谈工业设计中的技术美学
摘 要：技术美学的主要研究对象是工业产品的艺术设计问题。由于艺术设计越来越重要，人们不仅在满足物质生活的需求上不断地获得新成就, 而且也在精神上、审美要求上不断地提出更高的要求。技术美学的研究内容是“ 科学性” 和“实用性”的结合。
关键词：技术美学； 物质； 艺术性； 功能
1. 前言
由于现代科学技术和工业化生产的蓬勃发展, 以及人们审美要求的不断提高, 人们对于产品的审美标准也发生着迅速的变化。因此艺术设计必须掌握这种变化的审美观念, 不断创造出体现时代美的产品。
2. 设计中的美学
设计是一种艺术质的造物活动，其本质是按照美的规律为人造物。这就决定了对设计的研究不能脱离审美的范畴。虽然“美”并不是设计的唯一属性和最终目的，但就设计成果而言，美的因素却成为考察其优劣程度的标准之一。随着工业化程度的不断加深以及科学技术的日新月异，设计对美的需求也越来越复杂， 究其根本，乃人们日益增长的物质和精神需求使然。
技术之美
美的发生经历了制作过程及使用过程两个阶段，艺术性与功利性相比则显得更为重要。其产品所具有美的特征分为以下几个方面： 首先，现代工业技术之美是实用价值的外化。实用价值又可被理解为产品的有用性或实用性，它被体现在产品的功能中。其次，现代工业产品的技术美以一定条件作为美的成因。虽然技术美是基于事物有用性的，但这种有用性必须在一定条件下才能转化成美。同一件技术产品在不同历史时期可能形成不同的审美感受。再次，现代工业产品的技术之美产生于使用。现代机械化大生产决定了生产者在产品制作过程中不再能体验生产过程的快感，系统化的大批量生产及理性因素的参与使生产者丧失了制作产品中对美的体验，而产品的美只能在使用中体现，通过目标市场对产品的消费来产生美的感受。
美在形式方面的要求
现代设计产品是物化了的意识对象，其技术美的体现须通过可视的物质形式来传达。而这种可视的物质形式可分为两种：一是体现功能的形式；二是表现审美的装饰化形式。一般情况下，这两种形式不以孤立状态出现，而是共同作用产生审美感受。 在新技术性造物产生时，人们可能不会把过多的精力投入到此造物的形式方面，因此，随着技术的进步和时间的推移，当人们开始将重心转移到形式上时，该造物就会以多样的形式出现，，可基本功能也许不会有多大改变。所以，要求在设计过程中依据具体情况使前述两种可视的物质形式相互结合，互为补充。既然技术美在功能上要求体现自然形态之美，那么在形式上就必须考虑到适度调节表现审美的装饰形式。
设计对技术美在工艺材料方面的要求
现代工业产品在技术的表现上很大程度依靠对材料的运用和加工。先秦古籍《考工记》曾著：“天有时，地有气，材有美，工有巧，合此四者，然后可以为良”。可见用材料的性能和特点来表现美的特征由来已久，这也是现代设计主要表现手段之一。选择合乎目的的材料有助于体现技术产品所固有的功能特征。
现代大工业生产中的产品大都以科学技术为先导的，有着与以往产品大相径庭的生产方式及消费模式，其中包含的技术之美也是不能与传统手工技术之美相提并论，它已构成现代工业产品之美的一个重要因素，并与其他审美的、功能的、形式的和环境的诸因素相互作用，形成张道一先生所谓的“造物的综合之美”。
3. 工业设计对技术美学的要求
工业设计对技术美学的全面理解就应是以技术美本身提供的人性尺度为依据,在技术活动中不断丰富和建构技术美学的内涵，可以说工业设计与技术美学的关系是在技术美本体制衡下的一种互动关系。工业设计实践为技术美学提供直接经验；技术美学又为工业设计提供规范和人文导向,两者相互支持、共同发展。工业设计的对象是与人息息相关的一切人造物,即产品,而工业设计的目的是为人服务。工业设计从本质上讲不仅是造物设计。随着人们经济条件的改善和审美情趣的提升,人的消费观念和价值观发生了质的改变。从单纯的追求物质享受转向注重对生活质量的提升；观念上的变化引导着设计变革,要求工业设计师改变设计思维,而为工业设计提供理论指导的技术美学必须在已有理论体系的基础上有所发展。
人性化设计是技术美学的出发点和归宿
工业设计的目的是为人提供合乎目的的产品与服务,技术美学也应当研究“人性化”设计,使得产品能够最大程度地满足人的需要，技术美学在文化整合过程中,把社会伦理的审美文化和生态的因素纳入工业设计过程中,在对技术美的自觉追求中领悟到社会前进的人文性和目的性,通过提高生活趣味引导人的生活方式的变革,通过物的组合次序实现环境与人的和谐共处。
关注“非物质性设计”
从工业社会的物质文明向后工业社会的非物质文明转变将是21世纪设计发展的总趋势,工业设计的对象由对固化形态的“物 ”向虚拟化形态的“非物”过渡:从物的设计向非物的设计转变；从实体产品设计向服务的设计转变；从实物产品的设计向虚拟产品的设计转变等等。
新技术、新材料、新能源、新工艺的广泛应用,使产品越来越小型化和微型化。如生物技术、纳米技术在生产领域的应 用,设计师要及时掌握新技术、新材料的发展状况,这些都给工业设计和技术美学带来新的课题。
4. 结语
总之，技术美学作为一门新兴的边缘性学科，它研究工业设计的审美规律，揭示着社会物质生活和精神生活过程中审美活动的必然趋势，并且从审美的角度引领人们的审美活动向着健康的方向发展。因此，现代工业设计实践就必然需要技术美学理论的指导。工业设计与技术美学的融会贯通将构建更加完善 的人类生活方式与文化形态。
参考文献：
[1]王效杰.工业设计趋势与战略[J].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2009.
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[3]张宪荣,张萱.设计美学[J].北京:化工出版社,2007.
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Talk about technology of industrial design aesthetics
Pick to: the technology is the main research object of aesthetics is the art of industrial product design problems. As art and design more and more important, people not only meet the needs of material life in constantly get new achievement, but also on the spiritual and aesthetic requirements continuously put forward higher request. Technological aesthetics research content is the combination of "science" and "practicality".
Key words: technical aesthetics; Material; Artistic quality; function
1. Introduction
Due to the rapid development of modern science and technology and industrial production, and the continuous improvement of people's aesthetic requirements, aesthetic standards of products for people is changing so fast. So art design must master the change of aesthetic concept, constantly create era of beauty products.
2. The design of the aesthetics
Design is a kind of art creation activity, its essence is in accordance with the laws of beauty creation. It's decision on the design study can't from the aesthetic category. Although the "beauty" is not the only attribute design and the final purpose, but in terms of design results, and factors of beauty has become one of its quality standard. With the deepening of degree of industrialization and progress of science and technology, design requirement of beauty has become increasingly complex, investigate its fundamental, is the people's growing material and spiritual needs.
The beauty of technology
Beauty occurs through the production process and use process in two stages, the artistic quality is more important compared with utilitarianism. Its product features that are characteristic of beauty can be divided into the following several aspects: first of all, the beauty of the modern industrial technology is the practical value of externalization. Practical value and can be understood as the product's usefulness, or utility, it is reflected in the features of the product. Second, the modern industrial products technical beauty to certain conditions as the cause of beauty. Although the technology is based on the usefulness of things, but the must useful under certain conditions can be converted into beauty. The same technology products in different historical periods may form different aesthetic feelings. Again, the beauty of the technology of modern industrial products produced in use. Modern mechanized production determines the producers can no longer experience in product production process of the production process, with the mass production of the systematic and rational factors participate in make the producers lost the production experience of beauty products, beauty can only be represented by the use of products, through the target market for the product consumption to produce beautiful feeling.
beauty is in the form of requirements
Modern design products are materialized the object of consciousness, its technological beauty embodies must through the visual form of material to convey. And the material form of the visual can be divided into two kinds: one is reflect function in the form of; Second, manifests the adornment of the aesthetic form. In general, these two kinds of form is not in isolation, but work together to produce aesthetic feeling. In new technical creation, people may not take too much energy into this form aspects of creation, therefore, with the progress of technology and the passage of time, when people began shifting to form, the creation will take the form of diversity, and the basic function can be probably won't have much change. Requirements in the design process, therefore, according to the specific circumstances make the combination of these two kinds of visual material form each other, complement each other. Since technology beauty embodies the beauty of the natural form on the function requirement, so in the form must be given the appropriate
regulating performance aesthetic form of decoration.
design of the technology in material requirements
Modern industrial products on the technical performance largely depends on the use and processing of materials. The pre-qin ancient books "well written" once the: "day sometimes, to have spirit, material have beauty, skillful, and the four, then can be good". Visible features and performance of materials in a way that shows has long been a feature of beauty, which is one of the main performance means in modern design. Material selection is the purpose of inherent features would help to crystallise technology products.
Modern big industry in the production of products mostly in science and technology as the forerunner, with very different with previous product mode of production and consumption patterns, which contains the beauty of the technology is not the equal of the beauty of the traditional manual technology, it is constitute an important factor of beauty in the modern industrial products, and with other forms of aesthetic, functional, and environmental factors interact, forming Zhang Daoyi Mr. The so-called "comprehensive beauty of creation".
3. Industrial design to the requirements of technical aesthetics
Industrial design for a comprehensive understanding of the technical aesthetics should be based on technical beauty itself on the basis of the human scale, in technical activities enrich the aesthetic connotation and
construction technology, can say that aesthetics is the relationship between industrial design and technology in the technology the ontology of checks and balances under a kind of interactive relationship. Industrial design practice provide direct technical aesthetics experience; Technical aesthetics and provide industrial design with specification and humanistic orientation, both mutual support and common development. Industrial design of the object is closely linked with people of all creation, namely product, industrial design purpose is to serve humanity. Industrial design in essence is not only the design of creation. As people economic conditions improve and aesthetic taste of ascension, qualitative changes have taken place in people's consumption idea and values. From the simple pursuit of material enjoy to pay more attention to the ascension of the quality of life, Conceptual change led design change for industrial designer change the design thinking, and provide theoretical guidance for industrial design technology aesthetics must be on the basis of existing theory system.
humanized design is the starting point and the home of technological aesthetics
Is the purpose of industrial design is to provide products and services is the purpose of technical aesthetics should study "humanization" design, enables the product to best meet the needs of the people, and aesthetics of technology in the process of cultural integration, the social ethics of the aesthetic culture and the ecological factors in industrial design process, in the technology realize self-conscious pursuit of beauty and purpose of humanism and social advancement, by raising the life fun, mal lifestyle change, through the combination of content order implementation environment and harmonious coexistence.
attention "immaterial design"
Material civilization of the society from industrial to post-industrial society transform non-material civilization will be the general trend of design in the 21st century, the industrial design of the object by virtualization of solidified form of "content" to "intangible" in the form of transition: from the design of content to the content of the design change; From the real product design changes to the service design; From the physical product design changes to the virtual product design and so on.
New technology, new material, new energy, new technology is widely used, make the product more miniaturization and micromation. Such as biotechnology, nanotechnology should be used in the field of production, the designer must grasp timely development of new technology, new material, these are for industrial design and technical aesthetics brings new topics.
4. The conclusion
To sum up, technology aesthetics as a new borderline subject, it studies the aesthetic rule of industrial design, reveal the social material life and spiritual life aesthetic activities in the process of inevitable trend, and lead people from the perspective of aesthetic aesthetic activities towards a healthy direction. Modern industrial design practice, therefore, will need guidance technology of aesthetic theory. Industrial design and technical esthetics digest will build more perfect human life style and cultural forms.
References:
Wang Xiaojie [1]. The trend of industrial design and strategy [J]. Beijing: China light industry press, 2009.
[2] Chen Wangheng. Art and design aesthetic [J]. Wuhan: wuhan university press, 2000.
[3] Zhang Xianrong Zhang Xuan. Design aesthetic [J]. Beijing: chemical industry press, 2007.
First, [4] (method)? The TengShouYao translation. After the non-material society: the design of the industrial world, culture and technology [J]. Chengdu: sichuan people's publishing house, 1998.
