ྏ॓࿐ࣉᅚ 2012, Vol. 20, No. 5, 782–790 Advances in Psychological Science DOI: 投射测验体系中的树木意象 1121ғ 頠 ณႥੈ ᗘ ӧᆇᆇ 12(༆ଲն࿐ྏ࿐ჽ, ᇗ౩ 400715) (Кࣘഽٓն࿐ྏ࿐ჽ, Кࣘ 100875) ᅋ ေ 树木是绘画测验中常用的意象之一, 其主要的分析体系为房树人测试与树木测试, 二者对树木的操作过程和分析方法存在差异。树木意象的测试具有一定的信效度, 可以有效地反应个体的心理状态, 敏锐地体现出个体与当前环境的交互作用, 检测病理性创伤反应, 鉴别特殊群体。未来研究可考虑测试的文化特异性, 进一步检验树木–伤疤–创伤理论并完善其在灾难心理领域的应用, 也期待研究者改进测试程序并继续对其进行标准化。 ܱՍ 投射测验; 树木测试; 房树人测试; 树木–伤疤–创伤 ٳোݼ ߂ҩဒ൞ഝҩဒ֥၂ᇕ, ൞ᆷࢹᇹ߂൞, ުᆀ۷ܱᇿඎଡაఃჭᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢, طЧദࠣఃԷᄯྟ֥ሱႮіགྷ, ߒྜ൳ҩᆀଽྏൗ٤ඎଡЧദbൈ, ҂ҩဒᆌؓඎଡ҆ٳ֥Ҡࢸࠇದ۬หᆘ֥҂іགྷྙൔ, Ֆطᄝؓ߂ଽቔݖӱaંࡌഡၛࠣٳ༅ٚم္ѩ҂ປಆཌྷbಸّ֥ႋᇏഝԛఃଽᄝ֥ླေބ჻ຬ֥၂ᇕҩᆃဢ֥ҵၳ࣮ᆀૌمؓ҂֥࣮ࢲݔࣉ൫ྙൔbఃᇏ, ඎଡ൞߂ҩဒᇏӈ֥ഝၩྛбࢠ, ္ࣼمᆞಒಪ്ඎଡၩའᄝഝҩဒའᆭ၂b࠻൞൳ҩᆀඃ༑֥൙, ಸၞႺؿეᇏ֥ቔႨ, Їওඎଡၩའҩ൫֥Ⴕིྟ໙ีၛࠣၬ৳མ; Ⴛ҂ၞႄఏ൳ҩᆀّ֥ۋ, ၛᇀႿऋधᄝਢԵٚ૫֥ႋႨbପહ, ᆌؓඎଡၩའ, ٜඎቔ߂(Buck, 1948b)bᄪᄝ20ൗࡀ40୍սଌ, ૅݓದҩ൫ၛࠣඎଡҩ൫ᄝҠቔٳ༅ٚمഈ࣮ࣨႵޅྏ࿐ࡅBuck (1947, 1948a, 1948b, 1949, 1951)ބၳĤඎଡၩའҩ൫Чദ൞ڎႵིĤఃᄝਢԵٚೋൖྏ࿐ࡅKoch (1949, 1952)ࣼၘ۲ሱ৫ֹ૫ႻႵሢᄸဢห֥ႋႨࡎᆴĤЧ໓ࣼࡼᇶေࡼඎଡႄೆ֞ਔഝҩဒᇏ, ႄఏਔ࣮ᆀຶಡᆃ۱໙ีؓඎଡၩའҩ൫ࣉྛሸඍb ֥ܱᇿބਢԵ۽ቔᆀ֥ܼٗᄎႨ(Sloan, 1954)b 1 树木意象的主要分析体系及差异 ଢభ, ᄝഝҩဒᇏࡼඎଡቔູ৫ᇶีࣉྛֆٳ༅ᄎႨ֥ഝҩဒѩ҂ഒ, Їওٜඎದ 房树人测试 ҩ൫(The House–Tree–Person Test, ၛ༯ࡥӫHTP; ٜඎದҩ൫(HTP)൞ඎଡၩའቋᇶေ֥ٳ༅Buck, 1948a), ඎଡҩ൫(Baumtest; Koch, 1949, ุ༢ᆭ၂(ࠝᚤޠ, 2007; Buck, 1948a)bھҩ൫ေ1952), ཬದᅋݔ(Draw a Picture of a Person ൳ҩᆀٳљᄝᅦᆼഈ࣐ః෮ିֹಪᆇֹ߂၂Picking an Apple from a Tree, PPAT; Gantt & ቖٜሰ, ၂ॐඎࠇ၂۱ದb๙ݖؓᆃ۱ཛଢ֥Tabone, 1998; Munley, 2002)ބڄࣟܒӮ߂(ဗת, ٳ༅აܙ, ീҩᆀିܔ۷ॹ۷ٚь֥ࠆ֤ܱႿ2007)֩bᄝٜඎದҩ൫აඎଡҩ൫ᇏ, ඎଡၛ൳ҩᆀૹۋྟaӮඃ؇aਲࠃྟaି৯aದ֥۬৫֥ྙའԛགྷ(ູٚьӂඍ, ၛ༯ӫູඎଡၩའປᆜӱ؇ၛࠣದ۬აߌཌྷቔႨ֥ྐ༏(Buck, ҩ൫); طᄝPPATބڄࣟܒӮ߂ᇏ, ඎଡაః1948a, 1948b)bHTP҂ࣇऎႵದ۬ܙބྏᅰჭቆކ, ܋ܒӮਔ၂۱߂૫bაభᆀ҂֥θܙ֥ۿି(Buck, 1951; Éismont, Lutsyuk, & Pavlenko, 2009; Cassel, Johnson, & Burns, 1958; ྆ৡ, 1994; ྆ৡ, ွྮޣ, 1994), ߎॖၛႵ൬۠ರ௹:2011-09-30 ๙ቔᆀ:ณႥੈ, E-mail: tyl57525@ ֹི՜ࣉྏᇍਏ(Shahid, 2009; Meyer, Brown, 782
ֻ5௹ ғ 頠֩: ഝҩဒุ༢ᇏ֥ඎଡၩའ 783 & Levine, 1955)b 分析解释的方法不同 树木测试 ٜඎದҩ൫ٳᇗ൪൳ҩᆀ֥ቔ߂ݖӱބ߂ඎଡҩ൫(Baumtest)൞KochԷ৫֥၂ᇕದ۬ު٠ซb๙ݖ൳ҩᆀ۱ದ֥ᇶܴБۡa٠ซଽಸഝҩဒ۽ऎ(Koch, 1952), ္൞ඎଡၩའ֥ᇶေၛࠣീҩᆀ֥ܴҳ, Ֆ҂࿙ӈ֥༥ࢫaॢࡗбٳ༅ุ༢ᆭ၂bھҩ൫ေ൳ҩᆀᄝᆼഈ߂၂ॐ২նཬၛࠣ൪֩10۱࢘؇ؓඎଡࣉྛٳ༅ݔඎ, ಖު๙ݖؓ൳ҩᆀ൭෮߂֥ඎଡࣉྛٳ(Buck, 1948b)bᄝٳ༅ൈ, Ⴕਆׄ҂ቀğ၂൞ໃ༅, ਔࢳ൳ҩᆀ֥ದ۬หᆘbሺܴభದؓඎଡҩؓग़ܴᆷѓೂॢࡗб২۳Ⴭቀܔᇗ൪, ᆺुᇗ൳൫֥࣮, ᇶေࠢᇏႿҩ൫֥Ⴕིྟ(Toyoko & ҩᆀ෮߂֥ඎଡหᆘ൞ڎླྀט၂ᇁ; ؽ൞ࢲܒ߄Kyoko, 2003)ބਢԵႋႨ, ೂപࣜᆡა໓߄ܱ༢٠ซᇏ֥҆ٳ໙ีऎႵ၂ק֥πൕྟࠇႄ֝ྟ, ֥ᇏರбࢠ࣮(ࠝᚤޠ, 2007), චളሰଷଆൔೂ“ಪູᆃॐඎ൞ଳದߎ൞୯ದ” (Buck, ၌Ԯ֥ྛູҩਈ(Vogel, Schalt, Kruger, & Klarich, 1948b)b 1982), ၛࠣྏᇍਏིݔ֥ܙ(Mutsumi & ඎଡҩ൫۷؟֥ܱᇿႿඎଡᄝᆼᅦഈӯགྷ֥Mariko, 2003; Yoko, 2006)֩b ॢࡗ໊ᇂၛࠣཌ่֥ՙ༥֩ཌྷؓग़ܴ֥ᆷѓbᄝ 房树人测试与树木测试的差异 ު௹֥ؿᅚݖӱᇏ, ᆃུၹᇯࡶဆ߄Ӯਔэྙ 指导语不同 ྟᆷѓ(Distortion index, ࠧඎۄ֥פ҆ॺ؇აᇏٜඎದҩ൫ᇏؓඎଡၩའ֥ᆷ֝ეູ “౨࣐҆ॺ؇֥б২)ࠇӮӉྟᆷѓ(Growth index, ࠧඎ෮ିݺݺֹ߂၂ॐඎ” (Buck, 1948a), طඎଡܳۚ؇ཌྷؓႿඎ֥ۚб২)֩bэྙྟᆷѓ൞ڵཟҩ൫֥ᆷ֝ეູ“౨߂၂ॐݔඎ” (Koch, 1952)bཌྷᆷѓᆭ၂, აದ֥۬ၳӈྟۚ؇ཌྷܱ, ๙ӈࣚപбᆭ༯, ٜඎದҩ൫ؓ൳ҩᆀ֥ཋᇅ۷ഒ, ္ٳਚᆡሑᇗ֥۱ุэྙྟᆷѓࢠۚ; طӮӉྟ۷ಸၞಞ൳ҩᆀࣅᅦ, ཋᇅఃؿߨbطඎଡҩ൫ᆷѓ൞၂ᇕაэྙྟᆷѓཌྷ֥ؓᆞཟᆷѓᇏ֥“ݔඎ”ѩ҂ൡႨႿᇏݓ໓߄, ّط߶ཋᇅ൳(Kiichiro et al., 2000; Keisuke et al., 2001)b၌ݭ֥ҩᆀ෮߂ඎ֥ᇕো, ಸၞಞః༂ࢳູ၂קေ߂ऎ൞, ᆃུᆷѓ֥ݣၬಯбࢠݣb Ⴕݔൌ֥ඎ(ࠝᚤޠ, 2007), Ֆطࡨਔھҩ൫֥ 最初的目的和常模样本不同 ଆྟ, ႕ཙീҩᆀؓഝّႋ֥ܙაࢳb ቋԚ, ٜඎದҩ൫ᇶေФႨႿᇆ৯ܙ 操作过程不同 (Buck, 1948a, 1948b), ၹՎBuck (1949)ᄪ௹֥ٜඎದҩ൫ЇওሱႮ߂ބ߂ު٠ซਆ۱࣮ඔऌनটሱႿߑႵࣚപӾᇌaఖᇉࠇۿିྟ৫֥ࢨ؍bఃᇏ, ߂ު٠ซႵབྷ༥֥٠ซิ۔, ଽࣚപࠥѨ֥ೆჽѨದ, ؓӈଆ֥ࢳбࢠڵ૫bݣ24֡ᆌؓඎଡၩའ֥ีଢ, طീҩᆀॖ൪౦ෙಖު௹ࡆೆਔն࿐ള֩ᆞӈದФ൫(Buck, ঃሱྛเࡆ໙ี(Buck, 1948b); طඎଡҩ൫֥Ҡ1948b, 1951), ႮႿႨਔ҂֥ҩဒӱ, ّቔીႵࢲܒ߄٠ซطࢆ֮ਔ࣮֥ॖбྟ; طඎଡҩ൫ቋԚᇶေႨ, Ҡቔ֥ෛၩྟ۷ն, ၹՎ, ҂֥Ҡቔᆀࣼॖၛ۴ऌ۲ሱ֥ڄ۬ҐႨ҂֥Ⴟظؿᅚܙބᆯြളܙ, ၹՎᄝܒࡹԚӱbෙಖᆃဢॖၛਢԵᇍਏ۷ࡆ۱ದ߄, ۷ӈଆൈ, ᇶေඔऌটሱႿ5~16ෟ֥ظაౝഒऎႵᆌؓྟ୍߂ቔ(Koch, 1952)b , ္ࡆնਔҩ൫ѓሙ߄֥؇b ٜඎದҩ൫ݖӱᇏᄍྸ൳ҩᆀሱႮႨཝ, 2 树木意象测试的有效性 ൞ေീҩᆀؓႨ֥౦ঃࣉྛ࠺, ၛ܂൙ުٳ༅; ඎଡҩ൫࣌ᆸ൳ҩᆀႨཝࣉྛڿ, ඎଡၩའҩ൫֥Ⴕིྟ၂ᆰ൞࣮ᆀܱᇿ֥ၹູఃؓҠቔݖӱ֥ေ҂۬, ෮ၛޓ؟ീᇗׄb၂ུ࣮іૼඎଡၩའҩ൫ऎႵ၂ק֥ྐҩದჴ߶۴ऌሱ֥࠭ࣜဒथק൞ڎᄍྸႨཝི؇b๙ݖؓ96ଳۚᇏള֥ᇗگҩਈ, Aoki bਸ਼ຓ, აඎଡҩ൫ࣇေ߂၂ॐඎ҂֥൞, (1980)ؿགྷඎଡҩ൫ᇏ78%֥ܙཛଢᄝࡗۯϖٜඎದҩ൫Їݣਔ۱ഝၩའ, ૄՑҩဒླေ฿ުಯЌӻਔۚ؇֥၂ᇁྟ, ᇗҩྐ؇ࢠݺb၇Ց߂ږ߂, ᄝҩဒ֥ު௹ؿᅚᇏ, ္Ⴕ࣮Abad-Alegría, González-MatillaބCornellá I ᆀؓ۱ჭࣉྛਔᆜކ, ေ൳ҩᆀൈປӮCanals (1984)္ؿགྷ, ࠧ൞ളࠃᄝ೬ᇏ֥Ф(྆ৡ, 1994; ྆ৡ, ွྮޣ, 1994)b ൫, ඎଡҩ൫ಯିܔஆԢ༵భളࠃࣜဒ֥႕ཙ,
784 ྏ ॓ ࿐ ࣉ ᅚ ֻ20ज Ⴕֹّིႋԛૌ֥ྏหᆘbਸ਼ຓ, ඎଡၩའ֒భሑ֥ࡌקॖၛ݂োႿീҩߌ֥э߄, طҩ൫္ऎႵ၂קི֥ѓི؇bᄝؓ110ؓච࠱ࢫؓФ൫֥႕ཙ္مஆԢ۱ุሱദྟљ֥Іބ98ؓၳචІ෮ቓ֥චളሰ࣮ᇏ, ۄಠ(ೂ, JudsonބMaccasland (1960)ؿགྷ, ބ୯Vogel֩ದ(1982)ؿགྷ۱ุᄝඎଡҩ൫ᇏіགྷԛটྟФ൫֥ࢲݔ҂, ࠱ࢫၹѩ҂႕ཙଳྟ෮߂֥҂Ӯඃ؇ބ࢝ഽ֥ᇶܴࡎཌྷ၂ᇁ, ა۱ุ֥֥ඎଡྙ), ෮ၛᆃဢ֥ࢲݔఞݺିܔіૼඎଡ୍ਭӯڵཌྷܱbႮႿٚم࿐ഈ֥ཋᇅ, Vogel֩ၩའؓႿ۱ุაߌࢌቔႨ֥ૹۋྟ, ѩิದѩીႵ֤֞ࣉ၂֥҄ଷӮཞඔऌᆦӻ, ّطؿൕਢԵ۽ቔᆀႋھࢲކ൳ҩᆀ෮ԩ֥౦ঃࣈരٳགྷඎଡҩ൫ᇏ֥҂Ӯඃ؇აའᆘӮඃ؇֥ᆎွα༅ඎଡၩའb ѯੱӯཁᇷᆞཌྷܱ, ҂ݖ, ཌྷܱ༢ඔࢠ֮(r ሸഈ, ഝҩဒᇏ֥ඎଡၩའऎႵ၂ק֥ྐs=, p <)bൈ, ඎଡၩའҩ൫ߎॖၛႵིི؇, ॖၛႵֹّིႋ۱ุ֥ྏሑ, ૹೌֹֹٳห൹ಕุაᆞӈӮ୍ದಕุࡗ҂֥ྏّႋԛ۱ุა֒భߌࢌቔႨ֥э߄౦ঃ, ္ሑࠇದ۬หᆘb୍ದ෮߂֥ඎ߶іགྷԛაႉॖၛႵֹིٳห൹ಕุაᆞӈӮ୍ದಕุbႼظൈ௹োර֥ྛྟ, طԩႿౝ୍௹ބӮ୍ᄪބఃഝҩဒ၂ဢ, ඎଡၩའҩ൫္ླေ۷؟௹֥۱ุ෮߂֥ඎଡᄵ߶۷؟֥іགྷԛሱԊ֥ൌᆣྐི؇ඔऌჍၛᆦӻb აഠ߶Ԋྟ(Abad-Alegría, 1980; Morio et al., 3 树木意象在临床上的应用 2005a, 2005b, 2006), ᆃაၘႵ֥ؿᅚྏ࿐࣮ࢲંཌྷژbᇆ৯֮༯ದಕ֥ඎଡ߂ᄵ௴ђӯགྷԛ 树木意象与创伤心理评估 ࡺ߄aઊa४ຽࠇפ؊ष٢֩หᆘ(de Vries, Buck (1948a)ಪູ, ཌྷؓႿٜބದ, ඎଡ1953), ᆃᆞݺّ႘ਔھಕุᄝགྷൌൗࢸᇏ֥ളࠃ۷ିܔّ႘ԛ൳ҩᆀᇶܴۋ൳֥֞აᇛຶߌࡗሑbࣉൊᅰθᆀ֥ඎଡ߂აᆞӈቆཌྷбࢠཬ, ֥ܱ༢bၹູ൳ҩᆀ๙ݖ߂ॖၛޓሱಖֹࡼߌ໊Ⴟᆼᅦ֥ቐҧ, ѩᄝओሰປӮҩဒᇏႵ۷؟ؓඎଡ֥߮іགྷԛট, ೂᅼ؎֥ᆥ่aඎۄ֥ཨّࠞঌ(Mizuta et al., 2002)bᆃུࢲݔაࣉൊഈ֥ϗޒ֩bBuckಪູᆃུ߮ᆞ൞۱ุሱദᅰθᆀሱડၩ؇֮aሱቍࢠ֥֮หᆘཌྷ၂ᇁb৯ࠇᆀԷഄ֥ࣜའᆘྟุགྷbᄝՎࠎԤഈ, ԢՎၛຓ, ඎଡၩའߎॖၛႵི֥ೱҰᄪ୍ᣳ࿐࣮ᆀ(Buck, 1949, 1951)ࣉ၂ֹ҄ิԛਔඎଡ—֥Ӯ୍ದ(Tomoko, Hideyo, & Hajime, 2002), նഄϗ—Էഄࡌඪ, ࠧඎഈ֥ϗޒaᅼ؎֥ඎᆥ֩࿐ളᄎჴ(Haruka, 1999), ࣚപٳਚᆡߑᆀའᆘሢ൳ҩᆀളࠃᇏ֥Էഄࣜ, ః໊ᇂّ႘(Inadomi, Tanaka, & Ohta, 2003; Kiichiro et al., ਔԷഄؿള֥ൈࡗ(ඎଡ֥ᆜุۚ؇սі൳ҩᆀ2000; Keisuke et al., 2001; Inadomi, Tanaka, ֒༯୍֥ਭ), ѩॖၛࣚಒ֞൙ࡱؿളభު֥Kikuchi, Ohta, & Ozawa, 2005)֩หᆘಕุb ၂୍ၛଽb აՎൈ, ္Ⴕ၂ུࢲݔ҆ٳ࣮ᆀۋ֞ෛު, LevineބGalanter (1953)ؓඎଡ—ഄϗࠈ, ؓඎଡၩའҩ൫֥ႵིྟӁളਔᇉၐb—Էഄࡌඪࣉྛਔྩᆞb๙ݖؓ27༯ᆪคߓ֥࣮ᆀؿགྷ࠱ࢫॖି߶႕ཙФ൫෮߂ඎଡ֥หᆘğफದࣉྛ࣮, ૌؿགྷԷഄ໊֥ᇂაԷഄ฿෮߂ඎଡ֥ွሰඔଢ۷ഒ(Moll, 1962); طؿളൈࡗᆭࡗ֥֩ࠩཌྷܱཁᇷ(r = , p < ), s୯ྟᄝ฿߂֥ඎ۷ॖି൞ીႵളଁ৯֥४ඎࠧԷഄ൙ࡱؿളൈࡗएҩ൫ൈࡗᄀ֥࣍۱ุ෮߂(Pustel, Sternlicht & DeRespinis, 1971)bਸ਼ຓ, ϗޒ໊֥ᇂᄀۚbᆭު, Lyons (1955)ᅱଟਔ50Schmeidler (1981)ؿགྷ, Ф൫ᄝϲဆࠃ֥ࠇνᆞӈದФ൫, ᄝປӮHTPҩ൫ު, ۡᆩ෮ႵФ൫֥࣡࢘ުࣉྛHTPҩ൫, ڿэቋູཁᇷ֥൞ඎૌ߂֥ඎᄻᄥ൳ݖ༛ࠌ, ౨ૌࡼ༛ࠌުଡၩའbරެඎଡၩའିܔਲૹֹّ႘ԛФ൫֥֒ޒࠖ߂ԛট, ѩေФ൫ᄝປӮҩ൫ުࢃඍభ֥ྏሑbࠃ֥࢘෮߂֥ඎܳऎႵष٢၂؍ሱ࠭ۋतቋᄦ֥ࣜ, ఃᇏ֥21Ф൫ߎྟ, ඎۄбࢠᆰ, ν֥࣡࢘෮߂֥ඎܳᄵ൞ٿླေحຓࢃඍ၂؍ሱ࠭ۋतቋݺ֥ࣜbࢲݔؿо֥a༯Լ֥b൞, ᆃུ࣮ࢲݔ࠻ॖၛФႨགྷ, ޒ໊֥ࠖᇂᆺაᄦࣜؿള֥ൈࡗཌྷটᇉၐඎଡၩའҩ൫֥Ⴕིྟ, ္ॖၛФुቔ൞ܱཁᇷ(r = , p < ), مࡼൈࡗࣚಒ֞ҩ൫֥ᆦӻᆣऌbၹູ࠱ࢫэߐބ൳ҩᆀؓሱ࠭൙ࡱؿളభު֥၂୍ၛଽbೂݔФ൫ᆺ൞ᄝ၂่
ֻ5௹ ғ 頠֩: ഝҩဒุ༢ᇏ֥ඎଡၩའ 785 එཌഈቓѓ࠺, ࠇᆀᄝඎഈ߂ః٤ഄޒ֥ѓ࠺ބᆞӈ୍֥ದཌྷб, ୍֥ࣚപᅰθߑᆀ෮߂(Lyons, 1955), ࠇᆀ൞ᄝఃದ߂֥ඎഈቓ“Է֥ඎଡ߂۷ཬ, طᆼᅦ֥ᇏྏׄ۷ჹ, ۷ࢤഄ”ѓ࠺(Bolin, Schneps, & Thorne, 1956), ᄵః໊࣍༯҆(Yaguchi, 1981)b ᇂა൳ҩᆀ۱ದ֥ᄦࣜ(ࠇԷഄ)ؿള֥ൈࡗఃՑ, ҂ো֥ࣚപোࠥѨߑᆀ֥ඎଡ߂ܱbൈ, ൳ҩᆀᄥ൳֥౸ุୱրൈࡗᄀӉ, ః္ӯགྷԛ҂֥หᆘbKeisuke֩ದ(2001)ؿགྷᄝ෮߂ඎଡഈ֥“Էഄ”ѓ࠺֥ඔਈࣼᄀ؟(Torem, ࣚപٳਚᆡߑᆀაшჸದ۬ᅰθߑᆀ֥ඎଡ߂Gilbertson, & Light, 1990)bѩ, ظൈԷഄཁᇷ؟ᇏ, ӮӉྟᆷѓཌྷؓႿఃࣚപোࠥѨߑᆀ(ೂّႿᆞӈದ֥ሱ೪ໃᆀᄝҩ൫ᇏ္ౠཟႿ߂ԛ۷ႋྟࣚപᅰθ, ࣵࣚӮᮏ, പࣜᆡ)бࢠ֮bط, ؟֥ඎۄԷഄބ؎ᆥ(൞, ཛࣆࣖ, ਾࡹྍ, ҂֥ࣚപٳਚᆡߑᆀ෮߂ඎଡ္ऎႵ҂2007)b൞ᆃ၂ࡌඪᄝࣚപᅰθಕุᇏ֥ൡႨྟ֥หᆘbInadomi֩ದ(2003)ࣉ၂҄ٳ༅ਔࣚപٳߎႵրဒbႵ࣮(Bolin et al., 1956)ҐႨაਚᆡொᆳߑᆀ෮߂ඎଡ֥ྙ࿐หᆘ, ؿགྷொLyons (1955)ཌྷ֥ൌဒӱؓࣚപᅰθߑᆀࣉᆳ۱ุა٤ொᆳ۱ุᄝඎଡҩ൫ᇏіགྷԛ֥ྛ࣮, ಏીႵ֤֞ཌྷර֥࣮ࢲݔbᆃॖି൞ҵၳ҂ࣇژކࣚപѨ࿐ࢳ, طթᄝࢲܒᆜႮႿࣚപᅰθߑᆀ֥ದ۬აᆞӈದ֥ದ۬ܒӮ҂ุྟ֥ҵၳ, ࠧொᆳߑᆀ֥۬ൔෳࢲܒіགྷԛ, طᆃ္Ֆਸ਼၂۱࢘؇ᆣૼਔඎଡၩའॖၛႵ۷؟֥҂ᆜކྟbᆃіૼ, ඎଡၩའЧദؓࣚപֹིഝ൳ҩᆀ֥ದ۬b ࠥѨ֥োऎႵ၂ק֥љྟb ඎଡၩའߎॖႵֹིҩѨྟԷഄّႋbਸ਼ຓ, ඎଡၩའ္ॖၛႵֹིٳ҂ᇗ๙ݖбࢠԷഄުႋࠗᅰθ(PTSD)Ф൫აᆞӈФ൫ӱ؇֥ࣚപٳਚᆡߑᆀ, ܙૌ֥ྏ߫گӱ֥ඎଡ߂หᆘ, Rankin (1994)ؿགྷ, 66%֥PTSD؇bKiichiro֩ದ(2000)ؿགྷაگؿߑᆀࠣતྟߑߑᆀ෮߂֥ඎଡᇏЇݣਔᇀഒ၂۱“Էഄ”ྟ֥ᆀཌྷб, ԚՑؿቔ֥ࣚപٳਚᆡߑᆀ෮֥ඎଡѓ്(ೂഄϗ, ׳, ؎ਚ֥ඎᆥ֩), აᆞӈቆФ൫߂ᇏӮӉྟᆷѓቋཬ, ᆥaွaݔൌ֥ඔਈቋഒ, ࡗ֥ҵၳऎႵ࠹࿐ၩၬbቋ࣍, ݓଽ֥࣮(эྙྟᆷѓቋնbطતྟߑᆀᄵᆞݺཌྷّğෛሢ, ྸဉ, ఃڂ, 2010)္ؿགྷ, ᚫԫֹᆑުᆡሑ֥ڿࣉ, ӮӉྟᆷѓაᆥaွaݔൌ֥ඔਈ၂୍֥ᄙظᄝҩ൫ᇏ෮߂֥Էഄྟѓ്(ೂ, ᄹն, эྙྟᆷѓࡨഒbൈ, ᆥ่֥ඔਈ္აФඎі૫Ⴕׄࠇᆀӯགྷম֥ሑ, ඎۄႵഄ൫ᄝࡥૼࣚപਈі(Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, ޒaׄࠇᆀ׳࿑֩൳Է֥ѓᆽ)ཁᇷ֥؟Ⴟ٤ᄙBPRS)ഈ֥֤ٳӯڵཌྷܱbInadomi֩ದ(2005)ᄵظ, ਸ਼ຓ၂ུԮ֥Էഄྟѓ്, ೂᅼ؎ࡼࣚപٳਚᆡߑᆀٳູഠ߶ۿିਅݺ֥ۚۿିቆ֥ඎᆥބඎۄaඎܳሢֹ֩ಏીႵіགྷԛऎႵބഠ߶ۿି֮༯֥֮ۿିቆ, ၛඎଡ߂֥ᆜุ߂࠹࿐ၩၬ֥ҵၳb ڄቔູܙᆷѓ, ࢲݔؿགྷ൳ҩᆀ֥߂ڄაఃഠሸഈ, ඎଡၩའҩ൫ॖၛႵֹིܙԷഄު߶ۿି֥֮ۚཁᇷཌྷܱbᄝ֮ۿିቆᇏ, Ⴕ60%ྏ, ҩѨྟԷഄّႋbԷഄ൙ࡱ֥ඔਈა֥۱ุ, ࠧ9ದౠཟႿ߂ԛඎଡหᆘଆaб২໊ᇂބ۱ุ෮߂֥ϗޒa؎ᆥ֩Էഄѓ്֥ඔਈ҂ླྀט֥ඎଡ, طᄝۚۿିቆႵՎౠཟ֥۱ุࣇა໊ᇂࡗऎႵ၂ק֥ᆞཌྷܱb൞ؓႿԷഄѓᆽູ3ದ, ࠧ20%bMasashi֩(1999)ࡼඎଡҩ൫ა֥ࢸקၛࠣᄝ҂ಕุࡗ֥ൡႨྟܱ֩ྟ໙ีଷaင֩ܙٚൔࢲކఏটؓࣚപٳਚᆡߑಯླေໃট֥࣮࿃ࡆၛฐษb ᆀ֥ᆡሑߏࢳݖӱࣉྛܙ, ࢲݔؿགྷ, ᄝ 树木意象与精神障碍评估 Ф൫ूگ֥ݖӱᇏ, ః෮ඎଡ֥ӮӉྟᆷѓᄹඎଡၩའҩ൫ಸၞҠቔ, ط҂߶ؓѨದӁն, эྙྟᆷѓࡨཬ, طఃᄝဝྟაၼྟᆡሑളݖն֥৯, ᆃུห֤ׄھҩ൫ᄝࣉྛࣚപਈі(PANSS)ഈ֥ဝྟٳඔაඎଡҩ൫ᇏ֥ཨࠞٳਚᆡ֥љᆐ؎ൈႵ၂קႪ൝, ॖၛႵֹིᆷѓ(ೂඎଡಌكᆜุ֥ࢲܒ)ӮᆞཌྷܱbႮՎॖ, љࣚപٳਚᆡߑᆀބᆞӈ۱ุbෛሢ୍ਭ֥ᄹӉ, ඎଡၩའ൞ࣚപٳਚᆡߑᆀूگݖӱᇏ֥Ⴕི᪈ߑࣚപٳਚᆡ֥ౝഒ୍෮߂֥ඎۄ߶ᄀটᄀն, ܙ۽ऎbՎຓ, ᄝࣚപᅰθ֥ఃਵთ, ඎଡၩའඎܳᄵ߶ᄀটᄀཬ, აᆞӈౝഒ୍ᆞݺཌྷّ(de ္ؿߨሢႵི֥ቔႨ, бೂ, ܙॆࣚപѨোူCastro Carneiro & Abrunhosa Gonçalves, 1987)bطؓࣚപᅰθߑᆀ֥ۿི(Hiroko et al., 2004;
786 ྏ ॓ ࿐ ࣉ ᅚ ֻ20ज Hisakazu et al., 2006; Yohei et al., 2006)ၛࠣᇍਏ֩ၹ֥႕ཙĤᄝྏᇍਏ֥ݖӱᇏ, ఃቔႨႻٚمི֥ݔ(Perkins, Wagemaker, & Levy, 1983; ൞હĤ֩֩bᆃུ໙ีླေ࣮ᆀᄝࣂު֥Inadomi, Morita, Haramura, Kurata, & Kawamura, ࣮ൌᇏࣉ၂҄ࡆၛฐษაဒᆣbࢲކඎଡၩའ1996; Inadomi, Morita, Inoue, & Haramura, 1998)b Чദ֥ᆐ؎აܙቔႨ, ཌྷྐః߶ӮູԷഄުྏ࣐ܵೂՎ, ၛഈ࣮ಯಖթᄝၛ༯ਆׄ໙ᇍਏაҩਈ֥Ⴕ৯۽ऎᆭ၂b ีğ(1)ֆॉ੮ਔྙ࿐࢘؇(Keisuke et al., 2001; ਸ਼ຓ, ഝҩဒቋն֥Ⴊ൝ᆭ၂൞ିܔႅҟInadomi et al., 2003)aᆜุڄ۬(Inadomi et al., ҩဒ֥ଢ֥, ࢆ֮൳ҩᆀ֥ٝპbં൞HTP2005)ࠇॢࡗԄժ֩ٚ૫, ໃ۳ԛ၂۱ሸކ֥ࡎߎ൞ඎଡҩ൫ҐႨ֥൞ಞ൳ҩᆀ߂၂ږඎࣉྛุ༢; (2)ٳѓሙбࢠࠁ, ؓႿ၂۱ᆷѓ, ٳ༅, ෙಖཌྷؓႿٜބದটඪ, ඎଡ߂ЧദೂӮӉྟᆷѓაэྙྟᆷѓ, ҂໓ངҐႨਔ҂ႄఏ֥ٝࢠഒ(Buck, 1948a), ൞҂ஆԢႵུ֥ҩਈٚم, مࣉྛ࠹࿐ഈ֥бࢠbၹՎ, ൳ҩᆀ֥ٝࠏᇅࢠ఼bหљ൞აҩ൫ᆀېېࢤູਔ՜ࣉඎଡၩའҩ൫ᄝࣚപᅰθܙ֩ਢԵਵԨ, ഉໃࡹ৫ܱ༢֥ࠎԤഈ, ۷ႵॖିႵ෮ႅҟ, თ֥ႋႨ, ႋھࡆնؓఃѓሙ߄֥࣮৯؇b ֤ഝྐ༏҂ປಆമᇀാᆇbၹՎໃট֥࣮ॖၛॉ੮ᄹࡆ൳ҩᆀ߂ඎ֥ږඔbၘႵ࣮ؿགྷ4 未来研究展望 (Stora, 1948), ೂݔಞФ൫߂ਆږඎ, ପહᄝֻ၂๙ݖؓഈඍ໓ང֥߭ܤ, ૌ҂ؿགྷږ߂ᇏॖၛّ႘ԛظ૫ؓଓളߌّ֥ႋ, ط, ඎଡၩའҩ൫ऎႵ၂ק֥ྐི؇ֻؽږ߂ᄵॖّႋఃᄝඃ༑ߌᇏّ֥ႋ, бೂ, ॖၛႵֹّིႋ۱ุ֥ྏሑظؓࡅ๖ߌّ֥ႋ(Stora, 1952)bᆃ္іૼ൳, ૹೌֹّႋԛ۱ุა֒భߌࢌቔႨ֥э߄౦ঃ; ॖႵֹّི႘۱ุ֥Էഄҩᆀᄝֻؽږ߂ᇏ۷ࡆ٢, ᅚགྷਔሱ࠭აඃ༑ࣜ, ҩѨྟԷഄّႋ; ္ॖၛႵֹིٳߌ֥၂૫หᆘbඎଡၩའҩ൫֥భิ൞ඎห൹ಕุაᆞӈӮ୍ದಕุ, бೂॖၛႵֹིଡЧദॖၛഝԛ۱ุ֥ದ۬, ࠣఃაᇛຶߌܙࣚപٳਚᆡߑᆀ֥ूگӱ؇, ٳ҂ᇗӱࡗ֥ܱ༢b֒૫ؓ၂ᅦॢϢ֥ᆼᅦൈ, ؓႿྏ؇֥ࣚപٳਚᆡߑᆀ, മᇀॖၛܙॆࣚപোူିਈࢠ֥Ф൫, ݖն֥ᆼᅦॖି߶ఃӁളؓࣚപᅰθߑᆀ֥ۿི, ऎႵࢠ֥ۚਢԵႋႨ৯ۋა҂ॖ॥ۋ, ಌാνಆۋ, طሱಪ്҂ቀࡎᆴބ၂ק֥Ⴕིྟb൞ಯಖթᄝ၂ུ໙ีታ֥Ф൫, ᄵ߶ౠཟႿ۴ऌᆼᅦ֥նཬڿэඎ֥նրࢳथ, бೂਆնᇶေٳ༅ุ༢, ٜࠧඎದҩ൫ཬࠇ༥ࢫหᆘbପહ, ೂݔॖၛႮФ൫ሱ࠭थקაඎଡҩ൫ᄝᆷ֝ეaҠቔݖӱaٳ༅ٚمaቋ“ᆼᅦ”֥նཬ, бೂᄝ۳ק֥ᆼᅦഈ߂၂۱“ॿ”, Ԛ֥ଢ֥აӈଆܒࡹ֩ٚ૫෮թᄝ֥ҵၳ, ູඎ൞ڎॖၛᄹ఼Ф൫֥ሱ॥ᇅۋ, ࢆ֮ٝპĤଡၩའҩ൫֥Ⴕིྟބѓሙ߄ջটਔ၂ུbᄝਢԵ֥ൌݖӱᇏ, гᆀؿགྷೂݔᄝֻؽږაՎൈ, ඎଡၩའҩ൫֥ਢԵႋႨ, หљ൞ᄝ߂ᇏေ൳ҩᆀ༵ᄝᆼഈ߂၂۱ॿ, ᄜᄝॿᇏԷഄުྏۄყٚ૫֥ႋႨ, ္൞ૌᄝໃট߂၂ॐඎॖၛႵֹིࢆ֮൳ҩᆀ֥ٝპ, ۷؟࣮ᇏླေࣉ၂ܱ҄ᇿބࢳथ֥໙ีb ّ֥ႋ൳ҩᆀ૫ؓሱൈ֥ᆇൌದ۬หᆘb֒ಖ, 测试的有效性 ଢభᆃ၂ٚمߎԩᄝฐ෬ྟࢨ؍, ಌكቀܔ֥ඎଡ–ഄϗ–Էഄࡌഡ൞ඎଡၩའҩ൫ᇏቋႄൌᆣඔऌᆦӻ, ߎླᄝࣂު֥࣮ᇏ࿃ฐษದܱᇿ֥ࡌඪᆭ၂bభದ֥࣮ࢲݔ(Levine, & ఃႵིྟb Galanter, 1953; Lyons, 1955; Bolin et al., 1956; ֻ, Ⴈఃٚمؓඎଡၩའҩ൫֥ႵིTorem et al., 1990; Rankin, 1994)҆ٳྩᆞਔቋԚྟࣉྛࣉ၂҄ฐҩbၘႵ࣮؟ࠢᇏႿ۱σ٠ซ֥ࡌഡ, ႮႿ࣮ٚم֥ཋᇅ, ѩીႵ۳ૌمࠇ൞Ԯ֥໙जטҰم, مᆰࢤฐҩඎଡၩ၂۱ౢ༉ड़ק֥קં, ္ીႵ۳ԛ၂۱ޓݺ֥ࢳའҩ൫֥ނྏࡌഡ, ࠧ൳ҩᆀॖၛ๙ݖඎଡၩའ, бೂ, ູહᆺႵ҆ٳPTSDߑᆀᄝඎଡၩࣉྛሱഝbGillބO'Boyle (2003)๙ݖEEGའҩ൫ᇏԛགྷਔԷഄྟ֥ѓ്Ĥ෮໌֥Էഄྟѓؿགྷࠉหሥણࠖ(ଢభѓሙ߄ӱ؇ࢠݺ֥၂്࣮ࣨЇওଧུ, ೂޅࣉྛҠቔྟקၬĤԷഄྟᇕದ۬ഝҩဒ)ॖႄఏ۱ุ֥Ⴗҧحွࠃᄁbᄝඎଡၩའᇏ֥іղ൞ڎ൳ఃᇭೂߌaൈࡗൈ, FeinbergބKeenan (2005)๙ݖؓຮམྟհಪ
ֻ5௹ ғ 頠֩: ഝҩဒุ༢ᇏ֥ඎଡၩའ 787 ሸކᆡ(delusional misidentification syndrome, ༢, ّ႘۱ุᇶܴۋ൳֥֞৯aԷഄ֩۱ದაDMS)۱္ุ֥࣮ؿགྷభحွބႷ϶౯აѨದߌ֥൙ࡱbᄝᄙު֥ྏᇍਏᇏ, ॖᄝି֥ሱಌാႵܱbᆃུࢲݔіૼ, ದ۬ഝҩဒܔЌᆣνಆބӉ௹ᇍਏ֥౦ঃ༯, ҐႨඎଡၩའॖၛࠗࠃหק֥ଷ҆თ, ሱ္აದଷᇏหቔູܙაᇍਏ֥۽ऎbླေᇿၩ֥൞, ႮႿඎק֥თཌྷܱ, ၹՎॖၛն։ࡌഡ۱ุᄝປӮଡၩའඋႿഝҩဒ, ൞ᄝᄎႨ٤ე֥іᆘٚඎଡၩའҩ൫ൈ္ॖၛࠗࠃཌྷႋ֥თbᄝໃটൔіղԛమၩ്֥ଽಸ, ෮ၛᄝԷഄުྏ֥ᄎ֥࣮ᇏॖॉ੮๙ݖEEGafMRI֩പࣜ॓࿐Ⴈᇏ၂קေ఼טؓ൳ҩᆀྏνಆ֥Ќ, ᄝಒ࣮ٚمࣉ၂҄ؓඎଡၩའҩ൫֥ႵིྟࣉྛᆰЌႵ่ࡱิ܂Ӊ௹ྏᇍਏ֥ࠎԤഈࡆၛᄎႨ, ࢤฐҩb ၛ૧ؓ൳ҩᆀᄯӮؽՑഄݝbఃՑ, ࣜݖѓሙ߄ 测试的标准化 ֥ඎଡၩའҩ൫ߎॖၛϺᇹਢԵ۽ቔᆀധೆֹਔҩဒႵིྟ֥сࣜᆭਫ਼൞ѓሙ߄, ၹູᆺႵࢳѨದᄝࣚപѨٚ૫֥э߄, ؓਢԵഈ֥۲োѓሙ߄֥ҩဒః࣮ࢲݔҌऎႵॖбྟbҩဒ֥ದಕ, ೂࣚപٳਚᆡaದ۬ᅰθമᇀ൞പࣜᆡ֩ѓሙ߄ᇶေЇওᆷ֝ე, ീҩӱބٳ༢Ⴕࢠݺ֥љࡎᆴbՎຓ, ߎॖၛႋႨඎଡၩའ۱҆ٳbೂభ෮ඍ, ഝҩဒᇏඎଡၩའ֥ਆ۱ؓߑᆀࣉྛᇍਏ, ๙ݖؓଽྏమၩ്֥іղ҂ᇶေٳ༅ุ༢ູٜඎದҩ൫ބඎଡҩ൫, ਆ۱ҩ؎ֹؓሱࣉྛྩᆞაؿᅚ, ؿ྄ଽྏ֥౦࿂, ൫ᄝᆷ֝ეaീҩӱaٳ༅ٚمၛࠣቋԚ֥ӈࡹ৫ሦ٠ܱ༢bਸ਼ຓ, ۱ุؿᅚ֥ݖӱᇏ, აߌଆٚ૫թᄝҵၳbପહ҂֥ᆷ֝ეؓФ൫෮߂ࡗ֥ܱ༢൞э߄֥, ෛሢྏ֥ؿᅚ, іඎଡ֥หᆘ߶Ⴕᄸဢ֥႕ཙĤ൞ڎթᄝ໓߄֥ղԛট֥ඎଡหᆘ္ऎႵૼཁ֥ҵၳ, ๙ݖٳҵၳྟĤႵ࣮ᆀࡹၰࡼᆷ֝ეڿູ“౨߂၂ॐ༅ඎଡၩའ္ႵᇹႿૌਔࢳ۱ุྏؿᅚ֥ඎ” (ࠝᚤޠ, 2007), ᆃဢቓི֥ݔೂޅ, ߎႵրࢨ؍აหׄb ࣂު֥࣮ᆀࣉ၂҄ฐ࣮bᆌؓീҩӱ, ᄝࣂҕॉ໓ང ު֥࣮ᇏૌ္ླေࡹ৫ൡކૌ໓߄֥၂ᇕ吉沅洪. (2007). 树木–人格投射测试. 重庆: 重庆出版社. ീҩӱ, ࠻ԛඎଡၩའቔູഝྟҩဒ֥Ⴊ王萍萍, 许燕, 王其峰. (2010). 汶川地震灾区与非灾区儿ׄ, Ⴛିܔࡥࢱь০ֹղ֞ૌࣉྛܙაᇍਏ童动态房树人测验结果比较. 中国临床心理学杂志, 18, ֥ଢ֥bਸ਼ຓ, ္ॖၛӇ൫ሢ۴ऌ҂֥ҩဒଢ720–722. ֥ܒࡹ҂֥ҩဒӱ, ၛࡆնҩဒ֥ൡႋྟb王求是, 项锦晶, 刘建新. (2007). 对自杀未遂者的儿时创伤和自我概念的访谈分析. 中国心理卫生杂志, 21, ֻ, ѓሙ߄ඎଡၩའҩ൫֥ٳุ༢bႮႿਆ407–410. ᇕҩ൫ቋԚؿᅚൈ࿊Ⴈ֥Ф൫ಕุ҂၂ᇁ, ႕ཙ谢丽亚. (1994). SHTP测验. 中国心理卫生杂志, 8, 91–93. ު௹ٳѓሙ֥ࡹ৫, ѩᄝҩ൫֥ؿᅚݖӱᇏ谢丽亚, 叶秀红. (1994). 精神分裂症患者统合型“房树人္ԛགྷਔ҂၂֥ٳ༅ѓሙbᆌؓᆃׄ, ࣮ᆀ绘画测验”测试结果分析. 中国心理卫生杂志, 8, ૌ(ᅦౡ, ໓ႇ, 1997; ࠝᚤޠ, 2007; Homma, 250–253. 杨东. (2007). 艺术疗法—操作技法与经典案例. 重庆: 重1957)Ӈ൫ሢᇗྍܒࡹٳุ༢, ॖ၌ݭ֥൞ીႵ庆出版社. ु֞ࣉ၂֥࣮҄Бۡbਸ਼ຓ္Ⴕ࣮ᆀ(Vass, 张卿华, 王文英. (1997). 画树投射测验法的应用研究. 见 1998)ؿགྷඎଡၩའЧദᄝഝҩဒᇏࣼऎႵ၂第八届全国心理学学术会议文摘选集. 苏州. ק֥ଽ҆ࢲܒbሸഈ, ॉ੮֞ඎଡၩའ֥ਢԵၩAbad-Alegría, F., & Duaso Cruchaga, M. (1980). Detección ၬބંࡎᆴ, Ⴕсေᄝࣂު֥࣮ᇏࡆ఼ؓھde factores de personalidad en el test del arbol [The ҩ൫ѓሙ߄֥࣮b detection of personality factors in the Tree Test] [Abstract]. Revista de Psiquiatría y Psicología Médica, 14(7), 树木意象的临床应用 163–176. ඎଡၩའᄝਢԵൌᇏऎႵᇗေ֥ႋႨࡎᆴ, Abad-Alegría, F., González-Matilla, P., & Cornellá I Canals, หљ൞ᄝԷഄުྏބࣚപᅰθ֥ܙაᆐ؎֩J. (1984). Árboles del desierto. El test del árbol en un ٚ૫ऎႵࠒࠞၩၬbၹՎ, ࡆ఼ඎଡၩའ֥ཌྷܱgrupo de niños saharauis [The trees in the desert: The ࣮ა۽ቔ, ᄝݓऎႵᇗն֥གྷൌၩၬb Tree-Drawing Test in a group of Saharan children] [Abstract]. Comunicación Psiquiátrica, 12, 37–48. ඎଡၩའିܔޓݺّ֥႘ԛದაߌࡗ֥ܱ
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790 ྏ ॓ ࿐ ࣉ ᅚ ֻ20ज The Tree in the Projective Tests 1121CAI Wei; TANG Yong-Long; WU Song; CHEN Zhen-Zhen 1 (School of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China) 2 (Department of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China) Abstract: The tree is one of the common images used in the drawing test. The mainly analysis system of the tree in the projective test are the House–Tree–Person test and the Baumtest. But the manipulation and analysis methods of these two tests to tree are different. The tree–drawing test is valid and reliable. It reflects individual’s mental status and the interaction between a person and surroundings. It can test the pathological post–traumatic reactions, and distinguish special members from normal adults. For future studies, the tree–scar–trauma hypothesis should be further tested and improved its application in the field of disaster psychology. And the variety of culture should be considered, and the validity and standardization should be improved for developing the test. Let it play a big role in the clinical assessment and therapy. Key words: Projective test; Baumtest; the House–Tree–Person test; tree–scar–trauma
