6
THE ECONOMICS OF LABOR MARKETS
劳动市场经济学
The Economics of
Labor Markets
劳动市场经济学
Chapter 18
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The Markets for Factors of Production
生产要素市场
Factors of production are the
inputs used to produce goods
and services.
生产要素是指用于生产物品
与劳务的投入。
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The Market for the Factors of Production
The demand for a factor of
production is a derived demand.
uA firm’s demand for a factor of
production is derived from its
decision to supply a good in
another market.
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生产要素市场
生产要素的需求是 派生需求。
u企业的生产要素需求，是从它向
另一个市场供给物品的决策派生
出来的。
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The Demand for Labor
劳动需求
Labor markets, like other markets
in the economy, are governed by the
forces of supply and demand.
与经济中的其它市场一样，劳动市
场也是由供求力量支配的。
Figure 1 The Versatility of Supply and Demand
Quantity of
Apples
0
Price of
Apples
Demand
Supply
Demand
Supply
Quantity of
Apple Pickers
0
Wage of
Apple
Pickers
(a) The Market for Apples (b) The Market for Apple Pickers
P
Q L
W
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图1. 供给与需求的多样化
(a) 苹果市场 (b) 摘苹果工人市场
苹果的数量 工人数量Q L
P W
0 0
苹果的
价格
摘苹果
工人的
工资
需求
需求
供给
供给
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The Demand For Labor
劳动需求
Most labor services, rather than being
final goods ready to be enjoyed by
consumers, are inputs into the
production of other goods.
大多数劳动服务不是作为最终产品供消费者
享用的，而是投入到其它物品的生产中。
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The Production Function and The
Marginal Product of Labor
The production function illustrates
the relationship between the
quantity of inputs used and the
quantity of output of a good.
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生产函数与劳动的边际产量
生产函数 说明用于生产一种物品的
投入量与该物品产量之间的关系。
Table 1 How the Competitive Firm Decides
How Much Labor to Hire
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表1. 竞争性企业如何决定雇佣工人的数量
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Figure 2 The Production Function
生产函数
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Quantity of Apple Pickers 摘苹果工人数量
Q
u
a
n
ti
ty
o
f
A
p
p
le
s
苹
果
数
量
1
2
3
4
5
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The Production Function and The
Marginal Product of Labor
The marginal product of labor is
the increase in the amount of
output from an additional unit of
labor.
MPL = Q/L
MPL = (Q2 – Q1)/(L2 – L1)
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生产函数与劳动的边际产量
劳动的边际产量——增加的一个
单位劳动所引起的产量增加量。
MPL = Q/L
MPL = (Q2 – Q1)/(L2 – L1)
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The Production Function and the
Marginal Product of Labor
n Diminishing Marginal Product of Labor
ä As the number of workers increases, the marginal
product of labor declines.
ä As more and more workers are hired, each
additional worker contributes less to production
than the prior one.
ä The production function becomes flatter as the
number of workers rises.
ä This property is called diminishing marginal product.
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生产函数与劳动的边际产量
n 边际产量递减
ä随着工人数量增加，劳动的边际产量递
减。
ä随着雇佣的工人越来越多，每个增加的
工人对苹果产量的贡献越来越小。
ä生产函数随着工人数量增加而变得越来
越平坦。
ä这种性质被称为边际产量递减。.
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Figure 2 The Production Function
生产函数
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Quantity of Apple Pickers 摘苹果工人数量
Q
u
a
n
ti
ty
o
f
A
p
p
le
s
苹
果
数
量
1
2
3
4
5
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The Value of the Marginal Product of
Labor and the Demand for Labor
u The value of the marginal product is
the marginal product of the input
multiplied by the market price of the
output.
VMPL = MPL X P
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劳动边际产量值与劳动需求
u 边际产量值——一种投入的边际产
量乘以该产品的价格。
VMPL = MPL X P
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The Value of the Marginal Product of
Labor and the Demand for Labor
u The value of the marginal product
(also known as marginal revenue
product) is measured in dollars.
u It diminishes as the number of
workers rises because the market
price of the good is constant.
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劳动的边际产量值
u 边际产量值（也被称为边际收益产
量）以美元计算。
u 如果产品价格不变，边际产量值随
着雇佣工人数量的增加而递减。
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The Value of the Marginal Product
and the Demand for Labor
u To maximize profit, the competitive,
profit-maximizing firm hires workers
up to the point where the value of
marginal product of labor equals the
wage.
VMPL = Wage
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边际产量值与劳动需求
u 为了实现利润最大化，一个竞争性的、
追求利润最大化的企业雇佣工人人数到
劳动的边际产量值等于工资这一点上。
边际产量值 = 工资
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The Value of the Marginal Product
and the Demand for Labor
边际产量值与劳动需求
The value-of-marginal-product curve is
the labor demand curve for a
competitive, profit-maximizing firm.
对一个竞争性的、追求利润最大化的企业来
说，边际产量值曲线就是劳动需求曲线。
Figure 3 The Value of the Marginal
Product of Labor
0 Quantity of
Apple Pickers
0
Value
of the
Marginal
Product
Value of marginal product
(demand curve for labor)
Market
wage
Profit-maximizing quantity
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图3. 劳动的边际产量值
0 摘苹果
工人数量
0
边际
产量值
边际产量值
（劳动需求曲线）
市场
工资
利润最大化产量
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FYI—Input Demand and
Output Supply
n When a competitive firm hires labor up
to the point at which the value of the
marginal product equals the wage, it
also produces up to the point at which
the price equals the marginal cost.
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参考资料：投入需求与产量供给
当一个竞争性企业雇佣的劳动量到边际
产量值等于工资的一点时，它的产量也
就达到价格等于边际成本的一点。
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What Causes the Labor Demand
Curve to Shift?
什么引起劳动需求曲线移动？
u Output Price 产品价格
u Technological Change 技术变革
u Supply of Other factors 其他要素的供给
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The Supply of Labor
u The labor supply curve reflects how
workers’ decisions about the labor-
leisure tradeoff respond to changes in
opportunity cost.
u An upward-sloping labor supply curve
means that an increase in the wages
induces workers to increase the quantity
of labor they supply.
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劳动供给
u 劳动供给曲线反映了工人如何根据
机会成本的变动作出劳动——闲暇
权衡取舍的决策。
u 向上倾斜的劳动供给曲线意味着，
工资上升使工人增加他们供给的劳
动量。
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Figure 4 Equilibrium in a Labor Market
劳动市场的均衡
Supply
供给
Wage (price of labor)
工资（劳动的价格）
Quantity of Labor
劳动量
0
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What Causes the Labor Supply Curve to Shift?
什么引起劳动供给曲线移动？
u Changes in Tastes
嗜好变动
u Changes in Alternative Opportunities
可供选择机会的改变
u Immigration
移民
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Equilibrium in the Labor Market
劳动市场的均衡
u The wage adjusts to balance the
supply and demand for labor.
工资调整使劳动的供求平衡。
u The wage equals the value of the
marginal product of labor.
工资等于劳动的边际产量值。
Figure 4 Equilibrium in a Labor Market
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Wage
(price of
labor)
0 Quantity of
Labor
Supply
Demand
Equilibrium
wage, W
Equilibrium
employment, L
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均衡就业量, L
图4. 劳动市场的均衡
供给
工资
(劳动的价格)
劳动量0
需求
均衡工资, W
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Equilibrium in the Labor Market
劳动市场的均衡
u Labor supply and labor demand determine
the equilibrium wage.
劳动供给和需求共同决定了均衡工资。
u Shifts in the supply or demand curve for
labor cause the equilibrium wage to change.
劳动供给或劳动需求曲线的移动引起均衡工
资变动。
Figure 5 A Shift in Labor Supply
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Wage
(price of
labor)
0 Quantity of
Labor
Supply, S
Demand
2. . . . reduces
the wage . . .
3. . . . and raises employment.
1. An increase in
labor supply . . .
S
W
L
W
L
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图5. 劳动供给的移动
工资
(劳动的价格)
W1
0 劳动量L1
供给, S1
需求
2. …工资
下降…
3. …以及就业增加。
1. 劳动供给增加…
S2
W2
L2
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A Shift in Labor Supply
u An increase in the supply of labor :
u Results in a surplus of labor.
u Puts downward pressure on wages.
u Makes it profitable for firms to hire more
workers.
u Results in diminishing marginal product.
u Lowers the value of the marginal product.
u Gives a new equilibrium.
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劳动供给的移动
u 劳动供给移动 :
u 导致劳动过剩；
u 引起工资下降的压力；
u 使企业多雇佣工人有利可图；
u 导致工人的边际产量递减；
u 降低了边际产量值；
u 达到新的均衡。
Figure 6 A Shift in Labor Demand
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Wage
(price of
labor)
0 Quantity of
Labor
Supply
Demand, D
2. . . . increases
the wage . . .
3. . . . and increases employment.
D
W
L
W
L
1. An increase in
labor demand . . .
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图6. 劳动需求的移动
工资
(劳动的价格）
W1
0 劳动量L1
供给
需求, D1
2. …工资
上升…
3. …以及就业增加
1. 劳动需求增加…
D2
W2
L2
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Shifts in Labor Demand
u An increase in the demand for labor :
u Makes it profitable for firms to hire more
workers.
u Puts upward pressure on wages.
u Raises the value of the marginal product.
u Gives a new equilibrium.
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劳动需求的移动
u 劳动需求的移动 :
u 使企业雇佣更多工人有利可图了；
u 引起工资上升的压力；
u 提高了边际产量值；
u 得到新的均衡。
Table 2 Productivity and Wage Growth
in the United States.
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表2. 美国的生产率与工资增长
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Productivity and Wage Growth
around the World
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世界各国与地区的生产率与工资增长
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Three Determinants of Productivity
u Physical Capital
u When workers work with a larger quantity of
equipment and structures, they produce more.
u Human Capital
u When workers are more educated, they produce
more.
u Technological Knowledge
u When workers have access to more sophisticated
technologies, they produce more.
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生产率的三个决定因素
u物质资本
u 当工人用于工作的设备和建筑物越多时，他们
生产的就越多。
u人力资本
u 当工人受教育越多时，他们生产的就越多。
u技术知识
u 当工人使用越先进的技术时，他们生产的就越
多。
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Other Factors of Production:
Land and Capital
u Capital refers to the stock of
equipment and structures used for
production.
u The economy’s capital represents the
accumulation of goods produced in the
past that are being used in the present to
produce new goods and services.
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其它生产要素: 土地和资本
u资本 是指生产物品与劳务的设备与建
筑物的存量。
u经济中的资本表现在正用于生产新物品
和劳务的过去生产的物品的积累。
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Other Factors of Production:
Land and Capital
n Prices of Land and Capital
ä The purchase price is what a person pays
to own a factor of production indefinitely.
ä The rental price is what a person pays to
use a factor of production for a limited
period of time.
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其它生产要素: 土地和资本
n 土地和资本的价格
ä购买价格 是一个人为了无限期地拥
有那些生产要素而支付的价格。
ä租赁价格 是一个人为了在一个有限
时期内使用那些生产要素而支付的价
格。
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Equilibrium in Markets for Land
and Capital
u The rental price of land and the rental
price of capital are determined by
supply and demand.
u The firm increases the quantity hired
until the value of the factor’s marginal
product equals the factor’s price.
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土地和资本市场的均衡
u 土地与资本的租赁价格是由供给和需
求决定的。
u 企业会一直增加租用量，直到要素的边
际产量值等于要素的价格时为止。
Figure 7 The Markets for Land and Capital
Quantity of
Land
0
Rental
Price of
Land
Demand
Supply
Demand
Supply
Quantity of
Capital
0
Rental
Price of
Capital
Q
P
(a) The Market for Land (b) The Market for Capital
P
Q
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图7. 土地和资本市场
土地量 资本量Q Q
P P
0 0
土地的租
赁价格
资本的租
赁价格
需求
需求
供给
供给
(a) 土地市场 (b) 资本市场
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Equilibrium in Markets for Land
and Capital
u Each factor’s rental price must
equal the value of their marginal
product.
u They each earn the value of their
marginal contribution to the
production process.
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土地和资本市场的均衡
u 每种要素的租赁价格 一定等于那
种要素的边际产量值。
u 每种要素各自赚到了它们对生产过
程的边际贡献的价值。
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Linkages Among the Factors of
Production
Factors of production are used together.
u The marginal product of any one
factor depends on the quantities of
all factors that are available.
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生产要素之间的联系
在大多数情况下，生产要素组合在一
起使用。
u任何一种要素的边际产量依赖于其
它要素的可获得量。
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Linkages Among the Factors of Production
生产要素之间的联系
A change in the supply of one factor
alters the earnings of all the factors.
任何一种生产要素的变化都会改变
所有要素的收入。
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Linkages Among the Factors of Production
生产要素之间的联系
A change in earnings of any factor can be
found by analyzing the impact of the event
on the value of the marginal product of
that factor.
通过分析某个事件对那种要素边际产量值
的影响来找出任何一种要素收入的变化。
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Summary
n The economy’s income is distributed in
the markets for the factors of production.
n The three most important factors of
production are labor, land, and capital.
n The demand for a factor, such as labor, is
a derived demand that comes from firms
that use the factors to produce goods and
services.
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小结
u 经济的收入是在生产要素市场上分配
的。
u 三个最重要的生产要素是劳动、土地
和资本。
u 要素需求（例如劳动）是一种派生需
求，它产生于用这些要素生产物品与
劳务的企业。
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Summary
u Competitive, profit-maximizing firms hire each
factor up to the point at which the value of the
marginal product of the factor equals its price.
u The supply of labor arises from individuals’
tradeoff between work and leisure.
u An upward-sloping labor supply curve means
that people respond to an increase in the wage
by enjoying less leisure and working more
hours.
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小结
u 竞争的、追求利润最大化的企业使用每
一种要素的量要达到该要素的边际产量
值等于其价格这一点上。
u 劳动的供给产生于个人在工作和闲暇之
间的权衡取舍。
u 向右上方倾斜的劳动供给曲线意味着人
们对工资上升的反应是享受较少的闲暇
和更长时间的工作。
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Summary
u The price paid to each factor adjusts to
balance the supply and demand for that
factor.
u Because factor demand reflects the value
of the marginal product of that factor, in
equilibrium each factor is compensated
according to its marginal contribution to
the production of goods and services.
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小结
u 支付给每种要素的价格的调节使该要素
的供求平衡。
u 由于要素需求反映了那种因素的边际产
量值，在均衡时每种要素根据其对物品
和劳务生产的边际贡献得到报酬。
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Summary
u Because factors of production are used
together, the marginal product of any
one factor depends on the quantities of
all factors that are available.
u As a result, a change in the supply of
one factor alters the equilibrium
earnings of all the factors.
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小结
u 由于生产要素是同时使用，所以，任
何一种要素的边际产量都取决于可以
得到的所有要素量。
u 结果，一种要素供给的变化改变了所
有要素的均衡收入。
