ᇏݓള୪ြ࿐Б 2013୍6ᄅ ֻ21ज ֻ6௹ Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, Jun. 2013, 21(6): 728−736 DOI: *ಛཌԋಕઋؓݖਈീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐֥ཙႋ 11,211,2**王 琳 张利敏 林 琳 张雪萍 (1. ޑࡾസݗغўഽٓն࿐ֹ॓࿐࿐ჽ ݗغў 150025; 2. ޑࡾസ௴๙ۚ֩࿐ֹߌဪۋࡓҩᇗׄൌဒ൩ ݗغўഽٓն࿐ ݗغў 150025) ᅋ ေ 为研究施用过量的农用化学品对土壤线虫群落组成及多样性的影响, 采用定点试验的方法, 在哈尔滨市呼兰区选择典型农田生态系统进行试验, 对比研究土壤线虫群落对施用过量的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、除草剂及杀虫剂的响应。在试验田中共鉴定出土壤线虫27科45属, 其中Cephalobus和Aphelenchus为优势属。施用不同浓度的各类农用化学品对土壤线虫群落组成、多样性均产生一定影响。线虫总数及食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫、植物寄生线虫数量在不同处理间均存在显著差异(P<); 其中, 植物寄生线虫的相对丰度随化肥施用量的升高呈增加趋势。从土壤线虫的生态指数来看, 除PPI(植物寄生线虫成熟指数)外, 其他生态指数[MI(成熟度指数)、F/B(食真菌线虫与食细菌线虫数量比值)、Evenness(均匀度指数)、SR(丰富度指数)、H'(多样性指数)]在施用不同农用化学品处理之间也存在显著差异, 并且, MI随着施用钾肥、氮肥浓度的增加而降低。土壤线虫可以作为揭示施用农用化学品过程中土壤质量变化的生物学指标, 其群落及多样性的变化表明土壤线虫群落对农用化学品的过量施用产生了响应, 过量施用农用化学品会增加土壤生态系统的干扰, 对土壤环境造成威胁。 ܱՍ 农用化学品 农田 土壤线虫 群落组成 多样性 ᇏٳোݼ: ໓ངѓ്: A ໓ᅣщݼ: 1671-3990(2013)06-0728-09 Response of soil nematode community to excessive application of agrochemicals 11,211,2WANG Lin, ZHANG Li-Min, LIN Lin, ZHANG Xue-Ping (1. College of Geographical Sciences, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; 2. Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Geographic Environment; Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China) Abstract Soil nematodes are the most abundant group of soil animals. Nematodes rapidly react to environmental changes. In the farmland ecosystem, any factor that affects the soil environment (tillage, fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide measures) influences the composition and diversity of soil nematode community. The response of soil nematode community to excessive application of agrochemicals was investigated in a typical farmland ecosystem in the Hulan area of Harbin in this study. The study used excessive amounts of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers along with herbicides and pesticides in soil, and investigated nematode communities and community diversity. A total of 27 families and 45 genera were observed in the study. Cephalobus and Aphelenchus were the most dominant genera. The composition of soil nematode community, relative abundance of different trophic groups and diversities were influenced by different agrochemical treatments. Significant differences were noted among different treatments in terms of the number of total soil nematodes, and bacterial-feeding, fungal-feeding and plant parasites nematodes (P < ). With increasing quantity of applied chemical fertilizers, the relative abundance of plant parasitic nematodes increased. Except for PPI (plant parasitic index), soil nematode community responded differently to the different treatments in terms of the ecological indices of MI (maturity index), F/B (number ratio of fungal-feeding nematode to bacterial-feeding nematode), Evenness (evenness index), SR (richness index) and H' (diversity index). Also MI declined with increasing quantity of applied nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. The variations in soil nematode communities and diversities suggested that the response of soil nematode communities to agrochemicals * ݓࡅሱಖ॓࿐ࠎࣁཛଢ(41101048,41071033)aݗغў൧॓ཛଢ(2011RFXXN039)ބޑࡾസ2012୍࣮ളԷྍ॓ሧࣁཛଢ (YJSCX2012-161HLJ)ሧᇹ ** ๙ቔᆀ:ᅦ࿒(1962i), ୯, Ѱൖ, ࢝൱, ᇶေՖ൙ಛaߌള࿐֩ٚ૫֥࣮bE-mail: hellozxp@ ਞ(1990i), ୯, ණൖ࣮ള, ࣮ٚཟູߌള࿐bE-mail: wanglin-3161@ ൬۠ರ௹: 2012−11−18 ࢤ൳ರ௹: 2013−01−17
ֻ6௹ ਞ֩: ಛཌԋಕઋؓݖਈീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐֥ཙႋ 729 was a suitable bio-indicator that adequately reflected the effects of agrochemicals application on soil quality. The excessive application of agrochemicals increased the level of disturbance of soil ecosystem and posed a significant threat to soil environment. This study was important in guiding future research on agricultural production and providing the theoretical basis for the sustainable development of agriculture and ecological systems. Key words Agrochemical, Farmland, Soil nematode, Community composition, Diversity (Received Nov. 18, 2012; accepted Jan. 17, 2013) ooಛିܔٳࢳדઋ, ҕაֹ౯ᇉ࿖ߌ, kmԩ(תࣜ126, Кໂ45), ھֹ໊Ⴟାჰת൞ಛള༢ᇏ֥ᇗေቆӮ҆ٳbൈಛଲ҆, ಛোູޑ, උׅ໑ջնྟ࠱ڄగඔਈބಕઋࢲܒ္߶ֹؓഈಕઋ֥ࢲܒބቆӮӁളީ, ࠱ݥۄᄲ, ༱࠱؋՜ുಣ, ୍नగ໑ ޓն႕ཙ, ఃაఃֹഈބֹ༯֥ളܒӮ၂۱℃, ቋᄅनగ໑−19 ℃, ቋಣᄅनగ໑23 ℃b[1][11]ປᆜ֥ള༢bಛཌԋ൞ಛᇏඔਈቋ୍ࢆਈ533 mm, ඟ௹135 db [2]پڶ֥োಕ, ఃٳܼ҃ٗ, ؓߌ֥э߄ିܔቓโࡗ൫ဒഡᇂീႨ5ᇕ୪Ⴈ߄࿐, Їও٧[3]ԛّ֥ႋ, ၹՎӈФुቔ൞୪โള༢൳(N, ୕)aਠ٧(P, ਠූؽہ)aࡋ٧(K, ੯߄ࡋ)a[4−7]֞୪ြܵ֩ۄಠ֥ૹۋྟᆷൕളbᄝ୪โളԢҤ࠴(C, ၙҤς)ࠣ೪ԋ࠴(S, ࡊμࠎέົऩЦ༢ᇏ, ޅ႕ཙಛߌ֥ၹ(۶ቔծീaീࡊූ), ਸ਼ഡ၂۱ॢϢؓᅶဢֹ(CK)ԩ, ۴ऌ֒−2Ⴈ߄٧a೪ԋ࠴aԢҤ࠴֩)नؓಛཌԋಕઋቆӮֹ୪֥ൌ࠽ീႨਈ(߄٧25 g·maԢҤ࠴ [8]−2−2ࠣః؟ဢྟӁള၂ק֥႕ཙbޱӴ֩aਃ໓ई mL·ma೪ԋ࠴ g·m), ૄᇕ୪Ⴈ߄࿐ഡ3[9−10][11]2֩ࠣਾဇफ֩࿐ᆀࣼӉ௹ീ٧ؓಛཌԋಕ۱୩؇ԩ(Ԣؓᅶဢֹຓ)(і1)bဢֹ૫ࠒ480 m, ઋࢲܒ֥႕ཙࣉྛਔնਈ༥ᇁ࣮, ࢲݔіૼ, Ґ౼ປಆቆഡ࠹, ܋16۱ԩ, ૄ۱ԩ3۱ᇗಛཌԋ֥ಕઋࢲܒؓӉ௹ീ٧֥ཙႋࢠૼཁb൞گb܂൫ቔູზ(“ࣁზࣴݼ”), Ⴟ5ᄅᇕᆱ, ߄ႮႿགྷᄝູሔ୪Ӂ֥ۚӁਈၛࠣ۶ቔࠃ֥҂٧ႿѬᇕభҐႨઘم၂Ցྟീೆ, ѩࡼԢҤ࠴ࠣ॓࿐ྟ, ᄝ୪ြളӁᇏສສթᄝݖਈീႨ߄٧ࠣ೪೪ԋ࠴ᄝඣᇏᄋந֞ಛі૫b ԋ࠴aԢҤ࠴֩୪Ⴈ߄࿐֥གྷའbؓႿᆃᇕݖਈ ൫ဒٚم ീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐ؓಛཌԋಕઋቆӮࠣ؟ဢྟ႕ཙ ౼ဢٚم ٚ૫֥࣮മഒb 2011୍5ᄅീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐, 7ᄅ౼ဢbᄝ෮טାჰቔູݓתК٧֥ޑ, ൞ളӁҰ֥ဢֹᇏෛࠏ࿊౼5۱౼ဢׄ, ಀוі, ၛ5 ৯ࢠ֥ۚᇗေ୪ତြؿᅚࠎֹbෛሢದૌീ٧ਈᄹcm×5 cm૫ࠒູ1۱౼ဢׄٓຶ, ခ0~15 cm֥ധࡆ, ݖਈീ٧ؓಛള༢֥႕ཙᄀটᄀᇗb؇नᄋ౼ဢb5ׄԉٳࠁކልտ, ٿ१, ቓݺѓద, Ч໓ၛתКାჰׅ୪โള༢ູ൫ဒဢջ߭ൌဒ൩٢ᄝ4 ℃ѢདᇏЌթСႨb ֹ, ሢᇗ࣮ീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐ؓಛཌԋಕઋቆӮဢֹ֥ಛ߄ྟᇉҩק: Ⴕࠏᇉ(OM)ݣਈҩࠣ؟ဢྟӁള֥႕ཙ, ູޑֹ୪ြള༢ࡲקҐႨᇗ۰ූࡋಸਈم−ຓࡆಣم, ಆ(NT)ݣਈूܵބކീ٧ิ܂ࠎԤඔऌބં၇ऌb ҩקҐႨᇗ۰ූࡋ−ූཨ߄م, ಆਠݣਈҩקҐ−11 材料与方法 ႨSMTٚم, ႵིਠݣਈҩקҐႨ mol·L NaHCO࣏ิ−᪬ำॆбم, ིࡋݣਈҩקҐႨ ࣮ۀঃა൫ဒഡ࠹ 3−1[12]࣮თ໊Ⴟݗغўഽٓն࿐ࡾКଲҧ1 mol·LNHAc࣏ิ−ࠅဏܻ؇مb 1 4 表1 不同试验处理施用农用化学品量 Table 1 Agrochemicals application rates in different treatments ୩؇ะ؇Concentration gradient ୪Ⴈ߄࿐ 123 Agrochemicals ԩщݼ ୩؇ ԩщݼ ୩؇ ԩщݼ ୩؇ Treatment No. Concentration Treatment No. Concentration Treatment No. Concentration −2−2−2٧ Nitrogen fertilizer N1 25 g·mN2 50 g·mN3 100 g·m −2−2−2ਠ٧ Phosphate fertilizer P1 25 g·mP2 50 gP3 ·m 100 g·m −2−2−2ࡋ٧ Potassium fertilizer K1 25 gK2 ·m 50 gK3 ·m 100 g·m −2−2−2ԢҤ࠴ Herbicides C1 mL·mC2 mL·mC3 mL·m −2−2−2೪ԋ࠴ Pesticides S1 g·mS2 g·mS3 g·m
730 ᇏݓള୪ြ࿐Б 2013 ֻ21ज ಛཌԋ֥ิ౼aٳބקFilenchusaEcphyadophoraaHelicotylenchusa ࡼҐ֥ࠢૄٺಛဢٳљӫ౼100 g༷, EudorylaimusaAporcelaimellus, ᅝሹ۱ุඔ%; [13]ҐႨరمࣉྛཌԋٳ; ෮ิ౼֥֞ཌԋҐႨ༎Ⴕඋ30۱, ᅝሹ۱ุඔ1%ၛ༯, ᅝಛཌԋሹ໑ބಣم(Gentle Heating)೪ඵ, ᄜႨڞغઔਟܥקඔਈ֥%b ၁ܥקbૄ۱ဢᄝࢳ௩ࣤ༯ཌԋ࠹ඔ, ѩෛࠏ࿊҂ԩᆭࡗႪ൝োಕႵૼཁҵၳ, Cephalobus౼100่ཌԋᄝܻ࿐ཁັࣤ༯ࣉྛ॓උק, ҂ቀູ۲ԩ܋ႵႪ൝උbAphelenchusᄝK3aS1ބCK100่֥ᄵಆ҆ק, ཌԋ֥ٳקҕᅶBongersԩᇏູӈඋ, ᄝఃԩᇏᄵູႪ൝උbՎຓ, [14]֥֩ٚمࣉྛb၇ऌಛു؇, ࡼಛཌԋᇕಕParatylenchusᄝS1aS2aS3aC2aC3ԩᇏູႪ[15]ඔਈᅼෘӮૄ100 gۄݣႵ֥ಛཌԋ่ඔb൝උ; AcrobeloidesᄝN2aN3aP1aK3ԩᇏູႪ۴ऌཌԋ֥҆ྙ࿐หᆘބ౼ൊളࡼಛཌԋ൝උ; PrismatolaimusᆺᄝS1ԩᇏູႪ൝උ; ᆃུٳӮၛ༯4۱ႏအোಕ: ൊ༥ऩো(BF)aൊᆇऩোᇕোᄝఃԩᇏनູӈඋbطHeterocephalobus[16](FF)aᆱ࠷ളো(PP)aѽൊোࠇᄖൊোཌԋ(OP)b ᄝN1aK3ԩᇏູႪ൝උ, ᄝCKԩᇏᄵູ༎Ⴕ ಕઋ؟ဢྟᆷѓ֥࠹ෘٚم උbDitylenchusᆺᄝCKԩᇏູႪ൝උ, طᄝN1a[17]ཌྷؓ؟؇(RA): P1aC3aK1aS1ᇏनູ༎Ⴕඋb RA=ni/N×10 (1) ᄝ҂ԩᇏ, AcrobeloidesaHeterocephalobusa[17]Shannon-Weaner؟ဢྟᆷඔ(H′): CephalobusaPrismatolaimusaMetateratocephalusaH′=−PlnP(2) AphelenchusaDitylenchusaParatylenchusa∑ii [18]Pielouनᄋྟᆷඔ(Evenness): A p o r c el a im e ll u s ູ ܋ Ⴕ උ ; Վ ຓ , ҂ ԩ ဢ ֹߎEveness=H′/lnS(3) Ⴕ۲ሱหႵඋ, CephalenchusބNagelusࣇԛགྷᄝS1 [19]پڶ؇ᆷඔ(SR): ԩᇏ; WilsonemaaTylenchorhynchusaPungentusaSR=(S−1) /lnN (4) LabronemaᄵٳљູS2ԩaK2ԩaK1ԩa[20]ൊᆇऩཌԋაൊ༥ऩཌԋ֥бੱ(F/B): K3ԩ֥หႵᇕ(і2)b F/B=FF/BF (5) ീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐ؓಛཌԋሹඔ֥႕ཙ [21]Ӯඃᆷඔ: ҂୪Ⴈ߄࿐ԩಛཌԋሹඔҵၳཁᇷn(P<)(і3)bԢN1aN2aC3ބP3ԩຓ, N3MI(PPI)=cp×p∑ii (6) i=1 ބP2ԩ༯, ཌԋሹඔཁᇷۚႿఃԩ, ఃൔᇏğniֻູiᇕ۱ุඔ, Nູಕઋଽ෮Ⴕোಕሹ۱ԩࡗཌԋሹඔཁᇷҵၳ, طP1aK2aK3ࠣ೪ุඔ, P = ni/N; Sູಕઋଽোಕඔ; FFູൊᆇऩཌԋiԋ࠴ԩ(S)༯֥ཌԋሹඔ֮ႿؓᅶCK, ҵၳ҂ඔਈ; BFູൊ༥ऩཌԋඔਈ; MIູሱႮളࠃཌԋӮཁᇷb߄࿐֥҂୩؇ؓಛཌԋ۱ุඔթᄝཁඃᆷඔ; PPIູᆱ࠷ളཌԋӮඃᆷඔ; cpູ٤ᆱiᇷ႕ཙ(і3), э߄൝҂bఃᇏ, ീႨ٧࠷ളྟಛཌԋֻiোಕcpᆴb ಛཌԋሹඔෛ٧୩؇ᄹࡆطᄹࡆ, ఃԩᄵӯ ࠹ٳ༅ٚم ༵ᄹުࡨࠇ༵ࡨުᄹ֥൝b ҐႨֆၹٚҵٳ༅(One way ANOVA, LSD) ീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐ؓಛཌԋႏအোಕ֥႕ཙ ဒ҂୪Ⴈ߄࿐ؓಛཌԋಕઋࢲܒҕඔ֥ཁ҂ႏအোಕཌԋᇕোඔਈ҂, ᆱ࠷ളཌᇷྟ႕ཙ, ҐႨཌྷܱٳ༅ؓಛ߄ྟᇉაಛཌԋᇕোቋ؟, ູ15۱උ, ఃՑൊ༥ऩཌԋູ14۱උ, ԋႏအোಕཌྷؓپ؇֥ཌྷܱྟࣉྛٳ༅b෮Ⴕඔऌൊᆇऩཌԋᇕোބѽൊᄖൊোनູ8۱උbఃᇏ, ൊٳ༅नҐႨSPSS࠹ೈࡱb ༥ऩཌԋႏအোಕ۱ุඔ෮ᅝб২ቋۚ, ѽൊ/ᄖൊ2 结果与分析 ྟཌԋႏအোಕ֥۱ุඔб২ቋཬ(і3)bീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐֥ᇕোބ୩؇ؓႏအোಕཌԋپ؇Ӂള҂ ീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐ؓಛཌԋಕઋቆӮ֥႕ཙ ႕ཙbაؓᅶԩཌྷб, ീႨ۲ো҂୩؇୪Ⴈ Ч࣮܋ࠆ֤ཌԋ27॓45උ, ఃᇏCephalobus߄࿐नಛᇏൊ༥ऩཌԋ֥ཌྷؓپ؇ཁᇷശ ބAphelenchusູႪ൝උ(ᅝሹ۱ุඔ10%ၛഈ), ܋ᅝಛཌԋሹඔਈ֥%; ӈඋ(ᅝሹุ۱ඔۚ, طൊᆇऩཌԋཌྷؓپ؇ཁᇷࡨഒ(P<)(і3); ҂ԩࡗൊ༥ऩোಕaൊᆇऩোಕaᆱ࠷ 1%~10%)13۱: AcrobeloidesaHeterocephalobusa AcrobelesaPrismatolaimusaMetateratocephalusaളোಕಛཌԋཌྷؓپ؇թᄝཁᇷҵၳ(P<) AphelenchoidesaDitylenchusaParatylenchusa(і3)b
ֻ6௹ ਞ֩: ಛཌԋಕઋؓݖਈീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐֥ཙႋ 731
732 ᇏݓള୪ြ࿐Б 2013 ֻ21ज
ֻ6௹ ਞ֩: ಛཌԋಕઋؓݖਈീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐֥ཙႋ 733 表3 不同农用化学品处理对土壤线虫数量和营养类群的影响 Table 3 Effects of different agrochemicals treatments on the numbers of soil nematode and different trophic groups ཌԋሹඔ ൊ༥ऩཌԋ ൊᆇऩཌԋ ᆱ࠷ളཌԋ ѽൊ/ᄖൊཌԋ ԩ Total number of Bacterial-feeding Fungal-feeding Plant parasitic Predator/omnivore Treatment nematode nematode (BF) nematode (FF) nematode (PP) nematode (OP) N1 ±±±±±± ± ± ± ± N3 ±±±±±± ± ± ± ± P2 ±±±±±± ± ± ± ± K1 ±±±±±± ± ± ± ± K3 ±±±±±± ± ± ± ± S2 ±±±±±± ± ± ± ± C1 ±±±±±± ± ± ± ± C3 ±±±±±± ± ± ± ± ҂ႇ໓ཬཿሳଛіൕԩࡗҵၳཁᇷ(P<), ༯b Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among treatments at level. The same below. Ԣᄖൊѽൊোཌԋຓ, ୪Ⴈ߄࿐ീႨ୩؇ؓԛཁᇷ֥ᆞཌྷܱ(P<)bѽൊ/ᄖൊཌԋཌྷؓپ؇აఃႏအোಕཌྷؓپ؇႕ཙҵၳཁᇷ(P<)(і3), ۲ᇕಛ߄ᆷѓᆭࡗनໃіགྷԛཌྷܱܱ༢(і5)b ѩӯགྷ҂э߄൝bఃᇏ, ൊ༥ऩཌԋোಕཌྷؓ3 讨论与结论 پ؇ෛਠ٧୩؇ശۚطࢆ֮, ෛࡋ٧୩؇ശۚطᄹ ୪Ⴈ߄࿐ᇕোؓಛཌԋ֥ಕઋࢲܒࠣ؟ࡆbൊᆇऩཌԋোಕᄵᆞݺཌྷّbᆱ࠷ളཌԋোဢྟ႕ཙ ಕཌྷؓپ؇ෛീႨ٧aਠ٧aࡋ٧ീႨਈശۚन[10]ᄝЧ൫ဒᇏ, קԛཌԋ45උ, бਃ໓ई֩ӯགྷᄹࡆ൝; ѽൊᄖൊཌԋোಕཌྷؓپ؇ෛࡋ٧ᄝފჰ֟โള༢ᇏؿགྷ֥19උ؟, ॖି൞ࠣԢҤ࠴୩؇֥ᄹࡆطശۚ, ീႨ٧ࠣ೪ԋ࠴୩[11]ႮႿზโބ֟โ֥ҵၳ෮ᇁb ؇ᄀۚఃཌྷؓپ؇ᇯࡶࡨഒ(і3)b ᄝ୪ြളӁݖӱᇏ, ႕ཙಛߌ֥ၹЇও ീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐ؓಛཌԋളᆷඔ֥႕ཙ ۶ቔծീa߄٧ބ୪ူ֥Ⴈ֩, ିؓಛཌԋᄝ҂ԩ่ࡱ༯ಛཌԋളᆷඔҵၳཁᇷ[2]Ӂള၂ק႕ཙbႮႿീႨ߄٧ࠣ୪ူᄹࡆਔ୪โ(P<)(і3)bఃᇏ, ീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐F/Bᆴཁಛ֥ಠ, ؓಛཌԋ֥ಕઋࢲܒหᆘӁളࢠնᇷࡨഒ, طPPIᆷඔ௴ђᄹࡆ(ԢC1)bീႨ୩؇ؓ[10]႕ཙbਃ໓ई֩ؓފჰ֟โಛཌԋ֥࣮F/BaH'aEvennessaSRࠣMIളᆷඔ֥႕ཙթᄝіૼ, ീ٧ିܔཁᇷࢆ֮ಛཌԋ֥ඔਈbطᄝЧཁᇷҵၳ(P<)(і3)bఃᇏ, ෛሢࡋ٧a٧ീ࣮ᇏ, ԢN1aN2aC3ބP3ԩຓ, ᄝN3ބP2Ⴈਈ֥ᄹࡆ, SRaMIᆷඔᆴनࡨཬ, H'ᆴෛሢਠ٧ࠣԩ่ࡱ༯, ཌԋሹඔཁᇷۚႿఃԩ, ః೪ԋ࠴୩؇֥ᄹࡆطࢆ֮, ఃളᆷඔෛ҂ԩԩࡗཌԋሹඔཁᇷҵၳbఃჰၹᆭ၂ॖିᇶေ୩؇֥ᄹࡆطીႵӯགྷૼཁܿੰྟ(і4)b აಛᇉֹႵܱ, Ч࣮ᇏಛᇉֹູޑbਾဇ ಛᇶေ߄ྟᇉაཌԋႏအোಕ֥ܱ༢ [11]फ֩ؓݗغўޑಛཌԋ֥࣮ᇏ, ֆീ٧aՖಛ߄ྟᇉაಛཌԋႏအোಕܱ༢ᇏॖਠ٧ԩಛཌԋ֥ሹඔۚႿؓᅶԩ, ఃሹඔၛुԛ, ᄝ҂୪Ⴈ߄࿐ԩ֥ಛཌԋಕઋᇏ, э߄ໃղ֞ཁᇷඣbീႨ٧ॖၛཁᇷิۚൊ༥ऩൊ༥ऩཌԋ֥ཌྷؓپ؇नაಛႵࠏᇉaಆਠaི[22]ਠࠣಆݣਈӯཁᇷᆞཌྷܱཌԋ֥ඔਈbᄝЧ࣮ᇏൊ༥ऩཌԋႏအোಕູႪ(P<); طᆱ࠷ളཌԋ֥ཌྷؓپ؇ᄵაಛႵࠏᇉ(P<0൝োಕ, ൊ༥ऩཌԋඔਈ֥ശۚ֝ᇁཌԋሹඔཁᇷ.01)aಆਠ(P< )aིਠ(P<)aಆ(P<)ིࠣࡋ(P<)ᄹࡆb֞ଢభູᆸ, ؓႿಛཌԋඔਈაۄಠඣ֥ݣਈӯཁᇷڵཌྷܱbൊᆇऩཌԋაಆਠaིਠіགྷܱ༢ߎીႵקં, ߎླေնਈ൫ဒটဒᆣb
734 ᇏݓള୪ြ࿐Б 2013 ֻ21ज 表4 不同农用化学品处理对土壤线虫生态指数变化的影响 Table 4 Effects of different agrochemicals treatments on ecological indices of nematode community ളᆷඔ Ecological index 处理 Treatment F/B H' Evenness SR MI PPI N1 ± ± ± ± ± ± N2 ± ± ± ± ± ± N3 ± ± ± ± ± ± P1 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± P3 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± K2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± S1 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± S3 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± C2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± CK ± ± ± ± ± ± F/B: ൊᆇऩཌԋაൊ༥ऩཌԋඔਈбᆴ; H': ؟ဢྟᆷඔ; Evenness: नᄋ؇ᆷඔ; SR: پڶ؇ᆷඔ; MI: Ӯඃ؇ᆷඔ; PPI: ᆱ࠷ളཌԋӮඃᆷඔbF/B: number ratio of fungal-feeding nematode to bacterial-feeding nematode; H': diversity index; Evenness: evenness index; SR: richness index; MI: maturity index; PPI: plant parasite index. 表5 土壤线虫营养类群丰度与土壤理化性质的相关系数 Table 5 Pearson’s correlation coefficients between relative abundance of soil nematode trophic groups and physicochemical properties ཌԋႏအোಕ Ⴕࠏᇉ ಆਠ ིਠ ಆ ིࡋ Nematode trophic group Organic matterTotal phosphorusAvailable phosphorusTotal nitrogen Available potassium********ൊ༥ऩཌԋ Bacterial-feeding nematode (BF) ***ൊᆇऩཌԋ Fungal-feeding nematode (FF) − *********ᆱ࠷ളཌԋ Plant parasitic nematode (PP) − − − − − ѽൊ/ᄖൊཌԋ Predator/omnivore nematode (OP) − − − − − **ބ*ٳљսіP<ބP<ඣഈ֥ཁᇷྟ ** and * indicate significant correlation at and levels, respectively. [23]ീ٧ԩؓಛཌԋႏအোಕႵ႕ཙbਾဇโള༢ಛཌԋ֥F/Bᆴ(~)ཌྷරbീ[11]फ࣮֩іૼ, ֆീࡋ٧ննิۚਔಛᇏൊ༥٧a೪ԋ࠴ࠣԢҤ࠴ԩ֥F/Bᆴཁᇷ֮Ⴟؓᅶԩ[8]ऩཌԋ֥ཌྷؓپ؇bطޱӴ࣮֩ؿགྷ, ീႨ߄٧, ඪૼീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐֝ᇁಛᇏൊ༥ऩཌԋᄹაؓᅶཌྷб, ൊ༥ऩཌԋ֥ඔਈѩીႵᄹࡆ, ൞Ⴎࡆ, طؓᅶԩᇏႵ۷ն֥ᆇऩಕઋbᄝЧ࣮ᇏ, Ⴟ߄٧ԩᇏ༥ऩোಕඔਈࢠഒ֥ჰၹ෮ᇁbᄝЧᆱ࠷ളཌԋӮඃᆷඔ(PPI)नᆴ൞, აLenz[25]࣮ᇏ, ෮ႵീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐ԩ֥ಛൊ༥ऩཌބEisenbeisБ֥֡୪โള༢ಛཌԋ֥PPI[26]ԋোಕඔਈनཁᇷᄹࡆ, طൊᆇऩཌԋ֥ඔਈनཁᆴ(~)ࠣתߩ֩Б֥֡ࠝਟസ༆҆୪ତࢌᇷࢆ֮, ॖି൞ႮႿ҂ԩڿэਔಛအٳ౦ঃհջಛཌԋ֥PPIᆴ()ཌྷරbൈ, ԢC1ԩބളߌ, ิۚਔಛᇏ༥ऩোಕളਈطࢆ֮ຓ, ఃԩPPIᆴनۚႿؓᅶbPPIᆴაಛಠਔᆇऩোಕളਈ෮ᇁb ੱӯᆞཌྷܱ, іૼീႨݖਈ֥୪Ⴈ߄࿐ಛീႨ҂୪Ⴈ߄࿐ؓಛཌԋളᆷඔႵཁ൳֥֞ۄಠӱ؇ࡆն, ಛߌԩႿ൳ཽ௧ሑb ᇷ႕ཙbఃᇏ, F/Bᆴູൊᆇऩཌԋ֥ඔਈაൊ༥ऩ ୪Ⴈ߄࿐୩؇֥҂ؓಛཌԋಕઋࢲܒཌԋඔਈ֥бᆴ, ॖၛّ႘ಛັള֥ಕઋࢲܒ, ࠣ؟ဢྟ֥႕ཙ [24]ିܔཁൕԛಛڪൊൊຩ֥ࢆࢳࣥbᄝЧ୪Ⴈ߄࿐୩؇ؓಛཌԋሹඔթᄝཁᇷ႕࣮ᇏൊ༥ऩཌԋ൞Ⴊ൝োಕཙbఃᇏ, ಛཌԋሹඔෛ٧୩؇ᄹࡆطᄹࡆ, ॖ, ֝ᇁF/Bᆴொཬ, ః[15][22]नᆴ൞, აFrechmanބEttemaБ֥֡୪ି൞ႮႿീႨ٧ॖၛᄹࡆൊ༥ऩཌԋ֥ඔਈb
ֻ6௹ ਞ֩: ಛཌԋಕઋؓݖਈീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐֥ཙႋ 735 Ч൫ဒᇏൊ༥ऩཌԋູႪ൝োಕ, ٧୩؇ᄹࡆ֝ᇏႋࣉ၂҄षᅚܱႿീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐টڿэಛཌᇁൊ༥ऩཌԋඔਈ֥ᄹࡆ, Ֆطఃཌԋ۱ุඔӯԋಕઋࢲܒٚ૫֥࣮, Ֆطၝᇅᆱ࠷ളཌԋ֥־ᄹ൝b ۱ุඔ, ؓ୪ြളӁ࣮ࣉྛᆷ֝, ູ୪ြࠣളՖ୪Ⴈ߄࿐ീႨਈ҂֥࢘؇টु, ീႨ҂ߌ֥ॖӻ࿃ؿᅚิ܂ં၇ऌb ୩؇୪Ⴈ߄࿐ಛཌԋႏအোಕཌྷؓپ؇֥参考文献 э߄Ӂള၂קܿੰ, ఃჰၹॖି൞ႮႿཌԋؓಛ[22][1] Wardle D A, Bardgett R D, Klironomos J N, et al. Ecological ༥ऩaᆇऩa٢ཌऩ֥ඔਈႵૼཁ႕ཙ, ѩീlinkages between aboveground and belowground biota[J]. Ⴈ୪Ⴈ߄࿐ॖି֝ᇁಛັളোಕӁളэ߄, Science, 2004, 304(5677): 1629–1633 ՜ࣉࠇၝᇅັളᄹᆲ, ؓಛཌԋ֥ൊটჷӁ[2] Ritz K, Trudgill D L. Utility of nematode community analysis ള႕ཙ, Ֆطఃႏအোಕཌྷؓپ؇Ӂളэ߄bᄝas an integrated measure of the functional state of soils: Ч൫ဒᇏ, ᆱ࠷ളཌԋ֥ཌྷؓپ؇ෛ٧aਠ٧aPerspectives and challenges[J]. Plant Soil, 1999, 212(1): 1–11 [11]ࡋ٧ീႨਈ֥ᄹࡆनӯགྷᄹࡆ൝, აਾဇफ֩[3] Narioka Hajime. Drainbility of macrospores inviolacies ash soils of the Kanto loam formations[M]. Soil Science: Б֥֡ཟಛᇏീႨ҂֥٧ਘؓಛᇏᆱ࠷ളConfronting New Realities in the 21st Century. 2002 ཌԋनႵ၂קၝᇅቔႨ֥ࢲݔཌྷّ, ॖି൞ႮႿЧ[4] Bongers T. The maturity index: An ecological measure of ൫ဒԩႿീ٧ݖਈሑ, ݖਈീ٧൞֝ᇁഡീ୪โenvironmental disturbance based on nematode species [27]ಛߌذ߄֥۴Чჰၹ, ീႨݖਈ߄٧ؓᆱcomposition[J]. Oecologia, 1990, 83(1): 14–19 ࠷ളཌԋႵ՜ࣉቔႨ, طᆱ࠷ളཌԋն؟ູႵݝ[5] Wardle D A. Impacts of disturbance on detritus food webs in agro-ecosystems of contrasting tillage and weed management োಕ, ఃپ؇֥ᄹࡆ҂০Ⴟ୪ቔ֥ളӉ, ൈݖpractice[J]. Advances in Ecological Research, 1995, 26: ਈീႨ߄٧ࠣ୪ူ߶ᄯӮಛϰࢲ, ؓಛߌӁ105–185 ള҂০႕ཙb [6] ഔჭ, ڰലূ. ൫ંಛཌԋ؟ဢྟᄝള༢ᇏ֥ቔീႨ҂୩؇֥୪Ⴈ߄࿐ؓಛཌԋ؟ဢྟႨ[J]. ള؟ဢྟ, 2007, 15(2): 116–123 [15](H')Ⴕཁᇷ႕ཙbఃᇏ, H'ᆴᄀնඪૼ؟ဢྟᄀۚ, Shao Y H, Fu S L. The diversity and functions of soil nematodes[J]. Biodiversity Science, 2007, 15(2): 116–123 طᄝЧ൫ဒᇏ, H'ᆴෛਠ٧ࠣ೪ԋ࠴୩؇֥ᄹࡆط[7] ზङ, ࡀ, ӧ߰ৡ, ֩. ཌԋቔູಛࡲूᆷൕളࢆ֮bඪૼෛሢਠ٧ࠣ೪ԋ࠴ീႨਈ֥ᄹࡆ, ಛ֥ٚمࠣႋႨ[J]. ႋႨള࿐Б, 2005, 16(8): 1541–1546 ཌԋᇕಕႿֆ၂߄, ݖਈീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐ؓಛLi Y J, Wu J H, Chen H L, et al. Nematodes as bioindicator of ཌԋ؟ဢྟӁള҂ਅ႕ཙbՖپڶ؇ᆷඔ(SR)টु, soil health: methods and applications[J]. Chinese J Appl Ecol, [28]၂Ϯಪູ, ಠӱ؇֥ۚള༢پڶ؇ࢠ֮b2005, 16(8): 1541–1546 [8] ޱӴ, ңᆽ, Ϣចൽ, ֩. Ӊ௹҂ീ٧ծീؓಛཌԋЧ࣮ᇏ, ෛሢࡋ٧a٧ീႨਈ֥ᄹࡆ, SRᆷඔ҂ಕઋ֥႕ཙ[J]. ളა୪ըߌ࿐Б, 2007, 23(3): 31–35 ؎ࢆ֮, ඪૼീႨ٧ࠣࡋ٧ਈݖ؟, ؓಛ֥ۄHu C, Cao Z P, Bai Y S, et al. Effects of long-term ಠӱ؇ᄹࡆbՖӮඃ؇ᆷඔ(MI)ु, MIᆷඔ֥नfertilization on nematode community[J]. Journal of Ecology [29]ᆴູ, ࢠLiang֩Бֹ֥֡ᇏݚള༢ᇏand Rural Environment, 2007, 23(3): 31–35 [30][9] ਃ໓ई, ᅦຣ, ົܻ, ֩. ീႨ߄٧ؓޑֹཌԋಕ֥MIᆴ()ࠣSteinberger֩Б֥֡ၛਙ೬[31]ઋቆӮࠣ؟ဢྟӁള֥႕ཙ[J]. ള؟ဢྟ, 2001, 9(3): ള༢MIᆴ()ۚ, ࢠ֡ڂ֩Б֥֡ӈܿ237–240 ۶ֹMIᆴ()֮bၛഈགྷའॖି൞ႮႿగީҵၳLiang W J, Zhang W M, Li W G, et al. Effect of chemical ֝ᇁಛඣಣ่ࡱҵၳ෮ᇁbMIᆷඔ൞Ⴈটّ႘ളfertilizer on nematode community composition and diversity ༢໗קྟࠣۄಠ႕ཙ֥ӱ؇, ᆷඔᄀ֮ඪૼളin the Black Soil Region[J]. Biodiversity Science, 2001, 9(3): 237–240 ༢൳ۄಠӱ؇ᄀնbᄝЧ൫ဒᇏ, MIᆷඔෛሢ[10] ਃ໓ई, ࡻႧ, ᠯ, ֩. ീႨ߄٧ؓ༯ފჰ֟โಛീႨࡋ٧a٧୩؇֥ᄹࡆط௴ђࢆ֮bඪૼݖਈཌԋಕઋӁള֥႕ཙ[J]. ಛ๙Б, 2004, 35(6): 773–775 ീႨ٧ࠣࡋ٧ಛ൳֞۷؟ಠ, ࣉطಛLiang W J, Jiang Y, Li Q, et al. Effect of chemical fertilizers ཌԋ൳֥֞ۄಠӱ؇ᄹࡆb on paddy soil nematode communities in the lower reaches of ീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐࠻ջটਔࣜ࠶ིၭ֥ิۚႻջLiaohe Plain[J]. Chin J Soil Sci, 2004, 35(6): 773–775 [11] ਾဇफ, ᅦ༟ਟ, ۚᇏӑ, ֩. Ӊ௹ീ٧ؓݗغўޑಛটਔྍ໙ี, ؓಛߌᄯӮޓնຯཽbЧ൫ဒᇏ, ཌԋಕઋ֥႕ཙ[J]. ಛ๙Б, 2011, 42(5): 1112–1115 ݖਈീႨ୪Ⴈ߄࿐ڿэਔಛཌԋႏအোಕپ؇Liu Y J, Zhang X L, Gao Z C, et al. Effect of long-term ࠣളᆷඔ, ࢣൕਔఃؓಛཌԋಕઋ֥ۄಠӱ؇, fertilization on soil nematode communities in Harbin black ՖطؓಛࡲूሑቓԛᆷൕbၹՎ, ᄝ୪ြܵsoil area[J]. Chin J Soil Sci, 2011, 42(5): 1112–1115
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