ྏ॓࿐ࣉᅚ 2011, Vol. 19, No. 9, 1339–1346 Advances in Psychological Science DOI: *超越效价和唤醒—— 情绪的动机维度模型述评 11111, 2ሻࠝਟ ᅦཬՒ ᅦ ߌ Ⴟ ᵠ ᇛಥট 1(ظؿᅚა࿐༝॓࿐࢝ტ҆ᇗׄൌဒ൩(תଲն࿐), ଲࣘ 210096) 2(ႋႨൌဒྏКࣘ൧ᇗׄൌဒ൩(Кࣘഽٓն࿐ྏ࿐ჽ), Кࣘ 100875) ᅋ ေ 情绪的动机维度模型认为, 高动机强度的情绪窄化(narrow)认知加工而低动机强度的情绪扩展(broaden)认知加工。该理论超越了先前对效价和唤醒两大情绪维度的二分法, 证明了情绪的动机维度对注意、记忆等认知加工产生扩展和窄化效应, 深化了积极情绪的扩展-建设理论, 有助于深入理解情绪与认知的交互作用。未来研究应建立动机维度的操作性定义, 并进一步发展出诱发不同动机维度情绪的标准化刺激材料或任务。 ܱՍ 情绪; 情感; 动机维度; 效价; 唤醒 ٳোݼ B842 1 情绪与动机的关系 ౦࿂ऎႵᇗေ֥ࠏྟބൡႋྟۿିbTomkins౦࿂აࠏ൞ྏ॓࿐ᇏਆ۱٤ӈᇗေ֥ۀ఼ਛّؓϜࠏაଽ౺৯֥ܴ֩ׄ, หљ఼ט, ؽᆀᄝϤჅ୍֥ྏ࿐ؿᅚൎഈᄻ൞ࠇᆞ౦࿂֥ࠏቔႨbIzard֥ࠏ-ٳ߄ંૼಒᇶᅦᄝ൞࣮ᇶੀ, ২ೂЧିa౺৯aླေ֩ࠏࢲ၂్౦࿂ྛູ൞ൡႋބטࢫྛູ, Ֆᇏႄԛ౦ܒᄻᄝ20ൗࡀ20୍սᇀ50୍ս֤ܼ֞ٗฐษ, ࿂൞ྛູ֥౺৯, ӂඍਔ౦࿂Чദࠣః౺ቔطሱՖ60୍սᇀࣂ, ౦࿂ᇯࡶӮູ࣮֥ᇶੀ߅Ⴈ֥ࠏᇅ, หљ఼ט౦࿂֥౺ቔႨ(ᅲধ, ีbಖط, ؓႿહ൞ࠏĤહ൞౦࿂Ĥ֒భ2005)b ࣮ᆀѩીႵ۳ԛࡥࢱૼਔ֥ճσ(Roseman, 表1 情绪与动机的异同以及相互关系 2008)b౦࿂(emotion)აࠏ(motivation)ᆃਆ۱Սࠏ ౦࿂ টჷႿ၂۱ঘנეՍmovere, ၩනູ“①नູଽ҆ሑࠇݖӱ; ཌྷᆭԩ②नॖႨႿࢳྛູ֥ିਈބٚཟ; (move)”, ؽᆀܱ༢ૡ్(Bradley & Lang, 2007)b③नି֝ᇁଢѓקཟྛູb Roseman (2008)ᄝభದ࣮ࠎԤഈ, Ӈ൫ሹࢲਔ①၂Ϯ(general) ①หק(specific) ࠏა౦࿂֥ၳ, ѩӂඍਔؽᆀᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢, ଢ֥ࠏᇅ; ଢ֥ࠏᇅ; ࡥֆሹࢲі1b ②ࢠູԊ ҂ᆭԩ②ࢠູരᇗ (impulsive); Վຓ, ౦࿂ંট҂ಌكؓ౦࿂აࠏᆭ(deliberative); ③౦࿂༵Ⴟ ③ࠏພႿ౦࿂ؿളb ࡗܱ༢֥ษં, ೂWundt֥ၩᆽંaHull֥ࠏ(preempt)ࠏؿളbܴׄaTomkins֥౦࿂֥ࠏંaIzard֥ࠏ-౦࿂აࠏၛਆᇕٚൔཌྷ৳༢ğ①౦࿂҆ٳഈটሱႿࠏ; ٳ߄ં(ᅲধ, 2005)bTomkinsބIzardಪູཌྷܱ༢②౦࿂ࣼ൞ࠏ, ࠧ౦࿂౺ྛູ, ۳ྛູၛ৯ਈބٚཟb ൬۠ರ௹:2011-03-24 ᄝ֒ս, BradleyაLang֩ದ(2001)ิԛ౦࿂* ݓࡅᇗׄࠎԤ࣮࠹߃(2011CB711000)aᇏနۚࠎ֥ࠏଆ(motivational model), ಪູ౦࿂ᄝ۴Ч॓ြༀٮህཛሧࣁ(ཛଢݼğ2009SC-3)ބתଲնЧഈটჷႿრࠏ༢(appetitive motivational ࿐ظؿᅚა࿐༝॓࿐࢝ტ҆ᇗׄൌဒ൩ष٢࣮system)ބٝპࠏ༢(defensive motivational ࠎࣁሧᇹज़ี(CDLS-2010-05)ሧᇹb ๙ቔᆀ:ᇛಥটđE-mail: rlzhou@ system)֥҂ࠗࠃbٝპ༢ᄝຯཽ౦༯ࠗࠃ, 1339
1340 ྏ ॓ ࿐ ࣉ ᅚ ֻ19ज ࠎЧྛູіགྷູ෪aฦၛࠣ۾ࠌ֩; რ༢ݺ, ࠧؓ౦࿂ཛଢ֥ଽᄝ༥ࢫ֥࠺ၫᄹ఼ᆺؿളᄝൊԉቀ֩০Ⴟളթ֥౦༯ࠗࠃ, ࠎЧྛᄝཨࠞཛଢഈ; Mather֩ದ(2009)ؓھࢲંለ໓ູіགྷູࣉൊaࢌၛࠣڢအ֩b౦࿂ሑ఼֥߭ႋѩሹࢲః؟ཛ࣮ಏ၂ᇁֹؿགྷ, ߒྜ֥౦؇(ߒྜ؇)ّ႘ਔࠏ༢֥ࠗࠃ఼؇, Ֆط࿂Տࠗб٤ߒྜ֥Տ֥ࠗ༥ࢫ࠺ၫᄵ۷ູሙಒ, რྛູބٝპྛູ(Bradley & Lang, 2007; طაིࡎܱ, ࠧ౦࿂ཛଢႺؿ֥ߒྜ൞ؓ౦࿂Lang, 2010)b ཛଢࠣఃଽᄝหᆘ࠺ၫᄹ఼֥۴ჷbཨིࠞࡎࠏሹᆭ, ౦࿂ބࠏૡ్৳༢طႻႵ҂b֒ᇅაߒྜࠏᇅ֥ؓ৫, ၩሢߒྜაིࡎॖିؓభ࣮ᆀಪູ, ؓྛູ֥ԉٳࢳсྶ࠻Їও౦࿂ཛଢ֥༥ࢫ࠺ၫሙಒੱऎႵཌྷ৳༢ಏႻдࠏ, ႻЇও౦࿂, ؽᆀᄝ҂่֥ࡱ༯, ၛ҂֥Վཌྷؓ৫֥܊ངbၹՎ, ቋ࣍ޓ؟࣮ᆀٚൔ౺ބႄ֝ྛູ(Roseman, 2008)bࣉ၂҄ط, (Larson & Steuer, 2009; Levine & Edelstein, 2009; ࣮ᆀࣇࣇႨრაညذࡆ۽ࠇᆀ࣍ა߭хࡆKensinger, 2009b)္ၩ്֞ླေᇗྍബ൪ིࡎބ۽҂ቀၛԉٳ૭ඍ౦࿂༢(Roseman, 2008)b ߒྜ֥ؽٳم, ႋᇗ൪Ԣਔᆃਆ۱ົ؇ᆭຓ֥ః၂ུ౦࿂ົ؇ؓᇿၩa࠺ၫ֩ಪᆩࡆ۽֥႕ཙ, 2 情绪的维度理论 ೂ౦࿂Տࠗ൞ڎაࠏࠇଢѓཌྷܱa൞ڎაࣉ߄ೂഈ෮ඍཌྷܱa൞ڎა۱ದሱᇗေྟཌྷܱ֩֩ၹ, ѩ, ܱႿ౦࿂֥קၬބં, Ӊ௹ၛটᆚၰ҂؎bᆚၰቋ؟֥ᇶေࠢᇏᄝၛEkmanࡹၰር༥॥ᇅ۲ᇕحຓэਈ, ೂეၬཌྷܱ؇a൪ (2003)აIzard (2009)֩ದູսі֥ࠎЧ౦࿂ંतگᄖ؇ބཛଢඃ༑؇֩۲ᇕ٤౦࿂ၹ, Ֆط (Basic Emotions Theory)ၛࠣRussell (2003)აLangބBradley֩ದ(1990)ູսі֥౦࿂֥ົ؇ં(dimensional model of emotion)bࠎЧ౦࿂ંಪູ, ࠎЧ౦࿂ࠇٳ৫౦࿂(discrete emotion)ᄝದোᇏ൞௴ђթᄝ֥, Їওྖ౿aۚྖ֩ࠎЧࠒࠞ౦࿂, ၛࠣИഄaټ୮aညذބॣऔ֩ࠎЧཨࠞ౦࿂(Izard, 2009); ط౦࿂֥ົ؇ંಪູ, ނྏ౦࿂(core affect)ᄝնଷᇏ൞৵࿃֥, Ⴎॹۋ(ᄆ-٤ᄆ)ބߒྜ(ࠗࠃ-٤ࠗࠃ)ਆնົ؇ࠁކطӮ(Russell, 2003), 1bLang֩ದ(2005)ಪູ, ౦࿂ᄝ۴ЧഈটჷႿრࠏ༢ބٝპࠏ༢֥҂ࠗࠃ, Ⴎᄆ(pleasure)ބߒྜ(arousal) ਆ۱ົ؇ቆӮ, ᄆіૼଧ၂۱ࠏ༢Ф౦࿂ 1 ނྏ౦࿂ࠣఃົ؇(Russell, 2003) Տࠗࠗࠃ, طߒྜіૼૄ۱ࠏ༢֥ࠗࠃӱ ؇bᄆົ؇Ⴛӫູིࡎ(valence), ᄝᄆ(ࠒࠞ)ა٤ᄆ(ཨࠞ)ᆭࡗэ߄; ߒྜົ؇ᄵᄝ࣡აྖٹᆭࡗэ߄bLang֩ದऌՎщᇅਔݓ࠽౦࿂ோ༢(IAPS)aݓ࠽౦࿂ലၻ༢(IADS)ၛࠣႇეՍ߸a؋໓֩౦࿂Տࠗѓሙ९, 2b ఘࣂູᆸ, ིࡎބߒྜؽົ؇֥౦࿂ંၘᅝᇶֹ໊֝, ႄ֝ބఓؿਔྸ؟ൌဒ࣮টฐษ౦࿂აಪᆩ֥ཌྷ႕ཙ, ႄఏ֥ᆚၰ္၂ᆰթᄝb২ೂ, ֒భ౦࿂࠺ၫ(emotional memory)࣮ਵთॉҳ౦࿂ೂޅ႕ཙؓཛଢ༥ࢫ֥࠺ၫൈ, Kensinger (2009a)ሸඍఃൌဒ൩၂༢ਙ࣮֤ԛ ࢲં—— ದૌؓႿཨࠞ౦࿂൙ࡱ֥༥ࢫ࠺ၫ۷2 ݓ࠽౦࿂ோ༢֥ਆ۱ົ؇(Lang et al., 2005)
ֻ9௹ ሻࠝਟ֩: ӑᄀིࡎބߒྜ—— ౦࿂֥ࠏົ؇ଆඍ 1341 ۷ݺֹࢳਆ۱ົ؇ႄఏ֥ᆚၰb (goal-relevance approach), ಪູ౦࿂ᆺᄹ఼ა֒భ෮ࠗࠃ֥ଢѓཌྷܱ֥ପུྐ༏֥࠺ၫ, ھܴׄ3 情绪的动机维度模型 ॖၛޓݺֹࢳ࠺ၫᅎ߄གྷའ, ॖ౦࿂൙ࡱ֥ଢѓཌྷܱྟ൞႕ཙ࠺ၫ֥ਸ਼၂۱ᇗေົ؇bᄝᆃKensinger (2009a)఼טིࡎི֥ႋ, ھࢲંᇕնМࣟᆭ༯, ൳֞ഈඍ࣮ᆀษં֥ఓؿ, ႄఏ࿐ࢸࠞնᆚં, LarsenބSteuer (2009)ؓఃGableაHarmon-Jonesᄝః၂༢ਙൌဒ࣮ંൈ, ᆷԛࠏཌྷܱྟ(motivational relevance)္(Gable & Harmon-Jones, 2008a, 2010b, 2010c)ࠎԤ൞႕ཙ࠺ၫ౦࿂Տ֥ࠗ၂ᇕమᄝטࢫэਈ, ࡹၰᆭഈ, ੱ༵ᆰࢤဒ౦࿂֥ࠏཌྷܱၹॖି࣮ؓᆀᇗ൪൙ࡱࠇՏࠗؓႿളթ֥ཌྷܱྟ, ၹູᇿၩa࠺ၫ֩ಪᆩࡆ۽Ӂള႕ཙ֥ࡌഡ, ቋ࣍ิॖିؓႿטࢫ౦࿂࠺ၫᆞಒੱऎႵᇗေቔႨbԛਔ౦࿂֥ࠏົ؇ଆ(Gable & Harmon-Jones, ୍, LevineބEdelstein (2009)ิԛ౦࿂႕ཙ࠺2010a), ሹࢲі2b ၫᅎ߄(memory narrowing)֥ଢѓཌྷܱྟ౼ཟ 表2 情绪的动机维度模型简表 ંଆ ࣉ߄ൡႋၩၬ սі౦࿂ ۚࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞ౦࿂ğ ॗຬ ႵᇹႿࠏุࠢᇏᇿၩႿམေࠆุ֤֥ࠇଢѓ; ܝৣ۱ุᆳᇷֹಣ౦ ۚࠏ఼؇֥౦࿂ᅎ߄(narrow)ሔଢѓb ྖٹ ಪᆩࡆ۽ ۚࠏ఼؇֥ཨࠞ౦࿂ğ ညذ ᇿၩࢊׄᅎ߄ႵᇹႿࠏุܙѩ߭хದࣅᅦࠇညذุ֥ࠇ౦ॣऔ b ࢊ੮ ֮ࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞ౦࿂ğ ۞ཱ ᇿၩࢊׄঔᅚႵᇹႿࠏุᆜކ۷ܼ֥ٗߌཌ෬, ՜ࣉฐ෬ྛູνབྷ ֮ࠏ఼؇֥౦࿂ঔᅚ(broaden)ࠇឬ༤ྛູ, ՖطॖିӁള۷ࡆڶႿԷᄯྟ֥ٚمb ୡ࣡ ಪᆩࡆ۽ ֮ࠏ఼؇֥ཨࠞ౦࿂ğ Иഄ ᇿၩܼ؇ᄹࡆႵᇹႿࠏุՖാϧᇏሼԛ, ѩܝৣఃؿᅚऎႵԷᄯၝკ ྟ֥ྍࢳथٚمb ݖಀն؟ඔ࣮ᆺܱᇿߒྜބིࡎົ؇, طྜ֥ࠒࠞ౦࿂ࠇ“ۚࠗࠃሑ” (Fredrickson & ޭਔࠏົ؇bࠏႵٚཟބ఼؇ᆭٳbࠏBrannigan, 2005), ᆃᇕ౦࿂ሑ҂ॖି౺ದٚཟᆷؓ၂ᇕุࠇଢѓ֥࣍ࠇ߭х౺৯; ૌ࣍ߌᇏ֥ଖུת༆bՎຓ, ߒྜაࠏ֥ࠏ఼؇൞ᆷࠏ֥৯؇, ఃٓຶႮ֮֞ۚbߐ҂ߎіགྷᄝଖུ౦༯, ߒྜॖିᄹࡆ, طᆭ, ᄝ၂ᇕ۳ק֥ࠏٚཟᆭ༯(ೂ࣍), ࠏࠏ҂߶ᄹࡆ(Gable & Harmon-Jones, 2010d)b২ೂ, ᄝ఼؇ഈॖၛႮ֮֞ۚэ߄bᆴ֤ᇿၩ֥൞, ၂๙ݖఎሱྛӚҠሺߒྜ, ࣐ܵᆃᇕߒྜҠሺᄹࡆུ࣮ᆀᄻࡼࠒࠞ౦࿂ა࣍ࠏᆰࢤ৳༢, ਔᇶܴߒྜקၛࠣྏੱ, ѩીႵᄹ఼ᇿၩᅎൈࡼཨࠞ౦࿂ა߭хࠏᆰࢤ৳༢(Bradely & ߄; ཌྷّ, Ҡሺࠒࠞ࣍ࠏಏିᄹࡆᇿၩᅎ߄Lang, 2007)bಖط, ቋ࣮࣍ؿགྷ, ࠏٚཟა౦(Gable & Harmon-Jones, 2008a)b ࿂ིࡎॖି൞৫֥, ೂټ୮൞၂ᇕཨࠞ౦࿂, GableაHarmon-Jones (2010a)ሹࢲᆷԛ, ܱაᇶ۾ࠌ֩࣍ࠏཌྷ৳༢(Carver & Ⴟࠒࠞ౦࿂֥ঔᅚིႋ, ༵భ20୍֥෮Ⴕ࣮Harmon-Jones, 2009)bՎຓ, ᄝۀഈ, ࠏ఼؇Ⴈ֥౦࿂ՏࠗҋਘࠇҠቔ൭؍ෙ҂, ఃൌაߒྜᆰࢤ৳༢, ೂBradelyაLang (2007)ᆷԛႺؿਔ֮࣍ࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞ౦࿂, ೂ۳ჍФ൫“ߒྜקіૼਔࠏ༢֥ࠗࠃӱ؇”, ۚࠏড়aေФ൫ܴुႩଏ႕a๐ᄆ֥ၻুࠇ఼؇֥Տࠗ၂ϮႺؿԛۚඣߒྜ, ཌྷّ, ֮߭ၫۚྖ֥ສ൙bॉ੮֞ۚ࣍ࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞࠏ఼؇֥ՏࠗႺؿԛ֮ඣߒྜbࠏ఼؇ა౦࿂ؓႿَᆲაളթ֩ളࣉ߄֥ᇗေྟ, ᆃᇕߒྜѩ҂ཌྷ, ࠏሹ൞ऎႵቔ(action)ၩၬ౦࿂ሑ҂ႋაᇿၩބಪᆩঔᅚ(broadening)ཌྷ৳(࣐ܵႵൈбࢠଆ), ఼ਛֹದಀቓ(impetus ༢, ط൞֝ᇁᇿၩঔᅚࡨഒമᇀᅎ߄(narrowing), to act)b২ೂ, ۞ཱ(amusement)ӈФ൪ູ၂ᇕۚߒၹູ֒ࠏุ࣍ѩӇ൫ࠆ֤མေุ֥ൈ, ႋھஆ
1342 ྏ ॓ ࿐ ࣉ ᅚ ֻ19ज ԇܱՏܱࠗࠣᆩतބಪᆩ֥ۄಠ, طᇿၩބ۷ն֥ᇿၩঔᅚ, ညذோ(ۚࠏ఼؇֥ཨࠞ౦ಪᆩ֥ঔᅚᆺିႄఏٳྏ, ቅθൌགྷࠎЧ֥ള࿂)бᇏྟோ่ࡱ༯ႄఏ۷ն֥ᇿၩᅎ߄ིႋ, ླေbॖ, ࠒࠞ౦࿂֥ঔᅚ-ࡹഡંՖطᆰࢤဒᆣਔھંb (Fredrickson, 2001)ѩ҂ൡႨႿ෮Ⴕᇕো֥ࠒࠞ౦Ԣਔᇿၩࡆ۽, ౦࿂ߎ႕ཙ࠺ၫྙӮaิ౼࿂, ط౦࿂֥ࠏົ؇ଆᄵॖၛޓݺֹࢳᆃބ܇ܥbGableაHarmon-Jones (2010c)ਆཛൌဒུགྷའb ٳљႨࣁఫࠗৣӾٓൔ(monetary incentive delay paradigm)ބใׄૅᆃᇕრՏࠗҋਘႺ4 情绪的动机维度模型的行为证据 ؿ࣍ࠏࠒࠞ౦࿂, ٳљᆣૼਔۚa֮࣍GableაHarmon-ࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞ౦࿂߶ؓ࠺ၫᇏနაᇛຶӯགྷ֥ྐJones (2008a)֥ඹཛྛູൌဒᇯ҄ധೆֹҠሺ࣍ࠏ఼֥؇, ၂ᇁᆣൌਔ༏ᄯӮ҂႕ཙbऎุط, ۚࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞ౦࿂֥ࠏົ؇ଆ֥ંࡌഡ, ࢲݔؿགྷ౦࿂ႋ֝ᇁؓᇏနӯགྷ֥ྐ༏࠺ၫ۷ݺ, ط֮, ۚ࣍ࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞ౦࿂߶ᅎ߄ᇿၩࢊׄbൌဒࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞ౦࿂߶ႄఏؓᇛຶӯགྷ֥ྐ༏࠺ၫ၂ႨႩଏ౦ࣟᇏ֥ભ႕টႺؿ۞ཱ۷ݺbਆཛൌဒनဒᆣਔ౦࿂֥ࠏົ؇ଆ, (amusement)ᆃ၂఼֮؇֥࣍ࠒࠞ౦࿂, ၛࠣૅ൮Ցᆣૼۚ࣍ࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞ౦࿂֝ᇁಪᆩሧใׄ႕টႺؿრຬ(desire)ᆃ၂఼ۚ؇֥࣍ჷ֥ᆜุᅎ߄, ѩႵᇹႿ࠺ၫᇏနӯགྷ֥ྐ༏, ࠒࠞ౦࿂, ࢲݔؿགྷ, ભ႕бใׄ႕ႄఏਔቅθ࠺ၫᇛຶӯགྷ֥ྐ༏b ۷ູᆜุ֥ᇿၩऊࢊ(global attention focus), ᆃԢਔࠎЧ֥ᇿၩބ࠺ၫࡆ۽, ۷ۚඣ֥ಪඪૼ఼ۚ؇֥࣍ࠒࠞ౦࿂ࡨਔᇿၩঔᅚིᆩࡆ۽ೂಪᆩ݂ো(cognitive categorization)࣮ႋbൌဒؽࣉ၂҄ႄೆᇏྟோ(െ)ቔູᇏྟ္ؓဒᆣਔۚ࣍ࠏࠒࠞ౦࿂ᅎ߄ಪᆩࡆ۽֥ࡌб่ࡱ, ႨૅใׄோႺؿ఼ۚ؇࣍ࠒࠞഡ(Price & Harmon-Jones, 2010)b࣮ᆀ๙ݖᆷ֝౦࿂, ဢؿགྷఃࡨਔᇿၩঔᅚbൌဒႨФ൫ቓԛ3ᇕദุረ൝টҠሺ҂ඣ֥࣍ྛູၝᇅ༢/ྛູ࣍༢ਈі(BIS/BAS)টॉࠏࠒࠞ౦࿂, ཟުၗ, Ⴚؿ఼֮؇࣍ࠏ; ᆞҳ࣍ࠏ֥۱ุҵၳ൞ڎაܴुრோᆭުᆰቕ, Ⴚؿᇏ఼֩؇࣍ࠏ; ཟభౠ, Ⴚؿ֥ۚᇿၩঔᅚཌྷܱ, ࢲݔؿགྷۚหᇉ࣍ࠏ֥۱఼؇࣍ࠏbေФ൫Ⴈ7ׄਈі(1ູ٤ӈุᄝܴुრோᆭު, ఃᇿၩঔᅚіགྷԛ۷նಒקඋႿଖ၂ো, 7ູ٤ӈಒק҂උႿଖ၂ো)ট֥ࡨ, ࣉ၂҄ᆦӻਔࡌഡ, ࠧრՏࠗࡨᇿק10۱ཛଢ, ॉҳ3ᇕദุረ൝༯ಪᆩ݂োၩঔᅚ, ॖି൞ၹູ࣍ࠏ఼؇ۚbൌဒඹༀ֥іགྷbࢲݔᆦӻਔ౦࿂֥ࠏົ؇ଆ, іႨᇕᆷ֝ეҠሺᇕൌဒ่ࡱ, ၇Ցڿэ࣍ૼ఼ۚ؇࣍ࠒࠞ౦࿂ᅎ߄݂ো, ط఼֮؇࣍ࠏ఼֥؇bֻ၂ᇕᆷ֝ე༯ӯགྷ۳Ф൫ใׄࠒࠞ౦࿂ঔᅚ݂োb ோ, ѩۡᆩФ൫߶ӹ֞ใׄ(Ⴕ௹ຬ่ࡱ), ֻؽ5 情绪的动机维度模型的神经证据 ᇕᆷ֝ე༯ᆺ൞ӯགྷ۳Ф൫ใׄோ, ҂ۡᆩФ൫߶ӹ֞ใׄ(௹ຬ่ࡱ), ֻᇕᆷ֝ე༯ӯ༵భܱႿࠒࠞބཨࠞ౦࿂ᆃ၂ིࡎົ؇֥പགྷ۳Ф൫ᇏྟோ, ѩۡᆩФ൫ॖၛջሼఃᇏ֥ࣜ॓࿐࣮іૼ, ࠒࠞ౦࿂აቐحҪ֥۷նࠗଖུᇏྟ(ᇏྟ่ࡱ)bܴुோᆭު, Ⴈࠃཌྷ৳༢, طཨࠞ౦࿂აႷحҪ֥۷նࠗࠃཌྷNavonሳଛༀҩਈᇿၩܼ؇bࢲݔؿགྷ, აః৳༢, ࣍টHarmon-Jonesज़ีቆ࣮ؿགྷ, ਆো่ࡱཌྷб, Ⴕ௹ຬ่ࡱ༯֥Ф൫іགྷԛቋႨ౦࿂ི֥ࡎົ؇টࢳحွҪ֥٤ؓӫࠗࠃഒ֥ᇿၩঔᅚ, ᆃ఼ਛᆦӻ఼ۚ؇࣍ࠏࠒࠞഈթᄝ໙ี(Harmon-Jones & Gable, 2008)b౦࿂ႄఏᇿၩᅎ߄֥ંࡌഡb Harmon-JonesაGable (2008)ಪູ, ֒భ֥ᇶੀԢਔࠒࠞ౦࿂, ۚa֮ࠏ఼؇֥ཨࠞ౦࿂౦࿂ົ؇ંᄝЧᇉഈࠁཪਔ౦࿂ིࡎ(ࠒࠞაؓᇿၩ֥႕ཙ൞ڎᆞೂھંଆ෮ყҩ֥Ĥཨࠞ)აࠏٚཟ(࣍ა߭х), ၛټ୮ᆃᇕ౦࿂GableაHarmon-Jones (2010b)Ⴈׅ֥ࣜNavonሑູ২, აದো֥նਈ࣮іૼ, ټ୮൞अ҆-ᆜุሳଛༀটҩਈᇿၩ, ࢲݔࢣൕИഄ၂ᇕཨࠞ౦࿂, Ⴚؿਔ࣍ࠏྛູౠཟbோ(֮ࠏ఼؇֥ཨࠞ౦࿂)бᇏྟோ่ࡱႄఏ۴ऌིࡎົ؇ં֥ყ௹, ႋھ߶ؿགྷټ୮აႷ
ֻ9௹ ሻࠝਟ֩: ӑᄀིࡎބߒྜ—— ౦࿂֥ࠏົ؇ଆඍ 1343 حҪࠗࠃཌྷ৳༢, ط٤ቐحҪ, ၹູټ୮൞ᆷ֝Ф൫ቓԛ3ᇕദุረ൝টҠሺ3ᇕඣ֥၂ᇕཨࠞ౦࿂bಖط, Harmon-Jonesज़ีቆ֥؟ཛ࣍ࠏࠒࠞ౦࿂, ॉҳఃؓቐحҪࠗࠃ֥႕ൌဒᆣൌ, ቐحଷӈӈૹۋႿ࣍ࠏ఼֥؇, ཙbࢲݔؿགྷ, ཟభౠ(ۚ࣍ࠏ)бཟުौ(֮หᇉټ୮ၛࠣሑټ୮აቐحွҪ֥ࠗࠃᄹ఼࣍ࠏ)ႄఏਔ۷ն֥ቐحҪࠗࠃ, ္ᆦӻ౦ཌྷܱ, ط٤ႷحҪ(Harmon-Jones, 2004; ࿂֥ࠏົ؇ଆ(Price & Harmon-Jones, 2011)b Harmon-Jones, Vaughn-Scott, Mohr, Sigelman, & Վຓ, ഒඔࠫཛ࣮षॉҳ౦࿂ோ֥Harmon-Jones, 2004)bॖ, ౦࿂ིࡎაࠏٚཟࠏཌྷܱྟೂޅ႕ཙ౦࿂ோࡆ۽ࠣఃERPّႋऎႵଖᇕ৫ྟ, ᆺႵಪ്֞ᆃׄ, Ҍି۷ሙಒ(Briggs & Martin, 2009; Weinberg & Hajcak, 2010; ࢳభحҪࠗࠃ֥٤ؓӫྟb Franken, Van Strien, Bocanegra, & Huijding, ࠒࠞ౦࿂ᄝࠏ఼؇ഈ္Ⴕэ߄, ᄪ௹࣮2011)bBriggsაMartin (2009)ႨERPඌބྩၘؿགྷ, ᄆՏ֥ࠗࡆ۽ᄝ࣍ࠏഈэ߄, ѩᆞ֥oddballٓൔ, ๙ݖ࠺ପུᄝིࡎބߒྜ؇႕ཙّ๋ࣙഝބնଷҪࠃ(Lang, 1995)bቋഈᄝࠏཌྷܱྟഈ҂֥Տࠗ(২ೂۚߒ࣍, ࢂആࡆ۽ູ֥࣮౦࿂֥ࠏົ؇ଆࡗࢤྜ֥ྟோაۚߒྜ֥ᄎ/વགோ, ؽᆀིࡎֹิ܂ਔപࣜ॓࿐ᆣऌbࢂആݖӱॖٳູრӮٳ၂ᇁ, ߒྜ؇ཌྷ֒, აളթཌྷܱ؇҂)֥ྛູ(appetitive components)ބປӮӮٳ(consummatory აളّႋ, ॉҳਔࠏཌྷܱྟི֥ႋbࢲݔcomponents), ֒ሔ၂ᇕࢂৣൈ, ଢѓൌགྷᆭభؿགྷ, ۚߒྜაۚࠏཌྷܱ֥ྟߒྜՏࠗႺؿ఼֥ۚ؇࣍ྟࠒࠞ౦࿂ь߶ؿള; ֒ࠆ֤၂ᇕP3bѯږཁᇷնႿః౦࿂ՏࠗbWeinbergაࢂৣᆭު, ჵડປӮሑӁള఼֮؇࣍ྟࠒࠞHajcak (2010)࿊ᄴ135ᅦIAPSோ, ࡼᄆa٤౦࿂, ೂྏડၩቀbfMRI࣮ؿགྷ, ᄝభحҪaᄆaᇏྟնোோૄ၂োࣉ၂҄༥ٳູᇕڙۯނ(nucleus accumbens)֩ଷࢲܒഈ, ଢѓൌหקეၬোљ, ऎุط, ᄆோЇও౦aགྷᆭభބଢѓൌགྷᆭު෮ุဒ֥֞ࠒࠞ౦࿂թᄝބaྖٹோ۲15ᅦ; ٤ᄆோЇওҗᆪaຯപࣜള࿐ҵၳ(Knutson & Wimmer, 2007), ิൕཽaညذோ۲15ᅦ; ᇏྟோЇওุaದۚa఼֮؇࣍ࠏࠒࠞ౦࿂ॖିऎႵ҂֥പӆࣟaႵದӆࣟ۲15ᅦbФ൫ܴुோ௹ࡗ࠺ࣜࠎԤb ERP, ࢲݔؿགྷ, ᄝ෮Ⴕ౦࿂ோᇏ, ౦ோaቋ֥࣍EEG఼ູ࣮ۚ؇࣍ࠏ֥ࠒࠞ౦җᆪோႺؿਔቋնѯږ֥LPP, ྖٹோႺؿ࿂ᅎ߄ᇿၩิ܂ਔ۷ᆰࢤ֥പࣜᆣऌ(Gable & ਔቋཬѯږ֥LPP; ۷Ⴕࡎᆴ֥ؿགྷ൞, ࣐ܵHarmon-Jones, 2008b; Harmon-Jones & Gable, ౦(erotic)ோაྖٹ(exciting)ோФקູۚ2009)bࢲݔؿགྷ, რՏࠗ(ใׄૅൊ)Ⴚؿ֥ۚߒྜ, ൞౦ோႺؿ֥LPPѯږჹჹնႿྖ఼؇࣍ࠏࠒࠞ౦࿂აቐحҪࠗࠃᄹ఼ཌྷܱ, ٹோ, ᆃॖିႮႿᆃਆোோଽಸ֥ࠏཁᇷѩቐحҪࠗࠃॖၛყҩअ҆ᇿၩொཟ(local ྟ(motivational salience)҂, ౦ோбྖٹattention bias)bᆃၩሢ, რՏࠗ֝ᇁ֥ᇿၩᅎோԮ־֥ྐ༏აളթ۷ᆰࢤཌྷܱ, ၹՎ౦ோ߄Ⴎ࣍ࠏࡆ۽ཌྷܱ֥പࣜളࠃ෮౺, ۷ॖିࠗࠃრࠏ༢b ࣍ࠏაअ҆ᇿၩொཟࠗࠃਔཌྷ֥പࣜߌᆴ֤ᇿၩ֥൞, ᆃࠫཛ࣮ࣇؓ౦࿂Տࠗࣉਫ਼bERP࣮ؿགྷ, რՏࠗбᇏྟՏࠗᄝචҧྛਔིࡎקބߒྜק, नಌഒؓࠏཌྷܱྟᇏနބפႺؿਔ۷ն֥ພ௹ᆞӮٳLPP (Տࠗაളթ֥ཌྷܱ؇)ᆃ၂ົ؇֥ק, ၹط(500~1000 ms)ѯږ, ѩᄝحഈऎႵ٤ؓӫྟمؓ౦࿂֥ࠏົ؇ଆࣉྛᆰࢤဒᆣ, ᆃิൕ(ቐҧحնႿႷҧح); ൈ, რՏࠗႺؿ֒భ࣮ታླࡹ৫ࠏཌྷܱྟ֥Ҡቔྟקၬѩ၇֥LPPѯږყҩਔ۷ն֥अ҆ᇿၩொཟ(Gable & ՎקၬקՏࠗҋਘb Harmon-Jones, 2010d)bھ࣮Ⴈࠏ఼؇ط٤6 评价与展望 ߒྜ؇টࢳࢲݔ, ൮ՑᆣૼLPPარՏࠗᆃ၂఼ۚ؇֥࣍ࠏࠒࠞ౦࿂෮Ⴚؿ֥अ҆ᇿၩGableაHarmon-Jones (2010a)ቋ࣍ิԛ֥౦ொཟ(ᇿၩᅎ߄)ཌྷܱ, ູ౦࿂֥ࠏົ؇ଆิ࿂֥ࠏົ؇ଆ൮༵ധ߄ਔܱႿ౦࿂აࠏᆭ܂ਔᆰࢤ֥പࣜᆣऌbՎຓ, ቋ࣍၂ཛ࣮๙ݖࡗܱ༢֥ં, ิൕ࣮ᆀࣂުᄝ౦࿂࣮ᇏေ
1344 ྏ ॓ ࿐ ࣉ ᅚ ֻ19ज ܱᇿބᇗ൪ࠏٚཟބࠏ఼؇bఃՑ, ھંׅ֥ۚa֮࣍ࠇ߭хࠏ఼؇֥౦࿂ႺؿҋࡆധਔದૌؓႿ౦࿂აಪᆩࢌቔႨ֥ࢳ, ิਘ, ೂׅ֥֮࣍ࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞ౦࿂ӈ࿊ᄴ܂ࣉ၂҄ᆣऌіૼࠧ൞၂ིࡎ֥౦࿂္ॖିູ۞ཱ(amusement)aνབྷ(serenity)aୡ࣡ؓᇿၩa࠺ၫ֩ಪᆩࡆ۽ᄯӮ҂֥႕ཙb۷ູ(tranquility), طۚ࣍ࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞ౦࿂ᄵູႵࡎᆴ֥൞, ྩᆞਔᇶੀ֥౦࿂ົ؇ં, ӑॗຬ(desire)aಣ౦(enthusiasm)aྖٹ(excitement); ᄀਔLang֩ದ(1990)༵భིؓࡎބߒྜؽົ౦࿂ׅ֥֮߭хࠏ఼؇֥ཨࠞ౦࿂ӈ࿊ᄴູИഄົ؇֥ؽٳم, ఼ט౦࿂֥ࠏົ؇, ಪູѩ٤(sadness)aၝკ(depression), طۚ߭хࠏ఼؇֥෮Ⴕ֥ཨࠞ౦࿂ა߭хࠏཌྷ৳༢, ২ೂټ୮ཨࠞ౦࿂ᄵູညذ(disgust)aॣऔ(fear)aࢊ੮(Harmon-Jones & Gable, 2008)bቋު, ھંࣉ၂(anxiety)bಖطᆃུٳ৫౦࿂ҋਘ൞ڎႵིॖྐ҄ຉᅚਔFredrickson (2001)෮ิԛ֥ࠒࠞ౦࿂ֹ֥ႺؿԛऎႵ֮ۚࠏ఼؇ᆭٳ֥౦࿂Ĥ࣮ᆀঔᅚ-ࡹഡં(broaden and build theory of ೂޅሙಒֹҠሺ౦࿂Տ֥ࠗࠏ఼؇Ĥᆃུ໙ีpositive emotions), ࠧѩ٤෮Ⴕ֥ࠒࠞ౦࿂ऎታրࢳथb෮ၛ, ࡹ৫ࠏົ؇֥ҠቔྟקၬѩႵঔᅚིႋ, ᆺႵପུ֮࣍ࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞ౦ࣉ၂҄ؿᅚԛႺؿ҂ࠏ఼؇౦࿂֥ѓሙ߄Տ࿂, ೂܴु၂۱Ⴉଏ႕ᆭު֥ᄆؓಪᆩࡆ۽ࠗҋਘࠇༀ൞ࢳथھ໙ี֥ܱ, ২ೂႨԮऎႵঔᅚིႋ, طପུۚ࣍ࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞ౦֥ሱקਈі(self-assessment manikin)ࠇ࿂, ೂॗຬ֤֞མေ֥၂۱ุ֥ಣ౦ؓಪᆩࡆLikertקਈі(Likert scale)ཞק౦࿂Տི֥ࠗ۽ᄵऎႵᅎ߄ིႋb ࡎაߒྜົ؇၂ဢটקఃࠏົ؇, ᆃཁ֤۷ಖط, ھંഉթᄝ၂ུၐ໙, ᆴ֤ໃটࡆсေބࣅ௧b ࣮ࣉ၂҄ฐษb൮༵, ଢభᆦӻھંଆ֥ྛᄜՑ, ֒భᆰࢤᆦӻ౦࿂֥ࠏົ؇ଆູ֥აപࣜᆣऌ؟ཋႿ࣮ᇿၩܼ؇(Gable & പࣜ॓࿐ᆣऌ؟টሱႿള࣮, ఼טਔభحHarmon-Jones, 2010b)aᇛຶაᇏྏྐ༏֥࠺ၫҪ֥٤ؓӫࠗࠃაࠏٚཟཌྷܱ, ቐحҪؓ(Gable & Harmon-Jones, 2010c)ၛࠣಪᆩ݂োႿ࣍ࠏऎႵᇗေቔႨ, ѩ҂၇ঠႿ౦࿂ི(Price & Harmon-Jones, 2010)֩ࡆ۽֥ঔᅚაᅎࡎbభحҪҕაۚࠩಪᆩۿି, ೂ۽ቔ࠺ၫა߄ིႋ, ቔູ၂۱ྍଆ, ླ֤֞ఃো֥ಪၝᇅࡆ۽֩؟ᇕྏݖӱ, ѩ҂ࣇཋႿ࣍ބ߭ᆩࡆ۽ঔᅚ/ᅎ߄ིႋ࣮֥ဒᆣ, Ֆطࣉྛܼٗхࡆ۽bၹՎ, ໃটٚཟႋႨॢࡗٳяੱ۷ܼۚb২ೂॉҳۚa֮ࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞބཨࠞ౦֥fMRIࠇPET֩ԷྟଷӮཞඌ, টॉҳ࿂൞ڎ߶ᅎ߄ࠇঔᅚ႕ཙ౦࿂࠺ၫಃޙིႋაದো࣍ࠇ߭хࠏࡆ۽ᇏ, Ҫ༯ࢲܒ֥(emotion-induced memory trade-off / emotional ொҧ߄ၛࠣҪაҪ༯ࢲܒ֥ۿି৵ࢤmemory trade-off)Ֆطᆰࢤဒᆣھંb౦࿂࠺ၫ(Harmon-Jones & Gable, 2008), Ֆطࣉ၂҄ဒᆣಃޙིႋ൞ᆷದૌؓ౦࿂ӆࣟᇏྏ֥౦࿂ߒྜཛ౦࿂֥ࠏົ؇ଆb ଢ࠺ၫ۷ݺ, طؓაߒྜཛଢཌྷ֥ᇏྟМ֥ࣟቋު, ֒భ࣮ᆀؓ“ࠏົ؇”ᆃ၂ۀ֥࠺ၫ۷ҵ(Waring & Kensinger, 2009)b۴ऌ౦࿂֥ࢳഉթᆚၰ, ᆃᇕᆚၰᆰࢤ֝ᇁ࣮ᆀمؓࠏົ؇ଆ, ۚࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞބཨࠞ౦࿂Տ“ࠏົ؇”ࡹ৫၂۱௴ђൡႨ֥Ҡቔྟקၬbࠗᅎ߄ᇿၩބ࠺ၫࡆ۽, ၹՎ, აӆ֥ࣟᇛຶМLarsonބSteuer (2009)ᇶᅦ֥ࠏཌྷܱྟࣟཌྷб, ӆࣟᇏྏ֥౦࿂Տࠗᄝщൈॖି་ႄ(motivational relevance)ᆷ౦࿂ՏࠗؓႿളթބࣉ۷؟ᇿၩሧჷ, ᄜಪൈॖିऎႵ࠺ၫႪ൝, طཤ߄ൡႋ֥ᇗေྟ, ๙ݖбࢠପུᄝߒྜഈਔؓᇛຶМ֥ࣟ࠺ၫ, ႮՎॖၛყ௹ԛགྷۚᄝളളթᇗေྟഈ҂֥Տࠗ(ೂ٪ࢡ֥ܐაࠏ఼؇֥౦࿂Ⴚؿ֥࠺ၫಃޙིႋ; ّᆭ, ֮ᇏݓቀ౯ؒҙϧ, ؽᆀෙಖनႵࢠۚߒྜ, ऎࠏ఼؇֥ࠒࠞބཨࠞ౦࿂Տࠗঔᅚᇿၩބ࠺ၫࡆႵ҂֥ള࿐ᇗေၩၬ), ьॖିٳषߒྜ؇۽, Ֆطؓᇏྏ౦࿂ཛଢބᇛຶМ֥ࣟᇿၩሧჷაࠏཌྷܱྟᆃਆᇕົ؇bLevineބEdelstein ٳཌྷ֒, ࠺ၫӮ္ࠛႋཁᇷҵၳ, ၹՎყ௹(2009)ิԛ֥ଢѓཌྷܱྟ(goal-relevance)ᆷ౦࿂࠺ၫಃޙིႋཨാb ൙ࡱ֥หᆘ, ᆃུหᆘॖၛᄹࡆࠇࡨഒൌགྷଢѓఃՑ, ཌྷܱ࣮؟Ⴈٳ৫౦࿂Տࠗটቔູ֥ॖିྟࠇڿэଢѓ֥ᇗေྟbႪ༵ࡆ۽ପུି
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