输变电设备全寿命周期成本的分类净年值(NAV)分析法
输变电设备全寿命周期成本的分类净年值(NAV)分析法
输变电设备全寿命周期成本的分类净年值(NAV)分析法
1简析全寿命周期成本理论
1 of the total life cycle cost theory
全寿命周期成本分析方法打破原有的，从微观短期利益角度分析的传统式管理原则与方法，采用宏观角度分析研究方法，以长远利益效益为出发点，简单来说就是在对输变电设备投资费用成本估算上，不再仅以对单项费用、年度经费等购置费用最低为重点考虑因素，而是转向于以总费用为侧重点。此项转变时一项创新式的发展应用模式，在市场经济条件下更能够做到分析成本费用的估算准确性和最低性，因为一传统的单项费用最低与年度经费最低，往往并不意味着输变电设备投资总费用的最低值。
Analysis of break the original life cycle cost method, the traditional management principles and methods from the micro analysis of short-term interests angle, the analysis method of macroscopic angle, to the long-term interests of benefit as the starting point, it is simple in calculation of power transmission and transformation equipment investment costs, not only to the individual charges, annual budget expenses a minimum of key factors, instead of turning to the total cost of the. Development and application of an innovative mode of this transition, under the condition of market economy more capable of estimation accuracy and minimum cost, because the traditional single minimum cost and minimum annual expense, often does not mean the lowest total cost of power transmission and transformation equipment investment.
全寿命周期成本分析方法主要有以下特点：1. 全寿命周期成本分析方法以宏观角度的总费用为主要考虑因素，避免了企业在进行战略投资决策过程中的片面性，降低了企业只看重短期利益为主的急功近利行为的发生；2. 全寿命周期成本分析方法以全面性、科学性为出发点，涵盖了设备投资建设到报废处理各个环节，保证其投资分析的长期效益性，适应于我国可持续发展的市场经济宏观经济体制思想；3. 全寿命周期成本分析方法有利于实现企业自身对成本费用信息的全过程实施集成性监控，便于为企业及时调整投资动向、为项目投资与未来设备购置提供较好的建议性信息；4.大大降低企业保障费用资金的占压量，使企业投入资金得到合理化的分配和整合，为企业在新产品的开发与新设备的购置等方面提供了较为雄厚的资金费用基础。
Life cycle cost analysis method mainly has the following features: 1 Analysis of life cycle cost method to the total cost of the macroscopic angle is the major consideration, avoids the enterprises in the process of strategic investment decisions in the one-sidedness, reduced risk of enterprise value only short-term benefit primarily utilitarian behavior; analysis method to the scientific comprehensive 2, as the starting point of the whole life cycle cost, including equipment investment and disposal of each link, ensure the long-term benefit of the investment analysis, to adapt to the sustainable development of our country market economy macro economy thought; 3 of total life cycle cost analysis method is conducive to the realization of their own the whole process of cost information the implementation of integrated control, convenient for the enterprise to adjust investment trends, investment for the project and the future purchase of equipment to provide advice information better; 4 greatly reduced amount of funds Zhanya enterprise security costs, make the enterprise invested by rational allocation and integration, to provide enterprises with the capital cost of a more solid foundation in the development and new equipment product purchase etc..
输变电设备全寿命周期成本分析主要包括：全寿命周期成本优化与控制的目标与措施分析，分析建设总投资、单位生产能力投资、运行（服务）成本、维护成本、社会环境成本等多项成本的优化目标与措施等。全寿命周期成本理论，指导建设方自觉地、全面地从输变电设备全寿命周期出发，综合考虑项目的建造成本和使用成本（运营与维护成本），从多个可行性方案中，按照全寿命周期成本最小化、以及效能最大化的原则，选择最佳的投资方案，从而实现更为科学的建设设计，更加合理的选择配套设备，以便在确保设计质量的前提下，实现输变电设备全寿命周期成本相对最小化的目标，同时实现输变电设备的最大经济效能与最大社会效益。
Life cycle cost analysis of power transmission and transformation equipment mainly includes: the goal and measures analysis of cost optimization and control of the whole life cycle of construction, total investment, investment per unit capacity, operation ( service ) cost, maintenance cost, cost of the social environment and so on a number of cost optimization goal and measures. Life cycle cost theory, guiding the construction of Party consciously, comprehensively from power transmission and transformation equipment life cycle theory, considering the project construction cost and the use cost ( operation and maintenance cost ), from a number of projects, in accordance with the life cycle cost minimization, and efficiency maximization principle, choose the best investment program in order to achieve more, for the construction of scientific design, selection of equipment more reasonable, so that in the premise of ensuring the quality of design, implementation of the life cycle cost of power transmission and transformation equipment relative minimization goals, to achieve maximum economic efficiency of power transmission and transformation equipment and the maximum social benefits at the same time.
2 全寿命周期成本分析方法（Lcc）在输变电设备投资中的应用
2 of the total life cycle cost analysis method ( Lcc ) used in the power transmission equipment investment in the
所谓全寿命周期成本分析方法（Lcc）即以设备投资整体为分析出发点，在保证投资安全性和效益性的基础上，电动吊篮对设备投资从规划设计到采购建设到运行检修技改升级再到最终的报废处理，实施全过程性成本最优化的系统性分析方法。
The so-called life cycle cost analysis method ( Lcc ) starting with the equipment investment for the overall analysis, to guarantee the safety and effectiveness of investment, the investment of equipment from design to procurement construction to operation and maintenance technical upgrade to scrap the final, system analysis method of whole process cost optimization.
输变电设备全寿命周期成本的分类
The classification of life cycle cost power transmission and transformation equipment
前期规划期、基本建设期、运行维护期、退役处置期为目前输变电设备全寿命周期成本的主要分类形式。就我国目前电力工业运行现状以及其设备投资情况费用计算，可以采用按照成本费用发生时间的方式进行分类，即投资成本、运行成本、维护成本、故障成本和报废成本。具体来说有以下几点：1. 投资成本可以将其理解成为一次投资成本(Investment Cost，IC)、建设成本，是指在电网系统正式运行之前，所产生的输变电设备建设、购买、安装、调试等成本费用；2. 运行成本(Operation Cost，OC)顾名思义就是指在输变电设备运行过程中所产生的相关费用的总和，主要包括：能耗费用、人工费用环境费用等；3. 维护成本(Maintenance Cost，MC)，即为保证电网系统的正常安全运营，对输变电设备进行正常的检修、试验、监测、保养以及因故障而产生的维修、维护、更换零部件等所产生的人工费、材料费等。此外，因设备技术升级改造归属于设备运营阶段的必要性投入，因此对原有输变电设备进行技术工艺上的升级改造以及辅助设备设施材料性能上的完善所产生的各项费用同样归属此列；4. 故障成本(Failure Cost，FC)，区别于运行成本中因故障而产生的维修、维护、更换零部件等所产生的人工费、材料费等，复合土工膜是指由于电力系统内部原因而导致的用户缺电损失所产生的费用，可以理解为需求侧的缺电成本，它将直接反映出一个地方的电力系统运营可靠性水平的高低，因此费用多少与停运概率、时间、平均停用功率等有关，因此在对于该项费用的计算时通常采用公式进行；5.报废成本(Discard Cost，DC)，输变电设备在结束其运营寿命后，需要对其进行报废处理，在报废过程中对于报废设备的拆除、销毁、清理等所产生的各项人工费用、机械设备的使用费用、销毁处理费用等所支出的一切费用同归于此项计算当中。通常情况下，在进行该项费用的估算时，一般以历史数据作为估算重要参考值。
The preliminary planning stage, basic construction, operation and maintenance, decommissioning period as the main form of classification of life cycle cost for power transmission and transformation equipment at present. China's current power industry running situation and the equipment investment costs, can be used in accordance with the costs occurring time way to classify, namely investment cost, operation cost, maintenance cost, failure cost and disposal cost. Specifically include the following: 1 the cost of investment can be understood as an investment cost ( Investment Cost, IC ), the cost of construction, refers to the power grid system before formal operation, the power transmission and transformation equipment purchase, installation, construction, commissioning costs; 2 operating cost ( Operation Cost, OC ) as the name implies refers to total, related expenses incurred in the operation process of the power transmission and transformation equipment mainly includes: energy costs, labor costs of environmental costs; 3 maintenance cost ( Maintenance Cost, MC ), namely, to ensure the normal safe operation of power network system, normal maintenance, testing, monitoring, maintenance and due to fault the repair, maintenance, replacement of parts produced by the artificial cost, material cost of power transmission and transformation equipment. In addition, because of the necessity of equipment and technology upgrading belong to equipment operation stage input, so the original power transmission and transformation equipment upgrading technology and improve the performance of the auxiliary equipment and facilities on the material expenses also belong to this column; 4 fault into the ( Failure, Cost, FC ) from the running costs when failures occur, repair maintenance, replacement of parts produced by the artificial cost, material cost, is produced by the customer outage losses due to internal causes of power system cost, can be understood as the demand side of the power outage cost, it will directly reflect power system operation reliability level of a place height, therefore the cost associated with the outage probability, average time, stopping power, so in the calculation of the cost usually uses the formula; 5 scrap cost (Discard Cost, DC ), power transmission and transformation equipment at the end of its operational life, need to be scrapped to scrap, in process of the scrap equipment removal, destruction, such as cleaning generated by the artificial cost, mechanical equipment cost, processing cost of the branch such as destruction All the expenses come out from this calculation. Under normal circumstances, in the estimation of the cost, generally based on historical data as estimates of important reference value.
输变电全寿命周期成本计算在实际应用中需要结合到一个时间点，按照上文中所提及的全寿命周期成本的分类情况，苹果苗利用资金时间价值模型对其进行全过程成本计算。具体计算方法如下所示：
transmission of life cycle cost calculation in practical application need to bind to a point in time, according to the classification of life cycle cost mentioned above in the value of the model, the whole process of cost calculation of its use of funds time. The specific calculation method is shown as follows:
(1)净现值(LCC)分析法：
( 1 ) the net present value ( LCC ) analysis:
其中：OGi. MCj. FCj分别为第j年发生的运行成本、维护成本和故障成本；i为贴现率：n为计算年限。
Where: OGi. MCj. FCj were running cost, J occurred in the first years of maintenance cost and failure cost; I is the discount rate for calculating period: n.
(2)净年值(NAV)分析法
( 2 ) net annual value ( NAV ) analysis
净年值是通过资金等值换算将项目净现值分摊到生命期内各年（从第1年到第n年）的等额年值。净年值与净现值的判别准则一致，属于等效指标。但是，在实际工程建设中，由于选择的方案不同，设备的使用年限也会有所不同，净现值的比较结果就不科学了，这为实际计算带来了很大的困难。为了解决这一问题，采用净年值分析法，比较不同方案LGC均摊到每一年的等额年值，更易于方案的比选，其计算公式为：
Net annual value is the net present value projects assessed to the life period of the year by the financial equivalent conversion ( from first years to N years ) of the equivalent annual value. Net annual value criterion consistent with NPV, belongs to the equivalent index. However, in practical project, due to the different options, equipment service life will be different, the net present value of the results is not scientific, great difficulty for practical calculation it brings. In order to solve this problem, the analysis method of value net, comparison of different schemes of LGC share to each year equivalent annual value, selection is easier to program, the calculation formula is as follows:
其中：LCC为折现后的全寿命周期成本；i为贴现率；n为计算年限。在计算时，应注意：贴现率选取一般选用电力行业的基准收益率。计算年限一般选用设备的经济生命，桃苗一定情况下可选用折旧生命。估算期内各年的物价指数不尽相同，当设备的生命较长时，要考虑通货膨胀率的影响。
Where: LCC for the whole life cycle cost discounted at the discount rate; I; n as the calculation period. Should pay attention to in the calculation, the benchmark discount rate: select the general selection of electric industry rate. Calculation and selection of general equipment economic life, under certain circumstances, can choose the depreciation life. To estimate the period of the year the price index is not the same, when the equipment life is longer, to consider the influence of the rate of inflation.
3 结语
3 conclusion
综上所述，输变电设备全寿命周期成本分析方法，较原有成本分析方法有着明显的优势，通过对各个时间段的成本分类，可以有效的将投资成本降至最低点，因此采用笔者提出全寿命周期成本分析方法，也将更有助于帮助企业的决策者做出更加准确的投资发展战略。
To sum up, the life cycle cost of power transmission and transformation equipment analysis method, compared with the original cost analysis method has obvious advantages, the cost classification for each period of time, can effectively the investment cost to the lowest, so using the life cycle cost analysis method, also will be more helpful to help business decision-makers to make investment the development strategy of a more accurate.
