第六章
CHAPTER SIX
猪的寄生虫病
PARASITlC DISEASES IN PIGS
第一节 蠕虫(HELMINTH)病
线虫Nematodes
旋毛虫Trichinella
猪圆线虫Hyostrongylus (red stomach worm)
颚口线虫Gnathostoma
蛔虫Ascaris (large roundworm)
类圆线虫Strongyloides (threadworm)
食道口线虫Oesophagostomum (nodular worm)
毛首线虫Trichuris (whipworm)
球首线虫Globocephalus (hookworm)
后圆线虫Metastrongylus (lungworm)
冠尾线虫 Stephanurus (kidney worm)
吸虫Trematodes
姜片吸虫 Fasciolopsis (intestinal fluke)
枝睾吸虫 Clonorchis
肝片吸虫 Fasciola (liver fluke)
腹盘吸虫 Gastrodiscus
血吸虫 Schistosoma (blood fluke)
绦虫Cestodes
猪囊尾蚴 Cysticercus cellulosae
细颈囊尾蚴 Cysticercus tenuicollis
棘球蚴Echilnococcus granulosus
棘头虫Acanthocephala
蛭形巨吻棘头虫Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
消化道的蠕虫Helminths in the alimentary tract
Site
Helminth
Effects
胃Stomach
小肠Small intestine
Hyostrongylus
Ascarops
Physocephalus
Gnathostoma
Ascaris
Strongyloides
Globocephalus
Trichostrongylus
Macracanthorhynchus
Fasciolopsis
Mucosal damage
Mucosal damage
Mucosal damage
Mucosal damage
Adults: mucosal changes.
Larvae: liver and lung lesions .
Mucosal damage
Blood sucking
Mucosal damage
Mucosal damage
Mucosal damage
大肠Large intestine
Oesophagostomum
Trichuris
Gastrodiscus
Mucosal damage, nodules
Blood sucking
Mucosal damage
肝内蠕虫Helminths in the liver
Helminth Effect
Ascaris (larvae) Fibrotic lesions: "white" or "milk" spots
Schistosoma (eggs) Fibrosis, granulomas
Fasciola (larvae, adults) Fibrosis, bile duct enlargement.
Blood sucking
Cysticercus tenuicollis (metacestodes) Tissue damage, fibrosis
Echinoccocus granulosus Pressure atrophy
(metacestodes: hydatid cysts)
肺内蠕虫Helminths in the lung
Helminth Effect
Metastrongylus Bronchitis, pneumonia
Ascaris Traumatic lesions
Hydatid cysts Tissue atrophy
其他器官的蠕虫Helminths in various organs
Site Helminth Effects
肌肉Muscle Trichinella (larvae) Minimal
Cysticercus cellulosae Minimal
肾Kidney Stephanurus Damage, moderate
血管 Intestinal and hepatic
Blood vessels Schistosoma damage
Helminth 蠕虫
Life cycles 生活史
虫卵特征
感染阶段和发育过程
中间宿主、储藏宿主或保虫宿主
Epidemiology 流行病学
感染源
感染途径
易感动物
and Pathology 病理学
致病作用
主要症状和病变
Figure Hyostrongylus rubidus life cycle
Figure Ascarops strongylina and Physocephalus sexalatus life cycles
Figure Ascaris suum life cycle
Figure Strongyloides ransomi life cycle
Figure Oesophagostomum spp. life cycle
Figure Trichuris suis life cycle
Figure Metastrongylus spp. life cycle
Figure Stephanurus dentatus life cycle
Figure Trichinella spiralis life cycle
Figure Schistosoma japonicum life cycle
Figure Taenia solium life cycle
Figure Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus life cycle
Diagnosis
Clinical examination
symptoms
Fecal examination
eggs
Post-mortem examination
猪的蠕虫的控制CONTROL OF HELNIINTHS IN PIGS
基本原理General Principles Of Control
purpose --- to keep the parasitic challenge (especially to young pigs and lactating sows) at a minimum rate to avoid clinical symptoms and production losses.
Necessary --- to have a detailed knowledge about the helminth infections in the pig population(s). . helminth species present, prevalence rates and transmission patterns.
不同生产系统蠕虫的发生 anticipated helminth occurrence in different production systems
Helminth
Transmission
characteristics
Management system
outdoor
extensive
outdoor
intensive
indoor
extensive
indoor
intensive
Ascaris
Oesophagostomum
Trichuris
Strongyloides
Hyostrongyfus
Stephanurus
Trichinella.
Gongylonema
Ascarops
Physocephalus
Metastrongylus
Echinococcus
Fasciola
Taenia solium
eggs
larvae
eggs
milk/larvae
larvae
larvae
Muscles
dung beetles
dung beetles
dung beetles
earthworms
dog faeces
aquatic snails
human faeces
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放养：while extensively outdoor-reared pigs may harbour all existing helminth species, intensive outdoor management may eliminate those helminths whose transmission depends on contact with human faeces, dog faeces or fresh water.
All helminths with an indirect life cycle are eradicated in indoor production systems. perhaps with the exception of Trichinella sp..
圈养：When indoor pig rearing develops from extensive to intensive management, the number of helminths with a direct life cycle will gradually decrease.
控制方法The most efficient way to control
to improve the management and hygiene of the herd.
routine anthelmintic treatment programmes is the other major control principle.
Therefore helminth control programmes normally include both management and the use of anthelmintics.
线虫的控制Control Of Nematodes
Stocking rate
Grazing management
Mixed or alternate grazing
Hygiene of pens
Dose and move
Routine deworming
Nose-ringing of sows
Adequate nutritional level
Genetic resistance
The 'gilt-only' system
Control of Trichinalla spiralis
吸虫的控制Control Of Trematodes
Most digeneans which infect pigs include freshwater snails in their life cycles (Fasciolopsis buski, Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola hepatica, Schistosoma spp.)
these infections may be controlled simply by avoiding contact between pigs and freshwater reservoirs
or by preventing pigs from eating raw fish.
绦虫的控制Control Of Cestodes
All cestodes infecting pigs have carnivorous mammalians as final hosts, and the metacestodes in the internal organs of pigs are difficult to eliminate with drugs.
All control strategies rely on the prevention of contact between pigs and infected faecal matter.
In the case of the zoonotic Taenia solium, community sanitation is the ultimate control measure, preferably supplemented by drug treatment of infected human.
