ྏ॓࿐ PsychologicalScience 2009,32(3):703-705 703࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ള֥ྏྟ࣮Ԛฐ沈烈敏(תഽٓն࿐ྏ࿐༢,ഈݚ,200062)ᅋ ေ ྏྟ൞၂ᇕԩႿᇏିܔक़ڛາགၹ,߫گ౦࿂,х૧ྏࡲूaି৯֩ٚ૫൳֥໗ק֥ದ۬หᇉࠇି৯b໓ᅣՖྏྟ໙ีԛؿ,ࣼ࿐ြ҂ਅ࢘؇ฐษਔྏྟ֥າགྟაЌྟၹ,ၛࠣႵܱ࣮֥ۄ໙ี,ؓ۷ധೆֹฐษ࿐ြ҂ਅྙӮ֥ჰၹაڿࠏᇅ,ູҀࣷაิۚݓ࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ള֥࿐ြაྏࡲूඣ֥࣮ิ܂ਔྍ֥൪࢘bܱՍ ྏྟ ࿐ြ҂ਅ າགၹ Ќྟၹ1 ྏྟࠣႵܱۀФ൫൞૫ؓ؟۱າགၹሰ֥7-9ෟ֥Ӭ൧ظ,࣮ؿགྷᆃུظڳଛ֥؇ބڳଛྏࡲू֥ඣିܔყҩૌ ྏྟ(resilience)֥ۀ഻ۋ֥ؿᅚაඣbڳଛ֥ܱྏაιڢၛࠣሱദ૫ਢ҂ྏྟᆷહ?ሱՖದૌषؿགྷظaౝഒ୍ᄝࣜਅ౦ൈਅݺ֥ൡႋି৯,ିܔظᅧᄪ௹֥ؿᅚༀሢ৯ބط҂֥ؿᅚሑঃ֥໙ีၛު,Ⴕܱྏބܒࡹ۷گᄖ֥ᅧႋؓߌ็ᅞ֥ି৯,֤ૌႚႵ۷ྟ֥ۀ၂ᆰ൳࣮֞ᆀૌܼ֥ܱٗᇿbෙಖ,ؓྟ֥Чݺ֥૫֥ؓྏྟbᄝReynolds(1999)֥࣮ᇏၧؿᇉᇀࣂໃႵ၂֥ुم,൞,ಯႵᇭ؟໓ᅣฐษਔྟ֥གྷ,ڳଛᇿၩအაظ֥໑୰֥ܱ༢,۳ၛൡ֥֒ۚ௹ຬ,ۀѩႵ҂֥ࢳbMasten,Best&Garmezy1990୍קၬၛࠣх૧࿐Чദ۳ః֥ऍն৯,္൞႕ཙظྏྟਔোྏྟۀ:ֻ၂োۀಪູ,ྏྟ൞۱ದଽؿᅚ֥ᇗေٚ૫b֥҆၂ᇕऎุ֥۱ದ৯ਈ,ᆃᇕ۱ದ৯ਈିक़ڛ۱ุᆞԩ֥bֻؽোۀಪູ,ྏྟ൞ᆷ૫ؓളࠃᇏ֥۲ᇕӉ2 ࿐ြ҂ਅ൞ڎ၂۱ჰၹྟ֥າགၹ?௹֥ࠇೂఃট֥৯(ೂڳଛၳa౫֩),۱ุໃ൳֞ᆃུ൙ࡱ֥႕ཙ,ႵིaӮۿֹႋڱਔၹᆃུڵྟ൙ࡱջট ࿐ြ҂ਅ൞າགၹગ?֥৯ࠇ७bֻোۀಪູ,ྏྟ൞ᆷ۱ุᄝࣜ၂ٚ૫Ⴕ࣮ಪູ:࿐ြ҂ਅॖၛФቔູ၂ᇕາགࠇਔളࠃᇏ֥Էഄၛު,ିܔᄝ၂קൈ௹ଽ߫گ,҂ၹԷഄྟ่ࡱ,ପ൞ظࠫެીႵહ॥ᇅ৯֥(Spekman,֥ࣜطؿള҂ྙൔ֥ྏࠥѨࠇࣚപാט֩ؿᅚഈ֥Goldberg&Herman,1993),࿐ြ҂ਅିᄹӉ۱ุؓຓ҆ൗࢸ໙ี,ࠧಯಖؿᅚਅݺbሹᆭ,ᇕۀᆷԛਔྏྟ֥҂ᆞಒᆩत,ၛࠣࢆ֮აൗࢸཌྷቔႨ֥ൡႋྟ(Yewchuk,܋ݤၬ:۱ุԩႿಯିؿᅚބൡႋਅݺbDelaney,Cunningham&Pool,1992)bପહ,ྏྟ֥ൌᇉ࣮ࣨ൞હ?ૌॖၛٳ༅ູ:Spekman,Goldberg(1993)ಪູ࿐ြ҂ਅ۱ุીႵοᅶᆞӈֻ၂োۀಪູ,ྏྟ൞၂ᇕದ۬หᇉ;ֻؽোۀಪ֥ൈࡗඨࣜളࠃ൙ࡱ,҂൞ݖᄪࣼ൞ݖພbૌն؟ॖູ,ྏྟ൞၂ᇕࠒ֥ࠞࢲݔ,ࠧु۱ุؿᅚ֥ཨࠞགྷའିᄝᄪ௹ࣼषࣜ൳࿐ြാϧ,ીႵϴٳքᆃᇕࣜ,൞ڎԛགྷ;ֻোۀಪູ,ྏྟ൞၂ᇕൡႋݖӱ,ࠧ۱ૌીႵྏሙСbᆃᇕ႕ཙ߶٤ӈն,ᄹࡆਔૌ֥գྟ,ุࠆ֤֥ഠ߶ሧჷᄀ؟ᄀॖିԛགྷൡႋྟّ֥ႋ,ྏྟູࡼট֥ႋؓଆൔקਔ҂ਅࠎԤbൈ,࿐ြ҂ਅ۱္ุӱ؇ьᄀݺbສສࣜݖພ֥ളࠃ൙ࡱ,бೂႮႿࠩࠇᇗ,ૌӾਔྏྟ֥ଽᄝࢲܒ൞હ?Ⴕ࣮ᆷԛ൞၂۱ᄝ֥ൈࡗ,бਭದࠆ֤۷֮൬ೆ֥۽ቔ,ીႵՖࡅ๖ٚ૫֥ݖӱ,ࡼྟՖҠቔၩၬഈקၬູ:ऎุ֥Ќྟၹ֤֞۷ݺ֥ᄡྸაᆦӻ,ᆃဢ,ૌбљದุဒ֞۷؟֥կϧb֥ࢲݔbRutter1987୍ᄻಪູ:ྏྟࠧ൞აາགၹӁၹՎ,࿐ြ҂ਅؓ࿐ြ҂ਅ۱ุ҂֥ളଁࢨ؍Ⴕ႕ཙ,๙ളࢌቔႨ֥ၹࠇЌྟݖӱbӈ֝ᇁࢠ֥ۚᣳ࿐ੱaാြa۽ቔaሱࡎݖ֮a౦࿂ᅰ າགၹ(riskfactors)ބЌྟၹ(protectivefactors)θb࿐ြ҂ਅ۱ุᄝ࿐ߌᇏࣜ൳۷؟֥৯,ᆃᄝࢊ੮a࣮ᆀॉҳದ֥ྏྟؿളaؿᅚࠣࠏᇅ,ടࠣਆ۱उೞ֩ଽ҆ᆷѓᇏႵཁൕ(Bender,Rosenkrans,&Cvrane,ܱྟၹ,ࠧາགၹބЌྟၹbາགྟၹᆷପུ1999),Dollinger,Horn&Boarini࣮ؿགྷ,࿐ြ҂ਅౝഒ୍թظaౝഒ୍ԩႿ҂০ֹ֥֥ၹ,ᄝದ֥ളࠃᇏ,ۚາᄝඤ໙ีބउೞ౦࿂bBender,Rosenkrans&Crane(1999)ؿၹЇও۱ุଽᄝ֥ၹބຓᄝ֥ၹ,ଽᄝ֥ၹႵ:గགྷ,ૌб٤࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ള۷؟ԛགྷದ۬หᆘٚ૫֥໙ี,ၛᇉaದ۬aԊྟ;֮ᇆഅa֮࿐ြӮࠛbຓᄝ֥ၹႵ:ڳଛࠣႵ၂קॖି֝ᇁሱ೪֥ౠཟbૌ္۷ಸၞԛགྷಪᆩି҂ࡄ࢝အٚൔaڳଛၳaഠ߶ࠇࡅ๖ࣜ࠶໙ี֩bބ໙ีࢳथି৯֥ಌكaԊ֩໙ีbЌྟၹᆷ:ିܔ՜ࣉظࠇౝഒ୍ਅݺൡႋ֥ದ࣮ؿགྷਔૌࢠ֥֮ഠ߶ྐ༏ࡆ۽ିb၂ཛؓ࿐ြ۬aഠ߶֥ၛุࠣᇉ֩ٚ૫֥۲ᇕၹࠇሧჷ,Їও۱ุaാϧᆭభ֥Ⴜظჳࢨ؍֥ظ֥ഠ߶ି࣮ᇏؿགྷ,࣐ܵࡅ๖aഠ߶ᇏ֥႕ཙၹ,ೂڳଛ֥ࡲूྏaഠ߶ྟᆦӻa࿐ြ҂ਅ୯ളିބ٤࿐ြ҂ਅ֥၂ဢ,ᄝ၂۱۳ק֥ഠ߶౦ࣜӈ֥Ⴕቆᆮ֥ࠇ֥۬ࠃ֩bᄝࣜሢࠇ૫ؓາགྟᇏ,ିၩ്഻֞ބ٤഻֥ࢳथഠ߶໙ี֥ٚم,ࠧહၹൈ,ႚႵЌྟၹ,ॖၛࢆ֮ൡႋ҂ਅԛགྷ֥ॖିྟb൞сေ֥ྛ,൞ෲૌౠཟႿ࿊ᄴ٤഻֥ࢳथٚمbೂିؓظࠒّࠞႋ֥a༑ྏᅶਘظ֥Ӯದ,ؓظ֥ྏKavale&Forness(1996)෮ቔ֥ؓ࿐ളഠ߶ିಌك֥ჭٳ༅ྟႵޓն႕ཙbᄝWyman֩ದ(1999)֥၂ཛ࣮ᇏ,ؿགྷ,75%֥࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ളཁᇷಌكഠ߶ି,ᄝಕุᇏཁൕ
704ྏ ॓ ࿐ ԛϴऋधބഠ߶ۯbMargalit,Tur-Kaspa&Most(1999)क़ڛາག,ᄹ఼ྟbՖಌཊଆ֞Ⴕ০ଆ֥ٓൔ֥ሇБۡ,ೂݔԢਔ࿐ြാϧᆭຓ,࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ളᄝ࿐ളࠃᇏߎэ,൞ᆃ၂࣮ਵთᇏ၂۱бࢠੀྛ൝bႋھඪૼ֥൞,ᄥ൳֞၂Ցࠇ؟Ցऋध,ૌࣼ߶э֤۷ࡆܛ,აϴܱ༢າགაྏྟଆൔѩ҂ڎಪ࿐ြ҂ਅ۱ุᄝ࿐༝ٚ૫թ۷҂ބཾbၹູ࿐ြ҂ਅ୍ཨ֥ࠞഠ߶߄ॖି߶֝ᇁᇗᄝಌཊބ,ಖط,఼טᄝ۷ܼ֥ٗ؟ົ؇֥൪࢘༯ࣉഠ߶ൡႋ҂ਅ໙ี,ೂۚᇏᣳ࿐,ౝഒ୍ٕቌ֩bྛ֥࣮,ܱྏ࿐ြ҂ਅა෮Ⴕഠ߶ྟٚ૫໙ีཌྷܱ֥႕Al-Yagon&Mikulincer(2004)ؓཬ࿐ള֥၇࣮৾ؿཙ,ಪູॖၛᄝದҕა༯ؓ࿐ြ҂ਅࣉྛ༢ۄყ,ۄགྷ,࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ളა٤࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ളཌྷб,ૌ҂ିބದყ۷ႵིbྙӮࢠູνಆ֥ૡ֥ದ࠽ܱ༢,۷ીႵνಆۋbᆃུ࿐ള ྟࠆ֤൞າགྟაЌྟၹཌྷቔႨ֥ݖӱࣜӈБۡᄝა࿐֥Ⴖၱᇏթᄝ۷؟ฦхބࢊ੮,Ⴕ۷ധ֥Richardsonಪູྏྟ֥ࠆ֤ࣼ൞ᄝ૫ؓჰႵളࠃຐܛۋ,۷҂ބཾۋbWiener&Tardif(2004)ᆣൌਔ࿐ြࢳൈ,۱ุࣉྛ֥၂༢ਙႵၩ്ބၩ്࿊ᄴ֥ࢲݔ(ᆃ൞҂ਅࢠ٤࿐ြ҂ਅཬ࿐ളႵ۷ഒ֥໗ܥa߲֥ழႶ,֮ᇉFlach1988a1997ิԛ֥ຐࢳაᆜކܿੰ֥නམ)bູਔЌӻਈ֥Ⴖၱ,ࢠ֥֮ഠ߶ࢤ൳ྟ,ࢠ֥֮࿐ြሱۀ,ࢠҵ֥ദྏ֥ޙ,ದေᆜކദшॖ০Ⴈ֥ሧჷ,Ⴕིႋؓളࠃᇏഠ߶ି,۷఼ਛ֥ܛۋ,उೞۋ,ࢠҵ֥໙ีࢳथྛູb֥Տࠗ,ପ൞၂۱ޙ-҂ޙ-ޙ֥ݖӱbϴෛሢಖط,ਸ਼၂ٚ૫,္Ⴕದಪູ,ෙಖ࿐ြ҂ਅ๙ӈॖၛФྏྟྍൈս֥֞ট,֥ྏྟᇯࡶ౼ս֥࣡ྏಪູ൞၂ᇕ҂০֥າགၹ,൞ؓႵུ࿐ളটඪ,࿐ြ҂ྟ֥ۀ,ۚ؇఼ט࿐ࠣࡅ๖֥ܱቔႨb֒భႵܱਅಏॖି൞ࠆ֤Ќྟၹ֥ჰႮbೂᄥმପུمࢳ࿐ြ҂ਅ၂ུ࣮ᆀࡼྏྟुቔ൞֥ൡႋߌ֥֥࿐༝Ӯ֮ࠛ༯,మିໃؿߨ֥࿐ള,ڳଛა࢝ഽᄝ۷ݺֹݖӱ,ૌಪູླေ࣮࿐ြ҂ਅᆃᇕ౦ᇏາགྟބЌਔࢳࠇෲ֥౦ঃᆭު,ิԛࣉྛކႵི֥טᆜࠇҀ֥ࣷྟၹཌྷቔႨ,ࢣൕݖӱ֥ଽ҆ሧჷބຓ҆ࠗৣၹࡹၰ,ၛު,֥࿐༝ሑঃෙಖીႵ֤֞ޓն֥ڿэ,ѩ(Beasley,Thompson&Davidson2003)bໃၹູ࿐༝ാϧط൳֞ޓധ֥ഄݝbႮՎ,࿐ြ҂ਅьӮູ࿊ᄴߏބଆࡌഡ:Ќྟэਈѩ҂൞ֆؿߨቔႨ,၂ᇕЌྟၹ,ႮՎ,࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ള֥ྟᄹࡆਔbط൞ၛཌྷቔႨ֥ٚൔؿߨቔႨ,ၛьႿߏࢳ۱ุ૫ؓSpekman,Goldberg(1993)ಪູ֤֞ႵིҀ֥ࣷ࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ൈ֥৯bາགၹሰ൞ପུႅҟᄝᆞӈؿᅚМު֥ളaྏള,ෙಖ,ૌᄝ࿐ളൈս࿐ြ҂ਅ,ᄝૌႵਔӮۿ֥Ӯaಪᆩބߌ֥҂০ၹሰ,࿐ြ҂ਅ۱ุ૫ؓཨࠞളࠃ୍ൈ,ૌᄝྏഈؿᅚ൞ਅݺ֥bᆃུྏྟࢠݺ֥۱൙ࡱൈ۷գbЌྟၹሰ,ିႵ০ႿߏԊ۱ّุุ֥ؓ,ିࢠݺ֥॥ᇅሱ֥࠭ളࠃ൙ࡱbૌଽ҆॥ᇅି৯ࢠႋbႵ࣮ᆀಪູ,࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ളྟࠆ֤֥ᆃᇕ֥ݖ఼,ѩૌࡔྐሱ࠭ିڿэࠇ႕ཙሱ֥࠭ളࠃbૌቓԛӱ൞ଽ҆ሧჷ(ೂಪᆩྐ༏ࡆ۽ݖӱa۱ุӮࣼۋa౦ۋၹठᄴ,ѩູሱ֥࠭ठᄴڵᄳbૌഡקކൡ֥ଢѓ,҂౹҂)ބຓ҆ၹ(ೂϫڄa࢝ഽؓ࿐ള୭৯ӱ؇֥ۋᆩ)֥ཌྷଶ,Ⴕؓր৯൙ࡱ֥ႵིҦbᆃུྏྟࢠݺ֥ӮದቔႨ(Basley2003)b၂ུ࣮ᄵᆷԛ࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ള֥ྏؓሱ֥࠭ಌׄႵࢠౢྜ֥ಪ്,ᆺႵ֒ۋ֞ሱ࠭Ⴕି৯ࢤ൳ྟ֥ؿᅚ൞թᄝႿૌ֥ሱۋᆩა࢝ഽ֥ࡎᆭࡗ֥็ᅞൈ,ૌҌ߶ࢤ൳็ᅞbૌିܔՖࡅ๖ࠇᆀఃದദࢌቔႨ֥ݖӱbഈࠆ֤ᆦӻbHagborg(1996)ᄝ࣮ᇏ္ؿགྷପུିࢠݺ֥Wong఼֥࣮טਔഠ߶ᆦӻބഠ߶ಪᆩ֥ᇗေቔႨ,॥ᇅሱ࠭,ᄝ࿐ࠇຓؓሱ࠭Ⴕ۱ࢠᆞಒಪ്֥࿐ြ҂ഠ߶ࢌສФෲಪູ൞ቋᇗေ֥՜ࣉྏྟ֥ሧჷᆭ၂,ၹਅظ,࿐݂උۋࢠ఼,ؓ࿐࿐༝ളࠃ္ࢠູડၩbູᆃॖି߶ߏԊࠇᆀטࢫ৯֥႕ཙbᄝෲ֥࣮ᇏؿགྷ, ࿐ြ҂ਅ္ॖି҂൞າགၹ۱ุᆭࡗ֥,൞ିטࢫ֥ഠ߶ᆦӻࢲܒ֥႕ཙ֥ᇗေቆ࿐ြ҂ਅ൞ڎາགၹ?Ⴕ࣮ᆀಪູ,൳ԩႿາགӮ҆ٳbሑᇏ֥۱ุ֥ᇶܴࣜဒaྟљa໓߄aࡎᆴܴ֥႕ཙbೂ൳ၛສದૌಪູ၇৾োѩ҂൞႕ཙ࿐ြ҂ਅظ࿐༝ྟљa໓߄ࠇࡎᆴܴ֥႕ཙଖ࿐ളಪູ࿐༝ѩ҂ᇗေ,ପିބാϧ֥ᇗေၹbಖط,Al-Yagon֥࣮Ϝ၇৾োહ,ෙಖ࿐ြ҂ਅ,ѩ҂७bᆃൈ,࿐ြ҂ਅؓটुቔ൞႕ཙ࿐ြ҂ਅظഠ߶౦ۋބ࿐༝ି৯֥၂۱ᇗඪ,ࣼ҂൞າགၹbေၹbఃࢲݔіૼ,࿐ြ҂ਅظಪູሱദ֥ૡܱ༢֥νಆྟࢠਭ֥٤࿐ြ҂ਅظ֮,ૌ௴ђіགྷԛؓૡ3 ࣮࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ളྏྟ֥Ⴕܱ໙ีܱ༢֥ࢠ֥ۚฦхބࢊ੮ౠཟ,ૌӈӈۋ֞ܛֆ,აದ֥၂ᇁۋࢠ֮bཌྷّ,ა٤νಆ၇֥৾ظཌྷб,νಆ၇ ՖಌཊଆሇཟႵ০ଆ֥৾ظ,ܛۋࢠ֮,Ⴕࢠ֥ۚ၂ᇁۋbඪૼ૫ਢ࿐ြᄝ࿐ြ҂ਅ࣮ᇏ,ն؟ඔ࿐ြ҂ਅ֥࣮൞ᄝಌཊଆ҂ਅൈ,၇৾ྟaνಆۋaაದ၂ᇁྟؓ۱ุႵЌྟቔ֥ॿࡏଽࣉྛ֥bಌཊଆಪູ࿐ြ҂ਅᇶေູྐ༏ࡆႨ,ॖၛᄝາག҂০౦ࣟ༯ิۚᆃུ࿐ള֥ൡႋۿିb۽֥ಌཊ,ᆃᇕಌཊ൞Ⴎ࿐ြ҂ਅ۱ุଽᄝ֥ၹᄯӮ֥,ᇿᇗݖӱ,ၛࠣਔࢳྟؿള֥ྏࠏᇅބݖӱ֥ೂૅݓ఼ט۱ุᇏ൷പࣜ༢֥ۿିാטႄఏbಌཊଆ࣮൝,࣮ᆀཌྷྐ,ॖၛ๙ݖۄყটအ࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ᇶေՖാטބۄყ࠹߃ԛؿ,࣮࿐ြ҂ਅ֥࿐ള࿐༝ള֥ྏྟb֥ჰၹၛࠣࢲݔაҀࣷbط࣮࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ളྏྟ֥ ิ܂Ќྟၹ֥ၭԩა໙ีາགაྟଆൔ,ᄵಪູߌఏሢ٤ӈᇗေ֥ቔႨ,ᄝ҂Donahue&Pearl(2003)ಪູ:҂֥࿐ြ҂ਅ۱ุᆭࡗ֥ߌᇏ,۱ุ෮֥֥ࣜሑঃ൞҂֥bหק۱ุޓթᄝҵၳbପུିሂᇾࠏ߶֥࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ളၛު֥Ӯۿ֥ഒࡥֆֹቔູᆃᇕາགྟࠇᆀЌྟ֥ݦඔ,ೂݔ۳ၛܼٗॖିྟಯಖޓն,ሂᇾࠏ߶֥টჷ൞ପུЌྟၹ,ૌ֥ഠ߶ߌ֥Ⴕིሧჷ,ࡼ࿐ြ҂ਅ۱ุࠆ֤Ⴕ০ၹ,൞:۱ุ֥ࠒࠞ౦࿂aඃ֥ିaڳଛࠣఃӮದ֥ᆦӻა
ഫਛૹ:࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ള֥ྏྟ࣮Ԛฐ 705ᆷ֝aӮۿ֥ࠏმbྟࢠݺ֥࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ളିՖᄇᇏࠆ֤ࡎᆴۋ,๙ݖᆃᇕWerner&Smith(2001)֥၂ཛ࣮ؿགྷ,၂ٚ૫,၂ུ10ૂࢺ,ظିࣉೆམའ֥ൗࢸbପିิ܂၂ᇕνྏ֥a༢ෟФᆐ؎ູ࿐ြ҂ਅظ,֞ਔ18ෟಯಖթᄝೂ༯໙ี:࿐༝֥නॉބুܴ֥ࣚപ(Wolin&WolinascitedinHenry,Ӯࠛҵaಌكνಆۋaದ࠽ܱ༢ಌك;ഠ߶߄ඣࢠ֮aᄳۋ1999)bᄝᆃ۱ሱԷᄯ֥໓࿐ބམའ֥ൗࢸᇏ,ظିุ҂఼aӮࣼమ৯֮aଷ৯ࠃིੱࢠ֮bൈਸ਼၂ٚ૫,ૌ္߶/֞॥ᇅ,ιބФᇗ൪0bᆷԛਔຓ҆ၹࠧЌྟၹ॥ᇅ֥ቔႨ,ૌؿགྷ࿐ြ҂۴ऌBowlby(1969)֥࣮,ႉظࡼሱദ၇৾ؓའ֥ཌྷਅظ֞ਔ32-40ෟൈ,նۀႵඹٳᆭ֥ದ,ၘࣜӮۿֹൡቔႨଽ߄ູ၇֥৾۽ቔଆ,ቔູሱ࠭ބದ֥ྏіႋਔૌ֥۽ቔa߾ၽ,҂ᄜ൳ྏ໙ี֥ಠbૌՖ၂ུᆘbνಆ၇֥৾ظႚႵܱႿሱ࠭ބದ֥ࠒࠞ۽ቔଆႵ౦ྏ֥ྏྟ֥۱ุദഈؿགྷ,ᇶေթᄝোЌྟ,ѩႵཌྷܱඔऌᆦӻᆣૼૌᆭࡗթᄝದડၩ֥ཌྷၹটჷ,ࠧটሱڳଛa࢝ഽaழႶaϴ੩֩,ૌऎႵିϺᇹቔႨbط߭хࢊ੮֥ظ֥۽ቔଆᄵ൞ཨ֥ࠞ,აದૌӁളࠒࠞ౦࿂֥౦࿂หׄbᆃඹٳᆭ֥ದႵሱ࠭หק֥ᆭࡗ֥ཌྷቔႨ൞ದउೞބ७֥bνಆ၇֥৾࿐ြିބҌᇆ,Ⴕԉٳؿߨሱ࠭ି৯֥ࠏbૌႵືൌ֥࢝҂ਅظ,ᄝರӈބາག౦༯,ିܔ࣍ބቓԛсေ֥વტބᆯြܿ߃,ѩᄝཬൈީࠇౝഒ୍ൈ௹,ૌ္หљགྛູ,ૌߎหљႿ০Ⴈটሱ၇৾ؓའ֥ᆦӻ,ѩಒ൯ܿᄵbᄝᆃུದ֥ӮӉݖӱᇏ,թᄝܱྏ֥ڳଛ,หљ൞ྐ,֒ૌླေൈ,ૌ֥၇৾ؓའ߶ࠒࠞϺᇹૌbAl)ଛ,൞٤ӈᇗေ֥bᄝᆃဢ֥ࡅ๖ᇏ,ࢠݺ֥ܿᄵބࢲݔႵYagon֩ಪູ,࿐౦༯֥౦ۋྐ༏ࡆ۽ݖӱॖၛყҩྏᇹႿ۱ุӁളνಆۋaิۚ۱ุ֥ሱቍඣbᆦӻ֥Ӯದྟ֥ۿିb࿐ြ҂ਅظ҂νಆದ࠽ܱ༢აഠ߶ބ౦ࠇսڳଛ(ೂ࢝ഽaնࡅ๖ᇏ֥Ӯჴa୍֥ਵ֝ᆀa࢝߶Ӯჴۋൡႋ҂ਅႵܱ,طࡹ৫၇৾൞၂۱ۄყ֥ٚم,ᆃཛٚم)္֩ؿߨሢࠞն֥ቔႨ,ૌିအ࿐ളൡ֥֒ሱቍބؓॖၛ࿐ြ҂ਅᆀऎႵνಆૡ֥ܱ༢,ѩႚႵაದࠒࠞದࠣࠆ֤ದ֥ྐbਸ਼ຓ,ದളݖ؈ൈ௹֥ࠏმ္൞՜ࣉ֥ཌྷቔႨ,ࡼႵ০Ⴟૌࠆ֤ྏྟbӮ୍ದൡႋਅݺ֥ᇗေၹbᆃ۱࣮ඪૼิ܂ਔЌྟၹ,ྟ൞ॖၛᇗྍࠆ֤֥b4 ࿐ြ҂ਅაྏࡲूҀ࣮֥ࣷྍ൪࢘ၹՎ,ิ܂ຓ҆ളЌྟၹॖၛڿ࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ള ࿐ြ҂ਅ൞࿐༝ݖӱᇏ֥,ೂޅ࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ളෙ֥ഠ߶౦ۋ֩ၹ,Ֆطᄹࡆྏྟط࿃ಀᆚ౼Ӯۿbಖࣜሢ࿐ြാϧ,ః࿐༝ି৯҂൳,ᇗྍࠆ֤ਅݺ֥ಖط,Ⴕದิԛ໙ี൞:ᄝ҂֥࿐ြ҂ਅາགྟ౦ঃ༯,Ќ࿐ြӮࣼ,ѩᄝദྏٚ૫ໃႵ҂ਅᆡሑ,Ќӻྏࡲू?ᆃྟၹ൞ڎؓႿ۱ุ֥ྏࡲूିӁളᆰࢤࠇ၂ᇁ֥ମ൞࢝ტሔ֥ଢѓbሸކၛഈၘႵ࣮֥ࢲݔ,ູᄝݓ႕ཙ(Beasley2003)b࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ള֥ྏྟ֥࣮ิ܂ਔၛ༯ྍ֥൪࢘ ؓ࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ള֥ྏྟ֥ۄყ࣮ః၂,ܱႿ࿐ြ҂ਅቔູ࿐ളളࠃᇏ֥າགྟၹ֥Ֆ҂࢘؇ࣉྛ֥ۄყ࣮,֤֞ਔ၂ུႵၭ֥ࢲંb࣮b࣮ࠧᄝݓ࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ള֥ྏྟ֥ሑঃ,ၛࠣೂ၂҆ٳ࣮Ֆ࿐ࠃνஆ֥ٚ૫ࣉྛbೂNettles,ޅࡨ֮࿐ြാϧ֥າགྟඣbMucherah&Jones(2000)ᄝ୍ؓࠩ࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ള֥ۄყఃؽ,ຓ҆ളߌ֥࣮bࠧିܔູ࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ളิ࣮ᇏؿགྷ,ࣜӈҕࡆႵቆᆮ֥ࠃ,ᄝႵ۬ေ֥Ⴕቆ܂֥Ⴊਅ֥ࠎЧЌྟၹೂޅ?২ೂགྷൈ௴ђ֥ଛ֥ᆮᇏࠃ֥۱ุ,ཁ֤۷ࡆুܴაሱྐb҂ࣇೂՎ,ૌؿྛູଆൔ൞ᄸဢ֥a࿐ള֥၇ܱ৾༢֥ࡹ৫ଆൔႵଧུ?གྷᄝ୍ࠩ࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ള࿐༝ളࠃᇏ,ᄝሱ࠭ԩaაӮದః,Ќྟၹ֥ۿིྟ࣮bࠧॉҳາགၹބЌཌྷቔႨaҕࡆႵቆᆮ֥ज़ຓࠃᆃٚ૫ൈࡗ֥؟ܪ,ିྟၹ֥ݖӱބЌྟၹߏԊቔႨ֥ࠏᇅbყҩؽ୍֥ࠩඔ࿐ބ॓Ӯࠛbඪૼ༵భᆃུࠃݖӱ,ॖၛູၛު֥ज़ӱ࿐༝ቔ۷ݺ֥ሙС,Ⴕ০Ⴟఃᅧᆩ്აҕॉ໓ངି,ି՜ࣉૌି৯֥ؿᅚbWeiner&Tardiff࣮ਔඹ,&:,ᇕ҂ห൹࢝ტ౦༯֥࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ള֥ϴܱ༢,ᆷԛਔ,NormanGermezy,&MichaelRutter,Stress,҂֥࢝ტߌؓ࿐ള֥ܛۋaሱۀaഠ߶ି৯֥҂risk,andresilienceinchildrenandadolescents:Processes,mecha-֥႕ཙቔႨ,ૌؿགྷਔЇಸྟߌؓႿ࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ള֥nisms,:CambridgeUniversityPress.ഠ߶ࠇ౦ۋൡႋႵ၂ק֥Ⴊᄀྟb1994:&,resilience,anddevelopment:illerБۡਔ၂ཛۄყ࣮֥ࠒ֥ࠞࢲݔbۄყཛଢഡ࠹ᇶေູ࿐aज़ถࠇᆀ؟ჭ౦֥ٚم,ఃЇওThemultipleecologiesofblackadolescentsintheUnitedStates.:(1)ཤّഠ߶ྛູ֥ؿᅚIbid,NewYork::157;(2)ࡨഒၘթᄝّ֥ഠ߶ྛູ;(3)ิശ෮Ⴕ࿐ള഻֥ି৯bDurlakБۡݖ၂۱ჭٳ༅֥ࢲݔ,ఃdisabilities:ؿགྷᄝ࿐ٓຶଽࣉྛۄۄყཛଢഡ࠹,ࢠᆭ۱ุۄყٚDisabilitiesResearch&Practice,18(2),82-86م,ऎႵ۷ݺི֥ݔbᆃུࢲݔཁൕਔ,э߄࿐ߌটڿ:researchoninter-э࿐ളྛູ,ᆦӻਔࡼາགބྏྟଆᄎႨ֞࿐ཛଢᇏ֥ቓمbਸ਼ຓ,࣮ᇏؿགྷ,࢝ഽބܵದჴ֥ুܴ֥ྐResearch&Practice,19(1),1-2္൞ᆃུۄყཛଢ֥Ӯۿ֥၂۱ჰၹ-generationresearchonresilience:social-ਸ਼၂҆ٳ֥࣮ᄵᆰࢤՖؓ࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ള֥ദྏ႕ཙ֥ٚ૫ࣉྛbೂ၂ཛ࣮ؿགྷ,ࣜӈิ܂۳࿐ြ҂ਅ࿐ളႵDisabilitiesResearch&Practice,19(1),45-48ၭ֥ᄇҋਘ,ିᄹࡆૌྏྟࠆ֤֥ࠏ߶(༯ሇֻ699်),ପུྏ
ӧޣ֩:ݓۚؓྏሦ࿘აᇍਏದҌ֥အགྷሑטҰ 699࣐ॹֹൡႋഠ߶ؓྏ࿐֥؟ٚ૫֥ླေbቋު,षഡྏ4Yip,ܙބᆐ؎aྏሦ࿘აᇍਏੀஊ֥ज़ӱࠣࣉྛ॓࿐ބ֣֡-ѓሙ֥࿐ࢠഒbchiatry,2005,51(2):106-1244155Ӛޡള,ိ઼ਟ.ܱႿྏ࿐ህြЧ॓ज़ӱഡᇂ֥නॉ.ۚ֩ ࣮ള֥ൌ༝໙ี൮༵,ൌ༝ଽಸ҂ಆ૫ಌك၂֥ܿק;ఃՑ,ൌ༝ൈ॓࢝ტ,2004,(6):46-50ࡗ؋6ᇏݓྏ࿐߶.ᇏݓྏ࿐߶ਢԵაሦ࿘ྏ࿐ህြࠏܒބህ;ࢠ؟࿐ؓሱุဒބ֝໙ีૼಒܿקbᇏݓྏ࿐߶ᄝؓਢԵაሦ࿘ྏ࿐ህြණൖအٚσ֥ᇿҨѓြದჴᇿҨѓሙ(ֻ၂ϱ).ྏ࿐Б,2007,39(5):942-ሙᇏܿק946 [6]:ණൖളླᄝႵིᇿҨ֥֝ഽ֝༯Ֆ൙҂ഒ7ਾ࿐ধ,ؿ॓.ྏ࿐иြളህြିטҰࠣఃؓህြڿ۪֥Ⴟ100۱ཬൈ֥ྏᇍਏࠇሦ࿘ࠃbܿੰ֥aᆞൔ֥a۱ఓൕ.ྏ࿐ฐྍ,2003,(3):44-47ุބ/ࠇุࠢσ২֝ཬൈඔ҂ഒႿ100ཬൈbՎѓሙ֥ԛ8Ko,.,Rodolfa,ႵᇹႿ՜ࣉအކ֥۬ྏሦ࿘ބྏᇍਏህြದჴ,numberofPracticumHoursnecessarypriortoInternshipapplica-აݓຓཌྷܱѓሙཌྷб,ಯթᄝ၂קҵएbೂ:ᄝႇݓ[10],ණൖ:ResearchandPractice,2005,36,࣮ളсྶࣉྛ2୍֥֝ൌ༝;ᄝྍ༆ধ[10],ေණൖള(3):318-322ࣉྛ၂୍֥֝༯֥ൌ༝;Ϗն০[12]ਢԵྏ࿐ණൖ࿐໊9Kaslow,.,Keilin,-ေࣉྛ1000۱ཬൈ֥ਢԵൌ༝,ఃᇏЇও200۱ཬൈ֥Фchology::Science֝ൈࡗbandPractice,2006,13,(3):242-24810Helmes,E.,Pachana,-5 ҕॉ໓ངgyinAustralia:,2006,41(2):104-1111ཫޞ,ဗᄏ.ྏᇍਏაྏሦ࿘֥ᆯြ߄ؿᅚࠣགྷሑ.ݓຓ၄࿐ࣚപѨ࿐ٳҨ11மᯙਭ./21ൗࡀྏ࿐ሼཟބದҌအ0֥טҰ.Кࣘഽٓն,2005,32(2):93-96࿐࿐Б(ഠ߶॓࿐ϱ),1999,(5):49-562ঢ়.ྏሦ࿘ഽህြؿᅚᇏ֥۱ದӮӉ.༆ഽٓն࿐࿐Б(ᅽ࿐ഠ߶॓࿐ϱ12Pachana,.,,A.,Helmes,),2004,33(2):117-1213ఫ૿ᙛ.ն࿐ྏ࿐༢ྏᇍਏ֥ഡམაൌ.ᇏݓਢԵྏ-l࿐ᄖᆽogist,2006,41(3):168-178,1998,6(1):,ZhaoYanli,GaoXiao,Q2ianMingyi1(SchoolofPsychology,SouthwestUniversity,Chongqing,4007152)(DepartmentofPsychology,PekingUniversity,Beijing,100871)Abstract ,WestChina,SouthChina,NorthChina,andCentralChina,informationonthecurriculumandinternshiptrainingwerecollected,:therelationshipbetweentheprofessionalrequiredcourseandtheprofessionalelectivecoursewasimproperlyhandledinasmallnumberofschools;traininginthecoursesofClinicalPsychologyandCounselingPsychologywereinadequateinsomeunivers-ities;-graduatecoursewasimperfect,andshouldbeparticu-larlystrengthenedinthefollowingareas:scienceandethics,thebiologicalbasisofbehavior,thecognitiveandemotionalbasisofbe-havior,thepersonalandprofessionaldevelopmentofclinicalandcounselingpsychologists,, psychologicalcounseling,psychotherapy,academictraining,curriculum,internshiptraining(ഈࢤֻ705်)APreliminaryStudyofResearchesontheResilienceofStudentsWithLearningDisabilitiesShenLiemin(DepartmentofPsychology,EastChinaNormalUniversity,Shanghai,200062)Abstract Resilienceisakindofstablepersonalitytraitorabilitythatcanhelppeopleintroubleovercomeriskyfactors,recoveremo-tion,,theriskyfactorsandprotectivefactorsofresilienceandrelevantproblemsarediscussed,sothatthecausesandmechanismsoflearningdisabilitiescanbefurtherexploredandatthesametime, resilience,learningdisabilities,riskfactors,protectivefactors
