뗚1뻭뗚2웚ꆡ뢴퓓쾵춳폫뢴퓓탔뿆톧ꆡ쓪4퓂ꆡ컄헂뇠뫅:1672-3813(2004)02-0025-07뢴퓓탔맜샭폫뢴퓓탔뿆톧뷰컡싗1,맹풪쇖2(1.훐맺짧믡뿆톧풺헜톧퇐뺿쯹,놱뺩100732;2.쳬뷲듳톧짧믡뿆톧폫췢맺폯톧풺,쳬뷲300072)햪튪:맜샭쒣쪽쏦쇙뢴퓓탔뗄쳴햽,웈쟐탨튪웤쪵쿖듓볲떥탔쿲뢴퓓탔뇤ꆣ뢴퓓탔뿆톧쫇퇐뺿뢴퓓쾵춳탐캪폫탔훊뗄뿆톧,냑뢴퓓탔뿆톧틽죫ퟩ횯맜샭쫇ퟩ횯맜샭쫊펦떱뷱쪱듺뺭볃뫍짧믡랢햹뗄탨튪,튲쫇떱듺ퟩ횯맜샭샭싛뫍쪵볹ퟔ짭랢햹뗄뇘좻쟷쫆ꆣ뗤탍뗄뢴퓓탔맜샭쒣쪽폐헻쳥탔맜샭릫쮾,럖탎릫쮾,믫탲ퟩ횯,횪쪶뒴퓬릫쮾ꆣ맘볼듊:맜샭;뢴퓓탔;맜샭쒣쪽;뢴퓓탔뿆톧;뢴퓓탔맜샭훐춼럖샠뫅:N941컄쿗뇪쪶싫:AComplexityManagementandtheSciencesofComplexityJINWu2lun1,GUOYuan2lin2(,Beijing100732,China;,TianjinUniversity,Tianjin300072,China)Abstract:,thefractalcompany,:management;complexity;managementpattern;scienceofcomplexity;complexitymanagement1ꆡ맜샭쒣쪽쏦쇙뢴퓓탔뗄쳴햽컒쏇헽퓚듓릤튵뺭볃쪱듺쿲췸싧뺭볃쪱듺ꆢ횪쪶뺭볃쪱듺싵뷸,쯦ퟅ헢훖뇤,죋쏇뚼퓚뛔릤튵뺭볃쪱듺뗄룷룶랽쏦뷸탐짮뿌뗄랴쮼:랴쮼쫐뎡ꆢ랴쮼짌튵ꆢ랴쮼뺺헹ꆭꆭ폈웤쫇컒쏇헽퓚짮뿌랴쮼ퟩ횯탎쪽뫍맜샭랽쪽ꆣ뒫춳뗄맜샭쒣쪽헽퓚ퟟ쿲훕뷡ꆣ탂뗄쪱듺듸살탂뗄뺺헹랽쪽;탂뗄쪱듺뫴뮽탂뗄ퟩ횯탎쪽뫍탂뗄맜샭랽쪽ꆣ쫴폚릤튵뮯쪱듺뗄(뷰ퟖ쯾쪽뗈벶훆뗄)뒹횱ퟩ횯ꆢퟛ뫏튻쳥뮯ꆢ뗈벶뺭볃ꆢ횸쇮폫뿘훆ퟩ횯뗈맛쓮헽퓚쮥췋,좡뛸듺횮뗄쫇좫탂뗄췢풮탍ꆢ맦쒣ퟮ킡뮯ꆢ샻죳훐탄ꆢ췸싧ꆢ뛠훖뛠퇹뗄웤쯻ퟩ횯탎쪽뗈룅쓮ꆣ죋쏇헽퓚랴쮼릤튵뮯쮼뾼랽쪽뗄쎿룶랽쏦,늢틔좫탂뗄훇믛붫웤훘탂릹퓬ꆣ훘탂릹퓬뗄룹놾풭틲쫇죋쏇늻뿉쓜퓙볌탸샻폃쯻쏇풭폐뗄ퟩ횯탎쪽뫍맜샭랽쪽뷢뻶쯻쏇쯹쏦쇙뗄탂뗄뢴퓓컊쳢ꆣ뚫쓏듳톧뗄쪢헑뷌쫚죏캪,맜샭뿆톧헽쏦쇙ퟅ쿂쏦헢킩뢴퓓탔뗄쳴햽\[1\]:1)평폚늻쓜췪좫쇋뷢횱뷓펰쿬맜샭뛔쿳탐캪뗄쯹폐틲쯘폫탅쾢뛸닺짺뗄룷훖늻좷뚨탔;쫕룥죕웚:2004-03-26ퟷ헟볲뷩:뷰컡싗(1937-),쓐,헣붭쪡몼훝쫐죋,훐맺짧믡뿆톧풺헜톧퇐뺿쯹퇐뺿풱,뿆톧헜톧튵늩쪿짺떼쪦ꆣ' 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
ꆤꆡ2ꆡ6ꆡꆤꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡ뢴퓓쾵춳폫뢴퓓탔뿆톧2004쓪4퓂ꆡꆡ2)평폚맜샭쾵춳뗄닣듎뷡릹틔벰룷룶ퟓ쾵춳쯹뻟폐뗄늻춬뗄훊;3)평폚맜샭쾵춳퓚뫪맛짏뇭쿖돶살뗄좫뻖뢴퓓탔;4)평폚맜샭쾵춳룷ퟩ럖횮볤뻟폐뗄늻뿉뫶싔뗄럇쿟탔쿠뮥ퟷ폃,뗈뗈ꆣ틔짏헢킩뚼쫇뢴퓓탔뿆톧틢틥쿂뗄뢴퓓탔,횻폐춨맽듳솦랢햹뢴퓓탔뿆톧,돤럖샻폃뢴퓓탔뿆톧뗄룷훖샭싛ꆢ랽램뫍쮼캬랽쪽,닅쓜돉릦펦뛔뢴퓓탔뗄쳴햽ꆣ틔얣뛙솦톧캪믹뒡뗄쿟탔쮼캬퓚튻룶돤싺늻좷뚨탔뗄럇쿟탔쫀뷧샯틑뇤뗃쿠떱컞쓜캪솦쇋ꆣ컒쏇횻폐췪돉듓쿟탔떽럇쿟탔ꆢ듓믺킵싛떽폐믺헻쳥싛ꆢ듓틀삵맽좥떽쏦쿲캴살뗄죏쪶량풾,닅쓜냑붩펲뗄뻉ퟩ횯뷡릹뇤캪뻟폐쫊펦뢴퓓뮷뺳뇤뮯쓜솦뗄탂ퟩ횯뫍탂맜샭탎쪽ꆣ튪췪돉헢룶뇤뗄볨뻞죎컱,튪뾿뢴퓓쾵춳샭싛ꆢ럇쿟탔샭싛ꆢ춻뇤싛뫍믬톧뗈뢴퓓탔뿆톧쳡릩뗄튻훖쫊펦탂뮷뺳뗄탂랽램ꆢ탂릤뻟뫍탂뗄쮼캬랽쪽ꆣ2ꆡ맜샭쒣쪽듓볲떥탔떽뢴퓓탔뗄뇤뢴퓓탔뿆톧뗄퇐뺿뛔쿳쫇뢴퓓탔뫍뢴퓓쾵춳,쯼냑뢴퓓탔뾴ퟷ쫇쪵쪵퓚퓚뗄뚫컷,웤쒿뇪쫇죏쪶쫀뷧뗄뢴퓓탔ꆣ뢴퓓탔퇐뺿돉맻펦폃폚맜샭,틑뺭뫍헽퓚룸ퟩ횯맜샭풭퓲뫍쒣쪽듸살뻞듳뗄탂량풾ꆣ맜샭쒣쪽헽퓚쿲뢴퓓탔뇤ꆣ맜샭쒣쪽듓볲떥탔떽뢴퓓탔뗄뇤뗄쪵훊쫇튪쪹릤튵쪱듺뛔볲떥컊쳢뗄뢴퓓맜샭뇤떽횪쪶쪱듺뛔뢴퓓컊쳢뗄볲떥맜샭ꆣ죸캬웦붫헢킩뇤룅삨캪5룶랽쏦\[2\]:1)듓릤튵쪱듺떽횪쪶쪱듺뗄뇤;2)듓샽탐돌탲떽뢴퓓탔뗄뇤;3)듓탲쇐믮뚯떽늢탐믮뚯뗄뇤;4)듓릤튵쪱듺뗄룅쓮탔풭퓲떽횪쪶쪱듺뗄룅쓮탔풭퓲뗄뇤;5)맜샭퓚뷡릹ꆢ뿘훆ꆢ좨솦ꆢ붻쇷뗈랽쏦뗄뇤ꆣ죕놾톧헟틁쯾쏗(HiroyukiItami)첸떽맜샭뇤룯쪱쮵ꆰ:뒫춳짏햽싔맦뮮훷튪쫇듓뺭볃톧뗄뷇뛈살뾼싇뗄:탨쟳ꆢ쫐뎡뺺헹ꆢ놾춶ꆢ짺닺뗈,닉폃뗄듳뛠쫽쫇럖컶랽램ꆣ떫쫇,쿂쏦3룶튪쯘쳘뇰훘튪:컞탎닺뗄믽샛폫샻폃ꆢ뚯첬탔ꆢ럇욽뫢퓶뎤,틔벰뒦샭릫쮾쓚늿맘쾵뫍뒦샭폫뿍뮧ꆢ뺺헹헟뗄맘쾵쪱짦벰떽뗄죋뗄탄샭틲쯘ꆣ틲듋,펦떱냑짏쫶솽샠랽램ퟛ뫏웰살,뒴퓬튻훖헻쳥랽램ꆣꆱ\[3\]맜샭랽쪽듓볲떥탔떽뢴퓓탔뗄뇤헽쫇듓럖컶랽램쿲헻쳥랽램뗄뇤,웤쪵훊쫇듓뗈벶훆쿲췸싧뮯뇤\[3\](뇭1)ꆣ뇭1ꆡ맜샭랽쪽뗄뇤릤튵쪱듺췭웚(샽탐릤ퟷ)횪쪶쪱듺퓧웚(뢴퓓탔)횪쪶췸싧뮯솪췸뫍솪췸맽돌벯훐뫍킭뗷횪쪶좨췾춬늽탐뚯뫡쿲붻쇷퇏룱뗈벶훆볛횵맛:탅죎폫돏쪵쏼쇮솴쏼쇮뫍뿘훆횰캻좨췾폐탲탐뚯ퟝ쿲붻쇷볛횵맛:늻탅죎뫍럾듓' 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
뗚1뻭뗚2웚ꆡꆡ뷰컡싗,뗈:뢴퓓탔맜샭폫뢴퓓탔뿆톧ꆤ27ꆤ헢헽죧뿘훆싛볒쮹쯾뢣뗂ꆤ뇈뛻쯹싛ꆰ:뻉쫀뷧뗄쳘뗣쫇탨튪맜샭쫂컯,탂쫀뷧뗄쳘뗣쫇탨튪뒦샭뢴퓓탔ꆣꆱ\[4\]3ꆡ뢴퓓탔뿆톧폫ퟩ횯맜샭뗄맘쾵틽죫뢴퓓탔뿆톧헽쫇캪쇋췪돉뢴퓓탔맜샭뗄죎컱ꆣ컒쏇뿉틔냑뢴퓓탔뿆톧샭뷢캪퇐뺿뢴퓓쾵춳뗄탐캪뫍쿖쿳쒣쪽뗄뿆톧ꆣ돉쮼캣뷌쫚죏캪뢴퓓탔뿆톧폐틔쿂훷튪쳘뗣\[1\]:1)웤퇐뺿뛔쿳쫇뢴퓓쾵춳,샽죧횲컯ꆢ뚯컯ꆢ죋쳥ꆢ짺쏼ꆢ짺첬ꆢ웳튵ꆢ쫐뎡ꆢ뺭볃ꆢ짧믡ꆢ헾훎뗈랽쏦뗄쾵춳ꆣ뮹뿉틔냼삨컯샭ꆢ뮯톧(샽죧퓱탎듟뮯)ꆢ쳬컄ꆢ웸쿳뗈랽쏦뻟폐뢴퓓탔뗄쾵춳ꆣ2)웤퇐뺿랽램쫇뚨탔에뛏폫뚨솿볆쯣쿠뷡뫏ꆢ캢맛럖컶폫뫪맛ퟛ뫏쿠뷡뫏ꆢ뮹풭싛폫헻쳥싛쿠뷡뫏ꆢ뿆톧췆샭폫헜톧쮼뇦쿠뷡뫏뗄랽램ꆣ웤쯹폃뗄릤뻟냼삨쫽톧ꆢ볆쯣믺쒣쓢ꆢ탎쪽싟벭ꆢ뫳쿖듺훷틥럖컶ꆢ폯틥톧ꆢ럻뫅톧,뗈뗈ꆣ3)웤퇐뺿짮뛈늻쿞폚뛔뿍맛쫂컯뗄쏨쫶,뛸쫇룼ퟅ훘폚뷒쪾뿍맛쫂컯릹돉뗄풭틲벰웤퇝뮯뗄샺돌,늢솦춼뺡뿉쓜ힼ좷뗘풤닢웤캴살뗄랢햹ꆣ샽죧캪쪲쎴튻룶쫜뺫싑쓜퇝뮯돉뻟폐쓔ꆢ퇛ꆢ뿚ꆢ뇇ꆢ탄ꆢ럎ꆢ룎ꆢ짶뗈웷맙뗄죋쳥?캪쪲쎴뒦폚듳쳥쿠춬뗄뿍맛뮷뺳훐뗄웳튵폐돉폐냜?캪쪲쎴쫀뷧룷맺횮볤욶뢻쿠닮탼쫢?헢훖닮뻠붫살믡폐쯹쯵킡뮹쫇볌탸삩듳?뗈뗈ꆣ평듋뿉볻,뢴퓓탔뿆톧냼몬틔쿂헢킩쮼쿫뫍룅쓮:쿠뇤ꆢ쫊펦탔ꆢퟔퟩ횯ꆢ럖탎ꆢ춻쿖ꆢ컼틽ퟓꆢ뛔돆웆좱ꆢ믬ꆢ믬뇟풵ꆢퟔퟩ횯쇙뷧탔ꆢ늻좷뚨탔ꆢ헻쳥탔ꆢ럇쿟탔ꆢ짺돉맘쾵(generativerelationships)뗈뗈ꆣ샭싛뫍쪵볹틑뺭뇭쏷,헢킩쮼쿫뫍맛쓮쳡릩돶쇋폐볛횵뗄틾폷(TheComplexityMetaphor)뫍랽램펦폃폚ퟩ횯맜샭ꆣ뢴퓓탔뿆톧쓜릻틽죫맜샭뷸튻늽떼틽랶쪽뇤룯ꆣ쫂쪵짏,튻킩폐잰햰탔뗄샭싛볒뫍맜샭헟틑뺭냑뢴퓓탔뿆톧틽죫맜샭ꆣ샽죧펢맺톧헟싞뇶(WoodRobin)퓚쯻뗄ꆶ볝풦뢴퓓탔ꆷ튻쫩훐붲,컷랽랢듯맺볒틑붫뢴퓓탔맜샭펦폃폚맜샭뗄좫맽돌,벴듓컯샭맽돌떽탩쓢맽돌,듓쮼뾼떽탐뚯뗄헻룶죋샠믮뚯맽돌\[5\]ꆣ뇈늼샯킪뛻(ChristofKarlBiebracher)ꆢ쓡뿆샯쮹(GregoireNicolis)뫍쫦쮹쳘(PeterSchuster)3캻톧헟퓚퇐뺿쇋뮯톧ꆢ짺컯톧훐랢쿖뗄뢴퓓탔믹뒡짏룸얷릲쳥킴쇋튻럝놨룦,놨룦훐쮵ꆰ:ퟔ좻뷧훐뗄ퟩ횯늻펦튲늻쓜춨맽훐퇫맜샭뗃틔캬돖,훈탲횻폐춨맽ퟔퟩ횯닅쓜캬돖ꆣퟔퟩ횯쾵춳쓜릻쫊펦웕뇩뗄뮷뺳,벴쾵춳틔죈솦톧쿬펦뛔뮷뺳훐뗄뇤뮯ퟷ돶랴펦,듋훖쿬펦쪹쾵춳뇤뗃틬뎣뗘죡죍쟒슳냴,틔뾹뫢췢늿뗄죅뚯ꆣ컒쏇쿫횸돶,ퟔퟩ횯쾵춳뇈뒫춳죋샠벼쫵폅풽,뒫춳죋샠벼쫵ퟐ쾸뗘믘뇜뢴퓓탔,럖닣뗘맜샭벸뫵쯹폐뗄벼쫵맽돌ꆭꆭꆱ\[6\]ꆣ쿂쏦뮹붫뷩짜ퟔퟩ횯쾵춳맛펦폃폚ퟩ횯맜샭뗄쪵샽ꆣ쇐캬(Levy)폚1994쓪첸떽쇋뢴퓓탔샭싛뗄맜샭몭틥(managerialimplications)쪱,잿뗷횸돶ꆰ:춨맽냑닺튵샭뷢캪뢴퓓쾵춳,뺭샭쏇뻍쓜룄짆뻶닟,뻍쓜헒돶뒴탂뗄뷢뻶냬램ꆭꆭ믬뢴퓓탔샭싛쫇폃살쮵쏷닺튵뗄뚯첬퇝뇤뫍쯦듓죋풱볤뢴퓓쿠뮥ퟷ폃뗄튻룶벫뢻폐잰뺰뗄뿲볜(promisingframework);춨맽냑룅쓮뮯닺튵(conceptualizingindustries)쫓ퟷ믬쾵춳,뇣쓜뾪뻲돶듳솿뗄맜샭몭틥,뛔믬쾵춳살쮵,뎤웚풤닢벸뫵쫇늻뿉쓜뗄,훘듳뇤뮯뗄랢짺쫇늻쓜풤웚뗄:평듋뿉틔뗃돶,쇩믮탔뫍쫊펦탔뛔ퟩ횯뗄짺듦쫇믹놾뗄ꆣ늻맽,믬쾵춳햹쪾돶튻뚨돌뛈뗄폐탲탔ꆣ쯼쓜쪹뛌웚풤닢돉캪뿉쓜,늢쟒폐뿉쓜뇦뇰돶쓚퓚뗄퇹쪽(underlyingpat2terns)ꆣ믬뢴퓓탔샭싛뮹횸돶쇋랢햹뗄탐뚯룙쇬뫍뻶닟맦퓲틔뛔뢶뢴퓓탔뗄훘튪탔,틔벰톰쟳듯훂쒿뇪뗄럇쏷쿔뗄뫍볤뷓뗄쫖뛎뗄훘튪탔ꆣꆱ\[7\]냂캬싼(Overman)퓚쯻뗄ꆶ맜샭탂뿆톧ꆷ(NewScienceofManagement,1996)훐쮵ꆰ:뒫춳뗄짧믡뿆톧랽램쫇럱쓜뒦샭뷱죕맜샭쯹쏦쇙뗄뢴퓓뛸늻좷뚨뗄컊쳢쓘?뿆톧싟벭뫍랽램폫맜샭샭싛뫍쪵볹뗄뷡뫏볈늻첫뛠쟒돉컊쳢,평폚뿆톧첽쯷뗄맽쪱쒣쪽틑복뮺쇋컒쏇잰뷸뗄늽랥!믬뫍솿ퟓ샭싛뢴퓓탔뗄탂뿆톧쳡릩쇋폐볛횵뗄틾폷폫랽램,솬춬ퟔퟩ횯룅쓮,뫄즢뷡릹뫍뚯솦톧뢴퓓탔쿲쿂쫀볍뗄맜샭퇐뺿틩돌쳡돶쳴햽ꆣꆱ\[8\]탭뛠릫쮾틑뾪쪼죏쪶떽쯻쏇뗄퓋ퟷ폫ퟔ좻뷧훐헢킩쾵춳쫇뛠쎴뷴쏜뗘쿠쯆,뛠쎴폐틦폚펦폃쯼쏇살첽쯷폀뫣뇤뮯훐뗄쫐뎡틔믱뗃돉릦ꆣ쯻쏇헽퓚뛔믹놾ퟩ횯풭샭뷸탐첽쟳ꆣꆰ헢룶첽쟳냑퇐뺿죋풱뫍폐잰햰탔쮼캬뗄맜샭헟듸죫쇋뢴퓓탔뫍믬샭싛ꆣ뗑뛻릫쮾(Deere&Company)폃살ퟔ뢴퓓탔샭싛뗄맛뗣뒦샭쯼뗄' 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
ꆤꆡ2ꆡ8ꆡꆤꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡ뢴퓓쾵춳폫뢴퓓탔뿆톧2004쓪4퓂ힰ엤쿟짏뗄톸쯙뇤뮯ꆣ돇쫐릫쮾(CitiCorp)튲뾴떽쇋퓧웚뗄믽벫뷡맻ꆣ웤쯻뗄첽쯷헟냼삨쎷뿋ꆤ캬쳘샕(MegWheatley),쯻볡탅뿆톧탔샭뷢뗄탂뷸햹믡냯훺컒쏇랢쿖튻룶맜샭뢴퓓웳쫂튵뗄볲떥랽램ꆣ펦폃살ퟔ뢴퓓탔샭싛뗄맛뗣,싵뿋ꆤ싳뿋십쮹쳘(MikeMcMaster)냯훺죋쏇헒돶췆뚯쿮쒿뗄죽룶믲쯄룶맘볼풭퓲ꆣꆱ\[8\]쏦뛔뢴퓓뗄뮷뺳ꆰ,컒쏇뇘탫헒떽냯훺죋쏇듓헻룶쾵춳뗄뷇뛈살쮼뾼ꆢ럖컶뫍탐뚯뗄랽쪽ꆣꆱ\[8ꆰ\]컒쏇퓚튵컱짏볌돐뫍쪹폃뒫춳뗄쿟탔쫵폯틑늻쓜맋벰떽돶쿖뗄쿖쿳ꆢ뛠닊뗄쫂컯뫍뢴퓓뗄쾵춳ꆣ쾵춳ꆢ믬샭싛뫍뢴퓓탔샭싛뗄쫵폯닅쓜ퟶ떽헢튻뗣ꆣꆱ\[8\]뢴퓓쾵춳뫍ퟩ횯맜샭솽헟뻟폐틔쿂6쿮릲춬쳘뗣\[7\]:1)럇쿟탔,틲맻횮볤늻듦퓚헽뇈맘쾵;2)럖탎,뛈솿뻟폐뗈벶틀삵탔,룅쓮폐ퟅ늻좷뚨탔;3)뗈벶닣듎볤뗄뗝맩탔,웤훐뗄탔훊틗폚뚪쪧;4)뛔돵쪼쳵볾뗄쏴룐탔,쾵춳틗쫜웆뮵;5)돤싺랴삡뮷뫍잱퓚럖닦뗣;6)믡랢짺춻쿖ꆣ뢴퓓탔뿆톧뫍맜샭뿆톧쯹쏦쇙뗄튻룶릲춬컊쳢쫇늻좷뚨탔(uncertainty)ꆣ늻좷뚨탔쫇뢴퓓ퟩ횯뗄믹뒡컊쳢,쫇맜샭맽돌뗄놾훊,쫇맜샭뿆톧쏦쇙뗄ퟮ듳쳴햽횮튻ꆣ춬쪱,뢴퓓탔뿆톧튻횱퓚솦춼뷢뻶늻좷뚨탔컊쳢,죧춻뇤싛뫍믬샭싛뗈뛔듋ퟷ쇋폐볛횵뗄첽쯷ꆣ뛠쓪살,맜샭뿆톧튻횱퓚캪ꆰ뿘훆늻좷뚨탔ꆱ뛸얬솦,틑뷨본뫍샻폃쇋탭뛠뢴퓓탔뿆톧뗄퇐뺿돉맻,늢쟒틑뒴퓬돶탭뛠맜샭뗄탂탎쪽ꆣ4ꆡ뢴퓓탔맜샭쒣쪽냑뢴퓓탔샭싛틽죫맜샭,컒쏇돆횮캪ꆰ뢴퓓탔맜샭ꆱꆣ쯼뗄뻟쳥몭틥듳쳥짏횸솽룶랽쏦:튻쫇냑맜샭뛔쿳뾴ퟷ쫇튻룶뢴퓓쫊펦쾵춳;뛾쫇냑뢴퓓탔샭싛뫍랽램펦폃폚맜샭쪵볹ꆣ쯹틔,폐쪱돆ꆰ틔뢴퓓탔캪믹뒡뗄맜샭랽램ꆱ(Complexity2basedapproachestomanagement)ꆣퟩ횯맜샭튲쫇튻룶뢴퓓뗄쫊펦쾵춳,쯦ퟅ쫐뎡뮷뺳뗄룄뇤뛸늻뛏뗘룄뇤웤탎쪽,헽쿱짺쏼믺쳥ퟜ쫇폀뫣뗘뎯ퟅ룼뢴퓓ꆢ룼폐킧뗄쾵춳퇝뇤튻퇹ꆣ맜샭쒣쪽듓훊솿ꆢ훘ퟩ릤돌ꆢ뫋탄뺺헹솦퓙떽톧쾰ퟩ횯,횱떽떱잰헽쿆웰횪쪶맜샭듳뎱ꆣ웤쫆탚펿여었,튻샋룟맽튻샋ꆣ뢴퓓탔맜샭뗄쒣쪽튲풽살풽뛠,헢샯횻ퟷ퓱튪뷩짜ꆣꆡ헻쳥탔맜샭릫쮾(죕놾)헻쳥탔맜샭룅쓮뗃ퟔ폐믺쳥ퟩ횯훐늿럖뫍헻쳥횮볤볈뛀솢폖쿠뮥솪쾵쿠뮥ퟷ폃뗄뢴퓓맘쾵ꆣ맘볼룅쓮쫇ꆰ좫ퟓꆱ(Holon)룅쓮ꆣHolon횸뗄쫇늿럖뫍헻쳥볤뗄쿠뮥펰쿬ꆣ튻룶ꆰHolonꆱ쫇횸쒳튻쾵춳훐튻룶뻟폐뛀쳘탔훊,뿉틔럖뇦뗄ퟩ럖,쯼볈쫇평룼킡늿럖쯹ퟩ돉,폖쫇룼듳헻쳥뗄ퟩ돉늿럖ꆣ듋룅쓮펦폃폚ퟩ횯맜샭뻍쫇,헻쳥ퟩ횯횮늿럖폐웤튻뚨뗄ퟔ훷탔,쓜퓚쎻폐짏닣듎ퟩ횯뗄킭훺쿂,퓚웤쯹뒦뗄쳘뚨닣듎짏쫊펦뮷뺳뫍뒦샭컊쳢,떫폖늻쫇췪좫뛀솢뗄떥풪ꆣ헻쳥폖쓜뷓쫜살ퟔ짏닣헻쳥뗄횸떼,쒳훖돌뛈짏쫜짏닣헻쳥뗄뿘훆ꆣퟔ훷뗄쳘탔놣횤쇋헻쳥쫇컈뚨뗄,뻟폐뾹룉죅뗄떯탔,쓜릻퓚쓚췢룉죅쿂놣돖쫊펦쓜솦뫍짺듦ꆣ뛸뛔짏닣헻쳥뗄럾듓폖좷놣쇋룼듳헻쳥뗄폐킧퓋\[2\]ꆣ헻쳥탔맜샭랽쪽훐ퟮ훘튪뗄솽룶룅쓮쫇ꆰퟔ훎ꆱ뫍ꆰ킭뗷ꆱꆣ헻쳥탔맜샭랽쪽퓚죕놾뗄탭뛠탐튵뫍웳튵훐뗃떽펦폃늢좡뗃쇋솼뫃킧맻ꆣꆡ럖탎릫쮾(TheFractalCompany,뗂맺)ꆰ럖탎릫쮾ꆱ뗄룅쓮평뗂맺럲샋뫍럑톧믡믡뎤몺쮹ꆤ폚뛻룹ꆤ믮쓚믹뷌쫚폚1992쓪쳡돶,쯦뫳퓚웳튵훐펦폃ꆣ듋잰믮쓚믹랢쿖,뗤탍뗄릤뎧훐듦퓚듳솿뗄럇쿟탔뗄쿠맘뇤솿,볆쯣믺벯돉훆퓬(CIM)틑쿔쪾웤뻖쿞탔,컞램붫릫쮾훐뗄쯹폐믮뚯뚼ퟶ돶볆뮮늢볓틔뿘훆ꆣ릫쮾탨튪쮮욽뛔뮰뛸늻쫇뒹횱붻쇷ꆣ믮쓚믹ꆰ쫜믬샭싛랢햹뗄웴랢,췆쿫돶튻훖뚯첬뗄럖탎웳튵ꆣꆱ\[2\]ꆰ럖탎쫇뷼20뛠쓪살뿆톧잰퇘쇬폲쳡돶뗄튻룶럇뎣훘튪뗄룅쓮,뻟폐벫잿뗄룅삨솦뫍뷢쫍솦ꆣ럖탎샭싛쫇튻훖럇뎣짮뿌ꆢ폐볛횵ꆢ죃죋ퟅ쏔뗄샭싛ꆣꆱ\[9\럖]탎쫇럇쿟탔뿆톧훐ퟮ훘튪뗄죽룶룅쓮훐뗄튻룶,쯼횸뗄' 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
뗚1뻭뗚2웚ꆡꆡ뷰컡싗,뗈:뢴퓓탔맜샭폫뢴퓓탔뿆톧ꆤ29ꆤ쫇뻟폐뛠훘ퟔ쿠쯆뗄뛔쿳ꆣퟔ쿠쯆퓲횸쾸뷚퓚뗝붵돟뛈짏쓜뢴쿖ꆣ럖탎샭싛쫇평쏀맺IBM뗄퇐뺿죋풱쎢뗂늪싞폚20쫀볍70쓪듺뒴솢뗄ꆣ럖탎샭싛퓚맜샭짏뗄펦폃쫇붨솢퓚헢퇹뗄볙뚨횮짏뗄,벴ꆰ:튻볒웳튵뗄쎿룶늿럖(냼삨쎿룶죋)뚼폐웤뛀쳘뗄탔훊,떫쎿룶튪쯘뚼샭뷢쯼퓚헻룶듳놳뺰훐뗄뗘캻뫍ퟷ폃ꆣ쎿룶튪쯘뚼폐ퟔ컒폅뮯ꆢퟔ컒짨볆ꆢퟔ컒뒴퓬뫍ퟔ컒ퟩ횯뗄ퟔ평,떫뚼쫜헻룶짌튵죎컱뗄듳놳뺰훆풼;웳튵뗄쎿룶ퟩ돉튪쯘늻퓙쫇뗈듽짏쏦룦횪룃ퟶ쪲쎴,뛸쫇놻튪쟳늻뛏ퟔ탐뗷헻틔쫊뫏헻쳥뗄탨튪,늢폫웤쯻튪쯘뷸탐붻쇷,내헕쓜릻쪹웤ퟔ짭퓋ퟷ뫍헻쳥ퟩ횯뚼쪵쿖ퟮ폅뮯뗄랽쪽퓋ꆣ쯼튪쟳쎿룶튪쯘퓚쪹웤ퟔ짭릤ퟷ폫헻룶ퟩ횯쿠맘솪쪱뚼쓜룷쮾웤횰ꆣꆱ\[2\]럖탎릫쮾뗄샭쓮틑퓚뗂맺웳튵훐쪵볹,폐쇋늻짙돉릦뗄샽ퟓꆣ\[2\]ꆡ믫탲(Chaordic)ퟩ횯믫탲ퟩ횯쫇붨솢퓚뢴퓓탔믹뒡짏뗄탂탍ퟩ횯,쯼볈늻쫇훐퇫벯좨쪽뗄뗈벶쳥훆튲늻쫇쏼쇮뿘훆뷡릹,듸폐췸싧뮯뫍췸싧ퟩ횯탎쪽뗄쳘뗣ꆣ캬죸뾨릫쮾(VISAinternational)뫍믫탲솪쏋뻍쫇뗤탍뗄믫탲ퟩ횯ꆣ캬죸뾨릫쮾쫇ꆰ평맾뿋뫍쇭췢벸룶죋폚20쫀볍60쓪듺뫳웚뒴붨뗄ꆣ쯼평쯹폐뗄돉풱릫쮾릲춬펵폐,쯼뗄좨솦뫍릦쓜내헕ퟮ듳쿞뛈뗄뿉쓜뷸탐럖엤,웤맜샭쫇럖늼쪽뗄,뻟폐컞쿞뗄뿉퇓짬뫍벫뛋뗄돖뻃탔,뛸쟒쓜릻쟡틗뗘쫊펦닮틬뫍뇤뮯ꆣ쯼퓚믬뗄뷰죚붻틗쫀뷧훐헒떽쇋ퟔ벺뗄훈탲ꆣ쫂쪵짏,맾뿋붫믫(Chaos)뫍폐탲(Order)솽룶듊뫏늢웰살퓬돶쇋ꆰ믫폐탲ꆱ(Chaord)헢룶듊살탎죝캬죸뾨릫쮾뗄쳘헷ꆣ쯻돆횮캪믫폐탲뗄(Chaodic)릫쮾ꆣꆱ\[2\]룹뻝맾뿋뗄믘틤,1968쓪캬죸(VISA)ퟩ횯뮹횻쫇튻ퟩ탅쓮폫튻룶쒣뫽뗄쿫램ꆣ1970쓪,쯼헽쪽떮짺ꆣVISA튻듊,놾살쫇횸뷸죫췢맺쪱쯹탨뗄춨탐횤볾ꆣ춨뎣컒쏇돆횮캪ꆰ잩횤ꆱꆣ폃퓚헢샯뗄쒿뗄쫇,쯻쏇쿫붨솢튻룶좫쟲럾컱뗄볛횵붻뮻쾵춳ꆰ,쪹쫀뷧췅뷡퓚튻웰ꆱꆣ1999쓪,룃쾵춳틑폐22000볒짭캪쯹폐죋믡풱뗄뷰죚믺릹(뿧맺틸탐믡풱)쳡릩헢쿮닺욷,룼폐1500췲룶뇩늼좫쟲200뛠룶맺볒뫍뗘쟸뗄짌뗪뷓쫜쮢뾨ꆣVISA뗄돖뾨죋폐715틚,쓪뛈붻틗듎쫽듯140틚,뷰뛮캪1215췲틚쏀풪,돉캪좫쟲뺭볃훐ퟮ잿듳뗄쿻럑릺싲솦ꆣ캬죸뾨릫쮾맽좥30쓪뗄쓪뛈퓶뎤싊,ퟮ룟듯50%,ퟮ뗍튲폐20%ꆣ캬죸뾨릫쮾퓚믬싒뗄뷰죚붻틗쫀뷧훐헒떽쇋ퟔ벺뗄훈탲,쫇튻훖듓믫훐헒폐탲뗄맜샭랽쪽ꆣ헢뻍쫇ꆰ믫폐탲ꆱ릫쮾,쪵볊짏튲쫇튻훖ퟔퟩ횯릫쮾ꆣ헔튫뚫퓚쪥벪뗄ꆶ뗚컥쿮탞솶ꆷ튻쫩뗄탲훐쮵떽,쯻퓸쳡돶튪퓚웳튵쓚뒴퓬튻룶ꆰ믫ꆱ뗄뮷뺳,뛸쪥벪뗄ꆶ뗚컥쿮탞솶ꆷ헽쫇튻룶쳡릩퓚싒훐뎬풽믫ꆢퟟ돶퓓싒,펭뷓탂쪱듺뗄횸틽ꆣꆰ쯼붫틽떼죋,평뾴욬뛏,떽훘탂맛헕헻쳥;평뾴쫂볾,떽뾴뇤뮯놳뫳뗄뷡릹;틔벰평뺲첬뗄럖컶뇤틲,떽뾴볻웤볤뗄뮥뚯,뷸탐톰뗃튻훖뚯첬뗄욽뫢ꆣꆱ\[10\헢]튲탭뻍쫇ꆰ믫폐탲ꆱ릫쮾뗄맜샭쪵훊ꆣ맾뿋폚1994쓪뾪쪼놼늨돯붨뗄ꆰ믫탲솪쏋ꆱ(ChaordicAlliance)쫇튻룶좫쟲탔믫탲ퟩ횯,쯼틔엓듳뗄뢴퓓뷡릹냑살ퟔ샭싛뫍뺭퇩뗄횪쪶죚뫏웰살,냑쯹폐맘탄ퟩ횯늢풸틔듋뺡솦뗄룶죋폫ퟩ횯뷡뫏퓚튻웰틔랢햹ꆢ뒫능늢췆탐믫탲뗄ퟩ횯맛쓮,탎돉튻룶럖쿭횪쪶뗄좫쟲췸싧ꆣ룃ퟩ횯틀톭놾짭쯹탅럮뗄샭쓮ퟔ컒ퟩ횯,춬쪱돉캪믫탲ퟩ횯뗄튻룶돉릦랶샽ꆣ믫탲솪쏋틑뺭냑탭뛠ퟩ횯솬뷡퓚튻웰,냼삨평쪥벪쇬떼뗄ퟩ횯톧쾰훐탄튲볓죫쇋헢튻솪쏋ꆣ믫탲솪쏋헽퓚랢햹뫍ힳ듳훐ꆣ믫탲ퟩ횯룅쓮뗄놾훊쫇ꆰ즽쎨듾뗘쫳ꆱꆣ즽쎨듾뗘쫳헢튻쿖쿳볈럇믫튲럇폐탲,뛸쫇믫뇟풵폐탲뗄탎첬,헢뻍쫇믫탲\[11\]ꆣ튻럝췸짏쇏쿲컒쏇햹쪾쇋믫탲ퟩ횯뻟폐헢퇹튻킩쳘헷ꆰ:믹폚릲폐쒿뇪뫍풭퓲;헻쳥폫늿럖뚼쫇ퟔퟩ횯뫍ퟔ횧엤뗄;쯼뗄듦퓚쫇쯼뗄ퟩ럖뗄쿈퓚쳵볾;듓훜뇟믱좡좨솦,듓뫋탄믱뗃춳튻;쒿뗄뫍풭퓲뗄돖탸탔;탎쪽폫릦쓜뗄뿉뇤탔;릫욽뗘럖엤좨솦ꆢ좨샻ꆢ틥컱폫붱샸;뫏ퟷ폫뺺헹뗄뫍킳뷡뫏;퓚늻뛏삩햹뗄톭뮷훐톧쾰ꆢ쫊펦뫍뒴탂;폫죋샠뺫짱뫍짺첬좦쿠죝;뷢럅늢놶퓶믺쏴ꆢ뒴틢뫍에뛏;죝쓉늢엠폽뛠퇹탔ꆢ뢴퓓탔뫍뇤틗;붨짨탔뗘샻폃뫍킭뗷돥춻폫싛;틖훆뫍쫊떱뗘잶죫쏼쇮뫍뿘훆랽램ꆣꆱ\[12\뇈]뷏튻쿂믴삼쯹쏨쫶뗄뢴퓓쫊펦쾵춳뗄쳘헷\[13\],뿉틔뾴돶,믫탲ퟩ횯폫뢴퓓쫊펦쾵춳쫇튻훂뗄ꆣퟮ뫳죃컒쏇틽폃맾뿋뗄뮰살뷡뫏컒쏇뛔믫탲ퟩ횯뗄뷩짜ꆰ:컒쏇뗄쿖퓚뫍캴살뚼쫇믫탲뗄,쿖퓚뗄쫀뷧쫇믫탲뗄,뛸컒쏇뗄ퟩ횯캴살튲뇘탫뇤캪믫탲뗄ꆣ쯦ퟅ짧믡죕틦퇝뮯캪뛠풪폫뢴퓓,헢튲쫇튻쳵춨뗀,틽쇬컒쏇잰췹튻룶틋폚짺듦뗄캴살ꆣꆭꆭ헢훖(믫탲)ퟩ횯퓌몭쇋놾짭돖탸뗄톧쾰,훈탲폫룄짆쓚퓚쓜솦;폫죋샠' 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
ꆤꆡ3ꆡ0ꆡꆤꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡꆡ뢴퓓쾵춳폫뢴퓓탔뿆톧2004쓪4퓂탄쇩쿠뮥웵뫏:폫웤쯻ퟩ횯ꆢ쯹폐죋샠,쓋훁웤쯻쯹폐짺컯틔벰뗘쟲릲춬뫍킳뫍뗘퇝뮯,죃췲쫂췲컯뻹쓜랢믓ퟮ듳잱쓜ꆣꆱꆡ횪쪶뒴퓬릫쮾(TheKnowledge2CreatingCompany)죕놾톧헟튰훐폴듎색뫍훱쓚맣슡퓚쯻쏇뗄ꆶ뒴퓬횪쪶뗄릫쮾ꆪꆪꆪ죕놾릫쮾쫇죧뫎붨솢뒴탂뚯솦톧뗄ꆷ튻쫩\[14\뒴]퓬탔뗘쳡돶쇋뢴퓓탔뿆톧펦폃폚뒴탂맽돌뗄맜샭쒣쪽,듓뛸쳡돶쇋튻룶헦헽맜샭톧뗄잰퇘컊쳢:릫쮾톧쾰늢뒴퓬뻟폐뺺헹탔볛횵뗄횪쪶뗄뚯첬맽돌ꆣꆰ쯻쏇뗄릤ퟷ좷쪵틔늻춬뗄랽쪽볓짮쇋헻쳥탔ꆢ럖탎뫍쏴뷝랽쏦릤ퟷ뗄킧맻ꆣꆱ\[2\튲]뿉틔쮵,쫇뢴퓓탔뿆톧폫죕놾릫쮾뒴퓬탔쪵볹쿠뷡뫏뗄닺컯ꆣ쯦ퟅ횪쪶뺭볃뫍횪쪶짧믡뗄떽살,죋쏇뛔횪쪶룸폨쇋벫듳뗄맘힢ꆣ횪쪶ퟷ캪맜샭풴뫍솦솿뗄훘튪탔,횪쪶뒴퓬뫍횪쪶맜샭틑쫜떽쇋맣랺뗄훘쫓ꆣ튰훐뫍훱쓚붫횪쪶ퟷ캪뷢쫍릫쮾탐캪뗄믹놾럖컶떥풪,잿뗷쇋웳튵ퟩ횯맜샭횪쪶탨튪폐튻룶룹놾탔뇤룯:웳쫂튵늻뷶ꆰ볓릤ꆱ횪쪶,룼튪ꆰ뒴퓬ꆱ횪쪶ꆣ쯻쏇퓚쫩훐첸떽,컷쏉퓸폚1986쓪엺움냍쓉뗂맽럖맘힢햽싔틲쯘,틲듋쎻쓜쳡돶튻룶ꆰ뒦샭짨볆맽돌뗄웕뇩랽램ꆱ,컷쏉쮵ꆰ:뷱쳬,ퟩ횯퇐뺿뗄튻룶훷튪쒿뇪쫇쇋뷢ퟩ횯쫇죧뫎믱뗃탂닺욷ꆢ탂뗄짺닺뫍펪쿺랽램ꆢ틔벰탂뗄ퟩ횯탎쪽,헢쫇쟐쮹쳘ꆤ냍쓉뗂쇴룸컒쏇뗄캴뺺쫂튵ꆣꆱ\[14\튰]훐뫍훱쓚쮵ꆰ:죏쪶ퟩ횯죧뫎뒴퓬탂닺욷ꆢ탂랽램뫍탂뗄ퟩ횯탎쪽쫇훘튪뗄,떫룼훘튪뗄쫇죏쪶ퟩ횯죧뫎뒴퓬탂횪쪶,듓뛸쪹뗃탂닺욷ꆢ탂랽램뫍탂뗄ퟩ횯탎쪽뗄뒴퓬돉캪뿉쓜ꆣ헢쫇뫕늮쳘ꆤ컷쏉쇴룸컒쏇뗄캴뺺쫂튵ꆣꆱ\[14\]평폚횪쪶냼몬틾몬횪쪶뫍쏷컺횪쪶솽샠,웳튵뒴퓬횪쪶뗄훷튪뚯솦뻍쫇튪쪹헢솽샠횪쪶쿠뮥ퟷ폃,폃좺쳥뗄솦솿뒴퓬횪쪶ꆣ헢쫇튻룶뚯첬뗄ꆢ뮥뚯뗄뫍식탽쪽짏짽뗄맽돌ꆣ쯻쏇죏캪헢쫇뛔뢶늻좷뚨탔뗄ퟮ병톡퓱랽낸ꆣ좺쳥뒴퓬횪쪶뗄맜샭랽쪽늻춬폚ퟔ짏뛸쿂믲ퟔ쿂뛸짏뗄쒣쪽,뛸쫇ퟔ훐뛸짏뛸쿂뗄쒣쪽ꆣꆰ폃헢튻랽쪽,ퟮ룟맜샭닣쳡돶잰뺰믲릫쮾뗄쏎쿫,뛸뒦폚ꆮ햽몾ꆯ뗗닣튻쿟맍풱퓲뚢ퟅ쿖쪵ꆣ퓚쏎쿫뫍쿖쪵횮볤뗄좱뿚퓲튪평훐닣맜샭죋풱살쳮욽,춨맽쯻쏇뒴퓬훐돌맜샭뫍닺욷쮼슷살킭뗷쮫랽ꆣ퓚듋맽돌훐,쯻쏇붫ퟮ룟맜샭뫍튻쿟맍풱쮫랽뗄틾몬횪쪶죚믣퓚튻웰,쪹횮쏷컺,늢붫웤쳥쿖떽탂벼쫵ꆢ탂닺욷뫍탂볆뮮훐ꆣꆱ\[14\폐]맘쓚죝쫩훐뚼폐쿪쾸쳖싛,듋뒦늻ힸ쫶ꆣ뢴퓓탔뿆톧펦폃폚맜샭틑돶쿖탭뛠탂탎쪽,죧돉쮼캣뷌쫚횸돶ꆰ:뷼솽쓪살,튻킩틔뢴퓓뿆톧랽램벰웤퓚맜샭훐뗄펦폃캪믹뒡뗄톯릫쮾튲뾪쪼떮짺,샽죧횪쪶믹뒡랢햹릫쮾(KnowledgeBasedDevelopmentLtd.,볲돆KBD),뢴퓓탔뷢듰릫쮾(ComplexitySolutionsLtd.,볲돆CSL),쪥럆춻쿖햽싔훐탄(TheSantaFeCenterforEmergentStrategy),짧쟸훇쓜쪵퇩쫒(CommunityIntelligenceLabs),KBD2Lavoie릫쮾뗈ꆣ룶뇰짌튵뮯뗄죭볾튲틑폐돶쫛,샽죧IM(붻뮥쪽맜샭죭볾),ISM(뷢쫍탔뷡릹뮯붨쒣죭볾)뗈ꆣꆱ\[15\돽]짏쫶벸훖횮췢,뮹폐ꆰ탩쓢릫쮾ꆱꆰꆢ룶탔뮯릫쮾ꆱꆰꆢ쒣뫽맜샭ꆱꆰꆢ횪쪶맜샭ꆱ뗈뗈탂뗄쫊펦뢴퓓뮷뺳뗄ퟩ횯뫍탂맜샭탎쪽ꆣ춬쪱,룷훖웳튵쓚늿헽퓚랢짺룯쏼탔뗄뇤룯ꆣ쏀맺쟇훎ꆤ뮪쪢뛙듳톧맜샭톧뷌쫚췾솮ꆤ맾삭뛻(WilliamEHalal)퓚쯻뗄ꆶ탂맜샭ꆪꆪꆪ쏱훷뫍웳튵헽퓚뇤ퟩ횯ꆷ튻쫩훐쾵춳좫쏦뗘닻쏷쇋헢튻훘듳뇤룯\[16\]ꆣ탂뷼쯻폖뇠훸쇋ꆶ컞쿞뗄풴ꆷ튻쫩ꆣ쯻퓚첸떽룷샠웳튵헽뒦폚샺쪷탔뇤룯쪱쮵ꆰ:뢴퓓탔뗄듳듳퓶볓붫탨튪ퟷ돶뇤룯,틲캪죋쏇늻뿉쓜춨맽ퟔ짏뛸쿂뗄훐탄뿘훆쳥훆뛔뢴퓓뗄뮷뺳볓틔뿘훆ꆣ컒쏇탨튪붨솢쓜릻쫊펦룷훖뮷뺳뗄쳥훆,뛸ퟮ쓜쫊펦헢훖뮷뺳뗄웳튵뷡릹뻍쫇뛀ퟔ맜샭뗄킡탍웳튵ꆣ컒쏇춨맽뢴퓓탔뫍믬샭싛뗄탂쇬폲죏쪶떽쇋헢튻뗣ꆣꆱ\[7\뛸]쿱쏏즽뚼헢퇹뗄죧뷱돉쇋쫀뷧짏ퟮ듳뗄짺컯벼쫵릫쮾헽쫇힡쇋뢴퓓탔뿆톧룅쓮퓋폃폚웳튵뗄맜샭쪵볹\[7\],듓뛸믱뗃쇋뻞듳뗄돉릦뫍믔믍뗄튵벨ꆣퟜ횮,틑뺭펿쿖늻짙뗄뢴퓓탔맜샭쒣쪽,뷰컡싗퇐뺿풱퓋폃뢴퓓탔뿆톧뗈샭싛뛔헢킩쒣쪽뷸탐퇐뺿뫍ퟜ뷡,랢쿖뢴퓓탔맜샭폐죧쿂훷튪쳘뗣ꆰ:헻쳥탔;쾵춳쮼뾼;틾폷랽램;톧쾰폫쫊펦;횧돖뒴틢폫룶죋퓰죎탔;싛쪽쇬떼뫍뒴퓬탔헅솦ꆣꆱ\[17\떱]좻,헢횻쫇뛔뢴퓓탔맜샭쳘뗣뗄튻룶돵늽ퟜ뷡ꆣ쯦ퟅ뢴퓓탔뿆톧톸쏍랢햹뫍뢴퓓탔맜샭쪵볹뗄늻뛏짮죫,뢴퓓탔맜샭뮹붫믡돊쿖돶탭뛠탂뗄쳘뗣ꆣ5ꆡ뷡싛뿆톧벼쫵뗄랢햹떼훂죋쏇쿠뮥붻쇷뫍펰쿬벱뻧퓶볓폫삩듳,죋뗄믮뚯뫍짺듦뮷뺳뗄뢴퓓탔뫍늻좷뚨탔' 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
뗚1뻭뗚2웚ꆡꆡ뷰컡싗,뗈:뢴퓓탔맜샭폫뢴퓓탔뿆톧ꆤ31ꆤ늻뛏퓶볓쯹듸살뗄컊쳢쪹죋쏇죏쪶떽,쎻폐쓄훖ퟩ횯뗄뷡릹뿉틔틔늻뇤펦췲뇤,튻룶ퟩ횯뗄짺듦뫍뺺헹쓜솦뎣뎣좡뻶폚쯼뛔췢늿뇤뮯ퟶ돶벰쪱랴펦뗄쓜솦뫍뾪췘뒴탂뗄쓜솦ꆣ뒫춳맜샭랽쪽틑쓑틔펦뢶떱뷱풽살풽뢴퓓뗄죋샠믮뚯뫍뮷뺳,돉캪훆풼틽죫탂벼쫵뫍쫊펦탂뮷뺳뗄욿뺱ꆣ냑뢴퓓탔뿆톧틽죫맜샭,쫇떱뷱쪱듺뺭볃뫍짧믡랢햹뗄탨튪,튲쫇떱듺맜샭샭싛뫍쪵볹랢햹뗄뇘좻튪쟳ꆣ짧믡탅쾢뮯ꆢ횪쪶뺭볃뫍뺭볃좫쟲뮯쪹컒쏇쏦뛔튻룶뿕잰뢴퓓뫍돤싺늻좷뚨탔뗄쫀뷧,튪쟳룄뇤ퟩ횯뷡릹틔퓶잿웤쫊펦탔ꆢ쇩믮탔뫍랴펦탔,웈쟐탨튪맜샭룯쏼,뇤룯맜샭쒣쪽,듓뛸쓜릻쪵쿖룷샠ퟩ횯뗄룟킧맜샭ꆣ맜샭믮뚯죧뫎돉릦펦뛔뢴퓓탔뗄쳴햽,맘볼퓚폚냑뢴퓓탔뿆톧뗄쮼쿫뫍돉맻펦폃폚맜샭,룄뇤뒫춳뗄맜샭쒣쪽,쪵쿖맜샭쒣쪽듓볲떥탔떽뢴퓓탔뗄뇤,헦헽쪵탐뢴퓓탔맜샭;맘볼퓚폚뇤맛쓮ꆢ뇤쮼캬랽쪽,뺡뿬냚췑뮹풭싛ꆢ릹돉싛뗄뻉쮼캬랽쪽뗄쫸뢿,쟐쪵뇤떽헻쳥싛ꆢ짺돉싛뗄뢴퓓탔쮼캬랽쪽짏살ꆣ뢴퓓탔뿆톧캪맜샭뇤룯뫍맜샭뒴탂쳡릩탂커웷뫍탂랽램,캪럡뢻뫍랢햹뢴퓓탔맜샭쳡릩샭싛믹뒡폫쮼캬랽쪽ꆣ뢴퓓탔뿆톧펦폃폚맜샭헽쿲죋쏇햹쪾돶튻럹쏀뫃뗄잰뺰,닺짺돶풽살풽뛠뗄뢴퓓탔맜샭쒣쪽ꆣ튲탭헽쫇퓚듋틢틥짏,폐킩뿆톧볒죏캪뢴퓓탔뿆톧쫇ꆰ21쫀볍뗄뿆톧ꆱ\[1\],룼폐죋좷탅ꆰ헆컕쇋뢴퓓탔뿆톧뗄맺볒붫믡돉캪21쫀볍뗄뺭볃ꆢ컄뮯뫍헾훎뎬벶잿맺ꆱ\[18\]ꆣ닎뾼컄쿗:\[1\]돉쮼캣,뗈.뢴퓓탔뿆톧첽쯷\[C\].놱뺩:쏱훷폫붨짨돶냦짧,1999.\[2\]닩뛻쮹ꆤMꆤ죸캬웦.뗚컥듺맜샭\[M\].훩몣:훩몣돶냦짧,1998.\[3\]듷늼삭ꆤ났쏗뛙.횪쪶뺭볃뗄뒴탂햽싔\[M\].놱뺩:탂뮪돶냦짧,1998.\[4\]맾삭뛻WE.탂놾훷틥\[M\].놱뺩:짧믡뿆톧컄쿗돶냦짧,1991.\[5\]\[M\].London:ProfileBooksLtd,2000.\[6\]틁샻퇇ꆤ웕샻룟뷲.좷뚨탔뗄훕뷡\[M\].짏몣:짏몣뿆벼뷌폽돶냦짧,1999.\[7\]ꆪthescience,itsvocabulary,anditsrelationtoorganizations\[J\].Emegrence,1999,1(1):110-126.\[8\]캬쓈ꆤ났샲.횪쪶뗄뷸뮯\[M\].훩몣:훩몣돶냦짧,1998.\[9\]쇵뮪뷜.럖탎틕쫵\[M\].뎤즳:뫾쓏뿆톧벼쫵돶냦짧,1998.\[10\]뇋뗃ꆤ쪥벪.뗚컥쿮탞솶\[M\].짏몣:짏몣죽솪쫩뗪,1998.\[11\]뗒틁ꆤ맾뿋.싒탲\[M\].첨췥:듳뿩컄뮯돶냦막럝폐쿞릫쮾,2000.\[12\]뷰컡싗.믫탲ퟩ횯ꆪꆪꆪ튻훖붨솢퓚뢴퓓탔믹뒡짏뗄탂탍ퟩ횯\[J\].ퟔ좻뇧횤램춨톶,2002,24(4):77.\[13\]풼몲ꆤ믴삼.틾훈탲ꆪꆪꆪ쫊펦탔퓬뻍뢴퓓탔\[M\].짏몣:짏몣뿆벼뷌폽돶냦짧,2000.\[14\]튰훐폴듎색,훱쓚맣슡.뒴퓬횪쪶뗄릫쮾\[M\].놱뺩:뿆톧벼쫵늿맺볊뫏ퟷ쮾,1999.\[15\]탭맺횾,뗈.쾵춳뿆톧폫릤돌퇐뺿\[C\].짏몣:짏몣뿆벼뷌폽돶냦짧,2001.\[16\]ꆪdemocracyandenterprisearetransformingorganizations\[M\].SanFrancisco:Berre2ttKoehlerPublisher,1996.\[17\]뷰컡싗.뢴퓓탔ퟩ횯맜샭뗄몭틥ꆢ쳘뗣뫍탎쪽\[J\].쾵춳뇦횤톧톧놨,2001,9(4):24-27.\[18\]:thecomputerandtheriseofthesciencesofcomplexity\[M\].NewYork:SimonandSchuster,1988.' 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
