West Point Leadership
西点领导力之道
From Mediocrity to Excellence 从平庸到卓越
Becoming a Better Version of Yourself 如何成为更好的自己
Robert L. Caslen, Jr 罗伯特·卡斯伦将军
Lieutenant General, . Army (Retired) 美军陆军中将（已退役）
President University of South Carolina 南卡罗莱纳大学主席
59th Superintendent United States Military Academy 美国西点军校第59任校长
Introduction 背景介绍
• West Point 西点军校
• History 历史
• WW II leadership – McArthur and Eisenhower
二战时期两位美国陆军五星上将 — 麦克阿瑟和艾森豪威尔
• War on Terror and Iraq/Afghanistan
反恐战争和伊拉克/阿富汗战争
• West Point Mission 西点军校的使命
• Cadet background 士官生背景
• Staff and faculty 工作人员和教员
• Rankings and Ratings 校际排名
• #1 Public College in America 美国排名第一的公立大学
Course structure
课程结构
• Part 1 what is leadership 第一部分 领导力是什么
• Part 2 key to leadership 第二部分 领导力的关键
• Part 3 summary 第三部分 总结
What is Leadership?
领导力是什么？
Definition of Leadership:
领导力的定义：
Leadership is the process of influencing people by providing purpose,
direction, and motivation to accomplish the mission and improving the
organization.
领导力是通过提供目的、方向和动机来影响人们，以完成使命和改善组织的过
程。
West Point Mission:
西点军校的使命：
The mission of the United States Military Academy is to educate, train, and inspire the
Corps of Cadets so that each graduate is a commissioned leader of character
committed to the values of Duty, Honor, Country and prepared for a career of
professional excellence and service to the Nation as an officer in the United States
Army.
教育、训练和激励其学子，使每一名毕业生都能成为一名品德高尚的军事领袖，毕生践行
“责任、荣誉、国家”西点价值观，并为今后开启卓越的职业生涯，同时以一名美国陆军军
官身份为国家服务做好准备。
West Point Leader Growth Model:
西点军校领袖培养模式：
Challenging Experiences
具有挑战性的历练
Assessment
评估
Challenge
挑战
Support
支持
+Time
假以时日
New
Knowledge
and Capacities
新才能
Reflection
内省
The West Point Leadership Development Model(5/5)
西点军校领导力培养模式(5/5)
The West Point Leadership Development Model:
西点军校领导力培养模式：
INDIVIDUAL LEADER
DEVELOPMENT
领导自我
LEADERSHIP
DEVELOPMENT
领导他人
CULTURE of CHARACTER GROWTH
(Honor System, Feedback, Mentors, Ceremonies, etc.)
品德塑造文化
(荣誉制度、反馈、导师、仪式等)
47
Months
LEADER of
CHARACTER
品德高尚的领袖
★ Live Honorably
光荣地生活
★ Lead Honorably
光荣地领导
★ Demonstrate
Excellence
展现卓越
The West Point Leadership Development Model(1/5)
西点军校领导力培养模式(1/5)
INDIVIDUAL LEADER DEVELOPMENT
领导自我
• Academic Program 学术塑造
• Military Program 军事塑造
• Physical Program 体能塑造
• Character Program 品德塑造
The West Point Leadership Development Model(2/5)
西点军校领导力培养模式(2/5)
《致胜人格》一书以一种妙
趣横生又令人信服的方式将
学术研究和实践经验巧妙地
结合起来。我认为品德在当
今时代的重要性远高于我记
忆中的任何其他时期。鲍勃·
卡斯伦和迈克尔·马修斯的观
点是正确的。
—马丁·爱德华·登普西将军
美国陆军上将
（已退休）
West Point Leader Development System:
西点军校领袖培养体系：
培养
USMA Graduates
西点毕业生
Developing
后天培养
Leaders
领袖
Of Character
品德高尚
West Point Leader Development System Outcomes :
西点军校领袖培养体系成果：
• Live honorably and build trust
光荣地生活，赢得信任
• Demonstrate intellectual, military, and
physical competence
表现出在智力、军事和体能方面的能力
• Develop, lead, and inspire
培养，领导和激励（他人）
• Think critically and creatively
批判性和创造性地思考
• Make sound and timely decisions
及时作出正确的决定
• Communicate and interact effectively
有效沟通和互动
• Seek balance, be resilient, and demonstrate a strong
and winning spirit
追求平衡，坚韧不拔，展现出强大的胜利精神
• Pursue excellence and continue to grow
自强不息，不断成长
LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
领导他人
• Practice FOLLOWING
练习服从
• Example: The plebe system at West Point; my story
示例：西点军校的新生训练；我的故事
• Practice LEADING
练习领导
• Example: Leadership opportunities at West Point
示例：在西点军校锻炼领导力的机会
The West Point Leadership Development Model(3/5)
西点军校领导力培养模式(3/5)
CULTURE of CHARACTER GROWTH
品德塑造文化
•Honor System 荣誉制度
•Feedback 反馈
•Mentors 导师
•Ceremonies 仪式
•…
The West Point Leadership Development Model(4/5)
西点军校领导力培养模式(4/5)
Key to Leadership
领导力的核心
Live a life of
领导者的一生应当这样度过
• Live a life of Character
厚德载物
• Live a life of Excellence
自强不息
• Find your Passion and live it
找到你的梦想，然后实现它
A Conversation on Character:
关于品德的对话：
• Character Story: The battalion commanders of 3 BN / 8th Cavalry
Regiment
品德故事：美国陆军第八骑兵团第三营营长
• If you fail in character, you fail in leadership. Why? You have lost
trust.
如果你败德辱行，你就不可能成为领袖。为什么？因为丧失德行之人，
必定众叛亲离。
• Character dominates competence every time
无论何时，品德总胜于能力
A Conversation on Character:
关于品德的对话：
• The Speed of Trust by Stephen Covey
史蒂芬·柯维撰写的《信任的速度》
• The impact of trust
信任的力量
• Trust is a function of competence and
character
信任是品德和才能的函数
A Conversation on Character:
关于品德的对话：
• A definition of character: An ethic that embraces your values
品德的定义：体现你价值观的道德规范
• West Point values: Duty, Honor, Country
西点军校价值观：责任，荣誉，国家
• Army values: Loyalty, Duty, Respect, Selfless Service, Honor, Integrity,
Personal Courage
美国陆军价值观：忠诚，责任，尊重，无私奉献，荣誉，正直，勇气
• Trust is the most important element of effective leadership
信任是有效领导的最重要因素
A Conversation on Character:
关于品德的对话：
• Questions to students
学员请思考：
• How important is character in business?
品德在商业中有多重要？
• Do you trust your partners/subordinates/bosses?
你信任你的合作伙伴/下属/老板吗？
Live a Life of Excellence:
自强不息： • Excellence is performing to the upper level of your potential
卓越就是将你的潜能发挥到最高水平
• Average is mediocre. 一般水平就是平庸。
• Operate in areas you are unfamiliar and uncomfortable with. Get out of
your comfort zone!
去你不熟悉和不习惯的领域接受考验，走出舒适区！
• Think of mistakes as opportunities to learn, develop and grow 视错误
为学习、发展和成长的机会
• “I do not strive to win. I strive for excellence, because out of
excellence, success naturally happens” Coach K.
”我志不在胜人，在自胜。自胜者强，自强者胜。“
——老K教练
Find Your Passion and Live it!
找到你的梦想，然后实现它：
• My Story: From planning to leave the Army in 5 years, to staying in for
43 years.
我的故事：从打算5年内退伍，到43年的坚守
• The brotherhood and sisterhood
战友情谊
• The trust of the nation to accomplish the mission in some forsaken
part of the world
不辜负祖国的信任，在世界某个被遗弃的地方完成任务
Find Your Passion and Live it!
找到你的梦想，然后实现它：
• Why do you need a passion? 为什么你需要找到人生梦想？
• To not negotiate the price for success!
为了让自己在追求成功的道路上能全力以赴！
• To persevere under every adversity
为了身处逆境时能咬牙坚持
• To develop the grit and determination to never quit
为了培养自己永不言弃的勇气和决心
• To accomplish your mission, your vision, your goal, your passion
为了完成你的使命、你的愿景、你的目标和你的梦想
• What is your passion? 你的人生梦想是什么？
Top 10 Leadership Principles
领导力的十大要务：
1. Character: If you fail in character, you fail in leadership. Trust
品德：如果你败德辱行，你就不可能成为领袖。得民心者得天下
2. Excellence: Perform to the upper levels of your potential in everything you do
卓越：在你经手的每件事情上都将你的潜能发挥到最高水平
3. Purpose: to pay the price for success; the grit and determination to never quit
目标：没有付出就没有回报；永不言弃的勇气和决心
4. Teamwork: We not I…3 Teams. 团队合作：是“我们”而不是“我”……领导者的三个角色
5. Balance: Family, Work, Community. 平衡： 家庭、工作、社区
Top 10 Leadership Principles
领导力的十大要务：
6. Fitness: Mental and physical toughness / Self discipline / Sacrifice / Life long learning.
运动：身心的淬炼和成长/自律/奉献/终身学习
7. Moral and Physical Courage. Maintaining standards of the institution. Candor.
道德勇气/血气之勇：捍卫组织的标准。坦率。
8. Talent Management and Leader Development: Get the right people on the bus. Create the organizational climate to grow
人才管理和领袖培养：选贤任能。营造有利于人才成长的组织氛围。
9. Organizations must renew themselves: Growth requires change. Today’s standards will be unacceptable tomorrow.
Change requires renewal.
组织必须自我迭代：成长要求改变。今天的终点只是明天的起点。改变要求迭代。
10. The Man in the Arena: It is not the critic who counts.
竞技场上的人：荣誉不属于批评者。
3 Teams
领导者的三个角色
1. Team Leader
对下级，你是团队领导者
2. Teammate
对平级，你是团队成员
3. Dynamic Follower – Your Boss’ Team
对上级，你是动态跟随者
3 Teams(1/4)
领导者的三个角色（1/4）
Team Leader
对下级 你是团队领导者
• Develop tough, tight, cohesive, high standard, disciplined, high performing
unit
培养一支坚韧、紧密、有凝聚力、高标准、纪律严明、高绩效的队伍
• Underwrite Risk – freedom to make mistakes
承担风险 � 给下属犯错的自由
• Exercise Initiative – everyone feels value added; growth
积极实践 – 每个人都获得成就感；成长
• Handle bad news with patience and calm
遇事沉着冷静
• The story of the Joint Readiness Training Center
联合备战训练中心的故事
3 Teams(2/4)
领导者的三个角色（2/4）
Teammate
对平级 你是团队成员
• Help your teammate
帮助你的队友
• Cover their flank
掩护他们的侧翼
• Cross talk and teamwork
跨部门沟通与协作
• Examples: Partnership in adversity; Alonzo Cushing at Gettysburg and his West
Point classmate’s assistance
示例：刎颈之交；葛底斯堡战役中阿隆佐·库欣和他西点同学的增援
3 Teams(3/4)
领导者的三个角色（3/4）
Dynamic Follower – Your Boss’ Team
对上级，你是动态跟随者
• He/She wants you to understand guidance/intent and assume ownership 他/她
希望你理解指导/意图并承担责任
• Study your boss and know him/her 研究你的老板，了解他/她
• Phase 1 – SME, assessment with recommendation, candor
第一阶段——扮演专家角色，评估并给出建议，直言不讳
• Phase 2 – Decision made and understood; ownership
第二阶段——决策已作出，去理解老板的决策；主人翁意识
• Another Joint Readiness Training Center leadership example
另外一个联合备战训练中心关于领导力的故事
3 Teams(4/4)
领导者的三个角色（4/4）
Staff Guidance
下属指南
• Superb Staff Skills 出色的工作技能
• Bring simplicity to complexity 化繁为简
• Communicate clearly 清楚地沟通
• Oral – logical, simple, concise 口头表达 — 逻辑性强、简单、简洁
• Well written 书面表达能力强
• Anticipate issues (“Have you thought about…?”) 风险意识 （“你想过……吗？”）
• Be thorough 把事情做到极致
• Don’t drop problems on the boss’ desk 主动帮老板解决问题
• Use mini decision-making process – issues, facts, couple ways to fix it, recommendations 使用小
型决策程序 —问题、事实、解决方案和建议
• Rely on facts not emotion 用事实说话，不感情用事
• Adopt and own the boss’ intent 清楚地理解老板的指示后以主人翁的心态去执行
Staff Guidance
下属指南
• Get along with higher staff counterpart 与你的上级融洽相处
• Develop relationship 发展关系
• Maintain it 维护关系
• Hone people skills – achieve consensus 磨练人际交往技巧 — 达成共识
• Teamwork: Selfless, loyal, dependable, reputation of excellence
• 团队合作：无私、忠诚、可靠、卓越声誉
Top Level Performance
顶级绩效表现
• Team Player 团队合作者
• Competence 能力强
• Selfless, loyal, dependable
无私、忠诚、可靠
• Always there when you need them
当你需要他们的时候总能及时出现
• Duty Ethic – Character 责任伦理 — 品德
• Unmatched integrity and moral courage
无与伦比的正直和道德勇气
• Superb Staff Skills 出色的工作技能
• Oral and written communication; anticipate issues; good integrated analysis with recommended COA
口头和书面沟通；风险意识；周详的综合分析并给出行动方案
• Facts not emotion
用事实说话，不感情用事
Top Level Performance
顶级绩效表现
• Great People Skills 优秀的人际交往能力
• Works through personalities 尊重每个人的个性，取长补短
• Achieves consensus in “VUCA” environment 在“VUCA”环境中达成共识
• Natural Leadership 领导天赋
• Underwrite risk of subordinates 为下属承担风险
• Mission Command – knows the difference between a thoroughbred and a noodle
任务指挥部——分得出手下谁有能力谁不堪重任
• People feel good about mission and themselves
下属认同组织使命，对组织有归属感
• A bias for action 敏于行
• Superb physical condition 出色的身体素质
• Balance 平衡
• Family, work, community 家庭，工作，社区
• Takes leave 休假
The “Average” Employee
一般员工
• Team Player 团队合作者
• Rocky after Apollo Creed and before Mr. T 击败阿波罗后，打赢T先生前的洛奇*
（注：洛奇、阿波罗、T先生均为史泰龙主演的励志动作片《洛奇》系列电影中的角色）
• Duty Ethic – Character 责任伦理 — 品德
• High integrity 高正直
• Uncomfortable, casual response to tough questions 对棘手问题敷衍作答，令人不悦
• Staff Skills 工作技能
• Meets suspenses, checks details – delivers consistently and on time
虽然能按时完成上级交代的任务，但也仅此而已（不积极主动）
• Some issues remain open 部分工作不闭环
• More emotion than fact 感情用事
• Is reminded of actions and suspenses 需要被提醒才会行动或暂停
• Often rambles 经常口不择言
• Less than unquestionable ownership of commander’s intent 对上级指示缺乏绝对的担当
The “Average” Employee
一般员工
• People Skills 人际交往能力
• Accomplishes the mission over personalities 做事僵化，对人“一刀切”
• Less sensitive to peoples’ needs 对别人的需求不敏感
• Leadership 领导力
• Less flexible with direct/mission command supervision
任务指挥监督灵活性较差
• A lot of micro-management 太多微观管理
• Struggles with physical standards 体能不达标
• Balance 平衡
• Workaholic 工作狂
• Misses most of kids ball games 少亲子陪伴
• Loses Leave 不休假
Senior Level Leadership
高管领导力
• Know the environment. Natural hierarchy of order. Where to put pressure and its second, third order effects.
Understand yourself. Understand “terrain.” Understand competitors.
了解环境。自然等级或秩序。涟漪效应。了解自已。了解“获胜关键”。了解竞争对手。
• The dilapidated Tomato Paste factory – Balad, Iraq 破败的番茄酱厂的故事 – 伊拉克巴德拉
• Know the culture. Have the interpersonal skills to build bridges and knock down walls. 了解文化。具备能架桥
拆墙的人际交往能力。
• Within the environment, identify risks, challenges and opportunities. 在环境中识别风险、挑战和机遇。
• Have great leadership skills. Empower subordinates with mission orders and resources. Underwrite risk. Build
consensus.
具备高超的领导技能。通过给下属指派任务和分发资源的方式向下属授权。为下属承担风险。建立共识。
• Get the right people on the bus. 知人善任。
Senior Level Leadership
高管领导力
• Be a critical thinker. Develop intellectual adaptability and intellectual agility.
批判性思考，培养智力适应性和敏捷性。
• Be a strategic planner and strategic leader. 做战略规划者和战略领导者。
• Create the vision and articulate it. 创造愿景并清晰诠释。
• Knowing the environment, develop key strategic objectives.
了解环境，制定关键战略目标。
• Align programs and resources. 协调方案和资源。
• Assess, modify, resource, execute. 评估、修改、盘点资源、执行
• Have a bias for action. 敏于行
• Drive a culture of ethics and character throughout the organization. 在组织内全面推动道德和品德文化的发展
The Man in the Arena
竞技场上的人
Teddy Roosevelt
西奥多·罗斯福
The Man and Woman in the Arena
竞技场上的人
"It is not the critic who counts; not the man or woman who points out how the strong one stumbles, or where the
doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man and woman who is actually in the arena,
whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly; who errs, who comes up short again and
again, because there is no effort without error and shortcoming; but who does actually strive to do the deeds; who
knows great enthusiasms, the great devotions; who spends himself and herself in a worthy cause; who at the best
knows in the end the triumph of high achievement, and who at the worst, if he or she fails, at least fails while daring
greatly, so that his or her place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who neither know victory nor defeat."
“荣誉不属于批评者，亦不属于那些指出强者如何跌倒，或实干者哪里本可以做得更好的人。荣誉属于真正站在竞技
场上的人，属于脸庞沾满灰尘、汗水和鲜血的人，属于顽强奋斗的人，属于犯错，一次又一次失败的人，因为没有不
伴随错误或缺陷的成就。 然而实际拼搏的人，懂得极大热情和投入的人，投身于有价值的事业的人，最终或如愿取得
伟大成就，或即便遭遇失败，亦不输胆量，因此其所处，将永不同于冷漠、胆小，未经胜败洗礼者。”
Summary
总结
The Most Important Things About Leadership
关于领导力最重要的几件事
• Character, Excellence, Passion 厚德载物，自强不息，心怀梦想
• Ability to cope in a complex VUCA* environment 在复杂的VUCA*环境中随机应变的能力
• The dilapidated tomato paste factory; Balad, Iraq
破败的番茄酱厂的故事；伊拉克巴德拉
• Dealing with adversity and setbacks 直面逆境和挫折
• Why we box at West Point 为什么西点军校士官生要必修拳击课
• The crucible of ground combat 地面战斗的严峻考验
• Grit, perseverance, tenacity, shared hardships, leadership from the front
英勇无畏，坚韧不拔，百折不挠，与下属同甘共苦，冲锋在前
* volatility（易变性），uncertainty（不确定性），complexity（复杂性），ambiguity（模糊性）
