德国政治理论传统论纲:康德、黑格尔、尼采
导
佳政制的追求是古代的特征
的建构,而现象学反历史主义的面目在现象学的传人海德格尔那里却是不能在明显的历史主义取向,现象学之后的思路或隐或显的,大多是以之作为对手的,但都没有逃脱历史问题,或历史主题)——必然呈现为极端的历史主义——中非常明显的体现出来,如果说,德国思想作为现代性思想/结构类型的实质意义在于,又一次在深度与广度上解决现代性危机,同时也在深度与广度上扩展了现代本身的视域,那么。其原因就在于,德国思想的特质把历史和历史问题转变成了形而上学问题,能动性,或创世意志在历史经验中找到了栖身之所,同时,也为世界(以contingency为标志)重新赋予了形式,give form to the world as contingency by virtue of history,在这个意义上,说世界历史就是世界审判,才一点也不为过
及使自由本身成为权威。在否定性的方面,道德自由与经验世界相分离;在肯定性的方面,道德自由指对实践理性的道德律令的自愿遵从,这是意志赋予自身的权利。意志(自由意志)介于理性与自然之间,是整合的原则,是个性本身。法或理性既是内在于个体,同时又是内在与外在的同一,所以,服从道德律令/实践理性即是自由。在《道德形而上学的基础》中,康德将之抬高到“绝对律令”(Categorical imperative)的程
基督或十字架事件(三位一体中的圣子,其实父-子这样的位格修辞就颇有深意)本身是一次创世彻底完成的条件,也是由爱成信再称义的条件,这样,基督的伦理或保罗的伦理才把“肉的心”担负十字架的普遍的自由行动变成为可以宣传的内容,创世才具有可完结性,“信”才“真”。而基督教不断世俗化之后的各个体系所做的是对作为整个创世的改造,所谓敌基督只不过是一个形式,由是呈现为不断的“再创世”,只不过其动机是不信的真,其动力在于全面的泛神论冲动(很典型的即斯宾诺莎,表面上似乎是无世界的,可是却蕴涵着严格而必然的世界景观,即从上帝创造世界到上帝是世界),在某种程度上,泛神论取向具有革命意义
环节,使得意见的在场始终只是为探究伟大心灵的内部结构所设置的前提,或者,不得不破除与超脱的洞穴而已。只有这样,才能避免要么托利党,要么辉格党这样非此即彼的立场选择,才能逃逸不断教条化的抽象而外在的理解模式,才能真正的和黑格尔在推进问题转化与建立理念的一厶逑抵幸黄鹚考,一起展开,一起为可能性的现实形态寻找真正的理论基础
黑格尔总结德国唯心论而形成的逻辑泛神论体系的真正要害,所谓古代与现代,主人与奴隶,个体与国家,抽象自由与具体自由,主观自由与客观自由,特殊与普遍,道德与伦理种种关键的二元对立都可以在理解黑格尔在主观精神、客观精神以及绝对精神的关联中得到基本廓清,可以说,把握了“精神”概念及其内部的相互环节,其他连带的问题线路即一目了然了
念为基础的理性必然性的综合,作为伦理性的实体,他们分别是
of time, and especially integrates time around the present. Thus, history is inherently pluralistic, complex, and in large degree contingent, without unified logic, purpose, or teleology as a whole. The horizon of life, of present life, sheds light on history, and in time, effective history is embodied in each subjectivity
elf and world to possibilities of practice. Then, Nietzsche draws a conclusion that we have to cancel/discard the dualism of Western tradition: Platonic-Christian culture. In this direction, Nihilism liberate the world as contingency and power from Absolute (Platonic Form or Christian God/Person ) ,the process of directly and really experiencing the subjectivity as practices/agent/self is possible. In the time, the coduct of soverEign individuality maintains the evaluation of everything. It is important to remark the stimulus, even the total stimulus: will to power(in certain sense, subjectivity as will to power is Nietzsche’s major issue)
s compatible with embodied experience and historicity because it is an identity in progress ,an identity that is constructed and reconstructed out of experience by means of engaging the world ” We can see that, the doctrine of eternal return is more existential than such a certain opinion about the dimension of time, even if at the basement of nihilism, Nietzsche opposites to Platonic- Christian time ideas. When we are going to open the horizon toward new reality, say, oward the future, the question will appear how to experience the past by virtue of the form toward the new self-identity. Based on the motive of will to power, eternal return of the same cuts into various power-relations of historical horizons and then connects old form with new matter together into self-identity. In this sense, will to power can be realized and identified by virtue of external return, arrive at its highest pole, overcoming itself and living its own life, and open for everything