 70 10
Namibia 13 9 41 1 26
Denmark 14 36 1 95 16
United Kingdom 15 53 36 100 17
Canada 16 29 1 105 20
Bolivia 17 60 108 69 14
Bulgaria 18 51 80 36 23
South Africa 19 89 64 1 18
Latvia 20 15 1 1 41
Switzerland 21 31 63 90 28
Burundi 22 1 128 1 40
Barbados 23 2 1 83 82
Spain 24 81 45 81 22
Cuba 25 99 1 103 19
Belarus 26 5 35 45 73
Bahamas 27 3 1 50 98
Lithuania 28 28 1 1 42
Mozambique 29 17 130 56 24
Moldova 30 11 66 1 72
Belgium 31 46 1 63 37
Netherlands 32 82 1 108 25
Portugal 33 35 70 55 43
Argentina 34 111 44 1 21
Australia 35 42 1 104 48
Colombia 36 32 30 1 59
Estonia 37 38 1 36 52
Albania 38 70 87 120 31
Poland 39 55 31 1 49
Serbia 40 72 47 1 38
Costa Rica 41 104 40 79 27
Ecuador 42 93 54 57 32
Panama 43 62 55 1 51
Israel 44 65 1 98 47
Uganda 45 59 124 88 30
Botswana 46 6 1 48 122
Bangladesh 47 129 111 125 7
Peru 48 98 82 49 33
United States 49 19 1 82 96
Zimbabwe 50 49 89 68 62
Jamaica 51 39 1 93 74
Kazakhstan 52 30 48 36 93
Mongolia 53 20 65 1 107
Croatia 54 63 58 1 68
Honduras 55 74 29 78 61
Uruguay 56 91 32 1 53
Austria 57 80 84 72 54
Romania 58 57 56 1 78
Luxembourg 59 76 1 86 66
Venezuela 60 67 49 1 75
Ukraine 61 34 28 51 103
El Salvador 62 97 67 1 56
Chile 63 117 39 47 36
Lao PDR 64 22 118 74 87
Singapore 65 27 94 101 101
Bosnia and Herzegovina 66 116 92 42 35
Macedonia, FYR 67 96 90 65 58
Tanzania 68 69 125 62 44
Vietnam 69 33 97 138 97
Dominican Republic 70 95 72 1 69
Russian Federation 71 41 50 1 121
Ghana 72 18 119 118 112
11The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Table 3: Global rankings, 2017 (cont’d.)
GLOBAL INDEX ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION AND OPPORTUNITY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
Country Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Lesotho 73 84 1 35 84
Slovak Republic 74 79 1 1 89
Thailand 75 24 106 51 127
Kenya 76 44 120 1 83
Montenegro 77 88 83 75 79
Greece 78 73 76 89 88
Belize 79 21 85 61 139
Madagascar 80 48 114 76 94
Mexico 81 124 53 58 34
Italy 82 118 60 123 46
Myanmar* 83 26 95 66 132
Indonesia 84 108 88 60 63
Kyrgyz Republic 85 78 79 1 92
Suriname 86 105 73 91 71
Cameroon 87 40 129 92 64
Czech Republic 88 92 1 1 91
Cape Verde 89 106 93 110 70
Brazil 90 83 1 1 110
Senegal 91 102 132 87 29
Cyprus 92 66 46 126 115
Malta 93 107 1 102 85
Georgia 94 75 81 124 114
Tajikistan 95 52 115 67 117
Paraguay 96 90 61 97 113
Armenia 97 71 42 143 111
Azerbaijan 98 45 91 142 131
Cambodia 99 56 121 1 106
China 100 86 102 144 77
Malawi 101 85 126 77 81
Brunei Darussalam 102 61 78 111 140
Hungary 103 68 68 36 138
Malaysia 104 87 77 53 133
Swaziland 105 112 59 1 102
Maldives 106 94 1 133 128
Liberia 107 58 138 85 45
India 108 139 112 141 15
Sri Lanka 109 123 86 1 65
Guatemala 110 101 103 1 109
Nepal 111 110 116 116 80
Mauritius 112 113 69 1 116
Guinea 113 10 143 132 76
Japan 114 114 74 1 123
Ethiopia 115 109 134 44 50
Benin 116 4 142 131 129
Tunisia 117 131 99 71 55
Korea, Rep. 118 121 105 84 90
Gambia, The 119 100 127 122 104
United Arab Emirates 120 130 62 129 67
Burkina Faso 121 47 133 134 125
Nigeria 122 37 135 94 135
Angola 123 119 139 64 39
Bhutan 124 103 123 137 134
Fiji* 125 127 71 36 105
Bahrain 126 120 75 136 137
Algeria 127 132 107 106 86
Timor-Leste 128 136 117 43 60
Kuwait 129 125 52 117 141
Qatar 130 122 33 127 143
Turkey 131 128 101 59 118
Mauritania 132 134 131 107 57
Côte d'Ivoire 133 115 137 121 108
Egypt 134 135 104 99 119
Jordan 135 138 51 113 126
Morocco 136 137 122 128 100
Lebanon 137 133 109 109 142
Saudi Arabia 138 142 96 130 124
Mali 139 126 140 139 99
Iran, Islamic Rep. 140 140 100 135 136
Chad 141 77 144 73 120
Syria 142 144 110 1 130
Pakistan 143 143 136 140 95
Yemen 144 141 141 119 144
* New countries in 2017
12 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Table 4: Rankings by subindex, 2017
Country Rank Score
Burundi 1
Barbados 2
Bahamas 3
Benin 4
Belarus 5
Botswana 6
Rwanda 7
Norway 8
Namibia 9
Guinea 10
Moldova 11
Sweden 12
Slovenia 13
Iceland 14
Latvia 15
Finland 16
Mozambique 17
Ghana 18
United States 19
Mongolia 20
Belize 21
Lao PDR 22
New Zealand 23
Thailand 24
Philippines 25
Myanmar* 26
Singapore 27
Lithuania 28
Canada 29
Kazakhstan 30
Switzerland 31
Colombia 32
Vietnam 33
Ukraine 34
Portugal 35
Denmark 36
Nigeria 37
Estonia 38
Jamaica 39
Cameroon 40
Russian Federation 41
Australia 42
Germany 43
Kenya 44
Azerbaijan 45
Belgium 46
Burkina Faso 47
Madagascar 48
Zimbabwe 49
Ireland 50
Bulgaria 51
Tajikistan 52
United Kingdom 53
Nicaragua 54
Poland 55
Cambodia 56
Romania 57
Liberia 58
Uganda 59
Bolivia 60
Brunei Darussalam 61
Panama 62
Croatia 63
France 64
Israel 65
Cyprus 66
Venezuela 67
Hungary 68
Tanzania 69
Albania 70
Armenia 71
Serbia 72
Country Rank Score
Greece 73
Honduras 74
Georgia 75
Luxembourg 76
Chad 77
Kyrgyz Republic 78
Slovak Republic 79
Austria 80
Spain 81
Netherlands 82
Brazil 83
Lesotho 84
Malawi 85
China 86
Malaysia 87
Montenegro 88
South Africa 89
Paraguay 90
Uruguay 91
Czech Republic 92
Ecuador 93
Maldives 94
Dominican Republic 95
Macedonia, FYR 96
El Salvador 97
Peru 98
Cuba 99
Gambia, The 100
Guatemala 101
Senegal 102
Bhutan 103
Costa Rica 104
Suriname 105
Cape Verde 106
Malta 107
Indonesia 108
Ethiopia 109
Nepal 110
Argentina 111
Swaziland 112
Mauritius 113
Japan 114
Côte d'Ivoire 115
Bosnia and Herzegovina 116
Chile 117
Italy 118
Angola 119
Bahrain 120
Korea, Rep. 121
Qatar 122
Sri Lanka 123
Mexico 124
Kuwait 125
Mali 126
Fiji* 127
Turkey 128
Bangladesh 129
United Arab Emirates 130
Tunisia 131
Algeria 132
Lebanon 133
Mauritania 134
Egypt 135
Timor-Leste 136
Morocco 137
Jordan 138
India 139
Iran, Islamic Rep. 140
Yemen 141
Saudi Arabia 142
Pakistan 143
Syria 144
Country Rank Score
Australia 1
Bahamas 1
Barbados 1
Belgium 1
Botswana 1
Brazil 1
Canada 1
Cuba 1
Czech Republic 1
Denmark 1
Estonia 1
Finland 1
France 1
Ireland 1
Israel 1
Jamaica 1
Latvia 1
Lesotho 1
Lithuania 1
Luxembourg 1
Maldives 1
Malta 1
Netherlands 1
Philippines 1
Slovak Republic 1
Slovenia 1
United States 1
Ukraine 28
Honduras 29
Colombia 30
Poland 31
Uruguay 32
Qatar 33
Nicaragua 34
Belarus 35
United Kingdom 36
Sweden 37
Norway 38
Chile 39
Costa Rica 40
Namibia 41
Armenia 42
New Zealand 43
Argentina 44
Spain 45
Cyprus 46
Serbia 47
Kazakhstan 48
Venezuela 49
Russian Federation 50
Jordan 51
Kuwait 52
Mexico 53
Ecuador 54
Panama 55
Romania 56
Iceland 57
Croatia 58
Swaziland 59
Italy 60
Paraguay 61
United Arab Emirates 62
Switzerland 63
South Africa 64
Mongolia 65
Moldova 66
El Salvador 67
Hungary 68
Mauritius 69
Portugal 70
Fiji* 71
Dominican Republic 72
Country Rank Score
Suriname 73
Japan 74
Bahrain 75
Greece 76
Malaysia 77
Brunei Darussalam 78
Kyrgyz Republic 79
Bulgaria 80
Georgia 81
Peru 82
Montenegro 83
Austria 84
Belize 85
Sri Lanka 86
Albania 87
Indonesia 88
Zimbabwe 89
Macedonia, FYR 90
Azerbaijan 91
Bosnia and Herzegovina 92
Cape Verde 93
Singapore 94
Myanmar* 95
Saudi Arabia 96
Vietnam 97
Germany 98
Tunisia 99
Iran, Islamic Rep. 100
Turkey 101
China 102
Guatemala 103
Egypt 104
Korea, Rep. 105
Thailand 106
Algeria 107
Bolivia 108
Lebanon 109
Syria 110
Bangladesh 111
India 112
Rwanda 113
Madagascar 114
Tajikistan 115
Nepal 116
Timor-Leste 117
Lao PDR 118
Ghana 119
Kenya 120
Cambodia 121
Morocco 122
Bhutan 123
Uganda 124
Tanzania 125
Malawi 126
Gambia, The 127
Burundi 128
Cameroon 129
Mozambique 130
Mauritania 131
Senegal 132
Burkina Faso 133
Ethiopia 134
Nigeria 135
Pakistan 136
Côte d'Ivoire 137
Liberia 138
Angola 139
Mali 140
Yemen 141
Benin 142
Guinea 143
Chad 144
ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION AND OPPORTUNITY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Note: Countries highlighted in blue have reached parity on that subindex.
* New countries in 2017
13The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Country Rank Score
Iceland 1
Nicaragua 2
Rwanda 3
Norway 4
Finland 5
Ireland 6
Bangladesh 7
Sweden 8
France 9
Germany 10
Slovenia 11
New Zealand 12
Philippines 13
Bolivia 14
India 15
Denmark 16
United Kingdom 17
South Africa 18
Cuba 19
Canada 20
Argentina 21
Spain 22
Bulgaria 23
Mozambique 24
Netherlands 25
Namibia 26
Costa Rica 27
Switzerland 28
Senegal 29
Uganda 30
Albania 31
Ecuador 32
Peru 33
Mexico 34
Bosnia and Herzegovina 35
Chile 36
Belgium 37
Serbia 38
Angola 39
Burundi 40
Latvia 41
Lithuania 42
Portugal 43
Tanzania 44
Liberia 45
Italy 46
Israel 47
Australia 48
Poland 49
Ethiopia 50
Panama 51
Estonia 52
Uruguay 53
Austria 54
Tunisia 55
El Salvador 56
Mauritania 57
Macedonia, FYR 58
Colombia 59
Timor-Leste 60
Honduras 61
Zimbabwe 62
Indonesia 63
Cameroon 64
Sri Lanka 65
Luxembourg 66
United Arab Emirates 67
Croatia 68
Dominican Republic 69
Cape Verde 70
Suriname 71
Moldova 72
Country Rank Score
Belarus 73
Jamaica 74
Venezuela 75
Guinea 76
China 77
Romania 78
Montenegro 79
Nepal 80
Malawi 81
Barbados 82
Kenya 83
Lesotho 84
Malta 85
Algeria 86
Lao PDR 87
Greece 88
Slovak Republic 89
Korea, Rep. 90
Czech Republic 91
Kyrgyz Republic 92
Kazakhstan 93
Madagascar 94
Pakistan 95
United States 96
Vietnam 97
Bahamas 98
Mali 99
Morocco 100
Singapore 101
Swaziland 102
Ukraine 103
Gambia, The 104
Fiji* 105
Cambodia 106
Mongolia 107
Côte d'Ivoire 108
Guatemala 109
Brazil 110
Armenia 111
Ghana 112
Paraguay 113
Georgia 114
Cyprus 115
Mauritius 116
Tajikistan 117
Turkey 118
Egypt 119
Chad 120
Russian Federation 121
Botswana 122
Japan 123
Saudi Arabia 124
Burkina Faso 125
Jordan 126
Thailand 127
Maldives 128
Benin 129
Syria 130
Azerbaijan 131
Myanmar* 132
Malaysia 133
Bhutan 134
Nigeria 135
Iran, Islamic Rep. 136
Bahrain 137
Hungary 138
Belize 139
Brunei Darussalam 140
Kuwait 141
Lebanon 142
Qatar 143
Yemen 144
Country Rank Score
Argentina 1
Brazil 1
Burundi 1
Cambodia 1
Colombia 1
Croatia 1
Czech Republic 1
Dominican Republic 1
El Salvador 1
Guatemala 1
Japan 1
Kenya 1
Kyrgyz Republic 1
Latvia 1
Lithuania 1
Mauritius 1
Moldova 1
Mongolia 1
Namibia 1
Nicaragua 1
Panama 1
Poland 1
Romania 1
Russian Federation 1
Rwanda 1
Serbia 1
Slovak Republic 1
Slovenia 1
South Africa 1
Sri Lanka 1
Swaziland 1
Syria 1
Uruguay 1
Venezuela 1
Lesotho 35
Philippines 36
Bulgaria 36
Estonia 36
Kazakhstan 36
Hungary 36
Fiji* 36
Bosnia and Herzegovina 42
Timor-Leste 43
Ethiopia 44
Belarus 45
Finland 46
Chile 47
Botswana 48
Peru 49
Bahamas 50
Ukraine 51
Thailand 51
Malaysia 53
France 54
Portugal 55
Mozambique 56
Ecuador 57
Mexico 58
Turkey 59
Indonesia 60
Belize 61
Tanzania 62
Belgium 63
Angola 64
Macedonia, FYR 65
Myanmar* 66
Tajikistan 67
Zimbabwe 68
Bolivia 69
Germany 70
Tunisia 71
Austria 72
Country Rank Score
Chad 73
Lao PDR 74
Montenegro 75
Madagascar 76
Malawi 77
Honduras 78
Costa Rica 79
Norway 80
Spain 81
United States 82
Barbados 83
Korea, Rep. 84
Liberia 85
Luxembourg 86
Senegal 87
Uganda 88
Greece 89
Switzerland 90
Suriname 91
Cameroon 92
Jamaica 93
Nigeria 94
Denmark 95
Ireland 96
Paraguay 97
Israel 98
Egypt 99
United Kingdom 100
Singapore 101
Malta 102
Cuba 103
Australia 104
Canada 105
Algeria 106
Mauritania 107
Netherlands 108
Lebanon 109
Cape Verde 110
Brunei Darussalam 111
Sweden 112
Jordan 113
Iceland 114
New Zealand 115
Nepal 116
Kuwait 117
Ghana 118
Yemen 119
Albania 120
Côte d'Ivoire 121
Gambia, The 122
Italy 123
Georgia 124
Bangladesh 125
Cyprus 126
Qatar 127
Morocco 128
United Arab Emirates 129
Saudi Arabia 130
Benin 131
Guinea 132
Maldives 133
Burkina Faso 134
Iran, Islamic Rep. 135
Bahrain 136
Bhutan 137
Vietnam 138
Mali 139
Pakistan 140
India 141
Azerbaijan 142
Armenia 143
China 144
HEALTH AND SURVIVAL POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
Table 4: Rankings by subindex, 2017 (cont’d.)
Note: Countries highlighted in blue have reached parity on that subindex.
* New countries in 2017
14 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Survival subindex, which has been stagnating for a number
of years, to become the subindex closest to reaching
universal gender parity. In fact, it has already done so for
the 106 countries that have been consistently featured
since the first edition of the Report. However, Health and
Survival is also the subindex with the lowest spread of
scores, with most countries clustering around a fairly high
achievement point near parity, while issues remain primarily
in a number of large-population countries with distorted
birth ratios due to “missing women” and gender-specific
gaps in access to healthcare. By contrast, despite much
recent progress in a large number of countries, global
outcomes on the Educational Attainment subindex remain
more uneven, with a wider spread of scores. The widest
range in scores is found on the Political Empowerment
subindex, followed by Economic Participation and
Opportunity.
Top Ten
Although this year’s edition of the Global Gender Gap
Index sees no new entrants to its top 10 list, it records
some notable rank changes. The top spots continue to be
held by smaller Western European countries, particularly
the Nordics who occupy the top three positions, with two
countries from the East Asia and the Pacific region, one
country from the Sub-Saharan Africa region, one country
from the Latin America and the Caribbean region, and
one country from the Eastern Europe and Central Asia
region also represented. Compared to the world average,
the leaders of the Index perform particularly strongly on
Political Empowerment, with all ranking in the top 15 on
this subindex. All but three countries in the overall Index
top 10 have now crossed the threshold of closing more
than 80% of their overall gender gap—up from five both
last year and in 2015.
Iceland (1) takes the top spot for the ninth year in
a row, closing more than 87% of its overall gender gap.
It remains the top performer on Political Empowerment.
However, Iceland this year drops out of the global top
10 on Economic Participation and Opportunity due to a
small increase of its gender gap in the number of women
among legislators, senior officials and managers. It also
has a marginal increase in its gender gap on Educational
Attainment. However, Iceland also re-renters the global top
10 on the wage equality for similar work indicator, ranking
in fifth place. Since the first edition of the Index in 2006,
Iceland has closed approximately 10% of its total gender
gap, making it one of the fastest-improving countries in the
world.
Norway (2) overtakes Finland and regains the second
place, closing more than 83% of its overall gender gap. It
continues a multi-year steady improvement on its gender
gap in the number of women among legislators, senior
officials and managers, but this year sees slowing progress
on its previous improvements in wage equality for similar
work. Norway also records a slight decrease in the share of
women in ministerial positions, moving down one spot on
the Political Empowerment subindex to fourth, globally.
Finland (3) returns to its previous third-place position,
closing more than 82% of its overall gender gap. It drops
three spots on Political Empowerment, re-opening its
previously fully-closed gender gap in the number of women
in ministerial positions while narrowing its gender gap in
the number of women in parliament. It has fully closed its
gender gap on Educational Attainment.
Rwanda (4) continues its steady climb since first
entering the Index and has now closed 82% of its overall
gender gap, scoring narrowly behind Finland. This is mostly
due to continued progress on its Economic Participation
and Opportunity subindex score, on the back of improved
parity in estimated earned income and, particularly, a
significant narrowing of its gender gap in the number of
women in ministerial positions. Combined with being the
country with the highest share of female parliamentarians
in the world (61%), it advances five spots on the Political
Empowerment subindex, where it now ranks third globally.
Rwanda has also fully closed its Health and Survival
gender gap for the first time, although its Educational
Attainment gender gap remains open.
Sweden (5), after continuously maintaining its
overall Index ranking for eight years in a row, cedes its
fourth place to Rwanda and now ranks fifth. The country
has closed more than 81% of its overall gender gap. It
maintains a strong position on the Economic Participation
and Opportunity subindex, due to, among other factors,
progress on the wage equality for similar work indicator. It
does less well on the Health and Survival subindex, where
it sees its small but persistent gender gap in healthy life
expectancy widening.
Nicaragua (6) sees a big increase in its overall Index
score and rises four places, to sixth. With more than
81% of its overall gender gap closed, it remains the best
performer in the Latin America and the Caribbean region
for the sixth year running. The latest rise is due, primarily,
to a large improvement in gender parity on the estimated
earned income indicator, for which the country enters
the top 10 for the first time. It also rises two spots to
take second place overall on the Political Empowerment
subindex, reaching gender parity in ministerial positions
for the first time since 2014, and also increasing its share
of female parliamentarians to 46%, the fifth highest in the
world. However, the country re-opens its gender gap in
Educational Attainment, with a decline in its literacy rate.
Slovenia (7) moves up a spot due to improvements
on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex
and increased parity in the number of legislators, senior
officials and managers. It also achieves gender parity in
ministerial positions and fully closes its Health and Survival
gender gap for the first time. With 80% of its overall gender
gap closed, it remains the strongest performing country
in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Since 2006, Slovenia
15The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
has closed approximately 13% of its overall gender gap,
making it one of the fastest-improving countries globally.
Ireland (8) slides two spots, a continued reversal
from last year, and has closed 79% of its overall gender
gap. It has widened its Health and Survival gender gap
and also sees a decrease in gender parity in the number
of women in ministerial positions. More positively, the
country maintains a fully closed gender gap on Educational
Attainment from last year and also sees an increase in
gender parity in the number of legislators, senior officials
and managers, continuing a steady trend since 2013.
New Zealand (9) maintains its position from last
year—the only top 10 country besides Iceland with an
unchanged ranking this year. It has closed 79% of its
overall gender gap. The country rises four spots on the
Political Empowerment subindex, placing twelfth, with
increased gender parity in ministerial positions and
parliamentarians. However, New Zealand is yet to fully
re-close its Educational Attainment gender gap, re-opened
last year for the first time since 2008.
The Philippines (10) completes this year’s top 10,
slipping thee spots since last year. With 79% of its overall
gender gap closed, it cedes its position as the highest
performer in the East Asia and the Pacific region to New
Zealand. A worsening performance on the wage equality
for similar work indicator, dropping from 7th to 21st, partly
accounts for this fall. The country also re-opens a Health
and Survival gender gap for the first time since 2006,
although the Educational Attainment gender gap remains
fully closed.
Performance by Region and Country
The Global Gender Gap Index reveals that all countries
can do more to close their gender gap. Across the Index,
there are only seven countries that have closed 80% of
the gap or more. In addition, there are 61 countries that
have closed between 70% and 80% of their gender gap.
A further 67 countries have closed between 60% and
70%, while nine countries have closed between 50% and
60%. In 2017, no country had closed less than 50% of
their overall gender gap. However, there is wide variety in
progress on closing the gender gap in every world region,
with both success stories and underperforming countries
in each. Table 5 (page 16) displays this year’s rankings
by regional classification, organized by rank within each
regional group.
Figure 4 (page 18) shows the average gap that
remains to be closed in each world region. At a global level,
in 2017, four regions have a remaining gender gap of less
than 30%—and two regions are crossing this threshold for
the first time this year. Western Europe records a remaining
gender gap of 25%, placing it ahead of North America,
with a gap of 28%, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, with
a gap of 29%, and Latin America and the Caribbean, with
a gap of %. The East Asia and the Pacific region ranks
ahead of Sub-Saharan Africa, with a remaining gender gap
of % and %, respectively, and South Asia, with a
gap of 34%. For the first time, the Middle East and North
Africa region crosses the threshold of having a remaining
gender gap of slightly less than 40%. The reader should
note that population-weighted group averages are used
throughout the Report.
Figure 5 (page 19) shows the range of country scores
on the overall Index for each region. It reveals, for example,
that despite its high regional average, there is a broad
range of outcomes among the 20 countries covered in the
Western Europe region. A similarly wide spread of country
performance also exists among the 30 countries covered
in the Sub-Saharan Africa region. Here, this diversity of
outcomes is frequently driven by different performance on
the Educational Attainment subindex. In other regions, the
largest diversity of outcomes exists across the Economic
Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment
subindexes, while performance differences across the
Educational Attainment and Health and Survival subindexes
tend to be comparatively minor. A detailed discussion of
regional and country-level results follows below.
East Asia and the Pacific
With an average remaining gender gap of just under 32%,
the East Asia and the Pacific region scores in the middle
of the range of the Global Gender Gap Index. With New
Zealand and the Philippines, the region is home to two of
the overall Index’s top 10 performers, both having closed
over 79% of their total gender gap—far ahead of the
region’s next best-placed country—while the lower half of
the region’s economies are yet to cross the 70% threshold.
The region is also home to three of the five most-improved
countries over the past decade on the Health and Survival
subindex. However, out of the 18 countries in the region
only three—Mongolia, Cambodia and Japan—have fully
closed that gap. In fact, with a regional average of just
under 94%, East Asia and the Pacific is the lowest-ranked
region globally on this subindex. Only two countries in
the region have currently fully closed their Education
Attainment gender gap, the Philippines being one of the
two. However, half of the countries in the region have
closed the gender gap for professional and technical
workers, indicating a relatively successful integration of
tertiary educated, higher-skilled women into the labour
force.
Among the 18 countries covered by the Index in the
region this year, nine countries have increased their overall
score compared to last year, while seven have decreased
their score. Two countries in the region joined the Index this
year: Fiji and Myanmar.
New Zealand (9) and The Philippines (10) maintain
their overall Index top 10 rankings on the back of strong
scores on closing the Political Empowerment gender gap,
and despite the Philippines’ drop on the wage equality for
similar work indicator on the Economic Participation and
Opportunity subindex. Australia (35) rises several ranks
to become the third-ranked country in the region. This is
16 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
due to progress towards gender parity in the country’s
share of legislators, senior officials and managers,
as well as to notable improvements on the Political
Empowerment subindex, with an increased share of female
parliamentarians as well as women in ministerial positions.
Australia’s Educational Attainment gender gap remains
fully closed but it experiences some widening of its Health
and Survival gender gap. It is followed by Mongolia (53)
which also increases its overall score and ranking, largely
due to similar factors. The next-ranked country is Lao PDR
(64), which this year experiences a noticeable widening
of its gender gap after two years of solid progress.
Decreases in parity in basic literacy and wage equality for
similar work are largely the cause, although they are partly
counter-balanced by improvements in tertiary enrolment—
continuing a multi-year trend towards parity—and women’s
share of estimated earned income. For the second year
running, Lao PDR fully closes the gender gap in labour
force participation—one of only five countries (and the only
non-African one) to do so.
The next-ranked country is Singapore (65), which
continues to widen its gender gap in estimated earned
income on the Report’s revised scale for this indicator,
although the country records small improvements
elsewhere on the Economic Participation and Opportunity
subindex: most notably, on women’s labour force
participation and progression, including a multi-year trend
towards near-parity in technical and professional workers.
It also improves its ranking on the Health and Survival
subindex due to increased parity in healthy life expectancy.
Vietnam (69) experiences a decrease in gender parity for
women in ministerial positions while Thailand (75) sees
a notable increase. Both countries have fully closed their
gender gaps on the technical and professional workers
and enrolment in tertiary education indicators. Myanmar
(83) enters the Global Gender Gap Index for the first time.
It has closed its gender gap in secondary and tertiary
enrolment, as well as women’s share of technical and
professional roles, and achieves near-parity in overall
labour force participation. However, Myanmar’s gender
gap in legislators, senior officials and managers remains
wide, and it is yet to achieve gender parity in basic literacy
as well as on the Health and Survival subindex. Indonesia
(84) and Cambodia (99) continue to close their overall
gender gaps, with each rising several spots on the overall
Index. Indonesia sees progress in wage equality for
similar work and Political Empowerment but declines on
its previously fully closed gender gap in professional and
technical workers for the second year running. Cambodia,
meanwhile, records notable increases in women’s share
of legislator, senior official and management roles as well
as enrolment in tertiary education. Its Health and Survival
gender gap remains fully closed.
Table 5: Rankings by region, 2017
Country
Overall
rank
Overall
score
Slovenia 7
Bulgaria 18
Latvia 20
Belarus 26
Lithuania 28
Moldova 30
Estonia 37
Albania 38
Poland 39
Serbia 40
Kazakhstan 52
Croatia 54
Romania 58
Ukraine 61
Bosnia and Herzegovina 66
Macedonia, FYR 67
Russian Federation 71
Slovak Republic 74
Montenegro 77
Kyrgyz Republic 85
Czech Republic 88
Georgia 94
Tajikistan 95
Armenia 97
Azerbaijan 98
Hungary 103
Country
Overall
rank
Overall
score
New Zealand 9
Philippines 10
Australia 35
Mongolia 53
Lao PDR 64
Singapore 65
Vietnam 69
Thailand 75
Myanmar* 83
Indonesia 84
Cambodia 99
China 100
Brunei Darussalam 102
Malaysia 104
Japan 114
Korea, Rep. 118
Fiji* 125
Timor-Leste 128
Country
Overall
rank
Overall
score
Nicaragua 6
Bolivia 17
Barbados 23
Cuba 25
Bahamas 27
Argentina 34
Colombia 36
Costa Rica 41
Ecuador 42
Panama 43
Peru 48
Jamaica 51
Honduras 55
Uruguay 56
Venezuela 60
El Salvador 62
Chile 63
Dominican Republic 70
Belize 79
Mexico 81
Suriname 86
Brazil 90
Paraguay 96
Guatemala 110
Country
Overall
rank
Overall
score
Israel 44
Tunisia 117
United Arab Emirates 120
Bahrain 126
Algeria 127
Kuwait 129
Qatar 130
Turkey 131
Mauritania 132
Egypt 134
Jordan 135
Morocco 136
Lebanon 137
Saudi Arabia 138
Iran, Islamic Rep. 140
Syria 142
Yemen 144
EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEANEASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
(Continued on next page)
17The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
China’s (100) progress towards gender parity has
slowed. It has fully closed its gender gap in professional
and technical roles and women’s tertiary enrolment, while
recording a small decrease in wage equality for similar
work this year. However, it remains the world’s lowest-
ranked country with regard to the gender gap in its sex
ratio at birth. Brunei Darussalam (102) continues to
make small but noticeable progress on closing its Political
Empowerment subindex gender gap, although the Index
also highlights the continued existence of large income
gender gaps in the country. Similarly, Malaysia (104)
continues to record small but steady progress on closing
its Political Empowerment gender gap and women’s
share of estimated earned income. Newly available data
highlights the fact that the country has fully closed its
gender gaps in primary, secondary and tertiary enrolment.
Japan (114) sees reversals of progress on the Political
Empowerment subindex counter-balance notable progress
on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex.
This is due, in part, to increases in gender parity for wage
equality for similar work, women’s estimated earned
income and the country’s share of female legislators,
senior officials and managers as well as professional and
technical workers. Japan has also experienced a multi-
year trend towards near-parity in enrolment in tertiary
education, which would result in the country fully closing
its Educational Attainment gender gap for the first time. It
has also fully closed its Health and Survival gender gap
for the first time since 2011. Korea, Rep. (118), meanwhile,
records progress on the Political Empowerment subindex
and on parity in tertiary enrolment, but also a small
decrease in women’s share of estimated earned income
and in perceptions of wage equality by the country’s
business community.
Fiji (125) re-enters the Global Gender Gap Index,
after insufficient data coverage for inclusion in the Report
last year. Updated data for the country reveals a larger-
than-before gender gap in the country’s share of female
legislators, senior officials and managers as well as
professional and technical workers. Timor-Leste (128)
takes the bottom spot in the East Asia and the Pacific
region. The country has closed its gender gap in primary
and secondary education and performs comparatively
well on its share of female members of parliament, despite
a decrease in the latter this year. However, a significant
gender gap remains on its Economic Participation and
Opportunity subindex.
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
With an average remaining gender gap of %, the
Eastern Europe and Central Asia region scores in the
upper middle of the range of the Global Gender Gap
Index, overtaking the Latin America and Caribbean region
this year. Slovenia, Bulgaria and Latvia, the top-ranked
* New countries in 2017
Country
Overall
rank
Overall
score
Bangladesh 47
Maldives 106
India 108
Sri Lanka 109
Nepal 111
Bhutan 124
Pakistan 143
Country
Overall
rank
Overall
score
Canada 16
United States 49
Country
Overall
rank
Overall
score
Rwanda 4
Namibia 13
South Africa 19
Burundi 22
Mozambique 29
Uganda 45
Botswana 46
Zimbabwe 50
Tanzania 68
Ghana 72
Lesotho 73
Kenya 76
Madagascar 80
Cameroon 87
Cape Verde 89
Senegal 91
Malawi 101
Swaziland 105
Liberia 107
Mauritius 112
Guinea 113
Ethiopia 115
Benin 116
Gambia, The 119
Burkina Faso 121
Nigeria 122
Angola 123
Côte d'Ivoire 133
Mali 139
Chad 141
Country
Overall
rank
Overall
score
Iceland 1
Norway 2
Finland 3
Sweden 5
Ireland 8
France 11
Germany 12
Denmark 14
United Kingdom 15
Switzerland 21
Spain 24
Belgium 31
Netherlands 32
Portugal 33
Austria 57
Luxembourg 59
Greece 78
Italy 82
Cyprus 92
Malta 93
Table 5: Rankings by region, 2017 (cont’d.)
NORTH AMERICA SOUTH ASIA WESTERN EUROPESUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
18 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
countries in the region, score in the top 20 of the overall
Index and have closed 80%, 76% and 76% of their overall
gender gap, respectively, while the three lowest-ranked
countries—Armenia, Azerbaijan and Hungary—have closed
between 68% to 67% of their overall gender gap. Five of
the 26 countries in the region—Czech Republic, Latvia,
Lithuania, Slovak Republic and Slovenia—have fully closed
both their Health and Survival and Educational Attainment
gender gaps, the only countries except Brazil to do so in
the entire Index this year. In addition, one other country
has fully closed its Educational Attainment gender gap
and another four are on the verge of doing so. Seven other
countries from the region have fully closed their Health
and Survival gender gaps. However, four others—Albania,
Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia—are among the lowest-
performing countries in the entire Index on this subindex.
Out of the 26 countries from the region covered by the
Index this year, 18 countries have increased their overall
score compared to last year, while eight have decreased
their overall scores.
Slovenia (7) is the region’s top performer and
manages to defend its ranking in the global top 10 for the
third year running, having been one of the fastest-improving
countries over the past decade. Bulgaria (18) rises more
than twenty spots on the overall Index this year to become
the second-ranked country in the region. This is due to
notable progress on the Political Empowerment subindex,
in particular with regard to gender parity in ministerial
and parliamentary positions. The Baltic states—Latvia
(20), Lithuania (28) and, in particular, Estonia (37)—have
experienced a reversal on their significant progress on
closing their gender gaps from last year. This is attributable
to widening gender gaps on the Political Empowerment
subindex for all three countries. However, the Baltic
countries maintain their strong performance on fully closing
both their Educational Attainment and Health and Survival
gender gaps. By contrast to the former, Belarus (26)
maintains last year’s progress. Moldova (30) continues
its strong multi-year progress on the number of female
legislators, senior officials and managers, and also fully
closes its Health and Survival gender gap. Albania (38)
climbs up the ranks significantly on the back of notable
progress on the Political Empowerment subindex, making
up for some of its slow progress on this dimension in past
years.
Poland (39) remains stable in its overall Global Gender
Gap Index performance, recording progress across several
dimensions on the Economic Participation and Opportunity
subindex, and fully closing its Health and Survival gender
gap for the first time. Serbia (40) makes progress on
closing its gender gap in ministerial representation and
estimated earned income whereas Kazakhstan (52) sees
a decrease in the former but an increase in the latter. It
nearly closes its Educational Attainment gender gap but
Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2017.
Note: Covers all 144 countries featured in the 2017 index.
Figure 4: Distance from gender parity 2017, by region
Middle East and North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Global Weighted Average
East Asia and the Pacific
Latin America and the Caribbean
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
North America
Western Europe
71%
70%
68%
68%
60%
66%
68%
72%
75%
19The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
World
G20
East Asia and the Pacific
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
Middle East and North Africa
North America
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Western Europe
High income
Upper-middle income
Lower-middle income
Low income
Score (– scale)
China FranceArgentina
Canada
United States
India
Indonesia
Japan New ZealandAustralia
PhilippinesVietnamKorea, Rep.
Czech Republic SloveniaPoland
BulgariaRussian Federation
Brazil ArgentinaChile
PanamaMexico
Mauritius RwandaKenya
South AfricaNigeria
Italy IcelandIreland
United Kingdom
Egypt United Arab Emirates
Bahrain
Canada
Pakistan Bangladesh
Figure 5: Global Gender Gap Index 2017, by region, income and political grouping
Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2017.
Note: Coloured diamonds correspond to regional and income classification averages.
20 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
re-opens its Health and Survival gender gap. Croatia (54)
reverses last year’s slide in rank, with notable increases in
the country’s share of female legislators, senior officials and
managers as well as women in parliament, while Romania
(58) makes notable progress on closing its gender gap in
Political Empowerment, despite a small decrease in wage
equality for similar work. Ukraine (61), by contrast, sees
its biggest improvement this year on the wage equality for
similar work dimension.
Bosnia and Herzegovina (66) and Macedonia,
FYR (67) are nearly tied this year, with both countries
making progress in closing their gender gaps on Political
Empowerment; in particular, the number of women in
ministerial posts. Both countries, however, also see small
decreases on gender parity in healthy life expectancy
and basic literacy. The Russian Federation (71) climbs
several ranks due to improvements in women’s share of
parliamentary and ministerial positions; however, it remains
among the lowest-ranked countries in the region—and the
world as a whole—on the Political Empowerment subindex.
In addition, it fully closes the Health and Survival gender
gap for the first time since 2006.
The Slovak Republic (74) and Montenegro (77)
both record notable improvements in their gender parity
performance this year—the former with regard to ministerial
roles, the latter with regard to parliamentarians—while
the Czech Republic (88) slips several ranks. The Kyrgyz
Republic (85) ranks ahead of Tajikistan (95). They
are joined in the bottom ranks of the regional table by
other Caucasus states—Georgia (94), Armenia (97)
and Azerbaijan (98)—which remain among the worst-
performing countries globally on the Health and Survival
subindex, recording some of the lowest female-to-male
sex ratios at birth in the world, just above China’s.
Hungary (103) takes the bottom spot in the region. Despite
improvements regarding women’s share of estimated
earned income, it continues to be the region’s, and one
of the world’s, lowest-performing countries with regard to
closing the Political Empowerment gender gap.
Latin America and the Caribbean
With an average remaining gender gap of %, the Latin
America and Caribbean region scores in the middle of the
range of the Global Gender Gap Index, behind the Eastern
Europe and Central Asia region. The region is home to two
of the top 10 fastest-improving countries in the world since
2006: Nicaragua and Bolivia—which continue to lead the
regional rankings—while the lowest-performing countries
in the region are Paraguay and Guatemala. Five of the 24
countries in the region have fully closed their Educational
Attainment gender gap (and only four countries in the
region have a remaining gender gap of more than 1% on
this subindex). Ten countries have fully closed their Health
and Survival gender gaps.
Of the 24 countries in the region that are covered by
the Index this year, 18 have improved their overall score
compared to last year, while six have regressed.
Nicaragua (6) defends its place in the global top
10 and remains the best-performing country in the
region for the sixth year in a row. Bolivia (17) enters the
global Index top 20, with notable improvements on the
estimated earned income indicator. However, it is the
worst-performing country in the region on the Educational
Attainment subindex. Barbados (23) remains among the
best-performing countries in the region and the world
on closing the Economic Participation and Opportunity
gender gap, achieving parity at the level of female
legislators, senior officials and managers. It continues to
take the top rank among the Caribbean nations, followed
by the Bahamas (27), which shares a similar profile, and
Jamaica (51), which this year sees progress reversing on
Political Empowerment, healthy life expectancy and wage
equality for similar work. Cuba (25) continues to rank
among the lowest countries in the region on the Economic
Participation and Opportunity subindex, with insufficient
data available this year to calculate its performance on the
estimated earned income indicator. It also slips several
spots on parity in ministerial positions. However, it fully
closes its gender gap in Educational Attainment for the
second year running.
Argentina (34) and Colombia (36) remain the most
gender-equal countries among the Latin America and the
Caribbean region’s large economies. Argentina sees an
increase in gender parity in parliamentarians and in the
share of female legislators, senior officials and managers,
but a decrease in women in ministerial positions. Its gender
gap on Health and Survival remains fully closed. Colombia,
meanwhile, sees a notable increase in women in ministerial
posts, but a fall in perceptions of wage equality for similar
work. It fully closes its gender gap on the Health and
Survival subindex for the first time since 2009. Costa Rica
(41) slips several ranks this year, with gains in gender parity
for legislators, senior officials and managers as well as
women in parliament offset by a declining share of women
in ministerial posts. Similarly, Ecuador (42) continues to
experience a reversal and widening gender gap on women
in parliament and wage equality for similar work, despite
progress on women’s share of legislator, senior official and
manager roles as well as ministerial posts. It also re-opens
its Health and Survival gender gap. By contrast, Panama’s
(43) gender parity perfomance remains stable, with a small
increase on the Political Empowerment subindex that
balances out a modest decrease in perceptions of wage
equality for similar work.
Peru (48) and Uruguay (56) are the Latin America
and the Caribbean region’s two most-improved countries
this year, with each recording a 3% advancement
towards closing their overall gender gap. Uruguay
records good progress on Political Empowerment,
with notable gender parity improvements in ministerial
positions and parliamentarians. Peru, likewise, records
progress on Political Empowerment but also marks
notable improvements on the Economic Participation and
21The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Opportunity subindex for women’s share of estimated
earned income and gender parity in legislators, senior
officials and managers. However, Peru nevertheless retains
one of the wider Health and Survival gender gaps in the
region. Honduras (55) shows progress on gender parity
in legislators, senior officials and managers this year,
overtaking El Salvador (62), while Venezuela (60) records
improvements on the share of female parliamentarians from
a low base. However, it continues to exhibit a gender gap
in enrolment in primary education. Chile (63) climbs seven
ranks, recording its highest ever score measured by the
Global Gender Gap Index, and closes more than 70% of its
overall gender gap for the first time since 2011. It has made
modest but consistent progress across the Economic
Participation and Opportunity dimension, although it
continues to rank among the region’s lower performers
on this subindex. Continued improvement in the political
participation of women is also reflected in one more year of
having a female head of state.
The Dominican Republic (70), Belize (79), and
Suriname (86) see notable progress on closing their
overall gender gaps due to improvements on, respectively,
their Health and Survival, Economic Participation and
Opportunity, and Political Empowerment subindexes.
However, both Mexico (81) and Brazil (90) see reversals
in their progress towards gender parity this year, with
their overall gender gaps standing at their widest point
since 2013 and 2011, respectively. Mexico re-opens
its Health and Survival gender gap and experiences a
decrease in wage equality for similar work. Meanwhile, a
widening of Brazil’s Political Empowerment gender gap
is too large to be counter-balanced by a range of modest
improvements across the country’s Economic Participation
and Opportunity subindex. However, it manages to fully
re-close its Educational Attainment gender gap. Paraguay
(96) and Guatemala (110) make up the bottom ranks in the
Latin America and the Caribbean region.
Middle East and North Africa
The Middle East and North Africa region continues its
progress from last year—closing more than 60% of its
overall gender gap for the second year running. However,
the region continues to rank last globally on the overall
Index, behind South Asia. On Educational Attainment, it
ranks ahead of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, and
on Health and Survival it surpasses East Asia and the
Pacific and South Asia. Still, across the region only one
country has fully closed its gender gap on, respectively,
Educational Attainment and Health and Survival.
In addition to Israel, which maintains a remaining
overall gender gap of 28%, the region’s best-performing
countries this year are Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates
and Bahrain, having closed between 65% and 63% of
their overall gender gaps. The lower end of the regional
table is made up of Syria and Yemen, having closed 57%
and 52% of their gender gap, respectively. The Index’s
estimated earned income scale, revised last year, highlights
that in the region’s high-income countries, as elsewhere,
additional efforts will continue to be required to fully close
the gender gap in income. In addition, the Middle East and
North Africa continues to lag on the Political Empowerment
subindex, with less than 9% of the gender gap closed and
four out of the world’s five lowest-ranking countries on this
subindex belonging to this region.
Of the 17 countries covered by the Index in the region
this year, 11 countries have improved their overall score
compared to last year, while six have regressed.
Israel (44) remains the top performer in the region,
recording modest improvements on the Political
Empowerment subindex this year. It is followed by Tunisia
(117), which climbs several spots on the back of greater
gender parity in ministerial positions and basic literacy. It
also has shown the region’s strongest improvement on the
Health and Survival subindex over the past decade. The
United Arab Emirates (120) sees notable improvements
on gender parity in ministerial positions and wage equality
for similar work, and comes close to fully closing its gender
gap on the Educational Attainment subindex. Bahrain (126)
records a sizeable increase in gender parity in estimated
earned income, which is notable also for demonstrating
the pertinence of the Index’s updated income scale for
fully capturing progress made on this dimension by high-
income countries. Algeria (127) moves down several ranks
due to a widening Political Empowerment gender gap.
On the positive side, the country records improvements
on wage equality for similar work and gender parity in
healthy life expectancy this year. Kuwait (129) sees notable
improvements in gender parity in professional and technical
workers as well as healthy life expectancy. However, it also
records a decline in wage equality for similar work and
women’s share of estimated earned income. It is followed
by Qatar (130), which records notable progress on the
number of women in legislator, senior official and manager
as well as professional and technical roles. It also narrows
its gender gap on the Educational Attainment subindex
and for healthy life expectancy. However, these positive
achievements are outweighed this year by a decline in
wage equality for similar work and on the estimated earned
income indicator, highlighting the full extent of the nation’s
remaining income gender gap.
Meanwhile, Turkey (131) marks progress on closing
its gender gap in legislator, senior official and manager
positions, in addition to professional and technical roles
as well as in enrolment in tertiary, secondary and primary
education. However, it also experiences a widening of the
Political Empowerment gender gap and re-opens its Health
and Survival gender gap for the first time since 2013.
Sitting on the geographic edge of the Middle East and
North Africa region, Mauritania (132) experiences a decline
in wage equality for similar work as well as a decrease in
gender parity when it comes to basic literacy. Similarly,
Egypt (134) records a notable decline in wage equality for
similar work but also an increase in gender parity in tertiary
22 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
enrolment. Next in the regional rankings are Jordan (135),
Morocco (136) and Lebanon (137)—all of which have
made progress on closing their gender gap in labour force
participation, but also see a widening gender gap on the
Political Empowerment subindex.
Saudi Arabia (138) re-closes its gender gap in
enrolment in primary education and sees some progress
in gender parity for professional and technical workers.
However, it also experiences a modest decline in wage
equality for similar work and women’s share of estimated
earned income. It has recorded the region’s largest
improvement on the overall Index over the past decade, as
well as the second-largest relative improvement globally
on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex.
On Educational Attainment, it is the fifth-most improved
country in the world. Iran, Islamic Rep. (140) reverses
some of its recent progress on the Educational Attainment
and Health and Survival gender gaps but maintains stable,
modest progress on the Economic Participation and
Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes—albeit
from a low base. The Middle East and North Africa regional
ranking is completed by Syria (142) and Yemen (144). Both
score in the global bottom three—which is unchanged
from previous years—and have low-performing ranks on
the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex, in
particular.
North America
With a remaining gender gap of 28%, on average, North
America is one of the regions that has made the most
progress towards gender parity overall. However, while
both countries in the region have closed more than 70%
of their overall gender gap, their paths have diverged
markedly since 2015, when the two countries were
practically tied in their performance on closing the gender
gap.
Canada (16) climbs 19 ranks this year, taking the top
spot in the region and breaking into the global top 20 on
the overall Index as well as on the Political Empowerment
subindex. It records improvements on gender parity in
ministerial positions, in particular, but also progress on the
wage equality for similar work indicator. Its gender gap in
Educational Attainment remains fully closed since 2013,
although its Health and Survival gender gap remains open.
It has closed nearly 77% of its overall gender gap, an
increase of 3% since 2015.
The United States (49) moves down four spots
compared to last year. It records some improvement on
the Economic Opportunity and Participation subindex—
in particular due to a smaller gender gap on the wage
equality for similar work indicator—but experiences a
decline on the Political Empowerment subindex, which
stands at its lowest level since 2007, due, in particular,
to a significant decrease in gender parity in ministerial
level positions. More positively, the United States has fully
closed its gender gap in Educational Attainment for a
number of years, highlighting the substantial potential of
the country’s next-generation female workforce. The United
States has closed nearly 72% of its overall gender gap, a
decrease of 2% since 2015.
South Asia
With an average remaining gender gap of 34%, South Asia
is the second-lowest scoring region on this year’s Global
Gender Gap Index, ahead of the Middle East and North
Africa and behind Sub-Saharan Africa. Bangladesh and
the Maldives are the top-ranked countries in the region,
having closed just under 72% and 67% of their overall
gender gap, respectively, while the lowest-ranked countries
are Bhutan and Pakistan, having closed just under 64%
and 55% of their overall gender gap, respectively. Only
one country in the region, Maldives, has fully closed its
Educational Attainment gender gap; and only one country,
Sri Lanka, has fully closed its Health and Survival gender
gap. However, the region is also home to Nepal, one of the
top five climbers over the past decade on the overall Index
and on the Educational Attainment subindex. From a low
base, South Asia has made the fastest progress on closing
its gender gap of any world region.
Of the seven countries from the region included in the
Index this year, three countries have increased their overall
score compared to last year, while four have seen their
scores decrease.
Bangladesh (47) further consolidates its position
as the region’s top performer and climbs several spots
this year, recording progress across all dimensions of
the Economic Opportunity and Participation subindex.
Specifically, the country has improved gender parity
for legislator, senior official and manager as well as
professional and technical roles, in addition to estimated
earned income and wage equality for similar work—despite
a slight widening of its healthy life expectancy gender gap.
The Maldives (106) also records a narrowing of its gender
gap, with progress evident, in particular, on estimated
earned income and across the Political Empowerment
subindex. It has also fully closed its Educational Attainment
gender gap for the first time since 2013.
India (108) experiences a decline in its overall Global
Gender Gap Index ranking, largely attributable to a
widening of its gender gaps in Political Empowerment
as well as in healthy life expectancy and basic literacy.
In addition, newly available data reveals the scale of
India’s gender gap in women’s share among legislators,
senior officials and managers, as well as professional
and technical workers for the first time in recent years,
highlighting that continued efforts will be needed to achieve
parity in Economic Opportunity and Participation. More
positively, India succeeds in fully closing its primary and
secondary education enrolment gender gaps for the
second year running, and, for the first time has nearly
closed its tertiary education gender gap. However, it
continues to rank fourth-lowest in the world on Health and
Survival, remaining the world’s least-improved country
on this subindex over the past decade. Finally, with more
23The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
than 50 years having passed since the inauguration of the
nation’s first female prime minister in 1966, maintaining
its global top 20 ranking on the Political Empowerment
subindex will require India to make progress on this
dimension with a new generation of female political
leadership.
The next-ranked countries are Sri Lanka (109)—which
has widened its gender gap in wage equality for similar
work despite a modest increase in parity in estimated
earned income—and Nepal (111), which closes its gender
gap on enrolment in tertiary education for the first time
and marks notable improvements in women’s share of
estimated earned income, counter-balancing a widening of
its gender gap for women in ministerial positions. Bhutan
(124) sees a widening gender gap across professional and
technical workers, estimated earned income, healthy life
expectancy and basic literacy, partly offset by a notable
increase in parity for legislators, senior officials and
managers. Its Political Empowerment scores remain the
same as last year. Pakistan (143) remains the region’s
lowest-ranked country and second-to-last ranked overall. It
records some progress on closing the basic literacy gender
gap, and on women’s labour force participation, but this
is largely outweighed by reversals on estimated earned
income and a significant re-opening of the country’s
enrolment in tertiary education gender gap according to
the latest data.
Sub-Saharan Africa
With an average remaining gender gap of 32%, the Sub-
Saharan Africa region scores in the lower middle range of
the Global Gender Gap Index, ahead of South Asia and
behind Eastern Europe and Central Asia and Latin America
and the Caribbean. It displays a wider range of gender
gap outcomes than practically any other region. Rwanda
ranks in the top 10 globally. Two countries, Namibia and
South Africa, score in the top 20 and have closed 78% to
76% of their gender gaps; and the region features many
of the lowest-ranked countries in the Index, such as Mali
and Chad, which have not yet closed 60% of their overall
gender gap. This high variance can be explained by high
diversity on the Educational Attainment subindex—much
higher than for any other region—as well as uneven Health
and Survival outcomes. No country from the region has
fully closed both its Educational Attainment and Health
and Survival gender gaps. Botswana and Lesotho have
fully closed their Educational Attainment gender gaps and
seven others—Namibia, Swaziland, South Africa, Mauritius,
Rwanda, Kenya and Burundi—have fully closed their Health
and Survival gender gaps.
Globally, Sub-Saharan Africa continues to rank last
on the Educational Attainment subindex. Whereas 15
countries from the region have fully closed their gender
gap for primary education, 14 have closed it for secondary
education and only seven for tertiary education. Four
of the 10 lowest-ranked countries on the literacy rate
indicator are from the region. On Health and Survival,
the region has improved more than any other over the
past decade. The region is characterized by high female
labour force participation—with nine countries from Sub-
Saharan Africa in the global top 20 on this indicator, and
Mozambique, Burundi, Malawi and Rwanda demonstrating
a higher representation of women in the labour force than
men—which translates into a high regional average on the
Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex.
Of the 30 countries from the region covered by the
Index this year, 13 have increased their overall score
compared to last year, while 17 have seen decreasing
scores.
Rwanda (4) consolidates its position as the region’s
top performer, and the only country from the region ranked
in the global top 10. Namibia (13) overtakes Burundi
(22) to place second in the region, due to its progress on
women’s share of estimated earned income and Political
Empowerment, as well as the latter’s significant widening
of the gender gap on Educational Attainment and women
in ministerial positions. The region’s representation in
the global Index top 20 is completed by South Africa
(19), which records an increase in the share of female
legislators, senior officials and managers, but also
experiences a widening gender gap for wage equality
for similar work as well as estimated earned income.
Mozambique (29) moves down several ranks, with a
widening gender gaps in basic literacy and women’s
representation in ministerial roles. More positively, it makes
progress towards fully closing its Health and Survival
gender gap. The next-ranked country in the region is
Uganda (45), which climbs several ranks to its highest-
ever score on the back of notable increases in women’s
share of estimated earned income and on the Political
Empowerment subindex. However, the country sees
progress slip on enrolment in secondary education and
basic literacy.
Botswana (46) and Zimbabwe (50) see progress on
women in ministerial positions and enrolment in tertiary
education. Both have regressed slightly, however, on
women’s share of estimated earned income. They are
then followed by a cluster of countries that score in the
middle range of the region—and of the Index overall—but
which have seen their gender gaps somewhat widen this
year: Tanzania (68), Ghana (72), Lesotho (73), Kenya
(76), Madagascar (80), Cape Verde (89) and Malawi
(101). These widening gender gaps are concentrated in a
few specific areas: women’s share of ministerial positions,
which has decreased in all countries in the group except
Malawi; basic literacy, regressing in all except Lesotho; and
women’s share in estimated earned income, which has
declined in all except Cape Verde. Despite these negative
trends, some localized progress is also evident, notably on
wage equality and gender parity in healthy life expectancy,
both of which see increases in Cape Verde, Kenya and
Madagascar in particular. Most countries in this group have
24 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
also recorded steady improvements on the Educational
Attainment subindex over recent years.
The next regional cluster of countries features a
number of West African nations, including Cameroon
(87), Senegal (91), Liberia (107), Guinea (113) and Benin
(116), all of which have recorded some progress on closing
their gender gap this year. Improvements in this group
are concentrated in women’s estimated earned income,
healthy life expectancy and across the Educational
Attainment subindex. They are followed by Swaziland
(105), Mauritius (112)—whose progress towards gender
parity continues to be reflected by a female head of state
and improvements on the Economic Participation and
Opportunity subindex—and Ethiopia (115), which this year
sees a widening of its gender gap in basic literacy and
primary enrolment, despite continued progress towards
fully closing its secondary enrolment gender gap. Next in
the rankings are The Gambia (119), Burkina Faso (121)
and Angola (123).
Nigeria (122) makes notable progress towards
closing its gender gaps in women’s estimated earned
income, enrolment in secondary education, healthy life
expectancy and wage equality for similar work. However,
these achievements are outweighed by a decline in women
in ministerial positions and reversals on the Educational
Attainment subindex. The Sub-Saharan Africa regional
table is completed by bottom-ranked Côte d’Ivoire
(133), Mali (139) and Chad (141), which this year moves
down one rank due to falling progress on the Educational
Attainment subindex.
Western Europe
With an average gender gap of 25%, Western Europe
remains the highest performing region in the Index in
2017. However, it is also one of the regions with the widest
performance variation, seeing progress stall or even
reverse across a number of countries this year. Western
Europe is home to four of the top five countries in the
Index—Iceland, Norway, Finland and Sweden—highlighting
the continued progress of the Nordic countries in closing
their overall gender gaps. At the bottom ranks of the
region, four countries have a remaining gender gap of more
than 30%: Greece, Italy, Cyprus and Malta. No country in
the region has managed to fully close both its Educational
Attainment and its Health and Survival gender gaps this
year.
Out of the 20 countries in the region covered by the
Index this year, nine have improved their overall score over
last year, while 11 have seen it decrease.
Iceland (1), Norway (2), Finland (3) and Sweden (5)
defend their top five positions in the Index on the back of
their world-leading positions on the Political Empowerment
subindex and continued strong performance on the
Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex.
However, the Index’s estimated earned income scale,
revised last year, reveals that in the Nordic countries, as
elsewhere, additional efforts will continue to be required to
fully close the gender gap in income. Ireland (8) likewise
maintains its global top 10 position, despite some reversal
of progress in political representation. France (11) records
notable improvements this year—particularly with regard
to Political Empowerment and increased gender parity
in the composition of the nation’s parliamentarians—and
rises six spots, placing the country just outside the overall
Index top 10. It also narrows its gender gap in the share
of female legislators, senior officials and managers, as
well as in women’s estimated earned income and—at just
under 78% of its overall gender gap closed—achieves its
highest-ever score measured by the Index. France’s score
is practically tied with next-placed Germany (12), which
sees a noteworthy improvement in wage equality for similar
work and some progress towards re-closing its gender gap
in tertiary education enrolment. However, its gender gap
in Educational Attainment remains open and the country
ranks last in the Western Europe region in this category.
Denmark (14) and the United Kingdom (15) both
climb several ranks and complete this year’s representation
of the region in the global Index top 20, with notable
progress on Political Empowerment and women in
ministerial positions, in particular. Switzerland (21) sees
some reversal of its previous progress and moves down
several ranks. Although the immediate reason for this is
a widening gender gap on the Political Empowerment
subindex—due to a smaller share of women in ministerial
positions as well as a falling share of women in professional
and technical roles—as a longer-term trend, the country’s
progress has recently not fully kept pace with that of
the region’s other top performers on the Economic
Participation and Opportunity subindex. More positively,
Switzerland does record a modest positive increase on the
wage equality for similar work indicator.
Spain (24), Belgium (31), The Netherlands (32) and
Portugal (33) rank in the middle of the Western Europe
G20
Currently, among the G20 group of countries, France (11) is
the nation with the highest progress towards gender parity,
followed by Germany (12), the United Kingdom (15), Canada
(16), South Africa (19) and Argentina (34). Saudi Arabia
(138), Turkey (131) and Korea, Rep. (118) make up the lower
ranks of the group. With an (unweighted) group average score
of for the G20 as a whole, eight of the G20 countries
have closed between 80% and 70% of their overall gender
gap, 10 score in the 70% to 60% range and one country has
yet to close more than 60% of its gap. The G20 continues to
place efforts to promote gender parity high on its agendas,
including, most recently, a commitment to reduce the labour
force participation gender gap by 25% by 2025 (“25 by 25”).12
25The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
region. The two countries on the Iberian peninsula record
progress on the Economic Participation and Opportunity
subindex despite regressing slightly on the gender gap in
healthy life expectancy, while the two Benelux countries
move down several spots due to widening gender gaps
in Political Empowerment and wage equality for similar
work. Austria (57) and Luxembourg (59) experience
a widening gender gap in women’s estimated earned
income, women’s share of professional and technical roles
and women’s representation in ministerial roles this year.
Greece (78) moves up several spots due to improvements
in wage equality for similar work and women’s share of
estimated earned income, while Italy (82) sees a drop in
wage equality for similar work and women in ministerial
roles, and widens its gender gap to more than 30% for
the first time since 2014. The Western Europe regional
table is completed by Cyprus (92) and Malta (93), the
latter of which this year sees solid improvements across
the Educational Attainment subindex and fully closes this
gender gap.
Progress over time
With the economic and business case for gender parity
becoming ever clearer, there is an urgent need for reliable
metrics to capture the progress achieved over time. Since
2006, the Global Gender Gap Report has served as just
such a global benchmark for tracking progress in closing
gender gaps. Each year, the rate of change helps predict
the projected time to closing the divide between women
and men’s parity in employment, education, health and
politics.
Figure 6 charts the evolution of the Global Gender
Gap Index and its subindexes since the Report’s first
edition in 2006. All things held equal, with current trends,
the overall global gender gap can be closed in exactly 100
years across the 106 countries covered since the inception
of the Report, compared to 83 years last year, which—
while similarly unsatisfactory—would, at a minimum, have
been just within the statistical lifetime of baby girls born
today. Some of the most challenging gender gaps remain
in the economic sphere. At the current rate of change,
and given the continued widening of the economic gender
gap already observed last year, it will now not be closed
for another 217 years. This year, the economic gender
gap has reverted back to where it stood in 2008, after
a peak in 2013. On the other hand, on current trends,
the education–specific gender gap could be reduced to
parity within the next 13 years. The widest gender gap,
in the political dimension, is also the one exhibiting the
most progress, narrowing by 9% since 2006, despite a
slowdown in progress this year. On current trends, it could
be closed within 99 years. The time to close the health
gender gap remains undefined. Formally the smallest gap,
it has oscillated in size with a general downward trend.
Today, the gap is larger than it stood in 2006, in part due
to specific issues in selected large countries, in particular
China and India.
Figure 7 (page 26) tracks the evolution of the overall
Index since 2006 by geographic region. It highlights the
local progress towards gender parity made over the past
decade in regions such as Western Europe, South Asia,
Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean.
While all regions have recorded a narrower gender gap
than they did 11 years ago, Figure 7 nevertheless also
reveals that more efforts will continue to be needed in
all world regions to accelerate progress. All things held
equal, with current rates of progress, the overall global
gender gap can be closed in 61 years in Western Europe,
62 years in South Asia, 79 years in Latin America and the
Caribbean, 102 years in Sub-Saharan Africa, 128 years in
Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 157 years in the Middle
East and North Africa, 161 years in East Asia and the
Pacific, and 168 years in North America. None of these
forecasts are foregone conclusions. Instead they reflect the
current state of progress and serve as a call to action to
Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2017.
Note: Covers the 106 countries which have consistently been featured in the
Index since 2006.
Figure 6: Global Gender Gap Index and subindexes
evolution, 2006–2017
20162015201420132012201120102009200820072006
Educational Attainment subindex
Global Gender Gap Index
Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex
Political Empowerment subindex
Health and Survival subindex
2017
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–1
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26 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
policymakers and other stakeholders to accelerate gender
equality.
Gender gaps and income
The lower part of Figure 5 (page 19) shows the range of
scores for the overall Global Gender Gap Index by income
group (Table A2 in Appendix A details the income group
categories used). Population-weighted group averages are
indicated by a blue diamond. High-income countries have
the highest average score (72%), followed by low-income
countries (68%), upper-middle income countries (68%) and,
finally, lower-middle income countries (67%). However, as
revealed in Figure 5, there is a wide variety of gender gap
outcomes within each income group.
In 2017, out of the 46 countries in the high-income
group covered by the Index, five have closed more than
80% of their overall gender gap, 26 have closed between
80% and 70% of their gender gap, 14 have closed between
70% and 60%, and one country is yet to cross the 60%
threshold. Among the 40 countries in the upper-middle
income group, 21 have closed between 80% and 70% of
their gender gap, 17 have closed between 70% and 60%,
with two countries having closed less than 60%. In the
lower-middle income group, out of 40 countries, one has
closed more than 80% of its gender gap, nine have closed
between 80% and 70%, 26 have closed between 70% and
60%, and four countries have not yet reached 60%. Finally,
among the low-income group, out of 18 countries, one has
crossed the 80% threshold, five have closed between 80%
and 70% of their gender gap, ten have closed between
70% and 60%, and two countries are yet to close 60% or
more of their gender gap.
Importantly, while the above does suggest a
relationship between gender parity and gross national
income—with a growing body of research and evidence
strongly suggesting that gender parity can become a key
driver of prosperity and national income growth (see next
section and Figure 9 on page 28)—the Index finds little
evidence that a high GNI is in any way a prerequisite to
making progress on gender parity.
Figure 8 (page 27) deconstructs the economic gender
gap into two of its core aspects, wage parity and labour
market participation. Within those dimensions it is evident
that there are countries that exhibit more or less parity
in every income bracket, yet there are varying trends by
income group. First, low-income countries are distinctly
more likely to exhibit high labour market participation
among women. On average, low-income countries have
closed 92% of their labour market participation gender
gaps. By contrast, lower-middle income countries such
as Egypt, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Guatemala and
Indonesia have, on average, closed only 67% of their
labour market participation gender gaps. That figure rises
to 75% for upper-middle income countries and onto 78%
for high-income countries. Second, wage parity varies
within a smaller range by income group, with wage gaps
that are on average wider for low-income countries and
high-income countries—with respective average wage
gaps of 21% and 19%—than for middle income countries,
with wage gaps of, on average, 16%. Finally, there are
countries that have achieved high wage parity and high
labour market participation parity simultaneously among all
income groups, such as Lithuania, Botswana, Vietnam and
Liberia.
The case for gender parity
There is a clear values-based case for promoting gender
parity: women are one-half of the world’s population and
deserve equal access to health, education, economic
participation and earning potential, and political decision-
making power. However, it is pertinent to note that gender
parity is also fundamental to whether and how economies
and societies thrive. Ensuring the healthy development and
appropriate use of half of the world’s total talent pool has
Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2017.
Note: Covers the 106 countries which have consistently been featured in the
Index since 2006.
n Global Weighted Average
n East Asia and the Pacific n North America
n Eastern Europe and Central Asia n South Asia
n Latin America and the Caribbean n Sub-Saharan Africa
n Middle East and North Africa n Western Europe
Figure 7: Global Gender Gap Index and subindexes
evolution, 2006–2017, by region
20162015201420132012201120102009200820072006 2017
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)
27The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
a vast bearing on the growth, competitiveness and future-
readiness of economies and businesses worldwide.
A variety of models and empirical studies have
suggested that improving gender parity may result in
significant economic dividends, which vary depending
on the situation of different economies and the specific
challenges they are facing. Notable recent estimates
suggest that economic gender parity could add an
additional US$250 billion to the GDP of the United
Kingdom, US$1,750 billion to that of the United States,
US$550 billion to Japan’s, US$320 billion to France’s and
US$310 billion to the GDP of Other recent
estimates suggest that China could see a US$ trillion
GDP increase from gender parity14 and that the world as
a whole could increase global GDP by US$ trillion by
2025 if it closed its gender gap in economic participation
by “just” 25% over the same
Given associated government revenue shares in GDP,
the latter achievement would also unlock an additional
US$ trillion in global tax revenue, most of it (US$940
billion) in emerging economies, suggesting the potential
self-financing effects of additional public investment into
closing global gender Indeed, compared to general
public investment into labour market and education
programmes, targeted gender equality promotion has been
found to create a particularly strong impact on GDP. For
example, targeted efforts to improve gender parity in the
European Union could lead to an EU-wide GDP increase
of between to %, compared to an estimated %
increase in EU-wide GDP from an equivalent untargeted
public investment in improvements in general educational
attainment across member
Conversely, limiting women’s access to labour markets
is costly, as poor female labour force participation hampers
economic As a region, East Asia and the Pacific
reportedly loses between US$42 billion and US$47 billion
annually due to women’s limited access to employment
Research by the World Bank demonstrates
that similar restrictions have also imposed sizable costs
throughout the Middle East and North Africa20 as well as
Sub-Saharan
This evident relationship between economic outcomes
and gender parity and, in particular, the growing evidence
of the positive effect of increasing gender parity on national
income, is illustrated in Figure 9 (page 28) on the basis of
the Global Gender Gap Index. The method of calculating
the Global Gender Gap Index is unique in eliminating the
direct impact of absolute levels of any of its constituent
variables so that, as a result, any relationship to relative
wealth of any of the economies covered by the Index is
endogenous to the dynamics of closing the global gender
gap.
As detailed in the previous section of the Report,
the Global Gender Gap Index takes into account four
critical dimensions when measuring the gaps between
women and men’s access to resources and opportunities:
economic participation, education, health and politics.
Across these four different dimensions we see a number
of positive interdependencies as well as knock-on and
multiplier effects that highlight the multi-faceted nature of
the benefits of increased gender parity.
For example, increased gender parity in education
lowers infant and child mortality rates, lowers maternal
mortality rates, increases labour force participation rates
and earnings, and fosters further educational investment
Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2017.
Note: Female-over-male ratios.
Figure 8: Relationship between wage parity and women's labour market participation, by income group
Labour market participation
W
ag
e
p
ar
ity
MEAN
Saudi Arabia
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
Venezuela United States
United Kingdom
Liberia
Botswana
Vietnam
Low wage parity for women,
low labour market participation
High wage parity for women,
low labour market participation
Low wage parity for women,
high labour market participation
High wage parity for women,
high labour market participation
M
E
A
N
l High income l Upper-middle income l Lower-middle income l Low income
28 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
in children. The World Bank finds, based on a sample of a
wide range of developing countries, that investing in girls
so that they would complete education at the same rate as
boys would lead to lifetime earnings increases of today’s
cohort of girls of between 54% to 68% of countries’ GDP,
equivalent to an increase in annual GDP growth rates of
about %.22 Conversely, girls’ exclusion from education
considerably hinders the productive potential of an
economy and its overall development. In the East Asia and
the Pacific region, specifically, it has been estimated that
between US$16 billion to US$30 billion is lost annually as a
result of gender gaps in Similar to investments
in education, investing in health—and specifically in
maternal, newborn and child health—has a significant
multiplier
In the political sphere, women’s engagement in public
life has a positive impact on inequality across society at
large. The issues that women advocate, prioritize and
invest in have broad societal implications, touching on
family life, education and health. Women’s engagement
in public life fosters greater credibility in institutions, and
heightened democratic In addition, there is
a range of evidence—including findings by our Index (see
Figure 10 on page 29)—to suggest that women’s political
leadership and wider economic participation are correlated.
U
S
$1,005 > low
incom
e
U
S
$3,955 > low
er-m
iddle incom
e
U
S
$12,235 > upper-m
iddle incom
e
U
S
$12,236 < high incom
e
10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,0000 110,
Nicaragua
Saudi Arabia
Qatar
Norway
Iceland
United States
Korea, Rep. Japan
India
Germany
Australia
Bangladesh
Bulgaria
Argentina
United Kingdom
FranceSlovenia
Ethiopia
Pakistan
Turkey
Chile
China
South Africa
Philippines
Poland
Lithuania
Rwanda
Low gender parity,
low GNI
High gender parity,
low GNI
High gender parity,
high GNI
Low gender parity,
high GNI
GNI per capita (US$), Atlas method
S
co
re
(0
.0
–1
.0
s
ca
le
)
Figure 9: Relationship between GNI per capita and the Global Gender Gap Index 2017
Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2017 and World Bank.
Income group
category
29The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Across all countries, making full use of women’s
capabilities paves the way to optimizing a nation’s human
capital potential. This is evidenced in the strong relationship
between the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender
Gap Index and Global Human Capital Index, presented
in Figure 11. In other words, top performers in the Global
Human Capital Index have succeeded in maximizing the
development and deployment of their nation’s talent by
also narrowing their gender gaps.
Women’s participation in the formal economy, or
lack thereof, is also a business issue—costing women,
companies and, ultimately, entire economies. Female talent
remains one of the most under-utilized business resources,
either squandered through lack of progression or untapped
from the onset. Business leaders and governments
increasingly note that tackling barriers to equality can
unlock new opportunities for growth. In the World
Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Survey, 42% of business
leaders perceived addressing gender parity in their
company as a matter of fairness and equality; yet more
than a fifth of those surveyed also highlighted rationales
closer to their core business: reflecting the changing
gender composition of their customer base as well as
enhancing corporate decision-making and innovation.
The combined impact of growing gender parity, a
new middle class in emerging markets and women’s
Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2017.
Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex score (– scale)
P
o
lit
ic
al
E
m
p
o
w
er
m
en
t
su
b
in
d
ex
s
co
re
(0
.0
–1
.0
s
ca
le
)
Australia
Bangladesh
Bolivia Canada
China
Egypt
Ethiopia
Finland
France Germany
Ghana
Iceland
India
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Ireland
Japan
Mexico
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Norway
Pakistan
Poland
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Slovenia
South Africa
Switzerland
Thailand
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Figure 10: Relationship between Political Empowerment subindex and Economic Participation and
Opportunity subindex, 2017
Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2017 and Global Human Capital Index 2017.
Global Human Capital Index score (0–100 scale)
G
lo
b
al
G
en
d
er
G
ap
In
d
ex
sc
o
re
(0
.0
–1
.0
s
ca
le
)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Finland
Iceland
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Japan
Pakistan
Philippines
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
South Africa Switzerland
MEAN
M
E
A
N
Large gender gap, low human capital
Small gender gap, low human capital
Large gender gap, high human capital
Small gender gap, high human capital
Figure 11: Global Gender Gap Index 2017 vs. Global Human Capital Index 2017
30 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
spending priorities is expected to lead to rising household
savings rates and shifting spending patterns, affecting
sectors such as food, healthcare, education, childcare,
apparel, consumer durables and financial With
women controlling 65% of global household spending and
estimated global consumer spending of currently US$40
trillion27 there are large potential benefits for companies
with employees who can understand diverse customer
bases.
Additionally, the global economy is currently in
transition to a Fourth Industrial In such
a highly interconnected and rapidly changing world,
diversity is critical to informed corporate decision-making
and business When it comes to leadership
positions, companies with top quartile representation of
women in executive committees have been shown to
perform better than companies with no women at the
top—by some estimates as much as a 47% premium on
average return on Links also exist between having
more women directors and corporate sustainability, as well
as with economic growth, since more diverse leadership
teams can cater to a broader array of stakeholder needs
and Unlocking these benefits requires focused
action to address the underlying causes of persistent
gender gaps in a systemic way.
Closing occupational
gender gaps
The Global Gender Gap Index holds more than a decade
of time series data on the evolution of the global gender
gap. At an indicator level, three of the Index’s data points,
in particular, put into context the current stagnation of
progress towards closing the economic gender gap.
First, global labour force participation has been in decline
globally for both men and women—but this decline has
been particularly accentuated for women. Second, in
absolute terms, earned incomes of both men and women
have been increasing, but this upward trend has been
steeper for men than for women, suggesting that the
growth in prosperity is not equitably distributed along
gender lines. Third, women’s share among senior positions
both in the public sector and in business is not trending
towards equal representation, standing at less than half
way towards parity. Currently, only 22% of individuals
holding senior managerial positions are women (see
Figure 12).
These trends observed by the Global Gender
Gap Index over the past years point to a continued
under-use of the ever-increasing numbers of educated
women (see Figure 13 on page 31). While much of this
imbalance is explained by the discrepancy in caregiving
and unpaid work, institutional and policy inertia, outdated
organizational structures and discrimination, one additional
explanatory factor is the skills differentials in the types of
degrees women and men seek out in their education. Do
these choices prepare women adequately for prospering
in the labour market to the same extent as their male
counterparts? In exploring this question, a number of
recent studies—and controversies—have focused on the
question of potential behavioural and cognitive differences
between men and women. However, rigorous research has
cast doubt on interpreting such differences as ‘natural’ or
‘hard-wired’. For example, analysis points to wide variation
in mathematical skills outcomes across both individuals
Source: Global Gender Gap Index, 2006–17 editions.
Note: Dashed lines indicate gender gap.
Economically active
men and women (%)
Estimated earned income
(US$, thousands)
Legislators,
senior officials and managers (%)
20172015201320112009
0
20
40
60
80
100
20172015201320112009
0
5
10
15
20
25
20172015201320112009
0
20
40
60
80
100
Figure 12: Global Gender Gap Index evolution, selected indicators, 2006–2017
— Male — Female — Parity
31The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
and economies and to the strong influence of socio-cultural
factors in producing gender-based skills
In particular, in a wide range of economies, a variety of
social circumstances limit girls’ and women’s access to
technology and therefore their ability to gain proficiency in
its use. These range from lower participation in the labour
market—and therefore less opportunities to learn on the
job—to lower access to technology in the Finally,
there is evidence that, when women do have the relevant
mathematical and technology skills, unconscious biases
can influence their peers’ recognition of their
Given these contributing factors, instances of
occupational gender imbalances reflect, on the one hand,
the societal expectations and role models that contribute
to educational and field of study choices young girls and
boys make when they embark upon acquiring foundational
competencies and, on the other hand, women and men’s
career planning trajectories as well as the dynamics of
hiring imbalances across industries. As students transition
from education to work—and into occupations with
distinctive cultures, skill sets, languages, practices and
values—the availability or otherwise of opportunities for
learning on the job enhances or inhibits women and men’s
opportunities to further develop the relevant skills for
success in their
As shown in Figure 14 (on page 32, globally, women
that are employed are more likely to be educated to an
intermediate (secondary) or advanced (tertiary) level.
Although gender does not statistically affect the overall
diversity of educational fields studied, there are notable
imbalances in the specific fields of study in which men
and women tend to specialize. In particular, on average,
men tend to be underrepresented in the Education as
well as Health and Welfare fields, whereas women, on
average, tend to be underrepresented in the Engineering,
Manufacturing and Construction as well as Information,
Communication and Technology fields (see Figure 14 on
page 32). However, such field of study imbalances are
nevertheless insufficient in size to fully account for the
gender gaps observed in particular industries that strongly
rely on hiring talent from certain specific fields of study.
To further explore this issue, the World Economic
Forum’s analysis, conducted as one part of a broader
research partnership with LinkedIn, illustrates the
discrepancy between the overall gender distributions of
particular fields of study among all LinkedIn members
compared to the typical gender distributions of LinkedIn
members with those fields of study actually employed in a
variety of industries (see Figure 15 on page 33). If we take
the example of computer science graduates, industries
which already exhibit stronger gender parity, such as
Corporate Services, draw a larger-than-average proportion
of the female talent pool, while industries which exhibit
weaker gender parity, such as Manufacturing, draw a
smaller-than-average proportion of the female talent pool.
While, on average, women make up 23% of all LinkedIn
members with computer science degrees, among LinkedIn
members working in Corporate Services they make up
32% of computer science degree holders in the industry.
By contrast, in Manufacturing they make up only 16%.
These trends suggest a two-pronged approach for
advancing progress towards closing economic gender
gaps. First, at the level of foundational education, there
is a need to re-balance degree specialization choices.
Second, within the workplace, there is a need to avoid
further exacerbating occupational imbalances through
Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2017.
Note: The y-axis has been truncated to enhance readability.
Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex score (– scale)
E
d
uc
at
io
na
l A
tt
ai
nm
en
t
su
b
in
d
ex
s
co
re
(0
.0
–1
.0
s
ca
le
)
Large economic gender gap,
large education gender gap
Large economic gender gap,
small education gender gap
Small economic gender gap,
large education gender gap
Small economic gender gap,
small education gender gap
MEAN
M
E
A
N
Bangladesh
Botswana
Brazil
Chad
Chile
China
Egypt
Ghana
India
Iran, Islamic Rep.
KenyaKorea, Rep.
NigeriaPakistan
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Sweden
Turkey
United Arab Emirates United States
Yemen
Figure 13: Relationship between Educational Attainment subindex and Economic Participation and
Opportunity subindex, 2017
32 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
gender-biased hiring and workplace practices that lead
to a low rate of female applicants and a high rate of exit
among female talent in certain industries. For example,
across European Union countries, only 20% of women
aged 30 and over who hold ICT-related degrees decide
to stay in the technology industry,36 with research on
women’s motives for leaving STEM jobs pointing to the
effects of workplace
Existing research on national-level gender-based
wage distributions has also pointed to a tendency
towards lower pay for occupations that have historically
developed as predominantly female. For example, in US-
specific longitudinal research on wage effects, gender-
based differences in occupational wage gaps persisted
throughout increases in women’s educational participation
and labour market Put another way, these
studies have found that when women enter a profession in
large numbers, the pay-related benefits of participating in
the profession Accordingly, in such situations,
fair returns to skills and the availability of deeper talent
pools are undermined by existing cultural biases. Further,
at either end of the pay spectrum, the industries historically
most affected by occupational gender imbalances—the
education, care, non-profit and the emerging technology
sectors—are losing out. In fact, there is ample evidence
that recognizing and better remunerating work in the care
economy could produce significant benefits to economies,
societies and Similarly, the technology sector
is already experiencing significant talent bottlenecks.
The World Economic Forum’s research partnership
with LinkedIn provides innovative data and a unique view
of progress towards gender parity achieved in various
industries to date. Our analysis reveals the growth of
female industry talent pools over the past decade as well
as industries’ propensity to hire women—at both entry
and senior leadership levels (positions at director level
and above)—and the hiring biases that may be implied by
examining gender gaps represented in the
Based on an analysis of LinkedIn membership from
more than 100 countries and 12 selected industries,42
over the past decade, the proportion of female hiring
has increased across all selected industries—as has the
tendency to hire women into senior leadership positions.
Nevertheless, female leadership representation remains
below 50% in all industries, often significantly so, and every
industry exhibits a leadership gender gap. Over the past 10
years all industries have seen increases in the female share
of their potential talent pool. However, across industries
such as Manufacturing as well as Energy and Mining,
modest gains in hiring do not match current untapped
opportunities. The largest gaps are found in the STEM
fields: Software and IT Services, Manufacturing and Energy
and Mining. While industries such as Energy and Mining
have seen comparatively little progress, others—such as
Software and IT Services—have made significant progress
from a low base.
In Healthcare, Education, Non-profits, Legal, Public
Administration and Media and Communications the
proportion of women in the industry stands at or exceeds
50%. Of these sectors, Healthcare, Education and Non-
profits employ more women than men, exhibiting a
reverse gender gap. However, that reverse gender gap
does not equate to parity when it comes to hiring women
into leadership positions. Among these sectors, the only
one currently trending towards full parity is Non-profits.
Whereas over the past 10 years, Public Administration
has seen strong growth in the hiring of women (+%),
the Education sector has stagnated at the 40% leadership
hiring mark.
We illustrate the talent profiles by gender for a range of
key industries in Figure 16, on page 34, and Figure 17, on
page 35, to highlight opportunities for further developing
Source: World Economic Forum calculation; data from ILOSTAT, UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Note: Global average, unweighted by population.
Figure 14: Employee educational attainment by level, field of study and gender (%)
Agricultural Sciences, Forestry
Services
Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics
Health and Welfare
Information, Communication and Technology
Humanities and Arts
Social Sciences, Journalism and Information
Education
Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction
Business, Administration and Law
Field of study, recent graduates
Advanced
Intermediate
Basic
Level of education held by employees
Male n n Female
33The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
the talent pipeline across industries. For example, more
men embarking on education-related fields of study
could help re-balance occupational gender gaps in the
Education sector. Similarly, across most industries, gender
parity could be advanced by including more women with
Business, Administration and Law degrees. While a lack of
parity in Engineering and ICT-related degrees contributes
to the gender gap across all industries (even in Non-profits,
men with ICT-specializations outnumber women), these
gaps appear in somewhat different quantities, suggesting
a need for a more nuanced discussion on gender gaps in
STEM.
Comparing hiring trends to the presence of preferred
talent for that industry highlights that talent shortages are
unlikely to be the only factor holding back progress in low-
parity industries. Although some divergences in graduates’
field of study specializations account for a portion of this
variation, overall, the divergence in fields of study between
men and women is more limited than the dispersion that
is evident in industries that exhibit low gender parity.
Furthermore, the World Economic Forum’s research
collaboration with LinkedIn has shown a strong correlation
between industries with strong female representation in
leadership and hiring for women, furthering the hypothesis
that talent shortages are far from the only factor holding
back progress in low-parity industries.
Despite a large and growing number of businesses
taking proactive company-level action to address
occupational gender imbalances, progression and
leadership gaps, unconscious biases and systemic efforts
focused on driving change at the industry or country
level through public-private collaboration remain scarce.
Analyses of local barriers to female economic participation
across industries, constructive dialogue, shared objectives
Source: LinkedIn.
Note: Percentage point difference between share of all female LinkedIn members holding degrees in each field of study and those employed in stated industry. Top 5
degrees for each industry.
Figure 15: Industry under-representation of women relative to overall talent pool, by field of study
Science (Healthcare)
Sociology (Non-profit)
Business Management and Administration (Non-profit)
Business Management and Administration (Education)
Computer Science (Non-profit)
Journalism, Media and Communication (Media & Communications)
Economics (Media & Communications)
Business Management and Administration (Media & Communications)
Computer Science (Corporate Services)
Computer Science (Education)
Business Management and Administration (Healthcare)
Sociology (Legal)
Business Management and Administration (Public Administration)
Education (Education)
Psychology (Non-profit)
Business Management and Administration (Corporate Services)
Computer Science (Media & Communications)
Language and Literature (Media & Communications)
Education (Non-profit)
Psychology (Healthcare)
Economics (Corporate Services)
Economics (Public Administration)
Life Science (Education)
Business Management and Administration (Legal)
Education (Real Estate)
Political Science (Public Administration)
Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Software & IT Services)
Psychology (Education)
Law (Public Administration)
Public Affairs (Public Administration)
Computer Science (Finance)
Psychology (Corporate Services)
Political Science (Legal)
Life Science (Healthcare)
Law (Legal)
Law (Corporate Services)
Business Management and Administration (Real Estate)
Mechanical Engineering (Manufacturing)
Law (Real Estate)
Mathematics (Finance)
Health Science (Healthcare)
Mechanical Engineering (Energy & Mining)
Computer Science (Software & IT Services)
Language and Literature (Legal)
Civil Engineering (Real Estate)
Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Manufacturing)
Computer Science (Energy & Mining)
Law (Finance)
Industrial Engineering and Management Science (Manufacturing)
Economics (Finance)
Chemical Engineering (Energy & Mining)
Business Management and Administration (Finance)
Computer Science (Manufacturing)
Economics (Real Estate)
Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Energy & Mining)
Mathematics (Software & IT Services)
Business Management and Administration (Energy & Mining)
Business Management and Administration (Software & IT Services)
Business Management and Administration (Manufacturing)
Science (Software & IT Services)
Field of study (industry)
–20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15 20
Percentage difference
34 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Software & IT Services (+)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Real Estate (+)
Public Administration (+)
Non-profit (+)
Media & Communications (+)
Manufacturing (+)
Legal (+)
Health Care (+)
Finance (+)
Energy & Mining (+)
Education (+)
Corporate Services (+)
2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 2007
Software & IT Services (+)
Real Estate (+)
Public Administration (+)
Non-profit (+)
Media & Communications (+)
Legal (+)
Manufacturing (+)
Health Care (+)
Finance (+)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Energy & Mining (+)
Education (+)
Corporate Services (+)
2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 2007
Evolution of hiring of female talent, all roles, by industry,
2007–17
Manufacturing
Energy & Mining
Software & IT Services
Finance
Real Estate
Corporate Services
Media & Communications
Public Administration
Legal
Non-profit
Education
Health Care 61%
59%
57%
50%
50%
50%
46%
45%
41%
27%
25%
23%
Software & IT Services (+)
Real Estate (+)
Public Administration (+)
Non-profit (+)
Media & Communications (+)
Manufacturing (+)
Legal (+)
Health Care (+)
Finance (+)
Energy & Mining (+)
Education (+)
Corporate Services (+)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 2007
Female share of employment, by industry
Evolution of female share of core talent pool (graduates of
top 5 preferred degrees), by industry, 2007–17
Evolution of hiring of female talent, leadership roles,
by industry, 2007–17
Figure 16: Share and evolution of female hires, various industries
Source: LinkedIn.
35The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Figure 17: Distribution of tertiary-educated female and male talent (top 5 preferred degrees and all others),
by industry
Education
n Business management and administration n Computer science
n Education n Life science n Psychology n Other
n Business management and administration n Computer science
n Economics n Journalism, media and communication
n Language and literature n Other
Male
Female
Male
Female
Media & Communications
Energy & Mining Non-profit
n Business management and administration n Chemical engineering
n Computer science n Electrical and electronic engineering
n Mechanical engineering n Other
n Business management and administration n Computer science
n Education n Psychology n Sociology n Other
Male
Female
Male
Female
Public Administration Finance
n Business management and administration n Computer science
n Economics n Law n Mathematics n Other
n Business management and administration n Economics
n Law n Political science n Public affairs n Other
Male
Female
Male
Female
Health Care Real Estate
n Business management and administration n Health science
n Life science n Psychology n Science n Other
n Business management and administration n Civil engineering
n Economics n Education n Law n Other
Male
Female
Male
Female
Corporate Services
n Business management and administration n Computer science
n Economics n Law n Psychology n Other
n Business management and administration n Computer science
n Electrical and electronic engineering
n Industrial engineering and management science
n Mechanical engineering n Other
Male
Female
Male
Female
Manufacturing
Legal Software & IT Services
n Business management and administration n Language and literature
n Law n Political science n Sociology n Other
n Business management and administration n Computer science
n Electrical and electronic engineering n Mathematics n Science n Other
Male
Female
Male
Female
Source: LinkedIn.
36 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
and unified action are rare in many countries, and a
scarcity of cross-industry collaboration denies companies
the benefits of shared learning and opportunities to pursue
common goals and initiatives.
To help bridge this gap, the World Economic Forum
and its constituents launched a public-private collaboration
model that has been successful in accelerating progress
on a number of these dimensions in seven countries to
date. From 2012–2014, pilot task forces in Mexico, Japan,
Turkey and South Korea convened public and private
sector leaders with the capacity to bring more women into
the economy, catalysing new collaboration and action at
the national level. Current task forces in Chile, Argentina
and Panama have also proven successful in building
knowledge on the practices that advance female economic
participation, providing a platform for public-private
dialogue and sparking engagement and collaboration on
gender issues. The World Economic Forum is exploring
options to scale this model in collaboration with multilateral
development agencies, national governments, businesses
and civil society organizations wishing to use the model
to accelerate country-level change on gender parity,
particularly in light of the broader flux in labour
Conclusion
The Global Gender Gap Report 2017 provides a
comprehensive overview of the current state of the
global gender gap and of efforts and insights to close
it. The Index points to potential role models by revealing
those countries that—within their region or their income
group—are leaders in having divided resources more
equitably between women and men than other countries
have, regardless of the overall level of resources available.
The Report’s detailed Country Profiles and online Data
Explorer tool—available on the Report website (http://
dataexplorer)—not only allow users to understand how
close each country has come to the equality benchmark
in each of the four dimensions examined by the Index, but
also provide a snapshot of the legal and social framework
within which these outcomes are produced.
The magnitude of gender gaps in countries around
the world is the combined result of various socioeconomic,
policy and cultural variables. The Global Gender Gap Index
was developed in 2006 partially to address the need for a
consistent and comprehensive measure for gender equality
that can track a country’s progress over time. The Index
does not seek to set priorities for countries but rather to
provide a comprehensive set of data and a clear method
for tracking gaps on critical indicators so that countries
may set priorities within their own economic, political and
cultural contexts.
The Report continues to highlight the strong
correlation between a country’s gender gap and its
economic performance, and summarizes some of the
latest research on the case for gender equality. This
year, we also introduced a deeper analysis of gender
gaps across industries and the role of gender-based
occupational and skills imbalances. The Report highlights
the message to policy-makers that countries that want to
remain competitive and inclusive will need to make gender
equality a critical part of their nation’s human capital
development. In particular, learning between countries and
public-private cooperation within countries will be critical
elements of closing the gender gap.
We hope that the information contained in the Global
Gender Gap Report series will serve as a basis for
continued benchmarking by countries on their progress
towards gender equality, help support the case for closing
gender gaps and encourage further research on policies
and practices that are effective at promoting change.
Notes
1 Countries nominally affected by the complete removal of the
cap on the Report’s estimated earned income indicator include
Brunei Darussalam, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Singapore and the United Arab Emirates. Countries with a noticeable
discrepancy in sex ratio at birth estimates between the Report’s
previous primary reference source for this indicator—the . Central
Intelligence Agency’s World Factbook—and its updated primary
reference source—the United Nations Population Division’s World
Population Prospects—include Haiti, Kazakhstan and Pakistan. Both
changes are discussed in detail below.
2 For some further discussion of this point see Hausmann, R.,
“Learning Without Theory”, Project Syndicate, 2016.
3 Following a methodology originally developed by the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP), the Global Gender Gap Index
estimates the average income earned by women, relative to income
earned by men, in a calculation that takes into account a country’s
GDP per capita (US$), the share of women and men in the labour
force, and their mean nominal wages. To account for globally rising
income levels, beginning with last year’s edition, the Report no
longer caps the maximum income per capita value considered in the
calculation. This follows UNDP’s own adjustment of the methodology
and the fact that the US$40,000 cap formerly used in previous
editions of the Global Gender Gap Index had increasingly lost some
of its ability to discern the level of gender-based income disparities
among high-income nations such as the Nordics, the United States
and the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council. For a full
overview of last year’s methodology change, please refer to that
edition’s Appendix D.
4 Beginning with this year’s edition, the Report utilizes the United
Nations Population Division’s World Population Prospects as its sole
reference source for the sex ratio at birth indicator. Previous editions
of the Report had utilized data from the . Central Intelligence
Agency’s World Factbook as an alternative data source. With the
exception of Haiti, Kazakhstan and Pakistan, discrepancies in
reported values between the two data repositories are no more than
2% for all countries covered by the Index, resulting in minimal score
differences in all cases.
5 This ratio is based on what is considered to be a “normal” sex ratio at
birth: males for every female born. See Klasen, S. and C. Wink,
“Missing Women: Revisiting the Debate”, Feminist Economics, vol. 9,
no. 2–3, 2003, pp. 263–299.
6 This ratio is based on the standards used in the UNDP’s Gender-
Related Development Index, which uses years as the maximum
age for women and years as the maximum age for men.
37The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
7 A first attempt to calculate the gender gap was made by the World
Economic Forum in 2005; see Lopez-Claros and Zahidi, Women’s
Empowerment: Measuring the Global Gender Gap. The 2005 Index,
which was attempting to capture women’s empowerment, used
a “feminist” scale that rewarded women’s supremacy over men
(highest score is assigned to the country with the biggest gap in
favour of women).
8 As in previous editions of the Index, weights derived for the 2006
Index were used again this year to allow for comparisons over time.
They may be revised in future editions to reflect the evolution of the
gender gap over the past decade.
9 This is not strictly accurate in the case of the Health and Survival
subindex, where the highest possible value a country can achieve is
. However, for purposes of simplicity, we will refer to this value
as 1 throughout the chapter and in all tables, figures and Country
Profiles.
10 Because of the special equality benchmark value of for
the Health and Survival subindex, it is not strictly accurate that the
equality benchmark for the overall Index score is 1. This value is
in fact (1 + 1 + 1 + ) / 4 = . However, for purposes
of simplicity, we will refer to the overall equality benchmark as 1
throughout the chapter and in all tables, figures and Country Profiles.
11 Since the indicators in the subindexes are weighted by the standard
deviations, the final scores for the subindexes and the overall Index
are not a pure measure of the gap vis-à-vis the equality benchmark,
and therefore cannot be strictly interpreted as percentage values
measuring the closure of the gender gap. However, for ease of
interpretation and intuitive appeal, we will be using the percentage
concept as a rough interpretation of the final scores.
12 Women20 (W20) Dialogue Process, Germany, 2017, -
13 See PwC, Women in Work Index 2017,
services/economics-policy/insights/,
accessed October 2017.
14 See McKinsey & Company, The Power of Parity: How Advancing
Women’s Equality Can Add $12 Trillion To Global Growth, 2015.
15 See International Labour Organization (ILO), Economic Impacts of
Reducing the Gender Gap (What Works Research Brief No. 10), 2017.
16 Ibid.
17 See European Institute for Gender Equality, Economic Benefits
of Gender Equality in the European Union,
gender-mainstreaming/policy-areas/economic-and-financial-affairs/
economic-benefits-gender-equality, accessed October 2017.
18 See Teignier, M. and D. Cuberes, Aggregate Costs of Gender Gaps in
the Labour Market: A Quantitative Estimate (UB Economics Working
Papers 2014/308), University of Barcelona, 2014.
19 See ILO and Asian Development Bank (ADB), Women and labour
markets in Asia–Rebalancing for Gender Equality, 2011.
20 See World Bank Group, Gender and Development in the Middle East
and North Africa: Women in the Public Sphere, 2004.
21 See, for example, the World Bank Group, Gender and Economic
Growth Assessments for Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, 2007.
22 See Chaaban, J. and W. Cunningham, Measuring the Economic
Gain of Investing in Girls: The Girl Effect Dividend, (World Bank Policy
Research Working Paper), World Bank, 2011.
23 See ILO and ADB, 2011.
24 See Wilhelmson, K. and U. Gerdtham, Impact on Economic
Growth of Investing in Maternal and Newborn Health, World Health
Organization, 2006.
25 See OECD, Women, Government and Policy Making in OECD
Countries: Fostering Diversity for Inclusive Growth, 2014.
26 See Goldman Sachs Global Markets Institute, The Power of the
Purse: Gender Equality and Middle-Class Spending, 2009.
27 See Catalyst, Buying Power: Global Women, 2015,
knowledge/buying-power-global-women, and Silverstein and Sayre,
“The Female Economy”, Harvard Business Review, September 2009.
28 See Schwab, K., The Fourth Industrial Revolution, World Economic
Forum, 2016.
29 See Leader-Chivee, L., New Study: Diversity Drives Serial Innovation,
, 2013, and Deloitte, Waiter, is That Inclusion in My Soup? A
New Recipe to Improve Business Performance, 2012.
30 See McKinsey & Company, Women Matter, 2013, and Credit Suisse
Research Institute, Gender diversity and corporate performance,
2012.
31 See Galbreath, J., “Are there Gender-Related Influences on
Corporate Sustainability? A study of women on Boards”, Journal of
Management & Organization, vol. 17, no. 1, 2011, pp. 17-38.
32 See Blau, F., and L. Kahn, The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends,
and Explanations, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016,
and Schieder, Jessica and
Elise Gould, ”Women’s work” and the Gender Pay Gap: How
Discrimination, Societal Norms, and Other Forces Affect Women’s
Occupational Choices—and Their Pay,,Economic Policy Institute,
2016.
33 See Briggs, Philippa and Raul Zambrano, Doubling Digital
Opportunities: Enhancing Inclusion of Women & Girls in the
Information Society, International Telecommunication Union (ITU),
2013.
34 See Terrell, Josh, Andrew Kofink, Justin Middleton, Clarissa Rainear,
Emerson Murphy-Hill, Chris Parnin and Jon Stallings, Gender
Differences and Bias in Open Source: Pull Request Acceptance of
Women versus Men, PeerJ Preprints, July 26, 2016. doi:
.
35 See The Global Human Capital Report, 2017.
36 See European Commission, Women Active in the ICT Sector, 2013.
37 See Seron, Carroll, Susan S. Silbey, Erin Cech, Brian Rubineau,
“Persistence Is Cultural: Professional Socialization and the
Reproduction of Sex Segregation”, Work and Occupations, vol. 43,
no. 2, 2015, pp. 178–214; Fouad, Nadya A., Romila Singh, Mary E.
Fitzpatrick and Jane P. Liu, Stemming the Tide: Why Women Leave
Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2011; and Scott, A.,
F. K. Klein and U. Onovakpuri, Tech Leavers Survey: A First-of-its-
Kind Analysis of Why People Voluntarily Left Jobs in Tech, 2017.
38 See Blau and Kahn, 2016, and Schieder and Gould, 2016.
39 See Levanon, Asaf, Paula England and Paul Allison, “Occupational
Feminization and Pay: Assessing Causal Dynamics Using 1950–2000
. Census Data”, Social Forces, vol. 88, no. 2, 2009, pp. 865–91,
doi:
40 See International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), Investing in the
Care Economy: A Gender Analysis of Employment Stimulus in Seven
OECD Countries, 2016.
41 Seen through the prism of LinkedIn data, ‘hiring’ refers to individuals
who indicated that they moved companies in a given reference year
by featuring a new role on their LinkedIn profile.
42 LinkedIn’s analysis is based on data from more than 100 countries for
which membership information was available by gender for at least
67% of registered members. The top 20 countries (by total number
of member profiles) meeting these coverage criteria are: Argentina,
Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Germany, India,
Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Pakistan, Peru, Russian Federation, Spain,
Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and United States.
Industry affiliation is based on the primary role featured by members
on their LinkedIn profile during the reference year. Selected industries
are: Corporate Services, Education, Energy and Mining, Finance,
Healthcare, Legal, Manufacturing, Media and Communications,
Non-profit, Public Administration, Real Estate and Software and
IT Services.
43 See
gender-parity-task-forces.
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41The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Appendix A:
Regional and Income
Group Classifications, 2017
Table A1: Global Gender Gap Index 2017, regional classifications
The following regional classifications were used for creating the performance tables and figures in Part 1.
EAST ASIA
AND
THE PACIFIC
EASTERN EUROPE
AND
CENTRAL ASIA
LATIN AMERICA
AND
THE CARIBBEAN
MIDDLE EAST
AND
NORTH AFRICA
NORTH
AMERICA
SOUTH
ASIA
SUB-SAHARAN
AFRICA
WESTERN
EUROPE
Australia Albania Argentina Algeria Canada Bangladesh Angola Austria
Brunei Darussalam Armenia Bahamas Bahrain United States Bhutan Benin Belgium
Cambodia Azerbaijan Barbados Egypt India Botswana Cyprus
China Belarus Belize Iran, Islamic Rep. Maldives Burkina Faso Denmark
Fiji* Bosnia and Herzegovina Bolivia Israel Nepal Burundi Finland
Indonesia Bulgaria Brazil Jordan Pakistan Cameroon France
Japan Croatia Chile Kuwait Sri Lanka Cape Verde Germany
Korea, Rep. Czech Republic Colombia Lebanon Chad Greece
Lao PDR Estonia Costa Rica Mauritania Côte d'Ivoire Iceland
Malaysia Georgia Cuba Morocco Ethiopia Ireland
Mongolia Hungary Dominican Republic Qatar Gambia, The Italy
Myanmar* Kazakhstan Ecuador Saudi Arabia Ghana Luxembourg
New Zealand Kyrgyz Republic El Salvador Syria Guinea Malta
Philippines Latvia Guatemala Tunisia Kenya Netherlands
Singapore Lithuania Honduras Turkey Lesotho Norway
Thailand Macedonia, FYR Jamaica United Arab Emirates Liberia Portugal
Timor-Leste Moldova Mexico Yemen Madagascar Spain
Vietnam Montenegro Nicaragua Malawi Sweden
Poland Panama Mali Switzerland
Romania Paraguay Mauritius United Kingdom
Russian Federation Peru Mozambique
Serbia Suriname Namibia
Slovak Republic Uruguay Nigeria
Slovenia Venezuela Rwanda
Tajikistan Senegal
Ukraine South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania
Uganda
Zimbabwe
* New countries in 2017
42 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Table A2: Global Gender Gap Index 2017, income classifications
The following income group classifications were used for creating the performance tables and figures in Part 1.
Appendix A: Regional and Income Group Classification, 2017 (cont’d.)
LOW INCOME
(US$ 1,005 OR LESS)
LOWER-MIDDLE INCOME
(US$ 1,006–3,955)
UPPER-MIDDLE INCOME
(US$ 3,956–12,235)
HIGH INCOME
(US$ 12,236 OR MORE)
Benin Angola Albania Australia
Burkina Faso Armenia Algeria Austria
Burundi Bangladesh Argentina Bahamas
Chad Bhutan Azerbaijan Bahrain
Ethiopia Bolivia Belarus Barbados
Gambia, The Cambodia Belize Belgium
Guinea Cameroon Bosnia and Herzegovina Brunei Darussalam
Liberia Cape Verde Botswana Canada
Madagascar Côte d'Ivoire Brazil Chile
Malawi Egypt Bulgaria Cyprus
Mali El Salvador China Czech Republic
Mozambique Georgia Colombia Denmark
Nepal Ghana Costa Rica Estonia
Rwanda Guatemala Croatia Finland
Senegal Honduras Cuba France
Tanzania India Dominican Republic Germany
Uganda Indonesia Ecuador Greece
Zimbabwe Jordan Fiji* Hungary
Kenya Iran, Islamic Rep. Iceland
Kyrgyz Republic Jamaica Ireland
Lao PDR Kazakhstan Israel
Lesotho Lebanon Italy
Mauritania Macedonia, FYR Japan
Moldova Malaysia Korea, Rep.
Mongolia Maldives Kuwait
Morocco Mauritius Latvia
Myanmar* Mexico Lithuania
Nicaragua Montenegro Luxembourg
Nigeria Namibia Malta
Pakistan Panama Netherlands
Philippines Paraguay New Zealand
Sri Lanka Peru Norway
Swaziland Romania Poland
Syria Russian Federation Portugal
Tajikistan Serbia Qatar
Timor-Leste South Africa Saudi Arabia
Tunisia Suriname Singapore
Ukraine Thailand Slovak Republic
Vietnam Turkey Slovenia
Yemen Venezuela Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Note: Income group categories are taken from the World Bank, which classifies economies into four income categories based on GNI per capita (current US$):
high income, upper-middle income, lower-middle income and low income. Classifications as of July 2017 update.
* New countries in 2017
Part 2
Country Profiles
45The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 1
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Educatio
n
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Iceland score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 45,
Total populations (1,000s)
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity pillar
Educational attainment pillar
Health and survival pillar
Political empowerment pillar
rank out of
2006
rank
4
17
50
92
4
115
score
2017
rank
1
14
57
114
1
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
istance to parity
rank score avg female male f/ff m
Economic participation and opportunity pillar 14
Labour force participation 11
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 5
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 21 43,250 59,495
Legislators, senior officials and managers 50
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment pillar 57
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 98
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival pillar 114
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 125
Political empowerment pillar 1
Women in parliament 4
Women in ministerial positions 10
Years with female head of state (last 50) 4
Iceland
AVG ISL
167 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
each country’s position on the Global Gender Gap Index
relative to the spread of all countries and the global
population weighted average. Note that the bar has been
truncated at to enhance legibility.
Key Indicators
The second section ( ) provides economic and
demographic headline indicators for each country. The “—”
symbol indicates where data was unavailable. For a full
overview of the Key Indicators featured in the Country Profile,
please refer to the Overview of Indicators section below.
In addition, the section summarizes the country’s
performance on the Index this year compared to the
first year in which the country was featured in the Global
Gender Gap Index, providing a measure of the country’s
overall progress over time. Note that since the exact
number and list of countries included in the Report
changes every year, rank changes, or lack thereof, alone
are an imperfect measure of a country’s performance over
time. A country’s score change is a more exact measure of
its progress towards closing the gender gap.
User’s Guide: Exploring
the Global Gender Gap
Index Data
This year’s edition of the Global Gender Gap Report is
complemented by a digital portal, which provides detailed
Country Profiles of all 144 countries featured in the Index
as well as a Data Explorer tool enabling the reader to
explore detailed Index results, rankings and comparisons
by country, region, indicator and subindex.
The Global Gender Gap Data Explorer can be found at
dataexplorer.
In addition, static PDF versions of all Country Profiles
are available on the Report website and featured in Part 2
of the Report. Finally, an Excel spreadsheet containing this
year’s Index results in machine-readable format may also
be requested from the Report website.
While these various ways and formats of accessing
the Report’s data contain exactly the same information, it is
our intention to make this information useful to the widest
possible audience by meeting the needs of different groups
of readers and stakeholders. This User’s Guide aims
to provide an intuitive overview of the various means of
exploring and interpreting the Global Gender Gap Report
2017 data, for the specialist and generalist reader alike.
Country Profiles
Country Profiles are available on the online Data Explorer
(available at
gap-report-2017/dataexplorer) and in Part 2 of the Report.
They’re formatted identically in both locations.
Country Rank, Score and Performance
at a Glance
The first section ( ) presents each country’s overall Global
Gender Gap Index 2017 rank out of the 144 reviewed
countries and its progress towards closing the gender gap
and achieving full gender parity, represented on a 0-to-1
The radar chart on the top left-hand side of each
Country Profile gives an overview of the country’s scores
for each of the four subindexes relative to the equality
benchmark and the global average score of all countries in
the Index weighted by population across all 144 countries.
In addition, the bar chart at the top of the page shows
46 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Country Score Card
The third section ( ) of each Country Profile provides
an overview of each country’s ranks and scores on the
four subindexes of the Global Gender Gap Report 2017,
as well as on the individual indicators that compose
each subindex. For each of the indicators that enter into
the Global Gender Gap Index, column one displays the
country’s rank; column two displays the country’s score;
column three displays the population-weighted sample
average (out of 144 countries); column four displays the
female value; column five displays the male value; and,
finally, column six displays the female-to-male ratio. The
female and male values are displayed rounded to one
decimal in order to facilitate reading. However, exact values
have been used for calculating ratios and scores. The “—”
symbol indicates where data was not available. Country
scores are highlighted by a colour scale—ranging in 20%
intervals from light blue (–; worst) to dark blue (–
; best)—to help the reader visually interpret the Index
results. To calculate the Index, all ratios were truncated
at the parity benchmark of 1 and thus the highest score
possible is 1—except for the sex ratio at birth () and
the healthy life expectancy () indicators. For further
details on the Index methodology, please refer to the
Construction of the Index section in Part 1.
The bar charts visually display the magnitude of
female-to-male ratio imbalances for each of the 14
indicators, allowing the reader to see clearly when the
female-to-male ratio is above or below the gender parity
benchmark. Values above 1 (the parity benchmark) favour
women and values below 1 favour men. Please note that
the parity benchmark is 1 for all indicators except sex
ratio at birth () and healthy life expectancy ().
Therefore, the parity benchmark of 1 in the bar charts
for these two indicators is not strictly accurate. In the few
cases where the ratio exceeds the scale of the bar chart
(which ends at 2), the reader should refer to the number
under the “female-to-male ratio” column for the actual
value.
Finally, the online version of the Country Profile reader
(available at
report-2017/dataexplorer) provides mouse-over definitions
and explanations of all indicators by clicking on the
corresponding “score” field. From the blue Go to Explorer
button in the pop-up dialogue field, detailed rankings for
the selected indicator may also be directly accessed in the
Data Explorer tool.
For a full, non-technical explanation and overview of
each indicator composing the Global Gender Gap Index,
please refer to the section Overview of Indicators below.
Data Explorer Online
Features
A number of additional features may be accessed in the
online Data Explorer (available at .
org/global-gender-gap-report-2017/dataexplorer). The
reader has the possibility to switch between Country
Profiles and interactive Index rankings in a tile, bar chart
or world map format by clicking on the menu option
at the top-left corner of the page ( ). There is also
the possibility to directly compare two countries side-
by-side by clicking on the menu option in the top-right
corner of the page ( ). Finally, the reader may directly
access a shortcut to the rankings for a specific indicator
by clicking on the blue Go to Explorer button in the
dialogue field in the Country Score Card section ( ).
Interactive Ranking Tables
By clicking on the menu button at the top-right corner of
the Data Explorer ( ), the interactive rankings may be
switched between a tile view, which visualizes countries’
overall performance on each subindex for context; a bar
chart view, which depicts a country’s performance for the
selected indicator relative to other countries; and a world
map view, which allows the reader to explore geographical
trends and patterns. In the map view, countries are
highlighted by an extended colour scale to enhance
contrast and readability—ranging in 20% intervals from
dark grey (–; worst) to dark blue (–; best).
In addition, the reader has the possibility to: switch
between selected indicators, narrow selection to a specific
region or go directly to the results for a specific country
of interest through the menu strip at the top of the Data
Explorer ( ).
47The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Country Comparison
The Country Comparison Tool ( ) can be accessed
through the menu option at the top-right corner of the
Country Profile view. It enables a side-by-side view of
indicators for the selected comparison country relative to
the original country selected in the Country Profile view of
the Data Explorer. The reader may return to the original
view by clicking on the Back to Country menu option at
the top-left corner of the page or may continue exploring
the data by clicking through to the other views of the Data
Explorer.
Overview of Indicators
This section provides a non-technical explanation and
overview of the meaning and definition of each indicator
featured in the Global Gender Gap Index. For a more
technical exposition, including full methodological details
regarding Index construction, please refer to the separate
section Construction of the Index in Part 1 of the Report.
Key Indicators
The indicators in this section present a range of important
data points and factors that can be read in parallel with
the Global Gender Gap Index indicators to contextualize
gender gap outcomes in the country.
48 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
• GDP (current US$ billions). Dollar figures for GDP
are converted from domestic currencies using current
official exchange rates. For a few countries where the
official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively
applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an
alternative conversion factor is used. Source: World
Bank, World Development Indicators database, 2016 or
latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2011 international
dollars). GDP per capita PPP is gross domestic
product converted to international dollars using
purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar
has the same purchasing power over GDP as the US
dollar has in the United States. Data are in constant
2011 international dollars. Source: World Bank, World
Development Indicators database, 2016 or latest
available data (accessed September 2017).
• Total population (thousands of inhabitants).
People of all ages living in the country as of July 2017,
regardless of residency status or citizenship (except
for refugees not permanently settled in the country
of asylum who are generally considered part of the
population of their country of origin). Source: United
Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division, World Population Prospects: The
2017 Revision (accessed September 2017).
• Population growth rate (annual percentage). Annual
population growth rate is the increase in a country’s
population during a period of time, usually one year,
expressed as a percentage of the population at the
start of that period. It reflects the number of births
and deaths during a period and the number of people
migrating to and from a country. Source: United
Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division, World Population Prospects: The
2017 Revision (accessed September 2017).
• Population sex ratio (female/male). The female-to-
male population sex ratio is the number of females per
1,000 males in the population of a society. Source:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects:
The 2017 Revision (accessed September 2017).
• Global Human Capital Index score (%). Source is the
World Economic Forum’s Global Human Capital Report
2017. A country’s overall score on the World Economic
Forum’s Global Human Capital Index can roughly be
interpreted as a percentage measure of the degree
to which a country is successful in developing and
deploying the full range of its people’s human capital
potential.
Country Score Card
This section provides details on every indicator
benchmarked to determine the country’s Global Gender
Gap Index 2017 performance. Each indicator is placed in
one of the Index’s four thematic subindexes: Economic
Participation and Opportunity; Educational Attainment;
Health and Survival; and Political Empowerment. Data
updates are not necessarily made annually by all countries
for all major international databases. Data older than 10
years was considered to be of insufficient relevance for
the Index. However, our aim is to monitor the condition
of women across the widest possible range of countries.
Therefore, to enable certain countries to meet our data
availability threshold (12 out of 14 indicators), we have,
in exceptional circumstances, used secondary sources
of data or re-used individual data points from previous
editions of the Report.
Economic Participation and Opportunity Subindex
• Female, male labour force participation rate, age
15-64 (%). Measures the proportion of a country’s
working-age population that engages actively in the
labour market, either by working or looking for work.
Labour force data doesn’t take into account workers
employed abroad. The dataset includes data as
reported and ILO estimates for missing data. Source:
ILOSTAT, Modelled Estimates, Labour force participation
rate by sex and age, 2016 or latest available data
(accessed September 2017).
• Wage equality between women and men for similar
work. Response to the survey question, “In your
country, for similar work, to what extent are wages
for women equal to those of men?” (1 = not at all,
significantly below those of men; 7 = fully, equal to
those of men). The data is converted to a normalized
0-to-1 scale. Source: World Economic Forum, Executive
Opinion Survey, 2016-17.
• Female, male estimated earned income (US$, PPP).
Measures the amount of income that women and men
in a country receive in the aggregate. Estimated using
the proportion of working women and men, their relative
wages, and overall GDP of the country in question.
Source: World Economic Forum calculation based on
the methodology of the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP)’s Human Development Report
2007/2008.
49The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
• Female, male legislators, senior officials and
managers (%). The ratio of women to men employed
in senior roles, defined by the International Labour
Organization as those who plan, direct, coordinate
and evaluate the overall activities of enterprises,
governments and other organizations, or of
organizational units within them, and formulate and
review their policies, laws, rules and regulations.
Corresponds to Major Group 1 of the International
Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08).2
Source: ILOSTAT, Annual Indicators, Employment by
occupation, 2016 or latest available data (accessed
September 2017).
• Female, male professional and technical
workers (%). The ratio of women to men employed
in professional and technical roles, defined by the
International Labour Organization as those who
increase the existing stock of knowledge, apply
scientific or artistic concepts and theories or those
who perform technical and related tasks that require
advanced knowledge and skill. Corresponds to the sum
of Major Groups 2 and 3 of the International Standard
Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08). Source:
ILOSTAT, Annual Indicators, Employment by occupation,
2016 or latest available data (accessed September
2017).
Educational Attainment Subindex
• Female, male literacy rate (%). Percentage of the
population aged 15 and over with the ability to both
read and write and make simple arithmetic calculations.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education
Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed
September 2017). When not available, data is sourced
from United Nations Development Programme, Human
Development Reports 2009, most recent year available
between 1997 and 2007.
• Female, male net primary education enrolment rate
(%). Percentage of girls and boys in the official primary
school age range who are enrolled in either primary or
secondary education. Source: UNESCO, Institute for
Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available
data (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male net secondary education enrolment
rate (%). Percentage of girls and boys in the official
age range for secondary education who are enrolled
in secondary education. Source: UNESCO, Institute for
Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available
data (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male tertiary gross enrolment ratio (%).
Total enrolment in tertiary education, regardless of age,
expressed as a percentage of the most recent five-year
age cohort that has left secondary school. Tertiary
gross enrolment data should be examined within the
context of a country structure regarding military service
as well as propensity of students to seek education
abroad. Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics,
Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data
(accessed September 2017).
Health and Survival Subindex
• Sex ratio at birth (%). Refers to the number of boys
born alive per 100 girls born alive. Data is converted to
a female-over-male value. Biologically, this ratio should
vary little and female births should be about % of
male births. Source: United Nations, Department of
Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World
Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision (accessed
September 2017).
• Female, male healthy life expectancy (years).
Average number of years that a person can expect
to live in full health, calculated by taking into account
years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or
injury. Source: World Health Organization, Global Health
Observatory database, 2016 or latest available data
(accessed September 2017).
Political Empowerment Subindex
• Women in parliament (%). Percentage of women
holding parliamentary seats. In instances where a
parliamentary system is bicameral, the figure used is
the one for the lower house. Source: Inter-Parliamentary
Union, Women in National Parliaments database. Data
reflects information provided by National Parliaments by
1 September 2017.
• Women in ministerial positions (%). Percentage of
women holding ministerial portfolios. Some overlap
between ministers and heads of government that also
hold a ministerial portfolio may occur. Source: Inter-
Parliamentary Union, Women in Politics 2017, reflecting
appointments as of 1 January 2017. Data is updated
every two years.
• Years with female head of state (last 50 years). The
number of years in the past fifty-year period for which a
woman has held a post equivalent to an elected head
of state or head of government in the country. Source:
World Economic Forum calculations, reflecting situation
as of 30 June 2017.
50 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Selected Contextual Data
The final section compiles a selection of contextual data
that provides a more comprehensive overview of the
country’s gender gap and includes social and policy
indicators, highlighting a wide range of factors of relevance
to closing global gender gaps. The data presented was
not used to calculate the Global Gender Gap Index. The
indicators in this section are displayed in nine broad
categories: workforce participation; economic leadership;
access to assets; political leadership; family; care;
education and skills; graduates by degree type; and health.
When both data points are available and relevant,
female data is displayed first, and male data is displayed
second, followed by the female-to-male ratio. A number of
indicators not following this structure is clearly highlighted
and, where relevant, explained further by superscripted
notes at the bottom of each country profile. The “—”
symbol indicates where data was not available. Column
fields for indicators not following the standard data
structure are blank.
Workforce Participation
• Non-discrimination laws, hiring women.
Consolidated survey response—representing the expert
view of local practitioners in family, labour and criminal
law—answering the question: “Does the law mandate
non-discrimination based on gender in hiring?”. Source:
World Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2016:
Getting to Equal dataset (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male youth not in employment or
education (%). Proportion of people aged 15–24 not in
employment and not in education or training. Source:
International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT, Annual
Indicators, Share of youth not in employment and not
in education, 2016 or latest available data (accessed
September 2017).
• Adult unemployment (as % of female, male
labour force). Adult unemployment refers to the
share of the labour force aged 15-64 that is without
work but available for and seeking employment.
Definitions of labour force and unemployment
differ by country. Source: International Labour
Organization, ILOSTAT, Annual Indicators,
Unemployment rate by sex and age, 2016 or latest
available data (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male discouraged job seekers (as %
of total female, male economically inactive
population). Discouraged job-seekers refer to those
persons of working age who, during a specified
reference period, were without work and available
for work but did not look for work in the recent past
for specific reasons (for example, believing that there
were no jobs available, believing there were none for
which they would qualify, or having given up hope of
finding employment). Source: International Labour
Organization, ILOSTAT, Annual Indicators, Discouraged
job-seekers by sex and age, 2016 or latest available
data (accessed September 2017).
• Workers in informal employment (as % of total
female, male employment). Informal employment
refers to workers holding informal jobs, whether
employed by formal sector enterprises, informal
sector enterprises, or as paid domestic workers by
households. Employees are considered to have informal
jobs if their employment relationship is, in law or in
practice, not subject to national labour legislation,
income taxation, social protection or entitlement to
certain employment benefits (such as paid annual or
sick leave). Source: International Labour Organization,
ILOSTAT, Informal employment and informal sector as a
percent of employment by sex, 2016 or latest available
data (accessed September 2017).
• High-skilled share of labour force (%). Measures the
proportion of a country’s working-age population with
a tertiary degree (ISCED 5-8)3 that engages actively in
the labour market, either by working or looking for work.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT,
Annual Indicators, Labour force participation rate by sex
and education, 2016 or latest available data (accessed
September 2017).
• Part-time employment (as % of total female, male
employment). Part-time employment refers to regular
employment in which working time is substantially less
than normal. Definitions of part-time employment differ
by country. Source: International Labour Organization,
ILOSTAT, Annual Indicators, Incidence of part-time
employment by sex, 2016 or latest available data
(accessed September 2017).
51The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
• Contributing family workers (as % of female, male
labour force). Contributing family worker refers to a
person who holds a self-employment job in a market-
oriented establishment operated by a related person
living in the same household, and who cannot be
regarded as a partner because of the degree of his or
her commitment to the operation of the establishment,
in terms of the working time or other factors to be
determined by national circumstances, is not at a level
comparable with that of the head of the establishment.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT,
Annual Indicators, Employment by sex and status in
employment, 2016 or latest available data (accessed
September 2017).
• Own-account workers (as % of female, male
labour force). Own-account workers refers to those
self-employed who do not hire paid employees on
a continuous basis but may have assistance from
contributing family workers (unpaid employed who
usually live in same household and are related to
family members). Source: International Labour
Organization, ILOSTAT, Employment by sex and status
in employment, 2016 or latest available data (accessed
September 2017).
• Average minutes spent on work per day (female,
male) and Proportion of work spent on unpaid work
per day (female, male). Measures the average minutes
spent per day on unpaid work, including routine
housework, shopping, care for household members,
care for non-household members volunteering, travel
related to household activities and other unpaid
activities for men and women aged 15–64 years.
Source: OECD, Database on Gender Equality, 2016 or
latest available data (accessed September 2017).
Economic Leadership
• Law mandates equal pay. Consolidated survey
response—representing the expert view of local
practitioners in family, labour and criminal law—
answering the question: “Does the law mandate equal
remuneration for work of equal value?”. Source: World
Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to
Equal dataset (accessed September 2017).
• Ability of women to rise to positions of leadership.
Response to the survey question: “In your country, to
what extent do companies provide women the same
opportunities as men to rise to positions of leadership?
(1 = not at all, women have no opportunities to rise to
positions of leadership; 7 = extensive, women have
equal opportunities of leadership)”. Source: World
Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2016-17.
• Share of women on boards of listed companies (%).
The share of women on company boards is derived
by calculating country averages of the percentages of
women among the members of the board of directors
of each company in the OECD ORBIS dataset. The
calculation is restricted to companies with at least
two board members. The share is also derived for the
subset of listed companies. Source: OECD, iLibrary
online database, 2016 (accessed September 2017).
• Firms with female participation in ownership (% of
firms). Refers to the percentage of firms in the private
sector with a woman among the principal owners.
Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys database, 2016
or latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Firms with female top managers (% of firms). Refers
to the percentage of firms in the private sector who
report having females as top managers. Top manager
refers to the highest-ranking manager or CEO of the
establishment. This person may be the owner if he/she
works as the manager of the firm. Source: World Bank,
Enterprise Surveys database, 2016 or latest available
data (accessed September 2017).
• Employers (as % of female, male labour force).
Employers refers to those who are “self-employed”, in
the sense that their remuneration is directly dependent
upon the profits derived from the goods and services
produced, and who, in this capacity, have engaged,
on a continuous basis, one or more persons to work
for them as employees. Source: International Labour
Organization, ILOSTAT, Employment by sex and status
in employment, 2016 or latest available data (accessed
September 2017).
• R&D personnel (female, male). Measures the
percentage of male and female workers employed
directly on Research and Development (R&D), as well as
those providing direct services such as R&D managers,
administrators and clerical staff. People providing
indirect services such as canteen and security staff
are excluded. Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics,
Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators, 2016 or
latest available data (accessed September 2017).
Access to Assets
• Percentage of women/men with an account at a
financial institution (%). Measures the percentage of
women and men who report having an account (self
or jointly with someone else) at a bank or another type
of financial institution. Source: World Bank, Global
Financial Inclusion Database, 2016 or latest available
data (accessed September 2017).
52 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
• Women’s access to financial services. Refers
to whether women and men have equal access to
financial service. Data originally recorded on a 0-to-1
scale, which has been converted to a qualitative
statement (“yes”, “no”, “part”) to avoid confusion with
the data structure elsewhere in the Report. Source:
OECD, Gender, Institutions and Development Database
2015 (GID-DB) (accessed September 2017).
• Inheritance rights for daughters. Refers to whether
daughters and sons have equal inheritance rights. Data
originally recorded on a 0-to-1 scale, which has been
converted to a qualitative statement (“yes”, “no”, “part”)
to avoid confusion with the data structure elsewhere
in the Report. Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions
and Development Database 2015 (GID-DB) (accessed
September 2017).
• Women’s secure access to land use, control and
ownership and Women’s secure access to non-
land assets use, control and ownership. Refers
to whether women and men have equal and secure
access to land use, control and ownership and whether
women and men have equal and secure access to
non-land assets use, control and ownership. Data
originally recorded on a 0-to-1 scale, which has been
converted to a qualitative statement (“yes”, “no”, “part”)
to avoid confusion with the data structure elsewhere
in the Report. Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions
and Development Database 2015 (GID-DB) (accessed
September 2017).
• Mean monthly earnings (local currency unit,
thousands). Mean earnings of employees, in local
currency units, in nominal terms—meaning not
adjusted for inflation. The figure excludes employer’s
contribution to social security and pension schemes.
Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT,
Mean nominal monthly earnings of employees by sex
and economic activity (Local currency), 2016 or latest
available data (accessed September 2017).
Political Leadership
• Year women received right to vote and Years since
any women received voting rights. Refers to the
year in which the right to vote or stand for election on
a universal and equal basis was recognized. Where
two years are shown, the first refers to the first partial
recognition of the right to vote or stand for election.
Source: United Nations Development Programme,
Human Development Report 2009.
• Number of female heads of state to date. Source:
World Economic Forum calculations, situation as of 30
June 2017.
• Quota for women on candidate lists in national
elections and Quota for women on candidate lists
in local elections. Consolidated survey response—
representing the expert view of local practitioners
in family, labour and criminal law—answering
the questions: “What are the quotas for women
representatives on candidate lists in national elections?”
and “What are the quotas for women representatives
on candidate lists in local elections?”. Source: World
Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to
Equal dataset (accessed September 2017).
• Voluntary political party quotas. Source: International
Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance,
Stockholm University and Inter-Parliamentarian Union,
Quota Project, Global Database of Quotas for women
(accessed September 2017); .
• Seats held in upper house (%). Percentage of women
in the upper house or first chamber of parliament,
where applicable. Source: Inter-Parliamentary
Union, Women in National Parliaments. Data reflects
information provided by National Parliaments by 1
September 2017.
Family
• Average length of single life (years) (female, male).
The singulate mean age at marriage is an estimate of
the average number of years lived in the single state
among those who marry before age 50. Source: United
Nations Statistics Division, Statistics and Indicators on
Women and Men in Families, 2013 or latest available
data (accessed September 2017).
• Proportion of individuals married by age 25
(female, male). Source: United Nations, Department of
Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World
Marriage Data 2015 (accessed September 2017).
• Mean age of women at the birth of the first child
(years). The mean age of mothers at first child’s birth
is defined as the average completed year of age of
women when their first child is born. Source: United
Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division, World Population Prospects: The
2017 Revision (accessed September 2017).
• Average number of children per woman. Measures
the average number of children a hypothetical cohort
of women would have at the end of their reproductive
period if they were subject during their whole lives
to the fertility rates of a given period and if they were
not subject to mortality. Source: United Nations,
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population
Division, World Population Prospects: The 2017
Revision (accessed September 2017).
53The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
• Women with unmet demand for family planning
(%). Percentage of married women aged 15-49 with
an unmet need for family planning, . who do not
want any more children for the next two years and who
are not using contraception. Source: OECD, Gender,
Institutions and Development Database 2015 (GID-DB)
(accessed September 2017).
• Potential support ratio (%). The ratio of people living
in the country aged 15–64 as a percentage of the
population aged 65 and above, as of July 2016. Source:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects:
The 2017 Revision (accessed September 2017).
• Total dependency ratio (%). The ratio of people living
in the country aged under 15 and 65 and above as a
percentage of the population between age 15 and 64,
as of July 2016. Source: United Nations, Department of
Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World
Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision (accessed
September 2017).
• Parity of parental rights in marriage and Parity
of parental rights after divorce. Refers to legal
guardianship of a child during marriage and to custody
rights over a child after divorce. Data originally recorded
on a 0-to-1 scale, which has been converted to a
qualitative statement (“yes”, “no”, “part”) to avoid
confusion with the data structure elsewhere in the
Report. Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and
Development Database 2015 (GID-DB) (accessed
September 2017).
Care
• Length of parental leave (days) and Provider
of parental leave benefits. Consolidated survey
responses—representing the expert view of local
practitioners in family, labour and criminal law—
answering the questions: “What is the length of paid
parental leave?”, “Who pays parental leave benefits?”
and “What percentage of wages is paid during parental
leave?”. Source: World Bank, Women, Business and
the Law 2016: Getting to Equal dataset (accessed
September 2017).
• Length of maternity / paternity leave (days), Wages
paid during maternity / paternity leave and Provider
of maternity / paternity leave benefits. Consolidated
survey responses—representing the expert view of
local practitioners in family, labour and criminal law—
answering the questions: “What is the length of paid
maternity / paternity leave?”, “Who pays maternity /
paternity leave benefits?” and “What percentage of
wages is paid during maternity / paternity leave?”.
Source: World Bank, Women, Business and the Law
2016: Getting to Equal dataset (accessed September
2017).
• Government supports or provides childcare.
Consolidated survey response—representing the expert
view of local practitioners in family, labour and criminal
law—answering the question: “Does the government
support or provide childcare services?”. Source: World
Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to
Equal dataset (accessed September 2017).
• Government provides child allowance to parents.
Consolidated survey response—representing the expert
view of local practitioners in family, labour and criminal
law—answering the question: “Does the government
provide a child allowance to parents?”. Source: World
Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to
Equal dataset (accessed September 2017).
Education and Skills
• Percentage of out-of-school children of primary
school age (female, male). Measures the male and
female share of the total number of out-of-school
children of primary school age. Source: UNESCO,
Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or
latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male primary education attainment rate
(% aged 25 and over). Percentage of the population
aged 25 and over with at least a primary education
(ISCED 1). Data is cumulative, which means that those
with secondary education and above are counted in
the figures. Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics,
Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data
(accessed September 2017).
• Female, male primary education attainment rate
(% aged 25–54). Percentage of the population aged
25–54 with at least a primary education (ISCED 1). Data
is cumulative, which means that those with secondary
education and above are counted in the figures.
Source: Lutz et al., IIASA/VID Educational Attainment
Model, GET Projection, 2015, Wittgenstein Centre for
Demography and Global Human Capital (accessed
September 2017); Barro and Lee, “A New Data Set
of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010”,
Journal of Development Economics, 2010 (accessed
September 2017).
• Female, male primary education attainment rate
(% aged 65 and over). Percentage of the population
aged 65 and over with at least a primary education
(ISCED 1). Data is cumulative, which means that those
with secondary education and above are counted in the
figures. Source: Lutz et al., 2015, and Barro and Lee,
2010, op. cit. (accessed September 2017).
54 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
• Out-of-school youth of upper secondary school
age (female, male) (%). Measures the male and
female share of the total number of out-of-school youth
of upper secondary school age. Source: UNESCO,
Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or
latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male secondary education attainment rate
(% aged 25 and over). Percentage of the population
aged 25 and over with at least a secondary education
(ISCED 2–4). This data is cumulative, which means that
those with tertiary education are counted in the figures.
Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education
Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed
September 2017).
• Female, male secondary education attainment rate
(% aged 25–54). Percentage of the population aged
25–54 with at least a secondary education (ISCED 2–4).
This data is cumulative, which means that those with
tertiary education are counted in the figures. Source:
Lutz et al., 2015, and Barro and Lee, 2010, op. cit.
(accessed September 2017).
• Female, male secondary education attainment rate
(% aged 65 and over). Percentage of the population
aged 65 and over with at least a secondary education
(ISCED 2–4). This data is cumulative, which means that
those with tertiary education are counted in the figures.
Source: Lutz et al., 2015, and Barro and Lee, 2010, op.
cit. (accessed September 2017).
• Female, male tertiary education attainment rate
(% aged 25 and over). Percentage of the population
aged 25 and over with a tertiary education (ISCED 5-8).
Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education
Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed
September 2017).
• Female, male tertiary education attainment rate
(% aged 25–54). Percentage of the population aged
25–54 with a tertiary education (ISCED 5-8). Source:
Lutz et al., 2015, and Barro and Lee, 2010, op. cit.
(accessed September 2017).
• Female, male tertiary education attainment rate
(% aged 65 and over). Percentage of the population
aged 65 and over with a tertiary education (ISCED 5-8).
Source: Lutz et al., 2015, and Barro and Lee, 2010, op.
cit. (accessed September 2017).
• PhD graduates (female, male). Measures the
percentage of graduates from tertiary (ISCED 8)
doctoral or equivalent level programmes, expressed as
a percentage of total graduates from tertiary education
programmes (ISCED 5-8). A graduate is a person who,
during the reference academic year, has successfully
completed an education programme. Source:
UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators,
2016 or latest available data (accessed September
2017).
• Percentage of individuals using the internet (female,
male). Refers to the proportion of individuals who used
the internet from any location in the last three months.
Source: World International Telecommunications Union,
ICT Indicators database, 2016 or latest available data
(accessed September 2017).
Graduates by Degree Type
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in
Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
(female, male). Measures the percentage of female
and male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in
Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary (% of total
number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute for
Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available
data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Arts
and Humanities (female, male). Measures the
percentage of female and male graduates in ISCED 5-8
programmes in Arts and Humanities (% of total number
of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics,
Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available data
(accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Business,
Administration and Law (female, male). Measures the
percentage of female and male graduates in ISCED 5-8
programmes in Business, Administration and Law (% of
total number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute
for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest
available data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Education
(female, male). Measures the percentage of female and
male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in Education
(% of total number of graduates). Source: UNESCO,
Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or
latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in
Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction
(female, male). Measures the percentage of female
and male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in
Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction (% of total
number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute for
Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available
data (accessed September 2017).
55The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Health and
Welfare (female, male). Measures the percentage of
female and male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes
in Health and Welfare (% of total number of graduates).
Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, Education
Indicators, 2016 or latest available data (accessed
September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in
Information and Communication Technologies
(female, male). Measures the percentage of female
and male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in
Information and Communication Technologies (% of
total number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute
for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest
available data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Natural
Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics (female,
male). Measures the percentage of female and male
graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in Natural
Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics (% of total
number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute for
Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available
data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Services
(female, male). Measures the percentage of female and
male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in Services
(% of total number of graduates). Source: UNESCO,
Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or
latest available data (accessed September 2017).
• Percentage of tertiary-level graduates in Social
Sciences, Journalism and Information (female,
male). Measures the percentage of female and
male graduates in ISCED 5-8 programmes in Social
Sciences, Journalism and Information (% of total
number of graduates). Source: UNESCO, Institute for
Statistics, Education Indicators, 2016 or latest available
data (accessed September 2017).
Health
• Mortality of children under age 5, all causes, age-
standardized deaths per 100,000 (female, male).
Measures the age-standardized death rates per
100,000 population for all causes for children under
the age of 5 years. Source: World Health Organization,
Department of Information, Evidence and Research,
Estimated Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex and WHO
Member State, 2015 database (accessed September
2017).
• Mortality due to non-communicable diseases,
age-standardized deaths per 100,000 (female,
male). Measures the age-standardized death rates per
100,000 population for non-communicable diseases,
including malignant neoplasms (all forms of cancer),
diabetes, neurological conditions, cardiovascular
diseases, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases,
genitourinary diseases and others. Source: World
Health Organization, Department of Information,
Evidence and Research, Estimated Deaths by Cause,
Age, Sex and WHO Member State, 2015 database
(accessed September 2017).
• Mortality due to infectious and parasitic diseases,
age-standardized deaths per 100,000 (female,
male). Measures the age-standardized death rates
per 100,000 population for infectious and parasitic
diseases, including tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and
other sexually transmitted diseases, diarrhoeal
diseases, childhood-cluster diseases (whooping
cough, diphtheria, measles and tetanus), meningitis,
encephalitis, hepatitis and parasitic and vector diseases
(malaria, schistosomiasis, dengue, yellow fever, rabies
and others). Source: World Health Organization,
Department of Information, Evidence and Research,
Estimated Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex and WHO
Member State, 2015 database (accessed September
2017).
• Mortality due to accidental injuries, age-
standardized deaths per 100,000 (female, male).
Measures the age-standardized death rates per
100,000 population for accidental injuries, including
road injury, poisonings, falls, fire, heat and hot
substances, drowning, exposure to mechanical
forces and natural disasters. Source: World Health
Organization, Department of Information, Evidence
and Research, Estimated Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex
and WHO Member State, 2015 database (accessed
September 2017).
• Mortality due to intentional injuries and self-harm,
age-standardized deaths per 100,000 (female,
male). Measures the age-standardized death rates per
100,000 population for intentional injuries, including
self-harm, interpersonal violence, collective violence and
conflict. Source: World Health Organization, Department
of Information, Evidence and Research, Estimated
Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex and WHO Member State,
2015 database (accessed September 2017).
56 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
• Maternal mortality in childbirth (per 100,000 live
births). The maternal mortality ratio is the annual
number of female deaths from any cause related to or
aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding
accidental or incidental causes) during pregnancy and
childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy,
irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy,
per 100,000 live births, for a specified year. Source:
World Health Organization, Department of Information,
Evidence and Research, Estimated Deaths by Cause,
Age, Sex and WHO Member State, 2015 database
(accessed September 2017).
• Existence of legislation on domestic violence.
Consolidated survey response—representing the expert
view of local practitioners in family, labour and criminal
law—answering the question: “Is there domestic
violence legislation?”. Source: World Bank, Women,
Business and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal dataset
(accessed September 2017).
• Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime.
Percentage of women who have experienced physical
and/or sexual violence from an intimate partner at some
time in their lives. Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions
and Development Database 2015 (GID-DB) (accessed
September 2017).
• Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health. Source: United Nations, Department
of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division,
World Population Policies database, 2015 or latest
available data (accessed September 2017).
• Births attended by skilled health personnel (%).
Measures the percentage of live births attended by
skilled health personnel in a given period of time.
Source: World Health Organization, Global Health
Observatory, Maternal Health, 2015 or latest available
data (accessed September 2017).
• Antenatal care coverage, at least four visits (%).
Measures the percentage of women aged 15–49
with a live birth in a given time period that received
antenatal care provided by skilled health personnel
(doctors, nurses or midwives) at least four times during
pregnancy. Source: World Health Organization, Global
Health Observatory, Maternal Health, 2015 or latest
available data (accessed September 2017).
Notes
1 Please note that the parity benchmark is 1 for all indicators, except
sex ratio at birth () and healthy life expectancy (). Therefore,
the parity benchmark of 1 for the Health and Survival subindex is not
strictly accurate.
2 International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO), .
org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/.
3 International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), .
57The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
List of Countries
Country Page
Albania ....................................... 58
Algeria ........................................ 60
Angola ........................................ 62
Argentina .................................... 64
Armenia ...................................... 66
Australia ..................................... 68
Austria ........................................ 70
Azerbaijan ................................... 72
Bahamas .................................... 74
Bahrain ....................................... 76
Bangladesh ................................ 78
Barbados ................................... 80
Belarus ....................................... 82
Belgium ...................................... 84
Belize ......................................... 86
Benin .......................................... 88
Bhutan ....................................... 90
Bolivia ......................................... 92
Bosnia and Herzegovina ............. 94
Botswana ................................... 96
Brazil .......................................... 98
Brunei Darussalam ................... 100
Bulgaria .................................... 102
Burkina Faso ............................ 104
Burundi .................................... 106
Cambodia ................................ 108
Cameroon ................................ 110
Canada .................................... 112
Cape Verde .............................. 114
Chad ........................................ 116
Chile ......................................... 118
China ........................................ 120
Colombia .................................. 122
Costa Rica ............................... 124
Côte d'Ivoire ............................. 126
Croatia ..................................... 128
Country Page
Cuba ........................................ 130
Cyprus ..................................... 132
Czech Republic ........................ 134
Denmark .................................. 136
Dominican Republic.................. 138
Ecuador .................................... 140
Egypt ........................................ 142
El Salvador ............................... 144
Estonia ..................................... 146
Ethiopia .................................... 148
Fiji ............................................. 150
Finland ..................................... 152
France ...................................... 154
Gambia, The............................. 156
Georgia .................................... 158
Germany .................................. 160
Ghana ...................................... 162
Greece ..................................... 164
Guatemala ................................ 166
Guinea ...................................... 168
Honduras ................................. 170
Hungary ................................... 172
Iceland ..................................... 174
India ......................................... 176
Indonesia .................................. 178
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...................... 180
Ireland ...................................... 182
Israel ........................................ 184
Italy .......................................... 186
Jamaica .................................... 188
Japan ....................................... 190
Jordan ...................................... 192
Kazakhstan .............................. 194
Kenya ....................................... 196
Korea, Rep. .............................. 198
Kuwait ...................................... 200
Country Page
Kyrgyz Republic ....................... 202
Lao PDR................................... 204
Latvia ....................................... 206
Lebanon ................................... 208
Lesotho .................................... 210
Liberia ...................................... 212
Lithuania ................................... 214
Luxembourg ............................. 216
Macedonia, FYR ....................... 218
Madagascar ............................. 220
Malawi ...................................... 222
Malaysia ................................... 224
Maldives ................................... 226
Mali .......................................... 228
Malta ........................................ 230
Mauritania ................................. 232
Mauritius ................................... 234
Mexico ..................................... 236
Moldova ................................... 238
Mongolia .................................. 240
Montenegro .............................. 242
Morocco ................................... 244
Mozambique ............................ 246
Myanmar .................................. 248
Namibia .................................... 250
Nepal ........................................ 252
Netherlands .............................. 254
New Zealand ............................ 256
Nicaragua ................................. 258
Nigeria ...................................... 260
Norway ..................................... 262
Pakistan ................................... 264
Panama .................................... 266
Paraguay .................................. 268
Peru ......................................... 270
Philippines ................................ 272
Country Page
Poland ...................................... 274
Portugal .................................... 276
Qatar ........................................ 278
Romania ................................... 280
Russian Federation ................... 282
Rwanda .................................... 284
Saudi Arabia ............................. 286
Senegal .................................... 288
Serbia ....................................... 290
Singapore ................................. 292
Slovak Republic ........................ 294
Slovenia .................................... 296
South Africa.............................. 298
Spain ........................................ 300
Sri Lanka .................................. 302
Suriname .................................. 304
Swaziland ................................. 306
Sweden .................................... 308
Switzerland ............................... 310
Syria ......................................... 312
Tajikistan ................................... 314
Tanzania ................................... 316
Thailand .................................... 318
Timor-Leste .............................. 320
Tunisia ...................................... 322
Turkey ...................................... 324
Uganda .................................... 326
Ukraine ..................................... 328
United Arab Emirates................ 330
United Kingdom ....................... 332
United States............................ 334
Uruguay .................................... 336
Venezuela ................................. 338
Vietnam .................................... 340
Yemen ...................................... 342
Zimbabwe ................................ 344
rank
out of 144 countries 38
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Albania score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 11,
Total population (1,000s) 2,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
61
38
58
110
105
115
score
2017
rank
38
70
87
120
31
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 70
Labour force participation 100
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 3
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 98 8,215 15,569
Legislators, senior officials and managers 94
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 87
Literacy rate 76
Enrolment in primary education 102
Enrolment in secondary education 105
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 120
Sex ratio at birth 137
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 31
Women in parliament 48
Women in ministerial positions 10
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Albania
AVG ALB
58 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 38 ALB
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1920
Years since any women received voting rights 97
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 30
Election list quotas for women, local 30
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 5
Total dependency ratio 44
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 29
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
59The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 127
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Algeria score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 13,
Total population (1,000s) 40,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
97
103
84
78
98
115
score
2017
rank
127
132
107
106
86
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 132
Labour force participation 141
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 13
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 140 4,624 25,319
Legislators, senior officials and managers 119
Professional and technical workers 92
Educational attainment 107
Literacy rate 112
Enrolment in primary education 110
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 106
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 114
Political empowerment 86
Women in parliament 58
Women in ministerial positions 98
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Algeria
AVGDZA
60 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 127 DZA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1962
Years since any women received voting rights 55
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 50
Election list quotas for women, local 35
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 11
Total dependency ratio 54
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 140
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
61The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 123
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Angola score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 6,
Total population (1,000s) 28,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
96
69
107
1
81
115
score
2017
rank
123
119
139
64
39
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 119
Labour force participation 78
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 131
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 89 4,789 8,277
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 139
Literacy rate 125
Enrolment in primary education 130
Enrolment in secondary education 131
Enrolment in tertiary education 109
Health and survival 64
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 74
Political empowerment 39
Women in parliament 18
Women in ministerial positions 56
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Angola
AVGAGO
62 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 123 AGO
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults – – –
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1975
Years since any women received voting rights 42
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 22
Total dependency ratio 97
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 477
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
63The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 34
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Argentina score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 18,
Total population (1,000s) 43,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
41
82
29
1
23
115
score
2017
rank
34
111
44
1
21
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 111
Labour force participation 94
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 118
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 112 13,122 27,043
Legislators, senior officials and managers 71
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 44
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 80
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 21
Women in parliament 16
Women in ministerial positions 81
Years with female head of state (last 50) 15
Argentina
AVG ARG
64 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 34 ARG
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1947
Years since any women received voting rights 70
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national 30
Election list quotas for women, local 30
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 6
Total dependency ratio 57
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 52
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
65The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 97
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Armenia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 8,
Total population (1,000s) 2,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
97
71
42
143
111
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 71
Labour force participation 84
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 41
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 97 6,340 11,610
Legislators, senior officials and managers 76
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 42
Literacy rate 46
Enrolment in primary education 73
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 143
Sex ratio at birth 143
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 111
Women in parliament 93
Women in ministerial positions 106
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Armenia
AVGARM
66 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 97 ARM
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1918
Years since any women received voting rights 99
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 20
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 6
Total dependency ratio 45
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 0
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 25
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
67The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 35
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Australia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions) 1,
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 44,
Total population (1,000s) 24,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
15
12
1
57
32
115
score
2017
rank
35
42
1
104
48
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 42
Labour force participation 56
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 62
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 63 35,979 57,677
Legislators, senior officials and managers 34
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 104
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 112
Political empowerment 48
Women in parliament 45
Women in ministerial positions 43
Years with female head of state (last 50) 35
Australia
AVG AUS
68 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 35 AUS
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1902
Years since any women received voting rights 115
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 52
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 126
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) – –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave – –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits – –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 6
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
69The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 57
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Austria score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 44,
Total population (1,000s) 8,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
27
81
68
1
14
115
score
2017
rank
57
80
84
72
54
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 80
Labour force participation 40
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 90
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 101 34,645 66,144
Legislators, senior officials and managers 64
Professional and technical workers 74
Educational attainment 84
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in secondary education 114
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 72
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 82
Political empowerment 54
Women in parliament 42
Women in ministerial positions 49
Years with female head of state (last 50) 57
Austria
AVG AUT
70 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 57 AUT
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1918
Years since any women received voting rights 99
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 50
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 0
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children – – –
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 4
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
71The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 98
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Azerbaijan score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 15,
Total population (1,000s) 9,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
98
45
91
142
131
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 45
Labour force participation 19
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 29
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 117 11,134 23,424
Legislators, senior officials and managers 46
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 91
Literacy rate 48
Enrolment in primary education 115
Enrolment in secondary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 142
Sex ratio at birth 142
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 131
Women in parliament 98
Women in ministerial positions 139
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Azerbaijan
AVGAZE
72 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 98 AZE
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1918
Years since any women received voting rights 99
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 26
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 12
Total dependency ratio 41
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 1039
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 25
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
73The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 27
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Bahamas score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 21,
Total population (1,000s)
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
27
3
1
50
98
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 3
Labour force participation 25
Wage equality for similar work (survey) – – – – – –
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 39 18,728 27,807
Legislators, senior officials and managers 1
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education – – – – – –
Health and survival 50
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 61
Political empowerment 98
Women in parliament 111
Women in ministerial positions 47
Years with female head of state (last 50) 63
Bahamas
AVG BHS
74 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 27 BHS
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers – –
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services –
Inheritance rights for daughters –
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership –
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership –
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1961
Years since any women received voting rights 56
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 8
Total dependency ratio 41
Parity of parental rights in marriage –
Parity of parental rights after divorce –
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 80
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
75The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 126
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Bahrain score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 44,
Total population (1,000s) 1,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
102
111
54
104
110
115
score
2017
rank
126
120
75
136
137
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 120
Labour force participation 128
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 9
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 84 33,017 56,061
Legislators, senior officials and managers 95
Professional and technical workers 124
Educational attainment 75
Literacy rate 90
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 136
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 142
Political empowerment 137
Women in parliament 133
Women in ministerial positions 131
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Bahrain
AVGBHR
76 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 126 BHR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1973
Years since any women received voting rights 44
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 33
Total dependency ratio 29
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 15
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
77The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 47
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Bangladesh score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 3,
Total population (1,000s) 162,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
91
107
95
113
17
115
score
2017
rank
47
129
111
125
7
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 129
Labour force participation 124
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 104
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 108 2,364 4,776
Legislators, senior officials and managers 113
Professional and technical workers 116
Educational attainment 111
Literacy rate 97
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 114
Health and survival 125
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 132
Political empowerment 7
Women in parliament 78
Women in ministerial positions 122
Years with female head of state (last 50) 1
Bangladesh
AVG BGD
78 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 47 BGD
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1935
Years since any women received voting rights 82
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 25
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 13
Total dependency ratio 51
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 176
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
79The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 23
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Barbados score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 15,
Total population (1,000s)
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
23
2
1
83
82
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 2
Labour force participation 20
Wage equality for similar work (survey) – – – – – –
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 34 13,750 20,151
Legislators, senior officials and managers 1
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 83
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 92
Political empowerment 82
Women in parliament 99
Women in ministerial positions 104
Years with female head of state (last 50) 24
Barbados
AVG BRB
80 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 23 BRB
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers –
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers –
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services –
Inheritance rights for daughters –
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership –
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership –
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1950
Years since any women received voting rights 67
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25 – – –
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 5
Total dependency ratio 51
Parity of parental rights in marriage –
Parity of parental rights after divorce –
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 27
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
81The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 26
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Belarus score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 16,
Total population (1,000s) 9,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
26
5
35
45
73
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 5
Labour force participation 39
Wage equality for similar work (survey) – – – – – –
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 52 14,471 22,184
Legislators, senior officials and managers 10
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 35
Literacy rate 53
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 45
Sex ratio at birth 124
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 73
Women in parliament 29
Women in ministerial positions 137
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Belarus
AVG BLR
82 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 26 BLR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1918
Years since any women received voting rights 99
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 5
Total dependency ratio 45
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 1095
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 4
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
83The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 31
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Belgium score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 41,
Total population (1,000s) 11,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
20
54
1
1
19
115
score
2017
rank
31
46
1
63
37
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 46
Labour force participation 48
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 57
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 55 36,604 56,472
Legislators, senior officials and managers 62
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 63
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 73
Political empowerment 37
Women in parliament 19
Women in ministerial positions 49
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Belgium
AVG BEL
84 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 31 BEL
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1919
Years since any women received voting rights 98
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 50
Election list quotas for women, local 50
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 55
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 120
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov dual
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 7
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
85The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 79
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Belize score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 7,
Total population (1,000s)
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
79
21
85
61
139
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 21
Labour force participation 97
Wage equality for similar work (survey) – – – – – –
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 37 6,831 10,076
Legislators, senior officials and managers 11
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 85
Literacy rate – – – – – –
Enrolment in primary education 112
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 61
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 70
Political empowerment 139
Women in parliament 128
Women in ministerial positions 139
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Belize
AVGBLZ
86 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 79 BLZ
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services –
Inheritance rights for daughters –
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership –
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership –
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1954
Years since any women received voting rights 63
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 17
Total dependency ratio 56
Parity of parental rights in marriage –
Parity of parental rights after divorce –
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 28
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
87The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 116
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Benin score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 2,
Total population (1,000s) 10,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
110
55
113
86
76
115
score
2017
rank
116
4
142
131
129
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 4
Labour force participation 7
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 26
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 3 2,108 2,228
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 142
Literacy rate 135
Enrolment in primary education 125
Enrolment in secondary education 137
Enrolment in tertiary education 134
Health and survival 131
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 138
Political empowerment 129
Women in parliament 134
Women in ministerial positions 94
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Benin
AVGBEN
88 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 116 BEN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1956
Years since any women received voting rights 61
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 17
Total dependency ratio 86
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 405
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
89The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 124
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Bhutan score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 8,
Total population (1,000s)
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
124
103
123
137
134
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 103
Labour force participation 72
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 10
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 93 6,226 10,967
Legislators, senior officials and managers 102
Professional and technical workers 113
Educational attainment 123
Literacy rate 121
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 115
Health and survival 137
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 143
Political empowerment 134
Women in parliament 132
Women in ministerial positions 109
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Bhutan
AVGBTN
90 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 124 BTN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1953
Years since any women received voting rights 64
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 14
Total dependency ratio 46
Parity of parental rights in marriage –
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl empl
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 148
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
91The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 17
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Bolivia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 6,
Total population (1,000s) 10,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
87
77
89
79
71
115
score
2017
rank
17
60
108
69
14
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 60
Labour force participation 77
Wage equality for similar work (survey) – – – – – –
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 59 5,622 8,846
Legislators, senior officials and managers 47
Professional and technical workers 87
Educational attainment 108
Literacy rate 98
Enrolment in primary education 107
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 107
Health and survival 69
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 78
Political empowerment 14
Women in parliament 1
Women in ministerial positions 31
Years with female head of state (last 50) 55
Bolivia
AVG BOL
92 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 17 BOL
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1938
Years since any women received voting rights 79
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 50
Election list quotas for women, local 50
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 9
Total dependency ratio 63
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
93The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 66
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Bosnia and Herzegovina score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 11,
Total population (1,000s) 3,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
66
116
92
42
35
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 116
Labour force participation 114
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 83
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 123 7,422 16,902
Legislators, senior officials and managers 98
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 92
Literacy rate 87
Enrolment in primary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education – – – – – –
Health and survival 42
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 53
Political empowerment 35
Women in parliament 72
Women in ministerial positions 56
Years with female head of state (last 50) 13
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
AVG BIH
94 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 66 BIH
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1946
Years since any women received voting rights 71
Number of female heads of state to date 3
Election list quotas for women, national 40
Election list quotas for women, local 40
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 44
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children – – –
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 11
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
95The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 46
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Botswana score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 15,
Total population (1,000s) 2,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
34
23
67
109
47
115
score
2017
rank
46
6
1
48
122
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 6
Labour force participation 21
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 23
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 5 15,558 17,940
Legislators, senior officials and managers 30
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 48
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 59
Political empowerment 122
Women in parliament 127
Women in ministerial positions 88
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Botswana
AVG BWA
96 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 46 BWA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1965
Years since any women received voting rights 52
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 17
Total dependency ratio 55
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 129
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
97The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 90
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Brazil score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions) 1,
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 14,
Total population (1,000s) 207,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
67
63
74
1
86
115
score
2017
rank
90
83
1
1
110
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 83
Labour force participation 88
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 119
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 91 11,132 19,260
Legislators, senior officials and managers 23
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 110
Women in parliament 121
Women in ministerial positions 134
Years with female head of state (last 50) 25
Brazil
AVGBRA
98 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 90 BRA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1932
Years since any women received voting rights 85
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 30
Election list quotas for women, local 30
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 26
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 8
Total dependency ratio 44
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 44
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
99The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 102
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Brunei Darussalam score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 71,
Total population (1,000s)
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
102
61
78
111
140
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 61
Labour force participation 96
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 11
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 65 59,022 94,795
Legislators, senior officials and managers 58
Professional and technical workers 89
Educational attainment 78
Literacy rate 78
Enrolment in primary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 111
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 123
Political empowerment 140
Women in parliament 130
Women in ministerial positions 139
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Brunei Darussalam
AVGBRN
100 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 102 BRN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services –
Inheritance rights for daughters –
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership –
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership –
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote –
Years since any women received voting rights –
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25 – – –
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 17
Total dependency ratio 38
Parity of parental rights in marriage –
Parity of parental rights after divorce –
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children – – –
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 23
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
101The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 18
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Bulgaria score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 17,
Total population (1,000s) 7,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
37
58
56
36
30
115
score
2017
rank
18
51
80
36
23
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 51
Labour force participation 35
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 103
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 54 15,216 23,408
Legislators, senior officials and managers 33
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 80
Literacy rate 59
Enrolment in primary education 86
Enrolment in secondary education 112
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 36
Sex ratio at birth 110
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 23
Women in parliament 63
Women in ministerial positions 1
Years with female head of state (last 50) 61
Bulgaria
AVG BGR
102 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 18 BGR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1937
Years since any women received voting rights 80
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 3
Total dependency ratio 53
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 365
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 11
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
103The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 121
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Burkina Faso score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 1,
Total population (1,000s) 18,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
104
49
112
68
74
115
score
2017
rank
121
47
133
134
125
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 47
Labour force participation 53
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 59
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 49 1,365 2,077
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 133
Literacy rate 130
Enrolment in primary education 117
Enrolment in secondary education 119
Enrolment in tertiary education 127
Health and survival 134
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 140
Political empowerment 125
Women in parliament 120
Women in ministerial positions 100
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Burkina Faso
AVGBFA
104 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 121 BFA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1958
Years since any women received voting rights 59
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 30
Election list quotas for women, local 30
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 22
Total dependency ratio 92
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 371
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
105The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 22
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Burundi score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP)
Total population (1,000s) 10,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
22
1
128
1
40
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 1
Labour force participation 1
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 8
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 1 882 670
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 128
Literacy rate 116
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 135
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 40
Women in parliament 25
Women in ministerial positions 53
Years with female head of state (last 50) 56
Burundi
AVG BDI
106 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 22 BDI
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults – – –
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1961
Years since any women received voting rights 56
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 21
Total dependency ratio 90
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 712
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
107The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 99
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Cambodia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 3,
Total population (1,000s) 15,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
89
29
105
1
94
115
score
2017
rank
99
56
121
1
106
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 56
Labour force participation 46
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 28
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 19 3,165 4,335
Legislators, senior officials and managers 70
Professional and technical workers 107
Educational attainment 121
Literacy rate 114
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 126
Enrolment in tertiary education 108
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 106
Women in parliament 77
Women in ministerial positions 115
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Cambodia
AVGKHM
108 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 99 KHM
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1955
Years since any women received voting rights 62
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 15
Total dependency ratio 55
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 161
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
109The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 87
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Cameroon score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 3,
Total population (1,000s) 23,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
103
94
101
97
85
115
score
2017
rank
87
40
129
92
64
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 40
Labour force participation 45
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 54
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 45 2,622 3,949
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 129
Literacy rate 111
Enrolment in primary education 122
Enrolment in secondary education 130
Enrolment in tertiary education 111
Health and survival 92
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 100
Political empowerment 64
Women in parliament 40
Women in ministerial positions 83
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Cameroon
AVGCMR
110 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 87 CMR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership no
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1946
Years since any women received voting rights 71
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 17
Total dependency ratio 85
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 596
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
111The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 16
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Canada score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions) 1,
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 43,
Total population (1,000s) 36,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
14
10
21
51
33
115
score
2017
rank
16
29
1
105
20
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 29
Labour force participation 26
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 46
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 41 35,391 52,796
Legislators, senior officials and managers 44
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education – – – – – –
Health and survival 105
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 113
Political empowerment 20
Women in parliament 56
Women in ministerial positions 1
Years with female head of state (last 50) 59
Canada
AVG CAN
112 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 16 CAN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1917
Years since any women received voting rights 100
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 48
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 245
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 7
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
113The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 89
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Cape Verde score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 6,
Total population (1,000s)
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
89
106
93
110
70
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 106
Labour force participation 102
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 51
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 110 4,340 8,782
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 93
Literacy rate 101
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 110
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 122
Political empowerment 70
Women in parliament 64
Women in ministerial positions 39
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Cape Verde
AVGCPV
114 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 89 CPV
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults – – –
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services –
Inheritance rights for daughters –
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership –
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership –
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1975
Years since any women received voting rights 42
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 50
Election list quotas for women, local 50
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 15
Total dependency ratio 54
Parity of parental rights in marriage –
Parity of parental rights after divorce –
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
115The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 141
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Chad score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 1,
Total population (1,000s) 14,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
113
65
115
56
91
115
score
2017
rank
141
77
144
73
120
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 77
Labour force participation 67
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 82
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 71 1,514 2,468
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 144
Literacy rate 136
Enrolment in primary education 131
Enrolment in secondary education 140
Enrolment in tertiary education 136
Health and survival 73
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 84
Political empowerment 120
Women in parliament 112
Women in ministerial positions 94
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Chad
AVGTCD
116 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 141 TCD
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults – – –
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers – – –
Own-account workers – – –
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers – – –
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1958
Years since any women received voting rights 59
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 20
Total dependency ratio 99
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 856
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
117The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 63
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Chile score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 22,
Total population (1,000s) 17,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
78
90
69
1
56
115
score
2017
rank
63
117
39
47
36
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 117
Labour force participation 92
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 127
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 102 16,462 31,601
Legislators, senior officials and managers 82
Professional and technical workers 83
Educational attainment 39
Literacy rate 51
Enrolment in primary education 71
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 47
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 58
Political empowerment 36
Women in parliament 104
Women in ministerial positions 21
Years with female head of state (last 50) 18
Chile
AVG CHL
118 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 63 CHL
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1949
Years since any women received voting rights 68
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 40
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 6
Total dependency ratio 46
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 84
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 22
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
119The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 100
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
China score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions) 11,
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 14,
Total population (1,000s) 1,403,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
63
53
78
114
52
115
score
2017
rank
100
86
102
144
77
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 86
Labour force participation 60
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 70
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 67 11,821 19,028
Legislators, senior officials and managers 105
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 102
Literacy rate 91
Enrolment in primary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in secondary education 120
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 144
Sex ratio at birth 144
Healthy life expectancy 120
Political empowerment 77
Women in parliament 61
Women in ministerial positions 109
Years with female head of state (last 50) 33
China
AVGCHN
120 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 100 CHN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults – – –
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers – – –
Own-account workers – – –
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers – – –
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1949
Years since any women received voting rights 68
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 7
Total dependency ratio 39
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children – – –
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 4, 4, 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 27
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
121The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 36
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Colombia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 13,
Total population (1,000s) 48,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
22
39
14
1
27
115
score
2017
rank
36
32
30
1
59
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 32
Labour force participation 87
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 113
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 36 11,477 16,924
Legislators, senior officials and managers 1
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 30
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 68
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 59
Women in parliament 89
Women in ministerial positions 20
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Colombia
AVG COL
122 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 36 COL
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) 1, 1,
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1954
Years since any women received voting rights 63
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 30
Election list quotas for women, local 30
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 9
Total dependency ratio 45
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 64
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
123The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 41
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Costa Rica score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 15,
Total population (1,000s) 4,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
30
89
32
1
15
115
score
2017
rank
41
104
40
79
27
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 104
Labour force participation 111
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 109
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 96 11,821 21,403
Legislators, senior officials and managers 17
Professional and technical workers 93
Educational attainment 40
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 74
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 79
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 89
Political empowerment 27
Women in parliament 27
Women in ministerial positions 25
Years with female head of state (last 50) 30
Costa Rica
AVG CRI
124 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 41 CRI
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1949
Years since any women received voting rights 68
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 50
Election list quotas for women, local 50
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 7
Total dependency ratio 45
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 25
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
125The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 133
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Côte d'Ivoire score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 3,
Total population (1,000s) 23,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
133
115
137
121
108
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 115
Labour force participation 103
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 92
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 116 2,392 5,010
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 137
Literacy rate 122
Enrolment in primary education 123
Enrolment in secondary education 136
Enrolment in tertiary education 123
Health and survival 121
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 130
Political empowerment 108
Women in parliament 122
Women in ministerial positions 66
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Côte d'Ivoire
AVGCIV
126 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 133 CIV
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1952
Years since any women received voting rights 65
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 19
Total dependency ratio 83
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
127The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 54
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Croatia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 21,
Total population (1,000s) 4,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
16
42
51
36
18
115
score
2017
rank
54
63
58
1
68
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 63
Labour force participation 50
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 110
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 22 19,978 27,486
Legislators, senior officials and managers 72
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 58
Literacy rate 61
Enrolment in primary education 89
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 68
Women in parliament 90
Women in ministerial positions 68
Years with female head of state (last 50) 27
Croatia
AVG HRV
128 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 54 HRV
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1945
Years since any women received voting rights 72
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 3
Total dependency ratio 52
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 120
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 8
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
129The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 25
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Cuba score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) –
Total population (1,000s) 11,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
25
99
1
103
19
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 99
Labour force participation 108
Wage equality for similar work (survey) – – – – – –
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) – – – – – –
Legislators, senior officials and managers 31
Professional and technical workers 105
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 103
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 111
Political empowerment 19
Women in parliament 3
Women in ministerial positions 37
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Cuba
AVG CUB
130 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 25 CUB
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women –
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay –
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1934
Years since any women received voting rights 83
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 5
Total dependency ratio 44
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) – –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave – –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits – –
Government supports or provides childcare –
Government provides child allowance –
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 39
Legislation on domestic violence –
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
131The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 92
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Cyprus score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 31,
Total population (1,000s) 1,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
83
75
55
84
95
115
score
2017
rank
92
66
46
126
115
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 66
Labour force participation 55
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 87
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 46 25,991 39,148
Legislators, senior officials and managers 84
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 46
Literacy rate 65
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 126
Sex ratio at birth 132
Healthy life expectancy 95
Political empowerment 115
Women in parliament 94
Women in ministerial positions 115
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Cyprus
AVGCYP
132 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 92 CYP
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1960
Years since any women received voting rights 57
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 5
Total dependency ratio 43
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 0
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 7
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
133The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 88
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Czech Republic score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 31,
Total population (1,000s) 10,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
53
52
47
36
70
115
score
2017
rank
88
92
1
1
91
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 92
Labour force participation 65
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 97
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 79 26,076 43,648
Legislators, senior officials and managers 88
Professional and technical workers 72
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 91
Women in parliament 80
Women in ministerial positions 79
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Czech Republic
AVGCZE
134 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 88 CZE
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1920
Years since any women received voting rights 97
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 51
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 1095
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children – – –
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
135The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 14
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Denmark score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 45,
Total population (1,000s) 5,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
8
19
1
76
13
115
score
2017
rank
14
36
1
95
16
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 36
Labour force participation 18
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 39
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 42 39,913 59,583
Legislators, senior officials and managers 80
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 95
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 104
Political empowerment 16
Women in parliament 21
Women in ministerial positions 8
Years with female head of state (last 50) 32
Denmark
AVG DNK
136 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 14 DNK
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1915
Years since any women received voting rights 102
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 3
Total dependency ratio 56
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 224
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 6
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
137The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 70
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Dominican Republic score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 14,
Total population (1,000s) 10,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
59
78
1
1
49
115
score
2017
rank
70
95
72
1
69
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 95
Labour force participation 95
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 112
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 87 11,229 19,219
Legislators, senior officials and managers 49
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 72
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 109
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 69
Women in parliament 53
Women in ministerial positions 67
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Dominican Republic
AVGDOM
138 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 70 DOM
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1942
Years since any women received voting rights 75
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 33
Election list quotas for women, local 33
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 26
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 9
Total dependency ratio 57
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 92
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
139The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 42
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Ecuador score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 10,
Total population (1,000s) 16,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
82
92
39
1
64
115
score
2017
rank
42
93
54
57
32
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 93
Labour force participation 116
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 100
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 72 8,559 14,015
Legislators, senior officials and managers 45
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 54
Literacy rate 75
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 57
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 66
Political empowerment 32
Women in parliament 20
Women in ministerial positions 30
Years with female head of state (last 50) 66
Ecuador
AVG ECU
140 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 42 ECU
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1929
Years since any women received voting rights 88
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 50
Election list quotas for women, local 50
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 9
Total dependency ratio 55
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 64
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
141The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 134
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Egypt score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 10,
Total population (1,000s) 95,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
109
108
90
66
111
115
score
2017
rank
134
135
104
99
119
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 135
Labour force participation 138
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 58
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 131 4,911 17,215
Legislators, senior officials and managers 122
Professional and technical workers 106
Educational attainment 104
Literacy rate 113
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 96
Health and survival 99
Sex ratio at birth 110
Healthy life expectancy 105
Political empowerment 119
Women in parliament 107
Women in ministerial positions 104
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Egypt
AVGEGY
142 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 134 EGY
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1956
Years since any women received voting rights 61
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 12
Total dependency ratio 63
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 33
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
143The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 62
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
El Salvador score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 7,
Total population (1,000s) 6,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
39
73
59
1
24
115
score
2017
rank
62
97
67
1
56
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 97
Labour force participation 109
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 123
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 85 6,482 11,029
Legislators, senior officials and managers 14
Professional and technical workers 84
Educational attainment 67
Literacy rate 85
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 56
Women in parliament 37
Women in ministerial positions 63
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
El Salvador
AVG SLV
144 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 62 SLV
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1939
Years since any women received voting rights 78
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 30
Election list quotas for women, local 30
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 8
Total dependency ratio 56
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 54
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
145The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 37
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Estonia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 27,
Total population (1,000s) 1,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
29
27
16
36
51
115
score
2017
rank
37
38
1
36
52
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 38
Labour force participation 30
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 63
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 69 22,783 36,842
Legislators, senior officials and managers 36
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 36
Sex ratio at birth 110
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 52
Women in parliament 54
Women in ministerial positions 27
Years with female head of state (last 50) 53
Estonia
AVG EST
146 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 37 EST
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1918
Years since any women received voting rights 99
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 3
Total dependency ratio 55
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 435
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 9
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
147The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 115
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Ethiopia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 1,
Total population (1,000s) 102,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
100
74
108
87
61
115
score
2017
rank
115
109
134
44
50
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 109
Labour force participation 43
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 95
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 74 1,308 2,163
Legislators, senior officials and managers 83
Professional and technical workers 114
Educational attainment 134
Literacy rate 131
Enrolment in primary education 121
Enrolment in secondary education 116
Enrolment in tertiary education 130
Health and survival 44
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 55
Political empowerment 50
Women in parliament 17
Women in ministerial positions 109
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Ethiopia
AVGETH
148 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 115 ETH
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1955
Years since any women received voting rights 62
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 16
Total dependency ratio 81
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 353
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
149The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 125
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Fiji score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 8,
Total population (1,000s)
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
125
127
71
36
105
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 127
Labour force participation 125
Wage equality for similar work (survey) – – – – – –
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 126 5,371 13,618
Legislators, senior officials and managers 92
Professional and technical workers 94
Educational attainment 71
Literacy rate 83
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education – – – – – –
Health and survival 36
Sex ratio at birth 110
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 105
Women in parliament 101
Women in ministerial positions 92
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Fiji
AVGFJI
150 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 125 FJI
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1963
Years since any women received voting rights 54
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 11
Total dependency ratio 53
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 30
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
151The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 3
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Finland score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 39,
Total population (1,000s) 5,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
3
8
18
1
3
115
score
2017
rank
3
16
1
46
5
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 16
Labour force participation 8
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 7
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 26 35,846 50,481
Legislators, senior officials and managers 51
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 46
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 57
Political empowerment 5
Women in parliament 8
Women in ministerial positions 13
Years with female head of state (last 50) 11
Finland
AVG FIN
152 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 3 FIN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1906
Years since any women received voting rights 111
Number of female heads of state to date 3
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 3
Total dependency ratio 59
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 215
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 3
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
153The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 11
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
France score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions) 2,
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 38,
Total population (1,000s) 64,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
70
88
1
1
60
115
score
2017
rank
11
64
1
54
9
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 64
Labour force participation 33
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 129
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 18 35,324 47,820
Legislators, senior officials and managers 61
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 54
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 64
Political empowerment 9
Women in parliament 15
Women in ministerial positions 1
Years with female head of state (last 50) 52
France
AVG FRA
154 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 11 FRA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1944
Years since any women received voting rights 73
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 50
Election list quotas for women, local 50
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 3
Total dependency ratio 60
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 0
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 8
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
155The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 119
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Gambia, The score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 1,
Total population (1,000s) 2,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
79
25
106
64
55
115
score
2017
rank
119
100
127
122
104
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 100
Labour force participation 44
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 16
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 125 998 2,394
Legislators, senior officials and managers 57
Professional and technical workers 117
Educational attainment 127
Literacy rate 126
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 122
Health and survival 122
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 131
Political empowerment 104
Women in parliament 124
Women in ministerial positions 56
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Gambia, The
AVGGMB
156 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 119 GMB
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership no
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership no
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1960
Years since any women received voting rights 57
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 22
Total dependency ratio 92
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl empl
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 706
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
157The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 94
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Georgia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 9,
Total population (1,000s) 3,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
54
41
28
115
59
115
score
2017
rank
94
75
81
124
114
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 75
Labour force participation 86
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 45
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 114 6,595 13,721
Legislators, senior officials and managers 54
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 81
Literacy rate 49
Enrolment in primary education 113
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 124
Sex ratio at birth 138
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 114
Women in parliament 101
Women in ministerial positions 106
Years with female head of state (last 50) 60
Georgia
AVGGEO
158 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 94 GEO
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1918
Years since any women received voting rights 99
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 5
Total dependency ratio 51
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 36
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
159The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 12
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Germany score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions) 3,
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 44,
Total population (1,000s) 81,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
5
32
31
36
6
115
score
2017
rank
12
43
98
70
10
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 43
Labour force participation 41
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 49
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 35 39,621 58,129
Legislators, senior officials and managers 74
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 98
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in secondary education 121
Enrolment in tertiary education 98
Health and survival 70
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 80
Political empowerment 10
Women in parliament 22
Women in ministerial positions 22
Years with female head of state (last 50) 10
Germany
AVG DEU
160 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 12 DEU
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1918
Years since any women received voting rights 99
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 3
Total dependency ratio 52
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 360
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children – – –
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 6
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
161The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 72
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Ghana score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 3,
Total population (1,000s) 28,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
58
5
94
89
80
115
score
2017
rank
72
18
119
118
112
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 18
Labour force participation 6
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 44
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 20 3,626 4,966
Legislators, senior officials and managers 1
Professional and technical workers 110
Educational attainment 119
Literacy rate 109
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 121
Health and survival 118
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 128
Political empowerment 112
Women in parliament 113
Women in ministerial positions 81
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Ghana
AVGGHA
162 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 72 GHA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership no
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1954
Years since any women received voting rights 63
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 17
Total dependency ratio 73
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 319
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
163The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 78
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Greece score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 24,
Total population (1,000s) 11,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
69
70
46
53
87
115
score
2017
rank
78
73
76
89
88
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 73
Labour force participation 80
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 72
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 48 21,315 32,422
Legislators, senior officials and managers 86
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 76
Literacy rate 70
Enrolment in primary education 88
Enrolment in secondary education 104
Enrolment in tertiary education 94
Health and survival 89
Sex ratio at birth 129
Healthy life expectancy 79
Political empowerment 88
Women in parliament 91
Women in ministerial positions 65
Years with female head of state (last 50) 64
Greece
AVGGRC
164 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 78 GRC
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1952
Years since any women received voting rights 65
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 33
Election list quotas for women, local 33
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 3
Total dependency ratio 53
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 0
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 3
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
165The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 110
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Guatemala score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 7,
Total population (1,000s) 16,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
95
104
91
1
54
115
score
2017
rank
110
101
103
1
109
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 101
Labour force participation 126
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 105
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 104 5,385 10,592
Legislators, senior officials and managers 12
Professional and technical workers 71
Educational attainment 103
Literacy rate 105
Enrolment in primary education 92
Enrolment in secondary education 122
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 109
Women in parliament 114
Women in ministerial positions 74
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Guatemala
AVGGTM
166 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 110 GTM
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1946
Years since any women received voting rights 71
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25 – – –
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 13
Total dependency ratio 67
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 88
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
167The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 113
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Guinea score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 1,
Total population (1,000s) 12,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
113
10
143
132
76
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 10
Labour force participation 9
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 6
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 27 1,083 1,537
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 143
Literacy rate 133
Enrolment in primary education 126
Enrolment in secondary education 139
Enrolment in tertiary education 131
Health and survival 132
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 139
Political empowerment 76
Women in parliament 71
Women in ministerial positions 48
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Guinea
AVGGIN
168 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 113 GIN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults – – –
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers – –
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1958
Years since any women received voting rights 59
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 30
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 18
Total dependency ratio 84
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 679
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
169The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 55
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Honduras score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 4,
Total population (1,000s) 9,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
74
99
1
1
42
115
score
2017
rank
55
74
29
78
61
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 74
Labour force participation 123
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 88
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 99 3,275 6,210
Legislators, senior officials and managers 6
Professional and technical workers 78
Educational attainment 29
Literacy rate 47
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 78
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 88
Political empowerment 61
Women in parliament 57
Women in ministerial positions 31
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Honduras
AVG HND
170 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 55 HND
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1955
Years since any women received voting rights 62
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 40
Election list quotas for women, local 40
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 14
Total dependency ratio 58
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 129
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
171The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 103
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Hungary score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 25,
Total population (1,000s) 9,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
55
48
49
36
82
115
score
2017
rank
103
68
68
36
138
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 68
Labour force participation 63
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 124
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 61 20,883 33,076
Legislators, senior officials and managers 26
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 68
Literacy rate – – – – – –
Enrolment in primary education 104
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 36
Sex ratio at birth 110
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 138
Women in parliament 126
Women in ministerial positions 139
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Hungary
AVGHUN
172 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 103 HUN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters –
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1918
Years since any women received voting rights 99
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 48
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 590
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 17
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
173The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 1
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Iceland score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 45,
Total population (1,000s)
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
4
17
50
92
4
115
score
2017
rank
1
14
57
114
1
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 14
Labour force participation 11
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 5
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 21 43,250 59,495
Legislators, senior officials and managers 50
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 57
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 98
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 114
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 125
Political empowerment 1
Women in parliament 4
Women in ministerial positions 10
Years with female head of state (last 50) 4
Iceland
AVG ISL
174 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 1 ISL
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1915
Years since any women received voting rights 102
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 5
Total dependency ratio 52
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 90
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 3
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
175The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 108
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
India score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions) 2,
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 6,
Total population (1,000s) 1,324,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
98
110
102
103
20
115
score
2017
rank
108
139
112
141
15
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 139
Labour force participation 136
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 80
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 137 2,424 10,428
Legislators, senior officials and managers 114
Professional and technical workers 118
Educational attainment 112
Literacy rate 118
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 95
Health and survival 141
Sex ratio at birth 141
Healthy life expectancy 117
Political empowerment 15
Women in parliament 118
Women in ministerial positions 76
Years with female head of state (last 50) 3
India
AVGIND
176 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 108 IND
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1935
Years since any women received voting rights 82
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 11
Total dependency ratio 52
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 2, 3, 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 174
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
177The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 84
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Indonesia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 10,
Total population (1,000s) 261,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
68
67
81
88
63
115
score
2017
rank
84
108
88
60
63
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 108
Labour force participation 118
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 35
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 111 7,632 15,536
Legislators, senior officials and managers 97
Professional and technical workers 70
Educational attainment 88
Literacy rate 82
Enrolment in primary education 103
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 60
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 69
Political empowerment 63
Women in parliament 83
Women in ministerial positions 38
Years with female head of state (last 50) 34
Indonesia
AVGIDN
178 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 84 IDN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) 2, 2,
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1945
Years since any women received voting rights 72
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 30
Election list quotas for women, local 30
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 13
Total dependency ratio 49
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl empl
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 126
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
179The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 140
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Iran, Islamic Rep. score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 16,
Total population (1,000s) 80,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
108
113
80
52
109
115
score
2017
rank
140
140
100
135
136
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 140
Labour force participation 143
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 99
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 141 4,885 29,060
Legislators, senior officials and managers 103
Professional and technical workers 112
Educational attainment 100
Literacy rate 103
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 99
Enrolment in tertiary education 104
Health and survival 135
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 141
Political empowerment 136
Women in parliament 136
Women in ministerial positions 113
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Iran, Islamic Rep.
AVGIRN
180 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 140 IRN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1963
Years since any women received voting rights 54
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 14
Total dependency ratio 41
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
181The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 8
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Ireland score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 62,
Total population (1,000s) 4,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
10
47
1
81
9
115
score
2017
rank
8
50
1
96
6
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 50
Labour force participation 70
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 40
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 88 50,834 87,231
Legislators, senior officials and managers 40
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 96
Sex ratio at birth 110
Healthy life expectancy 102
Political empowerment 6
Women in parliament 70
Women in ministerial positions 33
Years with female head of state (last 50) 2
Ireland
AVG IRL
182 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 8 IRL
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1918
Years since any women received voting rights 99
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national 30
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 5
Total dependency ratio 55
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 0
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 8
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
183The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 44
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Israel score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 32,
Total population (1,000s) 8,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
35
46
36
83
36
115
score
2017
rank
44
65
1
98
47
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 65
Labour force participation 31
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 101
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 81 28,335 47,609
Legislators, senior officials and managers 63
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate – – – – – –
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 98
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 107
Political empowerment 47
Women in parliament 51
Women in ministerial positions 73
Years with female head of state (last 50) 22
Israel
AVG ISR
184 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 44 ISR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1948
Years since any women received voting rights 69
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 5
Total dependency ratio 65
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 0
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 5
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
185The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 82
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Italy score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions) 1,
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 34,
Total population (1,000s) 59,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
77
87
27
77
72
115
score
2017
rank
82
118
60
123
46
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 118
Labour force participation 89
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 126
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 103 26,273 50,682
Legislators, senior officials and managers 81
Professional and technical workers 86
Educational attainment 60
Literacy rate 57
Enrolment in primary education 93
Enrolment in secondary education 98
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 123
Sex ratio at birth 127
Healthy life expectancy 119
Political empowerment 46
Women in parliament 41
Women in ministerial positions 29
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Italy
AVGITA
186 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 82 ITA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1945
Years since any women received voting rights 72
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local 33
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 32
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 3
Total dependency ratio 57
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 300
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 4
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
187The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 51
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Jamaica score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 8,
Total population (1,000s) 2,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
25
7
1
82
65
115
score
2017
rank
51
39
1
93
74
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 39
Labour force participation 62
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 85
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 73 6,691 10,999
Legislators, senior officials and managers 1
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 93
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 101
Political empowerment 74
Women in parliament 95
Women in ministerial positions 84
Years with female head of state (last 50) 23
Jamaica
AVG JAM
188 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 51 JAM
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1944
Years since any women received voting rights 73
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25 – – –
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 7
Total dependency ratio 48
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 89
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
189The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 114
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Japan score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions) 4,
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 38,
Total population (1,000s) 127,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
80
83
60
1
83
115
score
2017
rank
114
114
74
1
123
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 114
Labour force participation 79
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 52
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 100 28,724 54,818
Legislators, senior officials and managers 116
Professional and technical workers 101
Educational attainment 74
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 101
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 123
Women in parliament 129
Women in ministerial positions 88
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Japan
AVGJPN
190 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 114 JPN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1945
Years since any women received voting rights 72
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 2
Total dependency ratio 65
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 309
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 5
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
191The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 135
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Jordan score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 8,
Total population (1,000s) 9,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
93
105
70
62
100
115
score
2017
rank
135
138
51
113
126
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 138
Labour force participation 142
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 77
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 142 2,516 15,417
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 51
Literacy rate 63
Enrolment in primary education 77
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 113
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 124
Political empowerment 126
Women in parliament 106
Women in ministerial positions 120
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Jordan
AVGJOR
192 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 135 JOR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1974
Years since any women received voting rights 43
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 16
Total dependency ratio 65
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 58
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
193The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 52
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Kazakhstan score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 23,
Total population (1,000s) 17,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
32
16
53
36
69
115
score
2017
rank
52
30
48
36
93
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 30
Labour force participation 29
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 30
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 82 18,983 31,952
Legislators, senior officials and managers 35
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 48
Literacy rate 45
Enrolment in primary education 85
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 36
Sex ratio at birth 110
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 93
Women in parliament 52
Women in ministerial positions 127
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Kazakhstan
AVG KAZ
194 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 52 KAZ
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1924
Years since any women received voting rights 93
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 10
Total dependency ratio 52
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 0
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 12
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
195The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 76
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Kenya score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 2,
Total population (1,000s) 48,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
73
40
88
96
93
115
score
2017
rank
76
44
120
1
83
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 44
Labour force participation 52
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 47
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 57 2,480 3,840
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 120
Literacy rate 104
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 123
Enrolment in tertiary education 120
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 83
Women in parliament 84
Women in ministerial positions 53
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Kenya
AVGKEN
196 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 76 KEN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers – – –
Own-account workers – – –
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers – – –
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1919
Years since any women received voting rights 98
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 21
Total dependency ratio 77
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 510
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
197The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 118
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Korea, Rep. score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions) 1,
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 34,
Total population (1,000s) 50,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
92
96
82
94
84
115
score
2017
rank
118
121
105
84
90
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 121
Labour force participation 91
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 121
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 121 22,090 49,386
Legislators, senior officials and managers 117
Professional and technical workers 76
Educational attainment 105
Literacy rate – – – – – –
Enrolment in primary education 84
Enrolment in secondary education 101
Enrolment in tertiary education 112
Health and survival 84
Sex ratio at birth 132
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 90
Women in parliament 97
Women in ministerial positions 115
Years with female head of state (last 50) 28
Korea, Rep.
AVGKOR
198 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 118 KOR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers – –
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) 2, 3,
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1948
Years since any women received voting rights 69
Number of female heads of state to date 3
Election list quotas for women, national 50
Election list quotas for women, local 50
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 32
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 5
Total dependency ratio 37
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
199The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 129
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Kuwait score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 69,
Total population (1,000s) 4,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
86
72
41
105
114
115
score
2017
rank
129
125
52
117
141
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 125
Labour force participation 121
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 75
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 124 41,623 97,682
Legislators, senior officials and managers 111
Professional and technical workers 96
Educational attainment 52
Literacy rate 72
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 117
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 127
Political empowerment 141
Women in parliament 142
Women in ministerial positions 121
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Kuwait
AVGKWT
200 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 129 KWT
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 2005
Years since any women received voting rights 12
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 35
Total dependency ratio 30
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 4
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
201The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 85
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Kyrgyz Republic score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 3,
Total population (1,000s) 5,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
52
26
33
1
107
115
score
2017
rank
85
78
79
1
92
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 78
Labour force participation 101
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 36
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 106 2,372 4,749
Legislators, senior officials and managers 42
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 79
Literacy rate 56
Enrolment in primary education 111
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 92
Women in parliament 87
Women in ministerial positions 94
Years with female head of state (last 50) 45
Kyrgyz Republic
AVGKGZ
202 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 85 KGZ
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1918
Years since any women received voting rights 99
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 30
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 15
Total dependency ratio 56
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 0
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
203The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 64
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Lao PDR score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 5,
Total population (1,000s) 6,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
64
22
118
74
87
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 22
Labour force participation 1
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 24
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 8 5,671 6,704
Legislators, senior officials and managers 66
Professional and technical workers 99
Educational attainment 118
Literacy rate 119
Enrolment in primary education 100
Enrolment in secondary education 113
Enrolment in tertiary education 100
Health and survival 74
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 85
Political empowerment 87
Women in parliament 50
Women in ministerial positions 119
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Lao PDR
AVG LAO
204 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 64 LAO
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1958
Years since any women received voting rights 59
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 16
Total dependency ratio 59
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl empl
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
205The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 20
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Latvia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 23,
Total population (1,000s) 1,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
19
20
85
1
21
115
score
2017
rank
20
15
1
1
41
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 15
Labour force participation 22
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 60
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 30 21,747 31,078
Legislators, senior officials and managers 8
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 41
Women in parliament 101
Women in ministerial positions 49
Years with female head of state (last 50) 14
Latvia
AVG LVA
206 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 20 LVA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1918
Years since any women received voting rights 99
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 3
Total dependency ratio 53
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 548
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 18
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
207The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 137
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Lebanon score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 12,
Total population (1,000s) 6,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
137
133
109
109
142
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 133
Labour force participation 135
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 86
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 136 5,605 22,327
Legislators, senior officials and managers 121
Professional and technical workers 75
Educational attainment 109
Literacy rate 96
Enrolment in primary education 119
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 109
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 118
Political empowerment 142
Women in parliament 141
Women in ministerial positions 138
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Lebanon
AVGLBN
208 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 137 LBN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1952
Years since any women received voting rights 65
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 8
Total dependency ratio 47
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 15
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
209The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 73
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Lesotho score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 2,
Total population (1,000s) 2,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
43
61
1
1
41
115
score
2017
rank
73
84
1
35
84
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 84
Labour force participation 71
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 120
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 86 2,258 3,847
Legislators, senior officials and managers 37
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 35
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 51
Political empowerment 84
Women in parliament 66
Women in ministerial positions 77
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Lesotho
AVGLSO
210 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 73 LSO
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1965
Years since any women received voting rights 52
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 50
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 13
Total dependency ratio 67
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 487
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
211The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 107
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Liberia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP)
Total population (1,000s) 4,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
107
58
138
85
45
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 58
Labour force participation 23
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 81
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 2 806 820
Legislators, senior officials and managers 100
Professional and technical workers 109
Educational attainment 138
Literacy rate 137
Enrolment in primary education 118
Enrolment in secondary education 133
Enrolment in tertiary education 125
Health and survival 85
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 93
Political empowerment 45
Women in parliament 115
Women in ministerial positions 88
Years with female head of state (last 50) 9
Liberia
AVGLBR
212 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 107 LBR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1946
Years since any women received voting rights 71
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 18
Total dependency ratio 82
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 725
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
213The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 28
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Lithuania score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 27,
Total population (1,000s) 2,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
21
15
24
36
39
115
score
2017
rank
28
28
1
1
42
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 28
Labour force participation 17
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 89
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 24 25,409 35,303
Legislators, senior officials and managers 25
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 42
Women in parliament 73
Women in ministerial positions 63
Years with female head of state (last 50) 16
Lithuania
AVG LTU
214 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 28 LTU
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1918
Years since any women received voting rights 99
Number of female heads of state to date 3
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 50
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 309
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 10
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
215The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 59
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Luxembourg score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 97,
Total population (1,000s)
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
56
76
1
71
44
115
score
2017
rank
59
76
1
86
66
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 76
Labour force participation 59
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 33
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 62 81,505 130,035
Legislators, senior officials and managers 104
Professional and technical workers 80
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 86
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 94
Political empowerment 66
Women in parliament 46
Women in ministerial positions 68
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Luxembourg
AVG LUX
216 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 59 LUX
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1919
Years since any women received voting rights 98
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 32
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 5
Total dependency ratio 44
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 180
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 10
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
217The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 67
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Macedonia, FYR score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 13,
Total population (1,000s) 2,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
28
31
64
101
28
115
score
2017
rank
67
96
90
65
58
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 96
Labour force participation 99
Wage equality for similar work (survey) – – – – – –
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 76 11,358 18,885
Legislators, senior officials and managers 90
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 90
Literacy rate 86
Enrolment in primary education 90
Enrolment in secondary education 109
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 65
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 75
Political empowerment 58
Women in parliament 32
Women in ministerial positions 87
Years with female head of state (last 50) 62
Macedonia, FYR
AVG MKD
218 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 67 MKD
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1946
Years since any women received voting rights 71
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 33
Election list quotas for women, local 33
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25 – – –
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 5
Total dependency ratio 42
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 0
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
219The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 80
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Madagascar score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 1,
Total population (1,000s) 24,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
84
71
76
49
104
115
score
2017
rank
80
48
114
76
94
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 48
Labour force participation 10
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 67
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 47 1,202 1,812
Legislators, senior officials and managers 65
Professional and technical workers 79
Educational attainment 114
Literacy rate 99
Enrolment in primary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 102
Health and survival 76
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 86
Political empowerment 94
Women in parliament 86
Women in ministerial positions 78
Years with female head of state (last 50) 66
Madagascar
AVGMDG
220 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 80 MDG
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1959
Years since any women received voting rights 58
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 19
Total dependency ratio 79
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 353
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
221The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 101
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Malawi score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 1,
Total population (1,000s) 18,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
81
36
96
106
68
115
score
2017
rank
101
85
126
77
81
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 85
Labour force participation 1
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 73
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 15 1,005 1,337
Legislators, senior officials and managers 106
Professional and technical workers 111
Educational attainment 126
Literacy rate 115
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 117
Enrolment in tertiary education 124
Health and survival 77
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 87
Political empowerment 81
Women in parliament 99
Women in ministerial positions 56
Years with female head of state (last 50) 42
Malawi
AVGMWI
222 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 101 MWI
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1961
Years since any women received voting rights 56
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 18
Total dependency ratio 90
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 634
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
223The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 104
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Malaysia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 25,
Total population (1,000s) 31,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
72
68
63
80
90
115
score
2017
rank
104
87
77
53
133
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 87
Labour force participation 105
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 12
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 44 21,975 33,020
Legislators, senior officials and managers 99
Professional and technical workers 91
Educational attainment 77
Literacy rate 92
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 53
Sex ratio at birth 110
Healthy life expectancy 62
Political empowerment 133
Women in parliament 123
Women in ministerial positions 118
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Malaysia
AVGMYS
224 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 104 MYS
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1957
Years since any women received voting rights 60
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 11
Total dependency ratio 44
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 40
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
225The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 106
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Maldives score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 12,
Total population (1,000s)
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
106
94
1
133
128
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 94
Labour force participation 90
Wage equality for similar work (survey) – – – – – –
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 32 10,501 15,256
Legislators, senior officials and managers 112
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 133
Sex ratio at birth 135
Healthy life expectancy 110
Political empowerment 128
Women in parliament 136
Women in ministerial positions 79
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Maldives
AVGMDV
226 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 106 MDV
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services –
Inheritance rights for daughters –
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership –
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership –
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1932
Years since any women received voting rights 85
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25 – – –
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 18
Total dependency ratio 38
Parity of parental rights in marriage –
Parity of parental rights after divorce –
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 0
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl empl
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 68
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
227The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 139
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Mali score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 1,
Total population (1,000s) 17,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
99
35
111
91
67
115
score
2017
rank
139
126
140
139
99
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 126
Labour force participation 117
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 71
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 127 1,156 3,077
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers 121
Educational attainment 140
Literacy rate 134
Enrolment in primary education 124
Enrolment in secondary education 132
Enrolment in tertiary education 133
Health and survival 139
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 144
Political empowerment 99
Women in parliament 131
Women in ministerial positions 41
Years with female head of state (last 50) 51
Mali
AVGMLI
228 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 139 MLI
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1956
Years since any women received voting rights 61
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 20
Total dependency ratio 101
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 587
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
229The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 93
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Malta score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 35,
Total population (1,000s)
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
71
91
26
65
48
115
score
2017
rank
93
107
1
102
85
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 107
Labour force participation 112
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 42
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 109 25,043 50,653
Legislators, senior officials and managers 78
Professional and technical workers 90
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 102
Sex ratio at birth 110
Healthy life expectancy 108
Political empowerment 85
Women in parliament 117
Women in ministerial positions 122
Years with female head of state (last 50) 17
Malta
AVGMLT
230 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 93 MLT
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers –
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers –
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services –
Inheritance rights for daughters –
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership –
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership –
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1947
Years since any women received voting rights 70
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 50
Parity of parental rights in marriage –
Parity of parental rights after divorce –
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 0
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 9
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
231The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 132
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Mauritania score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 3,
Total population (1,000s) 4,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
106
93
103
1
106
115
score
2017
rank
132
134
131
107
57
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 134
Labour force participation 130
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 130
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 129 1,946 5,732
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 131
Literacy rate 129
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 124
Enrolment in tertiary education 129
Health and survival 107
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 115
Political empowerment 57
Women in parliament 60
Women in ministerial positions 23
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Mauritania
AVGMRT
232 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 132 MRT
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers – – –
Own-account workers – – –
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers – – –
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1961
Years since any women received voting rights 56
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 50
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25 – – –
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 18
Total dependency ratio 76
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 602
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
233The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 112
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Mauritius score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 19,
Total population (1,000s) 1,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
88
95
65
1
73
115
score
2017
rank
112
113
69
1
116
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 113
Labour force participation 110
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 78
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 118 13,547 28,781
Legislators, senior officials and managers 77
Professional and technical workers 81
Educational attainment 69
Literacy rate 88
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 116
Women in parliament 119
Women in ministerial positions 109
Years with female head of state (last 50) 40
Mauritius
AVGMUS
234 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 112 MUS
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1956
Years since any women received voting rights 61
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local 33
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 7
Total dependency ratio 42
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl empl
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 53
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
235The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 81
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Mexico score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions) 1,
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 16,
Total population (1,000s) 127,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
75
98
45
1
45
115
score
2017
rank
81
124
53
58
34
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 124
Labour force participation 120
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 125
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 107 11,861 23,913
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 53
Literacy rate 74
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 58
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 67
Political empowerment 34
Women in parliament 7
Women in ministerial positions 88
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Mexico
AVGMEX
236 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 81 MEX
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1947
Years since any women received voting rights 70
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 50
Election list quotas for women, local 50
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 10
Total dependency ratio 51
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 38
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
237The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 30
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Moldova score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 4,
Total population (1,000s) 4,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
17
2
37
1
50
115
score
2017
rank
30
11
66
1
72
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 11
Labour force participation 37
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 55
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 16 4,603 6,125
Legislators, senior officials and managers 7
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 66
Literacy rate 54
Enrolment in primary education 105
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 72
Women in parliament 67
Women in ministerial positions 56
Years with female head of state (last 50) 46
Moldova
AVG MDA
238 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 30 MDA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1924
Years since any women received voting rights 93
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 7
Total dependency ratio 35
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 1039
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
239The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 53
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Mongolia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 11,
Total population (1,000s) 3,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
42
21
20
1
101
115
score
2017
rank
53
20
65
1
107
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 20
Labour force participation 58
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 31
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 17 10,429 14,049
Legislators, senior officials and managers 21
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 65
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 106
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 107
Women in parliament 96
Women in ministerial positions 98
Years with female head of state (last 50) 65
Mongolia
AVG MNG
240 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 53 MNG
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1924
Years since any women received voting rights 93
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 20
Election list quotas for women, local 20
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 17
Total dependency ratio 50
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 44
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
241The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 77
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Montenegro score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 15,
Total population (1,000s)
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
77
88
83
75
79
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 88
Labour force participation 76
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 61
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 92 12,293 21,539
Legislators, senior officials and managers 96
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 83
Literacy rate 71
Enrolment in primary education 101
Enrolment in secondary education 106
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 75
Sex ratio at birth 110
Healthy life expectancy 83
Political empowerment 79
Women in parliament 65
Women in ministerial positions 68
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Montenegro
AVGMNE
242 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 77 MNE
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services –
Inheritance rights for daughters –
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership –
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership –
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1946
Years since any women received voting rights 71
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 30
Election list quotas for women, local 30
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 5
Total dependency ratio 48
Parity of parental rights in marriage –
Parity of parental rights after divorce –
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 365
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 7
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
243The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 136
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Morocco score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 7,
Total population (1,000s) 35,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
107
102
99
90
92
115
score
2017
rank
136
137
122
128
100
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 137
Labour force participation 137
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 102
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 135 3,295 12,471
Legislators, senior officials and managers 115
Professional and technical workers 108
Educational attainment 122
Literacy rate 120
Enrolment in primary education 75
Enrolment in secondary education 128
Enrolment in tertiary education 99
Health and survival 128
Sex ratio at birth 110
Healthy life expectancy 133
Political empowerment 100
Women in parliament 76
Women in ministerial positions 100
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Morocco
AVGMAR
244 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 136 MAR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1959
Years since any women received voting rights 58
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 10
Total dependency ratio 52
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 121
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
245The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 29
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Mozambique score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 1,
Total population (1,000s) 28,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
29
17
130
56
24
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 17
Labour force participation 1
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 84
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 7 1,122 1,317
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 130
Literacy rate 132
Enrolment in primary education 116
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 116
Health and survival 56
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 65
Political empowerment 24
Women in parliament 13
Women in ministerial positions 46
Years with female head of state (last 50) 21
Mozambique
AVG MOZ
246 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 29 MOZ
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1975
Years since any women received voting rights 42
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 16
Total dependency ratio 93
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 489
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
247The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 83
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Myanmar score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 5,
Total population (1,000s) 52,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
83
26
95
66
132
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 26
Labour force participation 14
Wage equality for similar work (survey) – – – – – –
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 33 4,727 6,869
Legislators, senior officials and managers 79
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 95
Literacy rate 100
Enrolment in primary education 99
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 66
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 76
Political empowerment 132
Women in parliament 125
Women in ministerial positions 130
Years with female head of state (last 50) 50
Myanmar
AVGMMR
248 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 83 MMR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1935
Years since any women received voting rights 82
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 12
Total dependency ratio 49
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 178
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
249The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 13
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Namibia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 9,
Total population (1,000s) 2,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
38
57
43
93
29
115
score
2017
rank
13
9
41
1
26
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 9
Labour force participation 38
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 64
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 4 9,915 11,293
Legislators, senior officials and managers 13
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 41
Literacy rate 58
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 26
Women in parliament 11
Women in ministerial positions 44
Years with female head of state (last 50) 41
Namibia
AVG NAM
250 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 13 NAM
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1989
Years since any women received voting rights 28
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 17
Total dependency ratio 68
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 265
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
251The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 111
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Nepal score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 2,
Total population (1,000s) 28,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
111
100
109
111
102
115
score
2017
rank
111
110
116
116
80
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 110
Labour force participation 16
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 98
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 50 1,963 3,003
Legislators, senior officials and managers 101
Professional and technical workers 115
Educational attainment 116
Literacy rate 123
Enrolment in primary education 94
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 116
Sex ratio at birth 129
Healthy life expectancy 99
Political empowerment 80
Women in parliament 43
Women in ministerial positions 136
Years with female head of state (last 50) 44
Nepal
AVGNPL
252 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 111 NPL
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1951
Years since any women received voting rights 66
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 33
Election list quotas for women, local 40
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 26
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 11
Total dependency ratio 60
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 258
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
253The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 32
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Netherlands score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 47,
Total population (1,000s) 16,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
12
51
73
67
10
115
score
2017
rank
32
82
1
108
25
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 82
Labour force participation 47
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 50
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 115 33,090 68,898
Legislators, senior officials and managers 87
Professional and technical workers 73
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 108
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 116
Political empowerment 25
Women in parliament 26
Women in ministerial positions 15
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Netherlands
AVG NLD
254 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 32 NLD
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1919
Years since any women received voting rights 98
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 54
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 7
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
255The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 9
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
New Zealand score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 35,
Total population (1,000s) 4,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
7
14
17
69
11
115
score
2017
rank
9
23
43
115
12
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 23
Labour force participation 42
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 22
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 66 30,050 48,370
Legislators, senior officials and managers 22
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 43
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 79
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 115
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 126
Political empowerment 12
Women in parliament 32
Women in ministerial positions 16
Years with female head of state (last 50) 12
New Zealand
AVG NZL
256 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 9 NZL
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1893
Years since any women received voting rights 124
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 53
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 0
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 11
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
257The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 6
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Nicaragua score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 5,
Total population (1,000s) 6,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
62
101
40
50
25
115
score
2017
rank
6
54
34
1
2
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 54
Labour force participation 115
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 111
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 10 4,986 6,112
Legislators, senior officials and managers 19
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 34
Literacy rate 50
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education – – – – – –
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 2
Women in parliament 5
Women in ministerial positions 1
Years with female head of state (last 50) 19
Nicaragua
AVG NIC
258 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 6 NIC
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1950
Years since any women received voting rights 67
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 50
Election list quotas for women, local 50
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 12
Total dependency ratio 53
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 150
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
259The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 122
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Nigeria score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 5,
Total population (1,000s) 185,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
94
59
104
99
99
115
score
2017
rank
122
37
135
94
135
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 37
Labour force participation 85
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 17
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 53 4,612 7,089
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 135
Literacy rate 124
Enrolment in primary education 129
Enrolment in secondary education 125
Enrolment in tertiary education 119
Health and survival 94
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 103
Political empowerment 135
Women in parliament 139
Women in ministerial positions 103
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Nigeria
AVGNGA
260 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 122 NGA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers – – –
Own-account workers – – –
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers – – –
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services no
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1958
Years since any women received voting rights 59
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 19
Total dependency ratio 88
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 814
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
261The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 2
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Norway score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 63,
Total population (1,000s) 5,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
2
11
15
61
2
115
score
2017
rank
2
8
38
80
4
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 8
Labour force participation 13
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 14
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 12 52,272 66,219
Legislators, senior officials and managers 32
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 38
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 72
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 80
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 90
Political empowerment 4
Women in parliament 12
Women in ministerial positions 12
Years with female head of state (last 50) 6
Norway
AVG NOR
262 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 2 NOR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1913
Years since any women received voting rights 104
Number of female heads of state to date 3
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local 40
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 52
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 343
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) – –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave – –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits – –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 5
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
263The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 143
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Pakistan score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 4,
Total population (1,000s) 193,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
112
112
110
112
37
115
score
2017
rank
143
143
136
140
95
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 143
Labour force participation 139
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 115
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 139 1,610 8,695
Legislators, senior officials and managers 125
Professional and technical workers 122
Educational attainment 136
Literacy rate 127
Enrolment in primary education 127
Enrolment in secondary education 134
Enrolment in tertiary education 106
Health and survival 140
Sex ratio at birth 139
Healthy life expectancy 137
Political empowerment 95
Women in parliament 75
Women in ministerial positions 139
Years with female head of state (last 50) 28
Pakistan
AVGPAK
264 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 143 PAK
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1956
Years since any women received voting rights 61
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 13
Total dependency ratio 65
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 178
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
265The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 43
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Panama score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 21,
Total population (1,000s) 4,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
31
44
35
47
35
115
score
2017
rank
43
62
55
1
51
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 62
Labour force participation 104
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 79
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 64 17,656 28,347
Legislators, senior officials and managers 16
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 55
Literacy rate 67
Enrolment in primary education 82
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 51
Women in parliament 92
Women in ministerial positions 26
Years with female head of state (last 50) 26
Panama
AVG PAN
266 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 43 PAN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1941
Years since any women received voting rights 76
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 50
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 8
Total dependency ratio 55
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 94
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
267The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 96
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Paraguay score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 8,
Total population (1,000s) 6,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
64
80
83
1
38
115
score
2017
rank
96
90
61
97
113
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 90
Labour force participation 93
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 106
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 94 6,857 12,217
Legislators, senior officials and managers 28
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 61
Literacy rate 68
Enrolment in primary education 83
Enrolment in secondary education 100
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 97
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 106
Political empowerment 113
Women in parliament 109
Women in ministerial positions 92
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Paraguay
AVGPRY
268 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 96 PRY
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) 1, 2,
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1961
Years since any women received voting rights 56
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 10
Total dependency ratio 56
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 132
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
269The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 48
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Peru score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 12,
Total population (1,000s) 31,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
60
86
71
58
31
115
score
2017
rank
48
98
82
49
33
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 98
Labour force participation 69
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 128
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 51 10,290 15,759
Legislators, senior officials and managers 56
Professional and technical workers 88
Educational attainment 82
Literacy rate 95
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 49
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 60
Political empowerment 33
Women in parliament 49
Women in ministerial positions 17
Years with female head of state (last 50) 47
Peru
AVG PER
270 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 48 PER
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1955
Years since any women received voting rights 62
Number of female heads of state to date 4
Election list quotas for women, national 30
Election list quotas for women, local 30
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 9
Total dependency ratio 53
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 68
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
271The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 10
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Philippines score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 7,
Total population (1,000s) 103,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
6
4
1
1
16
115
score
2017
rank
10
25
1
36
13
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 25
Labour force participation 106
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 21
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 38 6,290 9,302
Legislators, senior officials and managers 9
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 36
Sex ratio at birth 110
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 13
Women in parliament 44
Women in ministerial positions 39
Years with female head of state (last 50) 5
Philippines
AVG PHL
272 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 10 PHL
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1937
Years since any women received voting rights 80
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 14
Total dependency ratio 58
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 114
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
273The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 39
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Poland score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 26,
Total population (1,000s) 38,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
44
50
13
36
58
115
score
2017
rank
39
55
31
1
49
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 55
Labour force participation 64
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 108
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 58 21,816 34,228
Legislators, senior officials and managers 18
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 31
Literacy rate – – – – – –
Enrolment in primary education 67
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 49
Women in parliament 47
Women in ministerial positions 53
Years with female head of state (last 50) 31
Poland
AVG POL
274 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 39 POL
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1918
Years since any women received voting rights 99
Number of female heads of state to date 3
Election list quotas for women, national 35
Election list quotas for women, local 35
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 45
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 182
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 3
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
275The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 33
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Portugal score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 27,
Total population (1,000s) 10,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
33
33
57
71
40
115
score
2017
rank
33
35
70
55
43
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 35
Labour force participation 27
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 93
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 23 25,916 35,862
Legislators, senior officials and managers 39
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 70
Literacy rate 80
Enrolment in primary education 78
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 55
Sex ratio at birth 110
Healthy life expectancy 63
Political empowerment 43
Women in parliament 28
Women in ministerial positions 56
Years with female head of state (last 50) 58
Portugal
AVG PRT
276 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 33 PRT
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1931
Years since any women received voting rights 86
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 33
Election list quotas for women, local 33
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 3
Total dependency ratio 54
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 120
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) – –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave – –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits – –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 10
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
277The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 130
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Qatar score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 118,
Total population (1,000s) 2,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
130
122
33
127
143
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 122
Labour force participation 122
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 19
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 113 70,579 146,268
Legislators, senior officials and managers 109
Professional and technical workers 119
Educational attainment 33
Literacy rate 52
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 127
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 134
Political empowerment 143
Women in parliament 143
Women in ministerial positions 122
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Qatar
AVGQAT
278 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 130 QAT
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers –
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers –
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 2003
Years since any women received voting rights 14
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 71
Total dependency ratio 18
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – –
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 13
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
279The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 58
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Romania score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 21,
Total population (1,000s) 19,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
46
30
44
36
79
115
score
2017
rank
58
57
56
1
78
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 57
Labour force participation 83
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 74
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 31 19,421 28,099
Legislators, senior officials and managers 59
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 56
Literacy rate 60
Enrolment in primary education 91
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 78
Women in parliament 74
Women in ministerial positions 44
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Romania
AVG ROU
280 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 58 ROU
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1929
Years since any women received voting rights 88
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 49
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 302
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 31
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
281The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 71
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Russian Federation score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions) 1,
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 24,
Total population (1,000s) 143,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
49
22
19
36
108
115
score
2017
rank
71
41
50
1
121
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 41
Labour force participation 51
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 66
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 70 17,975 29,138
Legislators, senior officials and managers 29
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 50
Literacy rate 44
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 107
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 121
Women in parliament 105
Women in ministerial positions 113
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Russian Federation
AVGRUS
282 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 71 RUS
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1918
Years since any women received voting rights 99
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 5
Total dependency ratio 45
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 1025
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 25
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
283The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 4
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Rwanda score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 1,
Total population (1,000s) 11,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
4
7
113
1
3
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 7
Labour force participation 1
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 1
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 6 1,772 2,061
Legislators, senior officials and managers 53
Professional and technical workers 97
Educational attainment 113
Literacy rate 102
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 113
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 3
Women in parliament 1
Women in ministerial positions 7
Years with female head of state (last 50) 53
Rwanda
AVG RWA
284 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 4 RWA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1961
Years since any women received voting rights 56
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 20
Total dependency ratio 77
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl empl
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 290
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
285The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 138
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Saudi Arabia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 50,
Total population (1,000s) 32,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
114
115
93
54
115
115
score
2017
rank
138
142
96
130
124
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 142
Labour force participation 140
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 107
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 138 17,857 82,164
Legislators, senior officials and managers 123
Professional and technical workers 120
Educational attainment 96
Literacy rate 93
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 118
Enrolment in tertiary education 97
Health and survival 130
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 136
Political empowerment 124
Women in parliament 82
Women in ministerial positions 139
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Saudi Arabia
AVGSAU
286 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 138 SAU
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote –
Years since any women received voting rights –
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 32
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 23
Total dependency ratio 40
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl empl
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 12
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
287The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 91
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Senegal score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 2,
Total population (1,000s) 15,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
91
102
132
87
29
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 102
Labour force participation 107
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 43
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 105 1,731 3,435
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 132
Literacy rate 128
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 135
Enrolment in tertiary education 126
Health and survival 87
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 96
Political empowerment 29
Women in parliament 9
Women in ministerial positions 68
Years with female head of state (last 50) 39
Senegal
AVGSEN
288 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 91 SEN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1945
Years since any women received voting rights 72
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national 50
Election list quotas for women, local 50
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 18
Total dependency ratio 85
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 315
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
289The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 40
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Serbia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 13,
Total population (1,000s) 8,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
40
72
47
1
38
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 72
Labour force participation 81
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 91
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 40 11,711 17,442
Legislators, senior officials and managers 73
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 47
Literacy rate 66
Enrolment in primary education 66
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 38
Women in parliament 30
Women in ministerial positions 35
Years with female head of state (last 50) 49
Serbia
AVG SRB
290 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 40 SRB
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1946
Years since any women received voting rights 71
Number of female heads of state to date 3
Election list quotas for women, national 30
Election list quotas for women, local 30
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 50
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 230
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 17
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
291The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 65
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Singapore score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 81,
Total population (1,000s) 5,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
65
45
86
107
75
115
score
2017
rank
65
27
94
101
101
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 27
Labour force participation 74
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 4
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 28 72,683 103,395
Legislators, senior officials and managers 52
Professional and technical workers 77
Educational attainment 94
Literacy rate 79
Enrolment in primary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in secondary education 108
Enrolment in tertiary education – – – – – –
Health and survival 101
Sex ratio at birth 136
Healthy life expectancy 52
Political empowerment 101
Women in parliament 62
Women in ministerial positions 129
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Singapore
AVG SGP
292 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 65 SGP
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1947
Years since any women received voting rights 70
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 6
Total dependency ratio 38
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 7
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children – – –
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 10
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
293The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 74
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Slovak Republic score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 29,
Total population (1,000s) 5,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
50
43
34
1
77
115
score
2017
rank
74
79
1
1
89
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 79
Labour force participation 68
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 117
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 75 23,199 38,489
Legislators, senior officials and managers 48
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 89
Women in parliament 80
Women in ministerial positions 94
Years with female head of state (last 50) 43
Slovak Republic
AVGSVK
294 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 74 SVK
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1920
Years since any women received voting rights 97
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 5
Total dependency ratio 43
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 899
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children – – –
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
295The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 7
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Slovenia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 29,
Total population (1,000s) 2,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
51
34
22
71
88
115
score
2017
rank
7
13
1
1
11
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 13
Labour force participation 28
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 38
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 11 29,359 36,462
Legislators, senior officials and managers 20
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate – – – – – –
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 11
Women in parliament 23
Women in ministerial positions 1
Years with female head of state (last 50) 48
Slovenia
AVG SVN
296 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 7 SVN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1946
Years since any women received voting rights 71
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national 35
Election list quotas for women, local 40
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 50
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 130
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 9
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
297The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 19
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
South Africa score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 12,
Total population (1,000s) 56,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
18
79
42
59
8
115
score
2017
rank
19
89
64
1
18
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 89
Labour force participation 73
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 114
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 80 9,938 16,635
Legislators, senior officials and managers 67
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 64
Literacy rate 73
Enrolment in primary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 18
Women in parliament 10
Women in ministerial positions 9
Years with female head of state (last 50) 68
South Africa
AVG ZAF
298 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 19 ZAF
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1930
Years since any women received voting rights 87
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local 50
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 13
Total dependency ratio 52
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 138
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
299The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 24
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Spain score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions) 1,
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 33,
Total population (1,000s) 46,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
11
85
38
71
5
115
score
2017
rank
24
81
45
81
22
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 81
Labour force participation 54
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 122
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 60 28,257 44,677
Legislators, senior officials and managers 68
Professional and technical workers 67
Educational attainment 45
Literacy rate 64
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 81
Sex ratio at birth 128
Healthy life expectancy 71
Political empowerment 22
Women in parliament 14
Women in ministerial positions 13
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Spain
AVG ESP
300 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 24 ESP
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1931
Years since any women received voting rights 86
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 40
Election list quotas for women, local 40
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 32
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 3
Total dependency ratio 51
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 0
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 5
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
301The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 109
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Sri Lanka score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 11,
Total population (1,000s) 20,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
13
84
52
1
7
115
score
2017
rank
109
123
86
1
65
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 123
Labour force participation 132
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 76
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 128 6,491 18,599
Legislators, senior officials and managers 91
Professional and technical workers 69
Educational attainment 86
Literacy rate 77
Enrolment in primary education 108
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 65
Women in parliament 138
Women in ministerial positions 132
Years with female head of state (last 50) 7
Sri Lanka
AVGLKA
302 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 109 LKA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership no
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1931
Years since any women received voting rights 86
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 7
Total dependency ratio 51
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 30
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
303The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 86
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Suriname score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 13,
Total population (1,000s)
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
86
105
73
91
71
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 105
Labour force participation 119
Wage equality for similar work (survey) – – – – – –
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 120 8,810 19,441
Legislators, senior officials and managers 41
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 73
Literacy rate 84
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education – – – – – –
Health and survival 91
Sex ratio at birth 132
Healthy life expectancy 56
Political empowerment 71
Women in parliament 59
Women in ministerial positions 56
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Suriname
AVGSUR
304 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 86 SUR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services –
Inheritance rights for daughters –
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership –
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership –
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1948
Years since any women received voting rights 69
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 10
Total dependency ratio 50
Parity of parental rights in marriage –
Parity of parental rights after divorce –
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) – –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave – –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits – –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 155
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
305The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 105
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Swaziland score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 7,
Total population (1,000s) 1,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
105
112
59
1
102
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 112
Labour force participation 113
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 56
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 119 5,296 11,585
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 59
Literacy rate 69
Enrolment in primary education 81
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 102
Women in parliament 135
Women in ministerial positions 35
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Swaziland
AVGSWZ
306 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 105 SWZ
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers – – –
Own-account workers – – –
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers – – –
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1968
Years since any women received voting rights 49
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 19
Total dependency ratio 68
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 389
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
307The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 5
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Sweden score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 46,
Total population (1,000s) 9,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
1
9
23
70
1
115
score
2017
rank
5
12
37
112
8
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 12
Labour force participation 12
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 25
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 13 43,249 55,098
Legislators, senior officials and managers 27
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 37
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 65
Enrolment in secondary education 97
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 112
Sex ratio at birth 110
Healthy life expectancy 121
Political empowerment 8
Women in parliament 6
Women in ministerial positions 1
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Sweden
AVG SWE
308 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 5 SWE
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1919
Years since any women received voting rights 98
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 3
Total dependency ratio 59
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 480
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits – gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 4
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
309The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 21
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Switzerland score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 56,
Total population (1,000s) 8,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
26
18
79
35
34
115
score
2017
rank
21
31
63
90
28
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 31
Labour force participation 34
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 34
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 29 51,914 74,062
Legislators, senior officials and managers 43
Professional and technical workers 82
Educational attainment 63
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 76
Enrolment in secondary education 111
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 90
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 98
Political empowerment 28
Women in parliament 35
Women in ministerial positions 27
Years with female head of state (last 50) 20
Switzerland
AVG CHE
310 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 21 CHE
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1971
Years since any women received voting rights 46
Number of female heads of state to date 5
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 32
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 49
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 5
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
311The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 142
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Syria score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) –
Total population (1,000s) 18,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
142
144
110
1
130
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 144
Labour force participation 144
Wage equality for similar work (survey) – – – – – –
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) – – – – – –
Legislators, senior officials and managers 120
Professional and technical workers 102
Educational attainment 110
Literacy rate 108
Enrolment in primary education 114
Enrolment in secondary education 102
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 130
Women in parliament 110
Women in ministerial positions 125
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Syria
AVGSYR
312 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 142 SYR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1949
Years since any women received voting rights 68
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 14
Total dependency ratio 71
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
313The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 95
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Tajikistan score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 2,
Total population (1,000s) 8,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
95
52
115
67
117
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 52
Labour force participation 82
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 20
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 90 2,181 3,771
Legislators, senior officials and managers – – – – – –
Professional and technical workers – – – – – –
Educational attainment 115
Literacy rate 55
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 129
Enrolment in tertiary education 118
Health and survival 67
Sex ratio at birth 129
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 117
Women in parliament 88
Women in ministerial positions 126
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Tajikistan
AVGTJK
314 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 95 TJK
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1924
Years since any women received voting rights 93
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 18
Total dependency ratio 63
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 478
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 32
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
315The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 68
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Tanzania score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 2,
Total population (1,000s) 55,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
24
1
97
95
26
115
score
2017
rank
68
69
125
62
44
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 69
Labour force participation 32
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 69
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 25 2,337 3,247
Legislators, senior officials and managers 93
Professional and technical workers 95
Educational attainment 125
Literacy rate 106
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 115
Enrolment in tertiary education 128
Health and survival 62
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 72
Political empowerment 44
Women in parliament 24
Women in ministerial positions 68
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Tanzania
AVG TZA
316 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 68 TZA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1959
Years since any women received voting rights 58
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 17
Total dependency ratio 93
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl empl
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
317The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 75
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Thailand score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 15,
Total population (1,000s) 68,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
40
13
72
1
89
115
score
2017
rank
75
24
106
51
127
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 24
Labour force participation 66
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 18
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 14 14,785 19,153
Legislators, senior officials and managers 55
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 106
Literacy rate 81
Enrolment in primary education 120
Enrolment in secondary education 103
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 51
Sex ratio at birth 125
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 127
Women in parliament 140
Women in ministerial positions 106
Years with female head of state (last 50) 37
Thailand
AVGTHA
318 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 75 THA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1932
Years since any women received voting rights 85
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 7
Total dependency ratio 40
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 20
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
319The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 128
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Timor-Leste score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 2,
Total population (1,000s) 1,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
128
136
117
43
60
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 136
Labour force participation 127
Wage equality for similar work (survey) – – – – – –
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 130 1,114 3,430
Legislators, senior officials and managers 110
Professional and technical workers 103
Educational attainment 117
Literacy rate 110
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 117
Health and survival 43
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 54
Political empowerment 60
Women in parliament 36
Women in ministerial positions 74
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Timor-Leste
AVGTLS
320 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 128 TLS
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2 –
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution – – –
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote –
Years since any women received voting rights –
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 33
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 15
Total dependency ratio 90
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce part
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl empl
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 215
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
321The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 117
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Tunisia score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 10,
Total population (1,000s) 11,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
90
97
76
98
53
115
score
2017
rank
117
131
99
71
55
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 131
Labour force participation 133
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 65
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 132 4,964 18,393
Legislators, senior officials and managers 108
Professional and technical workers 98
Educational attainment 99
Literacy rate 107
Enrolment in primary education 95
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 71
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 81
Political empowerment 55
Women in parliament 39
Women in ministerial positions 49
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Tunisia
AVGTUN
322 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 117 TUN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1959
Years since any women received voting rights 58
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 50
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 31
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 9
Total dependency ratio 46
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 62
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
323The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 131
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Turkey score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 23,
Total population (1,000s) 79,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
105
106
92
85
96
115
score
2017
rank
131
128
101
59
118
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 128
Labour force participation 131
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 94
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 122 14,917 33,867
Legislators, senior officials and managers 107
Professional and technical workers 104
Educational attainment 101
Literacy rate 94
Enrolment in primary education 97
Enrolment in secondary education 110
Enrolment in tertiary education 105
Health and survival 59
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 68
Political empowerment 118
Women in parliament 108
Women in ministerial positions 135
Years with female head of state (last 50) 38
Turkey
AVGTUR
324 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 131 TUR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1930
Years since any women received voting rights 87
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 29
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 8
Total dependency ratio 50
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 16
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
325The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 45
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Uganda score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 1,
Total population (1,000s) 41,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
47
28
98
60
22
115
score
2017
rank
45
59
124
88
30
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 59
Labour force participation 15
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 15
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 78 1,386 2,317
Legislators, senior officials and managers 89
Professional and technical workers 100
Educational attainment 124
Literacy rate 117
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 127
Enrolment in tertiary education 110
Health and survival 88
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 97
Political empowerment 30
Women in parliament 31
Women in ministerial positions 18
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Uganda
AVG UGA
326 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 45 UGA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1962
Years since any women received voting rights 55
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 23
Total dependency ratio 101
Parity of parental rights in marriage part
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl empl
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 343
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
327The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 61
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Ukraine score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 7,
Total population (1,000s) 44,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
48
24
25
1
97
115
score
2017
rank
61
34
28
51
103
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 34
Labour force participation 61
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 37
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 77 6,321 10,542
Legislators, senior officials and managers 24
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 28
Literacy rate 43
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 51
Sex ratio at birth 125
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 103
Women in parliament 116
Women in ministerial positions 100
Years with female head of state (last 50) 36
Ukraine
AVG UKR
328 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 61 UKR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1919
Years since any women received voting rights 98
Number of female heads of state to date 1
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 46
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 1039
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 24
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
329The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 120
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
United Arab Emirates score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 67,
Total population (1,000s) 9,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
101
109
61
100
112
115
score
2017
rank
120
130
62
129
67
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 130
Labour force participation 129
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 2
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 134 23,989 90,549
Legislators, senior officials and managers 118
Professional and technical workers 123
Educational attainment 62
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 96
Enrolment in secondary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in tertiary education – – – – – –
Health and survival 129
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 135
Political empowerment 67
Women in parliament 68
Women in ministerial positions 33
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
United Arab Emirates
AVGARE
330 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 120 ARE
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time – – –
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 2006
Years since any women received voting rights 11
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 27
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 78
Total dependency ratio 18
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 6
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
331The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 15
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
United Kingdom score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions) 2,
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 38,
Total population (1,000s) 65,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
9
37
1
63
12
115
score
2017
rank
15
53
36
100
17
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 53
Labour force participation 49
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 53
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 95 30,452 55,104
Legislators, senior officials and managers 38
Professional and technical workers 68
Educational attainment 36
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 70
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 100
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 109
Political empowerment 17
Women in parliament 38
Women in ministerial positions 23
Years with female head of state (last 50) 8
United Kingdom
AVG GBR
332 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 15 GBR
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1918
Years since any women received voting rights 99
Number of female heads of state to date 2
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning –
Potential support ratio 3
Total dependency ratio 56
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 259
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits
empl,
gov
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual dual
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
333The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 49
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
United States score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions) 18,
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 53,
Total population (1,000s) 322,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
23
3
66
1
66
115
score
2017
rank
49
19
1
82
96
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 19
Labour force participation 57
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 27
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 56 45,287 69,901
Legislators, senior officials and managers 15
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 1
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 82
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 91
Political empowerment 96
Women in parliament 85
Women in ministerial positions 84
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
United States
AVG USA
334 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 49 USA
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day
Proportion of unpaid work per day
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers – –
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1920
Years since any women received voting rights 97
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 52
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) 0
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) – –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave – –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits – –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1, 1, 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
335The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 56
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Uruguay score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 20,
Total population (1,000s) 3,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
66
60
47
1
103
115
score
2017
rank
56
91
32
1
53
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 91
Labour force participation 75
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 116
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 83 16,223 27,410
Legislators, senior officials and managers 69
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 32
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 69
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 53
Women in parliament 79
Women in ministerial positions 19
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Uruguay
AVG URY
336 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 56 URY
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1932
Years since any women received voting rights 85
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national 33
Election list quotas for women, local 33
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 4
Total dependency ratio 56
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov gov
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 15
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
337The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 60
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Venezuela score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 17,
Total population (1,000s) 31,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
57
66
62
71
57
115
score
2017
rank
60
67
49
1
75
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 67
Labour force participation 98
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 48
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 68 14,007 22,596
Legislators, senior officials and managers 60
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 49
Literacy rate 1
Enrolment in primary education 87
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 1
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 75
Women in parliament 69
Women in ministerial positions 41
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Venezuela
AVG VEN
338 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 60 VEN
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners –
Firms with female top managers –
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters yes
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership yes
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership yes
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1946
Years since any women received voting rights 71
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas no
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 26
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 10
Total dependency ratio 52
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days)
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits dual dual
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance yes
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
339The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 69
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Vietnam score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 5,
Total population (1,000s) 94,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
–
–
–
–
–
115
score
–
–
–
–
–
2017
rank
69
33
97
138
97
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 33
Labour force participation 24
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 68
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 9 5,799 7,062
Legislators, senior officials and managers 85
Professional and technical workers 1
Educational attainment 97
Literacy rate 89
Enrolment in primary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in secondary education – – – – – –
Enrolment in tertiary education 1
Health and survival 138
Sex ratio at birth 140
Healthy life expectancy 1
Political empowerment 97
Women in parliament 55
Women in ministerial positions 133
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Vietnam
AVG VNM
340 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 69 VNM
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) 4, 5,
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1946
Years since any women received voting rights 71
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 10
Total dependency ratio 43
Parity of parental rights in marriage yes
Parity of parental rights after divorce yes
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits gov –
Government supports or provides childcare yes
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children – – –
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Primary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Out-of-school youth – – –
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54 – – –
Secondary education attainment, 65+ – – –
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54 – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+ – – –
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 –
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health yes
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits –
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
341The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 144
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Yemen score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 2,
Total population (1,000s) 27,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
115
114
114
48
113
115
score
2017
rank
144
141
141
119
144
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 141
Labour force participation 134
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 96
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 133 1,045 3,941
Legislators, senior officials and managers 124
Professional and technical workers 125
Educational attainment 141
Literacy rate – – – – – –
Enrolment in primary education 128
Enrolment in secondary education 138
Enrolment in tertiary education 132
Health and survival 119
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 129
Political empowerment 144
Women in parliament 143
Women in ministerial positions 128
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Yemen
AVGYEM
342 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 144 YEM
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women no
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers
Workers in informal employment
High-skilled share of labour force
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay no
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel – – –
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services part
Inheritance rights for daughters no
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.)
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1967
Years since any women received voting rights 50
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas –
Seats held in upper house
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 30
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 20
Total dependency ratio 76
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce no
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults – – –
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults – – –
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults – – –
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet – – –
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary – – –
Arts and Humanities – – –
Business, Admin. and Law – – –
Education – – –
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction – – –
Health and Welfare – – –
Information and Comm. Technologies – – –
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics – – –
Services – – –
Social Sci., Journalism and Information – – –
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 385
Legislation on domestic violence no
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime –
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
343The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
rank
out of 144 countries 50
score
= imparity
= parity
distribution of countries by score
SCORE AT GLANCE
Economy
Education
Health
Po
lit
ic
s
Zimbabwe score
average score
KEY INDICATORS
GDP (US$ billions)
GDP per capita (constant '11, intl. $, PPP) 1,
Total population (1,000s) 16,
Population growth rate (%)
Population sex ratio (female/male)
Human Capital Index score –
Global Gender Gap score
Economic participation and opportunity
Educational attainment
Health and survival
Political empowerment
rank out of
2006
rank
76
62
87
108
62
115
score
2017
rank
50
49
89
68
62
144
score
COUNTRY SCORE CARD
distance to parity
rank score avg female male f/m
Economic participation and opportunity 49
Labour force participation 36
Wage equality for similar work (survey) 32
Estimated earned income (PPP, US$) 43 1,617 2,417
Legislators, senior officials and managers 75
Professional and technical workers 85
Educational attainment 89
Literacy rate 62
Enrolment in primary education 1
Enrolment in secondary education 1
Enrolment in tertiary education 103
Health and survival 68
Sex ratio at birth 1
Healthy life expectancy 77
Political empowerment 62
Women in parliament 34
Women in ministerial positions 86
Years with female head of state (last 50) 69
Zimbabwe
AVG ZWE
344 The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
/ 50 ZWE
SELECTED CONTEXTUAL DATA
Workforce Participation female male value
Non-discrimination laws, hiring women yes
Youth not in employment or education – – –
Unemployed adults
Discouraged job seekers – – –
Workers in informal employment – – –
High-skilled share of labour force – – –
Workers employed part-time
Contributing family workers
Own-account workers
Work, minutes per day – – –
Proportion of unpaid work per day – – –
Economic Leadership female male value
Law mandates equal pay yes
Advancement of women to leadership roles 2
Boards of publicly traded companies – – –
Firms with female (co-)owners
Firms with female top managers
Employers
R&D personnel
Access to Assets female male value
Hold an account at a financial institution
Women’s access to financial services yes
Inheritance rights for daughters part
Women’s access to land use, control and ownership part
Women’s access to non-land assets use, control and
ownership part
Mean monthly earnings (1,000s, local curr.) – – –
Political Leadership female male value
Year women received right to vote 1919
Years since any women received voting rights 98
Number of female heads of state to date 0
Election list quotas for women, national –
Election list quotas for women, local –
Voluntary political party quotas yes
Seats held in upper house – – –
Family female male value
Average length of single life
Proportion married by age 25
Mean age of women at birth of first child 28
Average number of children per woman
Women's unmet demand for family planning
Potential support ratio 20
Total dependency ratio 79
Parity of parental rights in marriage no
Parity of parental rights after divorce –
Care female male value
Length of parental leave (days) –
Length of maternity/paternity leave (days) –
Wages paid during maternity/paternity leave –
Provider of parental leave benefits –
Provider of maternity/paternity leave benefits empl –
Government supports or provides childcare no
Government provides child allowance no
Education and Skills female male value
Out-of-school children
Primary education attainment, adults
Primary education attainment, 25-54
Primary education attainment, 65+
Out-of-school youth
Secondary education attainment, adults
Secondary education attainment, 25-54
Secondary education attainment, 65+
Tertiary education attainment, adults
Tertiary education attainment, age 25-54
Tertiary education attainment, age 65+
PhD graduates – – –
Individuals using the internet
Graduates by Degree Type female male value
Agri., Forestry, Fisheries and Veterinary
Arts and Humanities
Business, Admin. and Law
Education
Engineering, Manuf. and Construction
Health and Welfare
Information and Comm. Technologies
Natural Sci., Mathematics and Statistics
Services
Social Sci., Journalism and Information
Health female male value
Mortality, children under age 5 1
Mortality, non-communicable diseases 1
Mortality, infectious and parasitic diseases 1
Mortality, accidental injuries 1
Mortality, intentional injuries, self-harm 1
Mortality, childbirth 1 443
Legislation on domestic violence yes
Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime
Law permits abortion to preserve a woman’s
physical health no
Births attended by skilled health personnel –
Antenatal care, at least four visits
1 Age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population. 2 Data on a 0-to-1 scale (0 = worst score, 1 = best score)
345The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
347The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
Contributors
Till Alexander Leopold is a Project Lead of the World Economic
Forum’s System Initiative on Shaping the Future of Education,
Gender and Work. His responsibilities include co-leadership
of the System Initiative’s insights and analysis workstream;
co-authorship of the Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report,
Global Human Capital Report, Future of Jobs Report and
Industry Gender Gap Report; and management of the Forum’s
Global Future Council on Education, Gender and Work.
He has presented the System Initiative’s insights work at a
number of high-level events and in the media and has co-
organized activities at the World Economic Forum’s Annual
Meeting and regional summits. Leopold previously served as
an economist and project manager at the United Nations and
International Labour Organization, where his work focused
on policy analysis, research and technical cooperation in the
fields of entrepreneurship, labour economics, and innovation
ecosystems, and as a consultant and analyst in the fields of
impact investing and social entrepreneurship, with first-hand
research and consulting experience in Sub-Saharan Africa and
South Asia. He has co-authored several research reports on
inclusive business and private sector development in emerging
and frontier markets. He holds Masters degrees in Social
Anthropology and Finance and Development Economics from
the University of Cambridge and SOAS (University of London),
and is currently pursuing a PhD at the United Nations
University—Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute
on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT).
Vesselina Ratcheva is Data Lead of the World Economic Forum’s
System Initiative on Shaping the Future of Education,
Gender and Work, with a remit spanning data analysis and
visualization, and a particular focus on innovation within
that domain. Ratcheva is a co-author of the Forum’s Global
Gender Gap Report, Global Human Capital Report, Future of
Jobs Report and Industry Gender Gap Report and in the past
has led and collaborated on research projects spanning topics
such as skills, identity (gender, ethnic), organizational culture,
political mobilization and international migration. Ratcheva has
consistently employed quantitative and qualitative research
methods in endeavours aimed at finding the best ways to
ensure more just social and political systems. Ratcheva
previously led on research and evaluation in skills and has
specialized on the Balkan region. She holds a PhD in Social
Anthropology and an MSc in Comparative and Cross Cultural
Research Methods from Sussex University, and a BA in
Social Anthropology and Mathematics from the University of
Cambridge.
Saadia Zahidi is a Member of the Executive Committee and Head
of the System Initiative on Shaping the Future of Education,
Gender and Work at the World Economic Forum. Under
her leadership, the Forum’s team in this area produces
insights, fosters dialogue and works with leaders to close
skills gaps, prepare for the future of work and foster gender
equality. Zahidi founded and co-authors the Forum’s Global
Gender Gap Report, Global Human Capital Report, Future
of Jobs Report and several other publications. She is a
frequent speaker at international conferences and in the
media on the future of work; the impact of technology on
employment, education and skills; and gender parity. Her
previous responsibilities at the World Economic Forum have
included serving as an Economist with the Forum’s Global
Competitiveness Programme and leading a variety of teams
across the organization. She was selected as one of BBC’s
100 Women in 2013 and 2014 and won the inaugural FT/
McKinsey Bracken Bower Prize for prospective authors
under 35. Her book, Fifty Million Rising, on the female
workforce in the Muslim world, will be released in January,
2018. She holds an MPA from Harvard University, an MPhil in
International Economics from the Graduate Institute and a BA
in Economics from Smith College.
349The Global Gender Gap Report 2017
System Initiative Partners
The World Economic Forum would like to thank the Partners of the System Initiative on Shaping the Future of Education, Gender and Work
for their guidance and support to the System Initiative and this Report.
• . Kearney
• AARP
• Accenture
• Adecco Group
• African Rainbow Minerals
• Alghanim Industries
• AlixPartners
• Bahrain Economic Development Board
• Bank of America
• Barclays
• Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
• Bloomberg
• Boston Consulting Group
• Centene Corporation
• Centrica
• Chobani
• Dentsu Aegis Network
• Dogan Broadcasting
• Egon Zehnder
• EY
• GEMS Education
• Google
• GSK
• HCL Technologies
• Heidrick & Struggles
• Hewlett Packard Enterprise
• Home Instead
• HP Inc.
• Hubert Burda Media
• Infosys
• JLL
• Johnson Controls
• Lego Foundation
• Limak Holding
• LinkedIn
• ManpowerGroup
• Mercer (MMC)
• Microsoft Corporation
• Nestlé
• Nokia Corporation
• NYSE
• Omnicom Group
• Ooredoo
• PayPal
• Pearson
• Procter and Gamble
• PwC
• Salesforce
• SAP
• Saudi Aramco
• Skanska AB
• Tata Consultancy Services
• The Rockefeller Foundation
• TupperwareBrands Corporation
• Turkcell
• UBS
• Unilever
• Willis Towers Watson
• Workday
• WPP
In addition to our Partners, the leadership of the System Initiative on Shaping the Future of Education, Gender and Work includes leading
representatives of the following organizations: Council of Women World Leaders; Endeavor; Haas School of Business, University of California,
Berkeley; International Labour Organization (ILO); JA Worldwide; Ministry of Employment, Workforce Development and Labour of the
Government of Canada; Department for Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation of the Presidency of South Africa; MIT Initiative on the Digital
Economy; Office of the Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation; The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania; United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); and United Way Worldwide.
To learn more about the System Initiative, please refer to the System Initiative website:
the-future-of-education-gender-and-work.
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