Land Rover Experience Academy - Land Rover Technology 路虎体验学校 - 路虎技术 Table of Contents 1 Course information 2 Introduction 3 The petrol engine 4 The diesel engine 5 The four wheel drive system Four wheel drive systems Differentials 6 Electronic driver aids Anti-lock braking system (ABS) Electronic Traction Control (ETC) Electronic Brake Force Distribution (EBD) Hill Descent Control (HDC) Terrain Response (TR) 7 Suspension Test 1 Land Rover Technology Test 目录 1 课程信息....................................................................................................................2 2 前言............................................................................................................................3 3 汽油引擎....................................................................................................................4 4 柴油引擎......................................................................................错误！未定义书签。 5 四轮驱动系统...........................................................................................................10 四轮驱动系统.................................................................................................10 差速器...........................................................................................................13 6......................................................................................................................................19 四回路ABS制动防抱死系统.........................................................................19 电子牵引力控制系统 (ETC)...........................................................................21 电子制动力分配系统 (EBD)..........................................................................24 陡坡缓降控制系统 (HDC)..............................................................................25 地形反馈适应系统 (TR).................................................................................26 7 悬挂..........................................................................................................................27 8 测试 路虎技术测试..................................................................................................29 1
Section 1, Course information 课程信息 Welcome to the Land Rover Experience Academy. This course is designed to provide franchise holders, instructors and demonstrators with a detailed working knowledge of Land Rover technology and innovation. Introductions to many Land Rover systems and the petrol and diesel engine are also included. 欢迎来到路虎体验学校。该课程旨在为许可证持有者、教员与演示者们提供一整套路虎技术与创新的实用知识。另外它也包括诸多路虎系统与汽油和柴油引擎的介绍。 For vehicle specific information, refer to the relevent vehicle course. 关于特定车辆的信息请参照相关的车辆课程。 2
Section 2, Introduction 前言 Introduction For over half a century Land Rover has been at the cutting edge of four wheel drive technology and innovation. By specialising purely in 4WD vehicles, Land Rover is able to provide customers with the most capable vehicles in the world. 前言 半个多世纪以来，路虎一直位于四轮驱动技术与创新的前沿。因其全力专业制作4WD车辆, 路虎能为客户提供全球能力最出众的车型。 Future Land Rover vehicles will continue to lead the field with the introduction of innovations such as Terrain Response. 随着地形反馈适应系统等创新技术的引进，将来路虎车辆将继续保持其业界先锋的地位。 3
Section 3, The petrol engine 汽油引擎 The petrol engine 汽油引擎 The combustion process Combustion is the process of igniting a mixture of air and fuel. In the combustion process a mixture of air and fuel is drawn into a cylinder and compressed by a moving piston. The compressed mixture is ignited to create energy for vehicle motion. 燃烧过程 燃烧是点燃空气与燃料混合体的过程。在燃烧过程中，空气与燃料的混合体被吸入气缸内，并受到一个移动活塞的压缩。受压缩的混合体点燃后产生能量，驱动车辆移动。 Creating mechanical motion When combustion occurs, the gases from the burning air-fuel mixture expand in the cylinder with very high pressure. The high pressure pushes the piston down in the cylinder. The piston is connected to a connecting rod, which is connected to the crankshaft. Because the piston is connected in this way to the crankshaft, the crankshaft begins to rotate with the motion of the piston. The connecting rod and crankshaft convert the up and down motion of the piston into rotary motion. 产生机械运动 当燃烧发生时，来自燃烧中空气燃料混合体的气体在气缸内以极高压力扩张。高压推动活塞箱气缸下部移动。活塞连接于一根连杆，而连杆又连接于曲轴。由于活塞以这种方式与曲轴相连接，曲轴开始随着活塞的运动而旋转。连杆与曲轴将活塞的上下运动转换成旋转运动。 The rotary motion from the engine is transferred to the wheels through the transmission and drivetrain. 来自引擎的旋转运动通过传动系统与动力传动机构转移至车轮。 Cylinder bore In automotive engine terminology, bore refers to cylinder bore. Cylinder bore is the diameter of the cylinder (1). 气缸直径 在汽车引擎术语中，直径是指气缸直径。气缸直径是气缸(1)的直径。 4
Piston stroke Stroke refers to piston stroke. Piston stroke is a measurement of the distance a piston travels in the cylinder during crankshaft rotation. The stroke is equal to the distance the piston travels in the cylinder from the lowest point to the highest point. 活塞行程 行程指活塞行程。活塞行程是指曲轴旋转时活塞在气缸中运动距离的量度尺寸。行程等于活塞在气缸内最低点与最高点之间的移动距离。 The four-stroke cycle Nearly all modern vehicle engines are four-stroke cycle engines. Four-stroke means the piston moves the length of the cylinder four times in order to complete one combustion cycle. 四行程循环 几乎所有现代车辆引擎都是四行程循环引擎。四行程是指活塞在汽缸中移动四个行程才完成一次燃烧循环。 1 Intake stroke The intake stroke is considered the first of the four cycles. The intake valve opens and as the piston moves down the air-fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder. 1 进汽行程 进汽行程被认为是四个循环的首个步骤。进汽阀打开，随着活塞向下移动，空气与燃料的混合体被吸入气缸。 2 Compression stroke The crankshaft motion sends the piston back up the cylinder. The air-fuel mixture is trapped in the cylinder and is compressed between the piston and cylinder head. 2 压缩行程 曲轴的运动将活塞送回气缸。空气燃料混合体留在气缸内，并被压缩于活塞与气缸头之间。 Compression of the air-fuel mixture is very important for developing power. The greater the compression, the more power the mixture creates during combustion. 空气燃料混合体的压缩对于产出动力举足轻重。压缩程度越高，混合体在压缩中产生的动力就越大。 3 Power stroke Just before the piston reaches the top, a spark from the spark plug ignites the air-fuel mixture and the power stroke begins. The burning gases expand rapidly, creating very high pressure on top of the piston as the piston rotates and moves down the cylinder. 5
3 动力行程 就在活塞到达顶部之前，来自火花塞的一个火花点燃了空气燃料混合体，此时动力行程开始。燃烧的气体快速扩张，随着活塞旋转并在气缸中下降对活塞的顶部施加极高的压力。 4 Exhaust stroke As the piston nears the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve begins to open. The rotating crankshaft pushes the piston back up the cylinder. The piston pushes the burned gases out the exhaust valve, through the cylinder head exhaust port and out the exhaust system. 4排放行程 当活塞接近动力行程的底部时，废气阀开始打开。旋转的曲轴推动活塞回到气缸上部。活塞将燃烧过的气体推出废气阀，经过气缸头废气端口并排出废气系统。 Then the four-stroke cycle begins again with the intake stroke. 然后四行程循环再次从进汽行程重新开始。 This illustrates the four-stroke cycle in only one cylinder. The four strokes are continuously repeated in all the cylinders in an alternating pattern. The four strokes of the cycle – intake, compression, power, and exhaust – require two full rotations of the crankshaft. However, the piston receives direct combustion pressure only during the power stroke, or about one quarter of the cycle. 以上步骤说明了仅在一个气缸内的四行程循环。四行程不断地在所有气缸内轮流反复进行。该周期的四个行程 – 进汽、压缩、动力、与排放 – 要求曲轴进行两次全幅转动。然而，活塞只在动力行程（或周期的四分之一行程）中受到直接燃烧压力。 Because no power is being generated during three of the four strokes, the flywheel is crucial. The flywheel “stores” the energy that is generated and uses the stored energy to keep the crankshaft rotating smoothly. 由于在四个行程的其它三个中没有动力生成，飞轮是至关重要的。飞轮“储存” 了所生成的能量，并将其用于保持曲轴顺畅地旋转。 Displacement 1 Cylinder and combustion chamber volume at bottom of stroke 2 Cylinder and combustion chamber volume at top of stroke 3 Top of piston at top of stroke 4 Top of piston at bottom of stroke 排量 1 气缸与行程底端的燃烧室容量 2 气缸与行程顶端的燃烧室容量 6
3 行程顶端的活塞顶部 4 行程底端的活塞顶部 The term displacement refers to two related concepts. Cylinder displacement is the amount of air that is moved or displaced by the piston in a single cylinder. Displacement is expressed as a volume in litres or cubic centimeters. 术语排量是指两个相关联的概念。气缸排量是指单个气缸内活塞移动或置换的空气量。排量是以升或立方厘米表示的容量。 Total engine displacement is equal to the displacement of one piston multiplied by the total number of cylinders in the engine. For example, if each cylinder in a four-cylinder engine has a displacement of 500cc the total engine displacement is 4 x 500cc = 2000cc, or 2 litres. 引擎总排量等于一个活塞的排量乘以引擎内的气缸总数。例如，如果一个四气缸引擎内每个气缸具有500cc的排量，引擎总排量即为 4 x 500cc = 2000cc，或2 升。 Compression ratio The compression ratio indicates how much the air-fuel mixture is squeezed during the compression stroke. For example, a compression ratio of 8 to 1 means the volume at the bottom of the stroke is eight times larger than the volume when the piston is at the top of the stroke. Higher compression ratios allow for greater potential power output. 压缩率 压缩率指在压缩行程中空气燃料混合体的压缩程度。例如，压缩率为8 至1是指行程底部的容量比活塞在行程顶部时大八倍。较高的压缩率能产生更大的潜在功率输出。 7
Section 4, The diesel engine 柴油引擎 The diesel engine 柴油引擎 The diesel engine is a reciprocating piston engine having the same basic structure and cycle as the petrol engine. The main difference between a diesel engine and gasoline engine is the fuel used, and the method of ignition for fuel combustion. 柴油引擎是一种往复式活塞引擎，具有与汽油引擎相同的基本结构与周期。柴油引擎与汽油引擎之间的主要区别在于所使用的燃料，以及用于燃料燃烧的点火方式。 Diesel engines use the heat of compression to ignite the air and fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. This type of ignition is accomplished using a high compression pressure and diesel fuel injected into the combustion chamber under very high pressure. The combination of diesel fuel and high compression pressure produces spontaneous ignition to begin the combustion cycle. 柴油引擎使用压缩的热量来点燃燃烧室内的空气与燃料和混合体。此种点火是通过使用一种高压及将柴油燃料在极高的压力下喷射入燃烧室而达成的。柴油与高压的组合同时产生点火以启动燃烧周期。 There are two main types of diesel engine. 主要有两种柴油引擎 Indirect: Where the fuel is injected in to a small chamber set off from the main cylinder. Direct: Where the fuel is injected into the main cylinder. 间接式: 其中燃料被喷射入主气缸附带的一个小室内。 直接式: 其中燃料被喷射入主气缸内。 The Td5 is a direct injection engine. Turbochargers All diesel engines in the Land Rover range are turbocharged to increase the power to 8
weight ratio of the engine. Fuel delivery systems Distributor fuel pump: In this system, fuel is lifted from the fuel tank, filtered and delivered to a high-pressure pump. High-pressure fuel is regulated and delivered to the fuel injectors in the correct sequence. Td5 一种直喷式引擎. 涡轮增压系统 所有路虎车型内的柴油引擎为涡轮驱动以提高引擎的动力重量比。 燃料 输送燃料系统 分配器 燃料泵: 在此系统中，燃料从燃料桶内被提出，经过滤并输送到一只高压泵。高压燃料按照正确次序经过调节并输送到燃料喷射器。 Common rail design: Common rail-type diesel engines deliver fuel at a high pressure through a pressure regulator to a common fuel rail. Fuel injection is controlled by the ECM which regulates injection time based on engine operating conditions. 共轨设计: 共轨型柴油引擎通过一个压力调节器以高压将燃料输送至一个共用燃料轨道。燃料喷射由ECM控制，它会根据引擎操作条件调节喷射时间。 9
Section 5, The four wheel drive system 四轮驱动系统 Anatomy of a permanent 4WD 永久性4WD的结构 1 Engine引擎 2 Main gearbox主变速箱 3 Transfer box and centre differential传动箱与中央差速器 4 Propeller shaft传动轴 5 Front differential前差速器 6 Rear differential后差速器 This diagram outlines the key features of the four wheel drive system in Defender. Every model in the Land Rover range has similarities to this system. 该图大致描述了卫士Defender车型中四轮驱动系统的主要特征。路虎车型中的各型号同该系统具有类似之处。 Section , Four wheel drive systems 四轮驱动系统 Four wheel drive systems 四轮驱动系统 1. Manually selecting 4x4 (part time) A vehicle which has the front prop shaft (and thus front wheels) disengaged from the gearbox until 4WD is selected is said to have part time four wheel drive. In these vehicles, 4WD is usually engaged by the driver via a lever in the cab. When 4WD is selected in these vehicles, the front and rear prop shafts are locked together and always turn at the same rate. This feature causes some 'fight' between the front and rear axles (which normally have slight speed differences when cornering). When travelling on loose or slippery surfaces, this 'fight' can be accommodated by small amounts of wheel slippage. However, when travelling on high grip surfaces such as tarmac, this slippage cannot occur and a certain amount of transmission wind up occurs, causing tyre wear, transmission 10
stress and stiff steering. In these vehicles, 4WD should be disengaged on high grip surfaces. 1. 手动选择 4x4 (兼时) 如果一种车辆在选中4WD 之前其前轴 (因此也指前车轮) 是脱离变速箱的，此种车辆就是具有兼时四轮驱动的车型。在这些车辆中，4WD通常由驾驶者通过驾驶室内的操纵杆启用。 当4WD在这些车辆中被选用时，前轴与后轴一起锁定，而且常常总是以相同速率转动。该特性导致前轴与后轴 (正常情况下当拐弯时会存在轻微的速率差异) 之间存在 '不协调'。当驾驶于松弛或打滑的路面上时，这种 '不协调' 可以通过车轮的轻微滑动进行包容。但是，当在高抓地力的路面如柏油马路上行驶时，这种滑动不会发生，且会发生一定量的传动纽结，从而导致轮胎磨损、传动压力与转向生硬。在这些车辆中，4WD 应在高抓地力路面上取消。 2. Automatically selecting 4x4 These vehicles are similar to manually selecting 4WD vehicles, but the transition from 4x2 to 4x4 is made automatically with no driver intervention. The method of automatic selection can be done via a Viscous Coupling or similar device, which essentially can engage and disengage the second prop shaft when wheelspin is detected. The disadvantage of automatically selecting 4WD is that wheelspin is needed before 4WD will engage. 2. 自动选择4x4 这些车辆类似于手动选择4WD车辆，但从 4x2 至 4x4 的转换是自动完成的，无需驾驶者干预。自动选择的方法可通过一只粘性耦合器或类似装置达成，其关键功能是在探测到车轮空转时启动或解除第二根支撑轴。自动选择4WD的缺点是在4WD 启动之前需要出现车轮空转。 3. Manually selctable 4x4 (with freewheeling hubs) In the two previous sections, when 4x2 is selected, one of the prop shafts is disengaged from the gearbox and therefore not driven. However, the non-driven wheels are still connected to parts of the transmission including the half-shafts, differential and prop shaft. Freewheeling hubs allow the non-driven wheels to rotate without the transmission parts rotating. The theory is that due to reduced drag, fuel consumption will be improved. However, the effect of using freewheeling hubs on fuel consumption is often negligible. Freewheeling hubs can be manual or automatically selecting. 3. 手动可选择 4x4 (带惯性滑行车轴) 在先前的两章中，当选中4x2 时，支撑轴的一根从变速箱脱离，由此不受驱动。然而，未手驱动的车轮仍然连接于传动机构的部件，其中包括半轴、差速器及支撑轴。惯性滑行车轴允许未受驱动的车轮在传动部件未转动的情况下旋转。理论上说由于阻力降低，燃料消耗可以得到改善。然而，使用惯性滑行车轴的效果对于燃料消耗的效果常常是可以忽略不计的。惯性滑行车轴可以是手动或自动选择。 4. Permanent four wheel drive (full time) The permanent four wheel drive system provides positive drive to the front and rear axles 11
at all times. A centre differential distributes drive between the front and rear axles which can often be locked (refer to differential section). In real world conditions, permanent 4WD is the best system, providing best on and off-road traction and always being prepared for unexpected conditions. All modern Land Rover models have permanent 4WD including the Freelander which uses a pre-loaded viscous coupling to ensure drive at both axles at all times. 4. 永久性四轮驱动 (全时) 永久性四轮驱动系统随时都向前轴与后轴提供正向驱动。一只中央差速器将驱动力在前轴与后轴之间分配，前后轴常可锁定 (参照差速器章节)。在实际状况下，永久性4WD 是最佳的系统，可提供最佳的公路与越野牵引力，而且总是对紧急状况有所准备。所有的现代路虎车型都具有永久性4WD，包括使用一件预载粘性耦合器以确保随时对两根轴进行驱动的神行者Freelander。 Clarifying part time and full time 4x4 In certain markets such as America the phrases full time and part time 4WD mean the following: Full time 4WD means that it can be used all of the time (a centre differential is fitted). Part time 4WD means it can only be used part of the time, in low traction conditions (no centre differential fitted or differential locked). 区别兼时与全时 4x4 在某些市场如美国市场上，全时与兼时4WD的措辞指的是: 全时4WD指其随时可用 (安装有一件中央差速器)。兼时4WD指的是其仅在低牵引力的状况下某些时间使用 (未配备中央差速器或差速器锁定)。 Permanent four wheel drive All modern Land Rover vehicles are equipped with permanent four wheel drive. 永久性四轮驱动 所有现代路虎车辆都配备有永久性四轮驱动。 The advantages of permanent 4WD over other systems is outlined below. 永久性4WD相对于其它系统的优点概述如下。 Improved traction Compared to a vehicle with two wheel drive (or selectable four wheel drive which has not been engaged), permanent four wheel drive provides improved traction. Speading the available torque between four wheels places less demand on the adhesion of each tyre, thus permanent 4WD reduces the chances of wheelspin, and therefore maintains traction in more slippery conditions or when cornering. 12
牵引力提高 比起配备双轮驱动的车辆 (或未启动的可选择四轮驱动)，永久性四轮驱动提供更佳的牵引力。将现有的扭矩分布于四只车轮对每只轮胎的附着力要求更低，因此永久性4WD 降低了车轮空转的可能性，且由此在更为打滑的状况下或拐弯时保持了牵引力。 Improved engine braking In addition to excellent traction, permanent 4WD improves engine braking. Engine braking acts on all four wheels as opposed to two wheel drive vehicles. This means that when descending steep slippery hills, Land Rover vehicles are less likely to experience wheel slip, again by lowering the demands on the adhesion of each wheel. 引擎刹车改善 除了优异的牵引力，永久性4WD 也可改善引擎刹车。相对于双轮驱动的车辆，引擎刹车对所有四只车轮都发挥效果。这意味着当在陡峭打滑的山坡下降时，路虎车辆不大可能经受车轮打滑，这也是通过降低对每只车轮的附着力要求而达到的。 Spreads wear By spreading the available power and engine braking between all wheels, permanent four wheel drive spreads wear and stress on driveline components, extending component life. 分散磨损 通过在所有车轮间分散现有的动力与引擎刹车，永久性四轮驱动将磨损与压力在动力系统组件之间分散，从而延长了组件的寿命。 Ready for the unexpected Permanent 4WD does not require the action of a lever or button to engage drive to all wheels. This makes Land Rover vehicles ready for unexpected conditions such as icy conditions, a muddy bend, or a steep descent. Permanent 4WD means peace of mind. 随时准备应对意外 永久性4WD 并不要求操作一根操纵杆或一只按钮以向四只车轮都启动驱动力。这使得路虎车辆随时能应付突发状况，如结冰状况、泥泞的弯道、或陡峭的下坡。永久性4WD 意味着放心驾驶。 Section , Differentials 差速器 Differentials Axle differentials 差速器 车轴差速器 13
Problem: When a vehicle corners, the outside wheel on an axle travel through a greater arc than the wheel on the inside of the turn (see Fig 1). This means that the inside and outside wheels travel at different speeds. If the driven wheels were geared together (not allowing a difference in wheel speed), one or other would have to hop or slip while cornering. 问题: 当一辆车辆拐弯时，一根轴上的外侧车轮要比转弯内侧的车轮所走过弧形要来得大 (参见图1)。这意味着内侧与外侧车轮的行走速度不一致。如果受驱动的车轮都以齿轮啮合在一起 (不允许轮速出现差异)，一只或其它车轮肯定在拐弯的时候会出现跳跃或打滑。 Fig 1: Inside and outside wheels travel different distances Solution: To allow for this speed difference, a differential is fitted between the driven wheels. It allows the wheels to be driven at the same speed when the vehicle is travelling in a straight line, but allow differing wheel speeds during cornering. 图1: 内轮与外轮行走距离不同 解决方案: 为了允许出现此速度差异，将一只差速器安装于被驱动轮之间。它允许车轮在车辆直线行驶时以相同的速度被驱动，而在拐弯时允许不同的轮速。 On vehicles with two-wheel drive systems the power is transmitted either to the front or to the rear wheels and only one axle differential is necessary (the other wheels are free to rotate at different speeds naturally). In Land Rover vehicles, both the front and the rear wheels are driven and a differential is needed on each axle to allow speed differences between the left and right of each axle. 在双轮驱动系统的车辆中，动力被传送至前轮、或后轮及一根轴上。差速器是必须的 (其它车轮可以不同的速度自然地自由旋转)。在路虎车辆中，前轮与后轮都受到驱动，每根轴上都需要一只差速器以允许每根轴的左右两侧出现速度差异。 Permanent Four-Wheel Drive Centre differential When cornering there are also speed differences between the wheels on the front and rear axle due to the two axles travelling in different arcs (see Fig 2). Therefore a central differential is also fitted to the propeller shaft between the front and rear wheels. 永久性四轮驱动 中央差速器 在拐弯时由于两根轴以不同弧度行走，所以前轴与后轴上的车轮之间也存在速度差异 (参见图2)。因此在前轮与后轮之间的传动轴上也安装有一只中央差速器。 Fig 2: Front and rear wheels travel different distances when cornering 14
图 2: 前轮与后轮在拐弯时走过不同距离 In modern Land Rovers, power is applied to all four wheels all the time with the centre differential allowing a flexible division of drive between the front and rear axles. By spreading the available drive and engine braking between all four wheels, traction is improved and there is less chance of wheel slip under engine braking. 在现代路虎车型中，动力随时都被施加至所有四只车轮，中央差速器允许动力灵活地在前轴与后轴之间分配。通过将现有的驱动力与引擎刹车分散于所有四只车轮，牵引力得到提高，且在引擎刹车下车轮打滑的几率也可减少。 Centre differential lock The job of the centre differential lock is to distribute the engine’s drive equally between the front and the rear wheels for improved traction in difficult slippery conditions. 中央差速器锁 中央差速器锁的作用是将引擎的驱动力均匀地分布于前轮与后轮，从而在难驾驶的打滑状况下提高牵引力。 Why is it needed? Although differentials are essential for allowing different wheel rotation speeds when a 4X4 vehicle is cornering on road, off-road they allow the drive from the engine to 'escape' through wheelspin. For example, if one wheel is on ice it will spin and no drive will be distributed to the other wheels (see Fig 3). This is why a differential lock is required for off-road use. 为什么需要它? 虽然差速器对于4X4 车辆在公路上拐弯时允许车轮有不同旋转速度是至关重要的，越野时它们允许来自引擎的动力通过车轮空转 '逃逸' 。例如，如果一只车轮在冰面上转动，它将空转而驱动力不会分配给其它车轮 (参见图3)。这就是为什么越野使用时需要配备差速器锁的原因。 Fig 3: Drive lost through one spinning wheel on slippery ground 图3: 打滑路面上空转车轮导致驱动力丧失 Fig 4. When the centre differential is locked, there is a 50/50 drive split between the front an rear axles 图4. 当中央差速器被锁定时，在前后轴之间存在有50/50 的驱动力分配。 The lock stops the normal function of the centre differential and ensures a 50/50 distribution of engine drive between the front and rear axles (see Fig 4). A good demonstration of how the diff lock increases off-road ability is to drive a vehicle with diff 15
lock up a steep muddy hill. Without the diff lock engaged all the drive can escape due to spinning of one or both of the unladen front wheels. When the diff lock is engaged, only 50% of the drive can be lost and the rear wheels (which have traction) will continue to push the vehicle up the hill. It is important to remember that the diff lock will not help in situations where traction is lost in the front and rear axles at the same time. 锁定停止了中央差速器的正常功能，并确保引擎驱动力在前轴与后轴之间进行50/50的分布 (参见图4)。要证明差速器锁定如何增加越野能力，可以驾驶一辆装有差速器锁的车辆驶上一个陡峭泥泞的山坡。如未启动差速器锁，由于一只或两只未受负载的前车轮空转会使所有驱动力都逃逸。启用差速器锁后，只有50% 的驱动力会失去且后轮 (具有牵引力) 将继续推动车辆驶上山坡。请记住当前轴与后轴同时丧失牵引力时差速器锁没有用处，这一点很重要。 The differential lock does not allow for any speed differences between the front and rear wheels when cornering. It should therefore only be used on loose or slippery surfaces when the ground allows a certain amount of wheel slippage. Always disengage diff lock before moving back onto the highway. 差速器锁并不允许在拐弯时前轮与后轮之间存在任何速度差异。因此它只应该在路面允许一定量的车轮打滑时被用于松弛或打滑的路面。在回到公路驾驶前一定要记住解除差速器锁。 After continuous use, the differential lock warning light may remain illuminated even though the transfer lever is in the unlocked position, due to mechanical ‘lock-up’ between the dog clutch and the output shaft splines. The situation can usually be corrected by reversing the vehicle for a few metres and then driving forward. This operation should be carried out before the vehicle rejoins the road to avoid the risks involved in reversing where there may be other traffic. 在连续使用后，即便转移控制杆是处于未锁定状态，差速器锁定警告灯可能保持点亮。这是由于犬齿式离合器与输出轴花键之间的机械 ‘锁定’ 造成的。该情况可以通过倒转车辆若干米然后再向前行驶来纠正。这一操作应于重新驶上道路前进行，以避免有其它车辆行驶状况下倒车产生的风险。 REMEMBER: The differential lock must never be operated when a wheel is spinning, as this will seriously damage the transmission. 请记住: 差速器锁绝对不能在有车轮空转的时候操作，因为这将严重地损坏变速器。 The differential lock must never be engaged when the vehicle is being driven on firm ground where the wheels do not slip. Cornering with the differential locked on firm ground causes transmission wind-up, leading to excessive twisting stresses which will reduce the life of components and tyres. 16
当车辆在坚硬地面上驾驶而此时车轮不会打滑时，差速器锁定绝对不能启动。差速器锁定时在坚硬的地面上拐弯将使变速器缠绕、导致过多的扭转压力，这将降低组件与轮胎使用寿命。 Viscous coupling unit (VCU) The Viscous Coupling Unit is used in Freelander in place of a conventional center differential (see Fig 5). Located between the front and rear propshafts, the VCU allows for the small differences in rotation speeds between the front and rear wheels which occur when cornering. In addition, the VCU progressively locks the drive equally between the front and rear shafts on low traction surfaces (similar in effect to a locking centre differential). 粘性耦合器 (VCU) 粘性耦合器用于神行者Freelander以替代一个传统的中央差速器 (参见图5)。VCU位于前轴与后轴之间，它允许拐弯时前轮与后轮之间出现微小的转速差异。此外，在低牵引力路面上VCU会逐渐均匀锁定前轴与后轴之间的驱动力 (实际上类似于锁定中央差速器)。 Fig 5: Section through a VCU 1 Cylinder 2 Slotted discs 3 Input shaft 4 Roller bearing 5 Ball bearing 6 Torsional damper flange ( models only) 7 Output shaft 图5: 透过VCU的截面图 1 气缸 2槽盘 3 输入轴 4滚子轴承 5滚珠轴承 6扭力阻尼器凸缘 (仅限 车型) 7 输出轴 The VCU is a canister filled with a silicone fluid sandwiched between slotted steel plates (see Fig 5). The fluid’s viscosity increases when stirred and heated. When the wheels of the front axle start to lose traction and spin, they cause the front and rear propshafts to rotate at different speeds to each other. The propshafts are linked to the steel plates in the VCU, and the difference in rotation speeds in the slotted plates causes a rise in temperature in the silicon fluid. This rise in temperature results in increased viscosity of the fluid and leads to progressive locking of the plates. This effectively starts to couple the front and rear propshafts, eventually dividing drive equally between front and rear axles to maintain traction and control. VCU是一只装满硅液的罐，其两侧夹有带槽钢板 (参见图5)。受搅拌并加热后液体的粘度增加。当前轴的车轮开始失去牵引力并空转时，它们使得前、后轴以不同的速度相对旋转。 前后轴连接于VCU内的钢板，而槽板的旋转速度差异导致硅液温度上升。温度的上升使得液体的粘度增加，从而使得板块逐渐锁定。这就有效地开始耦合前后轴，最终将驱动力均匀地分配于前轴与后轴之间以保持牵引力与控制。 The response is almost instantaneous, and undetectable by the driver. As the front wheels regain traction, the temperature in the VCU drops, the viscosity of the fluid returns to its original level and the propshafts are unlocked, reverting to normal drive mode. 17
其反应几乎时同时作出的，驾驶无法觉察。随着前轮重获牵引力，VCU内的温度下降，液体的粘度恢复至其原先的水准，而后驱传动轴解除锁定，回到正常的驾驶模式。 Torsen (torque sensing) differential Torsen (扭矩感应) 差速器 Fig 6: Cutaway of Torsen differential 1 Pinion gear 2 Side gear (front propshaft drive) 3 Side gear (rear propshaft drive) 4 Cover plate 5 Housing/ring gear 6 Friction thrust washer 7 Thrust washer 8 Roller bearing 图6: Torsen差速器的剖面图 1 活塞齿轮 2 侧齿轮 (前轴驱动) 3 侧齿轮 (后轴驱动) 4 盖板 5壳体/环状齿轮 6 摩擦止推垫圈 7止推垫圈 8 滚子轴承 The Torsen differential (see Fig 6) is another type of center differential which has the ability to prevent wheelspin before it occurs and bias drive between the front and rear axles depending on conditions. Torsen 差速器 (参见图6) 是中央差速器的另一种类型，它能在空转发生前防止空转发生，并能根据路况防止前轴与后轴之间的偏向驱动。 During normal driving conditions, the Torsen unit supplies a nominal 50:50 drive output to the front and rear prop shafts. In slippery conditions, drive is biased to the axle and wheels with the higher grip within the biasing range of approximately 35/65 to 65/35 front to rear. The torque biasing capability is instantaneous and operates as a preventative system. The unit does not need wheel spin and speed differentiation to be activated. The unit senses that one propeller shaft has the intention to rotate faster than the other one, then the unit biases the torque away from that propeller shaft and applies it to the other shaft. 在正常的驾驶状况下，Torsen 单元向前后轴提供正常的50:50 驱动力输出。在打滑状况下，驱动力被偏移转至具有更高抓地力的轴与车轮，范围在前后偏移比为大约 35/65至65/35之间。 扭矩偏移能在顷刻间发生，并作为一种防范性系统操作。该单元并不需要车轮空转与速度差异而使其启动。该单元觉察到一根传动轴具有较其它轴更快旋转的倾向，然后该单元将扭矩从此传动轴偏移并施加给其它轴。 Conventional systems require the wheel spin to occur first before initiating the torque biasing action. Because the Torsen unit reacts before the spin occurs, the driving action is very smooth which results in enhanced grip for the road wheels. 传统的系统要求车轮空转首先发生，之后才会启动扭力偏移动作。因为Torsen unit 在空转之前作出反应，驱动动作将会非常流畅，导致接触道路车轮的抓地力得到提高。 18
Section , Anti-lock braking system (ABS) 四回路ABS制动防抱死系统 Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) 四回路ABS制动防抱死系统 The purpose of the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) is to allow efficient braking without wheel locking – thereby allowing the driver to retain steering control of the vehicle when braking heavily or on slippery surfaces. ABS does not reduce stopping distances, but allows obstacle avoidance while slowing. 四回路ABS制动防抱死系统 的目的是在不锁定车轮的条件下保证有效刹车 – 从而允许驾驶者在用力刹车时或在打滑路面上保持车辆转向控制。ABS 并不会减少刹车间距，但允许减速时避开障碍物 How ABS works 1. Brakes are applied and braking system functions as a conventional powered braking system 2. If any wheels decelerates more rapidly than others it is a sign of wheel lock and detected by the ABS sensors 3. The ECU modifies braking effort in a series of pulses to the offending wheel and prevents wheel lock 4. When the vehicle has almost slowed to a halt, ABS is deactivated and the vehicle stops. ABS 的工作原理 1. 踏下刹车的方式与刹车系统运行如同传统型动力配备的刹车系统。 2. 如果任一车轮较其它轮更快减速，这表明出现了车轮锁定并由 ABS 传感器探测到。 3. ECU通过一系列的脉冲修正有问题车轮的刹车力并防止车轮锁定。 4. 但车辆几乎完全停顿下来时，ABS 关闭车辆停下。 The ABS consists of sensors on each wheel and an Electronic Control Unit (ECU). Each sensor constantly feeds information to the ECU on the speed and rate of acceleration and deceleration of each wheel. When one wheel slows more rapidly than the others it is an indication that the wheel is locking and the tyre is skidding on the surface. When the ECU detects the initial signs of wheel lock-up it sends an electronic signal to the appropriate 19
brakes and modifies braking effort on skidding wheel in a series of rapid pulses which can occur at up to ten times a second. When all four wheels are again rotating at the same speed, the ECU deactivates the ABS. ABS 由每个车轮上的传感器及一个电子控制单元(ECU) 组成。每只传感器针对每个车轮的加速与减速速率不断向ECU反馈信息。当一只车轮较其它车轮更快减速时，这表明该车轮正锁定而轮胎在地表打滑。当ECU 探测到车轮锁定的最初迹象时，它会向合适的刹车发出电子信号并以一系列最高可达每秒10次的快速脉冲修正打滑车轮的刹车力。当所有四只车轮再次以相同速度转动时，ECU 就关闭ABS系统。 Four channel ABS Land Rover's sophisticated four-channel ABS provides sensing and braking control for all four wheels and so is capable of performing well on surfaces where one side may be slippery, the other dry. The system not only applies braking control to wheels which are slipping, but also regulates pressure to the wheels on the opposite side of the vehicle where necessary to maintain stability. 四通道ABS 路虎的高级四通道ABS 对所有四只车轮提供传感与刹车控制，并能在一侧可能打滑而一侧干燥的路面正常行驶。该系统不仅适用于打滑车轮的刹车控制，而且可按需调节车辆另一侧车轮的压力以保持稳定性。 To further increase control and stability, the system divides the four wheels into two diagonal pairs for more accurate sensing of vehicle reference speed. This also enables ABS protection to be maintained in the unlikely event of a sensing fault in one wheel. If a fault does occur, the driver is alerted immediately. 为了进一步提高控制性与稳定性，该系统以对角线配对的方式将四个车轮分为两组，从而更精确地感知车辆的参考速度。这也使ABS能在万一探测到一只车轮发生故障时对车辆进行保护。如果确实发生故障，驾驶者立刻可以得到警告。 During normal braking the feel of the brake pedal on models equipped with ABS will be the same as that on non-ABS vehicles. When the ABS comes into operation the driver will experience feedback in the form of a pulsating brake pedal and noise from the solenoid/pump motor in the modulator. The system is fully automatic in operation both on- and off-road. 在正常制动时，配备ABS的车型其刹车踏板的感受与无ABS车型的感受是一样的。当ABS开始操作时驾驶者将感受的反馈是刹车踏板的跳动反应以及来自调制器中电磁阀/气泵电机的噪声。该系统操作在公路与越野状态下都为全自动 Off road point Depending on traction availability, ABS may not function if a wheel locks up when the vehicle is travelling at under about 3mph (5kph). This is to allow the vehicle to come to a 20
complete stop. If ABS continued to work at very low speeds, the vehicle would keep rolling indefinitely. In very slippery conditions such as ice remember not to rely on ABS to prevent wheel slip at low speeds. It is better practice to select a low gear and use engine braking and HDC to prevent speed build up when descending hills than to rely on the foot brake. 越野点 根据牵引力可获得性的状况，当车辆以3mph (5kph) 以下的速率行驶时如果车轮锁定ABS不一定会发挥作用。这将允许车辆完全停下。如果ABS继续以极低的速度运转，车辆将无限制地继续滚动。在极为打滑的状况下，如冰层上，请记住不要依赖ABS来防止低速时的车轮打滑。在下坡时最好练习选择低档位并使用引擎刹车及HDC以防止加速而不是依靠脚刹车。 Note: The ABS sensors are also used in the Electronic Traction Control, Hill Descent Control and Digital Stability Control systems. 注意：ABS传感器也用于电子牵引力控制系统、陡坡缓降控制系统与数字稳定性控制系统。 Section , Electronic Traction Control (ETC) 电子牵引力控制系统 (ETC) Electronic Traction Control (ETC) Traction control uses the sophisticated ABS wheel speed sensors to detect wheel spin and prevent it by accurately applying the brakes to spinning wheels. In effect this transfers the drive away from spinning wheels to those which have traction and maintains control of the vehicle. ETC is operated automatically and needs no driver intervention. 电子牵引力控制系统 (ETC) 牵引力控制使用高级的ABS车轮速度传感器以探测车轮打滑并通过准确地向打滑车轮施加刹车力防止打滑发生。实际上这样做将驱动力从空转车轮转移至那些具有牵引力的车轮，并保持了对车辆的控制。ETC操作自动，且无需驾驶者干预。 Why is ETC needed? The front and rear axle differentials allow a flexible division in drive on each axle. This is essential for allowing different wheel rotation speeds when cornering in good conditions. However this flexibility can allow drive to ‘escape’ through a spinning wheel. ETC prevents this loss of drive by using the brakes to divert drive to the wheel with more traction. The brakes are applied in a series of rapid pulses. 为什么需要 ETC ? 前轴与后轴差速器允许对每根轴所受的驱动力进行灵活分配。这对在良好路况下拐弯时允许不同车轮旋转速度是至关重要的。然而，此种灵活性能使驱动力通过空转车轮 ‘逃逸’ 。ETC通过使用刹车来将驱动力分散至具有更多牵引力的车轮，从而防止了此种驱动力损失。 21
刹车以一系列的快速脉冲形式施加。 ETC is needed both on and off-road and reacts to unpredictable slippery terrain. By diverting the drive to wheels with the most traction control is maintained and drive is always transferred to the ground. ETC对于公路与越野驾驶都是必须的，而且能对不可预知的打滑地形作出反应。通过将驱动力分散至具最大牵引力的车轮，实现了车辆控制，且驱动力总是被转移至地面。 Vehicles with a centre differential lock also benefit from ETC When the centre differential lock is engaged, 50% of the drive is guaranteed at the front and at the rear axle. As long as both wheels on one axle have traction, the vehicle will continue moving. However it is still possible to get stuck if traction is lost at the front and rear axles at the same time (see Figure 7). 配有中央差速器锁的车辆也可从ETC中受益 当中央差速器锁启动时，50% 的动力确保于前部与后部轴。只要一根轴上的两只车轮具有牵引力，车辆就会继续移动。然而，如果前轴与后轴同时失去牵引力，车辆仍有可能动弹不得。 (参见图 7). Figure 7: Loss of drive despite centre diff lock engaged Traction control prevents this loss of drive by diverting drive to wheels that have traction available. In theory if at least one wheel has traction ETC will allow drive to be transferred to the ground. ETC is automatic and is useful when unexpected loss of traction occurs such as icy conditions on-road. In this situation the centre differential lock may not have been applied. 图 7: 尽管中央差速器启动但仍失去驱动力 通过将驱动力分散至仍有牵引力的车轮，牵引力控制防止了此驱动力的损失。理论上如果至少一只车轮具有牵引力，ETC将允许驱动力被转移至地面。ETC 是自动的，且在意外失去牵引力时（如公路结冰状况）有用。此种情况下中央差速器锁不一定得到启用。 How ETC works 1. ABS sensors detect the rapid acceleration of a spinning wheel 2. ETC applies the brakes to the spinning wheel in a series of rapid pulses and reduces the rotational speed 3. Drive is transferred across the axle via the centre and axle differentials to wheels with more traction 4. Drive is transferred to the ground and control of vehicle maintained ETC的工作原理 传感器探测到一只空转轮的快速加速 以一系列的快速脉冲向空转轮施加刹车力并降低旋转速度 3.驱动力通过中央与轴差速器被传递过轴直至更多牵引力的车轮 22
4.驱动力被传递至路面，并保持对车辆的控制。 The electronic control unit from the ABS monitors relative deceleration and acceleration rates of each wheel via the toothed wheel and sensors. If a wheel is accelerating rapidly relative to the others it is a sign of wheelspin. ETC then applies the brakes to the spinning wheel in a series of very rapid pulses. In this way drive is diverted to the other wheel on the axle via the action of the axle differentials. This maintains the transfer of drive to the ground and thus control of the vehicle. ABS的电子控制单元通过带齿的齿轮与传感器监控着每只车轮的相对减速及加速率。如果一只车轮相对与其它车轮发生了快速加速，这就是空转的迹象。ETC之后以一系列的极快的脉冲向空转的车轮施加刹车力。这样驱动力通过轴差速器的动作被分散至车轴上的其它车轮。这保持了驱动力向路面的转移并由此实现了车辆控制。 Examples where ETC provides an advantage: • Slippery off-road conditions • Towing – where the extra weight applies extra demand on the traction of each wheel • Every day on-road driving where unexpected loss of traction may occur (icy patches) • Where one or more wheels are not in contact with the ground in extreme off-road situations ETC 具有优势的范例: λ 打滑的越野路况 λ 拖车 – 其中附加重量对每只车轮的牵引力施加额外要求 λ 意外的牵引力丧失可能发生 (盖冰区域) 的日常公路驾驶 λ 极端越野状况下一只或多只车轮未与路面接触 Traction control vs other methods Some off-road vehicles have other methods of reducing wheel spin on a single axle. Such methods including locking axle differentials and limited slip differentials. ETC is an improvement on these mechanical methods as it does not have the potentially damaging risk of using axle diff locks on road. 牵引力控制与其它方法 某些越野车辆配备降低单根车轴上车轮空转的其它方法。此类方法包括锁定车轴差速器与限滑差速器。ETC 是对这些机械方法的一种改进，这是因为其不具有公路型驾驶中使用车轴差速器锁的潜在损伤风险。 Demonstrating ETC Whilst this feature is more applicable to driving off-road on difficult terrain, it is relatively easy to demonstrate in a car park. Position some metal rollers, pipes or large logs of wood next to each other on the car park. Either drive one side of the vehicle (. the left hand 23
side) onto the rollers or jack the vehicle up and place the rollers underneath it. 演示ETC 虽然此特性更适合于在难操纵的地形上越野驾驶，在停车场进行演示却相对较容易。将一些金属滚筒、管道或大块原木堆放于停车场。可以驾驶车辆的一侧（如左侧）开上滚筒或抬起车辆并将滚筒放置于其下方。 To demonstrate the electronic traction control to customers, simply show how the vehicle can be moved from stationary when the wheels are on different surfaces. Additionally, you could jack two diagonally opposing wheels up then simply start the vehicle and drive away from the jacked-up starting position. 为了向客户演示电子牵引力控制系统，只需示范车轮位于不同平面上的车辆如何能从静止位置移动。此外，您可以抬起两只斜对的车轮，然后启动车辆将车辆从抬起的启动位置开走。 Section , Electronic Brake Force Distribution (EBD) 电子制动力分配系统 (EBD) Electronic Brake Force Distribution (EBD) 电子制动力分配系统 (EBD) Weight transfer to the front of the vehicle occurs during heavy braking. Due to this weight transfer the wheels on the rear axle are comparatively unladen and more prone to locking. EBD modifies the braking effort to the rear axle to reduce the chances of wheel lock. In particularly difficult conditions the wheels may still lock and ABS will be activated as normal. By reducing the onset of wheel lock (and thus ABS activation) stopping distances can be effectively reduced. 在用力刹车时会发生重量向车辆前部转移的情况。由于此重量转移的原因，后轴上的车轮相对来说负载减轻而更容易发生锁定。EBD 修正对后轴的刹车力以降低车轮锁定的可能性。在特别困难的状况下，车轮可能仍然会锁定而ABS 将同往常一样启动。通过减少车轮锁定的发生 (以及ABS启动) ，可以有效地减少停车距离。 EBC compensates for the loading of the vehicle and adjusts the braking effort accordingly. When the vehicle is heavily loaded or towing a heavy trailer/caravan, EBD applies less braking to the front wheels because the centre of gravity has moved towards the rear. Under light loads, EBD will apply less rear braking in order to maintain vehicle stability and reduce chances of wheel lock. EBC 补偿了车辆的负载并相应调节刹车力。当车辆负载较重或在拖曳一辆沉重的挂车/旅行拖车时，EBD会减少施加给前轮的制动，这是因为重心移向车辆的后部。在轻负载的状况24
下，EBD 将较少使用后部刹车以保持车辆稳定性并降低车轮锁定的可能性。 EBD is fully automatic in operation and requires no action by the driver. EBD的操作为全自动，无需驾驶者采取任何行动。 Section , Hill Descent Control (HDC) 陡坡缓降控制系统 (HDC) Hill Descent Control (HDC) 陡坡缓降控制系统 (HDC) Hill Descent Control (HDC) operates in conjunction with the ABS to provide greater control in off-road situations particularly when descending steep gradients. Limiting the vehicle speed to a preset limit allows safe and controlled descents of steep and slippery hills. 陡坡缓降控制系统 (HDC) 与ABS一起操作以在越野状况下提供更多控制，特别是在下陡坡时。将车辆速度限制于一定的预设限额可使车辆在陡峭与打滑山坡上安全平稳地下降。 HDC operation When HDC is active the brakes are automatically applied to maintain a preset target speed which is gear dependent. During active braking, the brakes are operated in axle pairs on one or both axles. The braking effort is distributed between the front and rear axles as necessary to maintain vehicle stability. Distribution of the braking effort is dependant on direction of travel and braking effort being applied. To prevent wheel lock, anti-lock braking is also enabled during active braking. HDC 操作 当HDC 启用时刹车被自动施加以保持一定的预设目标速度，该速度依照齿轮箱而不同。在主动刹车期间，针对一根或两根轴刹车按轴成对操作。刹车力按需被分配于前轴与后轴之间，以保持车辆稳定性。刹车力的分配依据行驶的方向及所施加的刹车力而不同。为了防止车轮锁定，在主动刹车时也启用防抱死刹车。 During active braking, the brakes are operated predominantly on the wheels of the leading axle, but if that is not sufficient to achieve the required deceleration the brakes of the trailing axle are also applied. The deceleration rate is dependent on the speed differential between initial vehicle speed and the target speed. The deceleration rates are relatively low at higher speed differentials, then progressively increase as vehicle speed approaches the target speed. Anti-lock braking is also enabled during active braking, but at very low speeds some wheel lock can occur. 25
在主动刹车时，刹车主要是针对导轴的车轮而操作，但如果其不足以达到所需的减速要求， 也需动用从动轴刹车。减速率依据初始车辆速度与目标速度之间的速差而变化。减速率在高速差时相对较低，然后随着车辆速度接近目标速度而逐渐增加。在主动刹车期间也启用防抱死刹车，但在极低速度时会出些某些车轮锁定。 While HDC is operating, hydraulic pressure is generated with an electric motor and regulated by valves. If the ABS sensors detect that a wheel is locking, the valves releases some of the pressure and thus reduce the braking effort. 当HDC在运转时，液压由电机生成并通过阀进进行调节。如果ABS传感器探测到由一只车轮处于锁定位置，阀将释放某些压力并由此降低刹车力。 Target speeds HDC target speeds are determined using a number of factors including accelerator position, gear selection and ground conditions. 目标速度 HDC 目标速度是通过使用多个因素包括加速位置、档位选择及路面状况等决定的。 Particularly rough terrain When particularly difficult terrain or sharp bends are detected, HDC automatically decreases the target speed to a lower level. 特别崎岖的地形 当探测到特别崎岖的地形或急拐弯时，HDC 自动将目标速度降低到一个较低的水准。 Section , Terrain Response (TR) 地形反馈适应系统 (TR) Terrain Response (TR) For information on Terrain Response, please refer to the Discovery 3/LR3 course. 地形反馈适应系统 (TR) 关于地形反馈适应系统的细节，请参照发现3/LR3 课程。 26
Section 7, Suspension 悬挂 Types of suspension 悬挂类型 ADVANTAGES 优点DISADVANTAGES 缺点 BEAM AXLE Under axle clearace maintained Tendency to ‘bump steer’ due 梁式轴 irrespective of load. Over to linked wheels. High articulations, downhill wheels forced unsprung weight. Low ground into contact with the ground. clearance. 不管负载如何轴净高保持一定高度。在由于车轮相连倾向于出现 ‘起铰接处下坡轮被迫接触地面。 伏转向’ 。非簧载质量较高。路面净高较低。 INDEPENDENT Improved ride and handling due to low Ground clearance will reduce SUSPENSION unsprung weight. Will not ‘bump with load (except when air 独立悬挂 steer’. Increased under axle ground springs fitted). clearance. Tyre contact identical 路面净高将随着负载而降低 irrespective of articulation. (除安装空气弹簧外)。 由于非簧载质量较低，驾驶与操纵都有改善。不会出现 ‘起伏转向’。轴下路面净高有提高。不管连接如何轮胎接触同样。 ADVANTAGES 优点DISADVANTAGES 缺点 LEAF SPRINGS Cheap 便宜 Crude. Space inefficient. 钢板弹簧 粗糙。空间利用效率不高。COIL SPRINGS More compact than leaf springs. Improved 螺旋弹簧 articulation. Improved ride. 较钢板弹簧更紧凑。可提高铰接度。驾驶更舒适。 AIR Height adjustment. Constant ride height Generally more SUSPENSION irrespective of load. expensive. 空气悬挂 高度调节。不管负载如何，驾驶高度一只保持通常更昂贵。 恒定。 27
Suspension myths There is often debate in the off-road community as to the benefits of suspension types. Two such myths are outlined below: • Myth: Leaf springs can carry more load. • Reality: When designed for the job, coil springs can match and exceed the load bearing capacity of leaf springs. • Myth: Leaf springs perform better off-road. • Reality: Leaf springs have bulky protrusions that limit ground clearance, and provide less articulation than coil springs, thus limit off-road performance of a vehicle. 悬挂误区 越野驾驶者们常对悬挂类型的优点有各种争论。下面列出了两种此类误区: z 误区: 钢板弹簧能承载更多负荷 z 实际: 如设计的针对性强，螺旋弹簧的承重量可与钢板弹簧的相媲美甚至超过后者。 z 误区: 钢板弹簧的越野性能更佳。 实际: 钢板弹簧具有限定路面净高的大块突起，且较螺旋弹簧连接性更差，从而限制了车辆的越野性能。 28
Land Rover Technology Test 路虎技术测试 Pass Mark通过分数 12 Number of Questions问题数 14 Question 问题Answer 回答 1. Which of the following is an None of these engines are direct injection example of a direct injection 这些引擎都不是直喷式 diesel engine? Td6 以下那个是直喷式柴油引擎的范Td4 例? Td5 2. How many differentials do 4 modern Land Rovers need? 2 现代路虎车型需要多少只差速器?3 1 3. What is the 4WD system of every Automatically selecting four wheel drive modern Land Rover? 自动选择四轮驱动 Manually selecting four wheel drive with 每辆现代路虎的4WD系统是? freewheeling hubs 带有惯性滑行车轴的手动选择四轮驱动 Manually selectable four wheel drive 手动可选择四轮驱动 Permanent four wheel drive 永久性四轮驱动 4. Why are differentials needed? To allow drive to 'escape' via the easiest route允许驱动力通过最简便的途径 '逃逸' 为什么需要差速器? To prevent drive from 'escaping' via the easiest route 29
防止驱动力通过最简便的途径 '逃逸' To provide maximum traction when on slippery surfaces, or when a wheel has been lifted from the ground 在打滑路面上提供最大牵引力，或当车轮从地面抬起时 To provide a flexible division of drive to each of the wheels to allow for speed differences when cornering 向每个车轮提供一种灵活的驱动力分配方式以允许拐弯时出现速差 5. What is the purpose of a locking To improve traction in slippery conditions centre differential? 在打滑状况提高牵引力 To allow improved cornering when on-road 锁定中央差速器的用意何在? 公路驾驶时改善拐弯性能 To engage four wheel drive 启动四轮驱动 To ensure a 50/50 split in drive btween the left and right wheels on each axle 为确保驱动力在每根车轴的左右车轮上进行50/50 分配 6. When should a manual centre While wheels are spinning differential lock be engaged? 当车轮在空转时 While traveling on a roundabout on the public 为什么要启动手动中央差速器锁?highway 当在公用高速公路的转盘上行驶时 When there is a risk of losing traction 当存在失去牵引力的风险时 On high grip surfaces 在抓地力高的路面上 7. How is the viscosity of the fluid in The viscosity is unchanged by stirring a viscous coupling affected by 搅拌无法改变粘度 stirring? Other 其它 粘性耦合器中液体的粘度如何受It becomes more viscous 搅拌的影响? 它变得更为粘稠 It becomes less viscous 它变得不那么粘稠 30
8. What does the viscous coupling The centre differential and centre differential in Freelander replace? lock中央差速器与中央差速器锁 The centre differential only 神行者中的粘性耦合器替代了什仅中央差速器 么? Electronic Traction Control 电子牵引力控制系统 The axle differentials 车轴差速器 9. In normal conditions, how does 50/50 split between the front and rear the Torsen differential divide propshafts drive? 50/50分配于前轴与后轴之间 65/35 split, biassed to the frontprop shaft 在正常情况下，Torsen差速器如65/35分配，偏重于前轴 何分配驱动力? 35/65 split, biassed to the rear propshaft 35/65分配，偏重于后轴 Other 其他 10. How does the Torsen differential It prevents any drive escaping through a improve traction? spinning wheel 它防止了驱动力从空转轮逃逸 Torsen 差速器如何提高牵引力? It biasses drive to the axle with most traction它将驱动力偏重于具有最大牵引力的轴 It reduces wheelspin on the wheels with least traction 它降低了牵引力最小车轮的空转 Other 其他 11. How does ABS improve safety? It applies maximum brake force in an emergency ABS如何提高安全性? 紧急状况时它使用最大刹车力 Other 其他 It improves stopping distances 它能提高停车距离 It allow steering control to be retained under heavy braking 它使得用力刹车时可保留转向控制 31
12. How does Land Rover's It reduces engine speed in response to Electronic Traction Control work?wheelspin, thus reducing the amount of drive lost 路虎的电子牵引力控制系统工作它对应空转可降低引擎速率，从而减少了丧失原理如何? 的驱动力 It applies brakes to all wheels in response to wheelspin, thus diverting the drive more evenly 它针对车轮空转向所有车轮进行刹车，由此更均匀地分配驱动力 Other 其他 It applies the brakes to spinning wheels, thus diverting drive to wheels with the most traction 它向空转的车轮进行刹车， 由此将驱动力分配给牵引力最大的车轮 13. What is the purpose of EBD? To improve traction in slippery conditions 在打滑状况下改善牵引力 使用EBD的目的是什么? To reduce body roll when cornering when on-road 在公路型驾驶拐弯时减少车身摇晃 To distribute the braking between the front and rear axles to reduce the chances of rear wheel lock 将刹车力在前轴与后轴之间分配以降低后轮锁定的几率 To retain steering control of the vehilce under heavy braking 用力刹车时保持车辆的转向控制 14. Why is the permanent four wheel Even when a part time system is engaged, drive system in modern Land permanent four wheel drive provides Rovers an advantage over part improved engine braking time (manually or automatically 即便启用兼时系统，永久性四轮驱动能提供更selectable) four wheel drive 佳的引擎刹车性能 systems? Even when a part time system is engaged, permanent four wheel drive provides less 为什么当代路虎车型中的永久性chance of wheelspin 四轮驱动系统要优越于兼时 (手即便启用兼时系统，永久性四轮驱动能减少车动或自动可选) 四轮驱动系统? 轮空转的几率 32
Even when a part time system is engaged, permanent four wheel drive provides more traction 即便启用兼时系统，永久性四轮驱动能提供更多的牵引力 Permanent four wheel drive makes Land Rover vehicles ready for the unexpected 永久性四轮驱动使路虎车辆能随时应对意外 © Jaguar/Land Rover Car Corporation 2006 Printed from Jaguar/Land Rover Learning Center 2006-03-07 Only for internal usage. ©捷豹/路虎汽车公司2006 打印自捷豹/路虎学习中心 仅限内部使用 33
