ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ훐뗄돥춻쳵뿮ꎺ뒴탂폫늻ퟣ ∗돂뺧펨 싀쏹 쓚죝쳡튪 춸쫓ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ짨훃뗄뗚82쳵뫍뗚89쳵솽쿮돥춻쳵뿮ꎬ럖컶ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ킭뗷웤폫볈폐럇몣퓋릫풼벰몣퓋릫풼뗄돥춻횮릦쓜ꎬ벴춨맽죃캻폚볈폐럇몣퓋릫풼뗄랽쪽뷏뫃뗘킭뗷닺짺뗄쳵풼돥춻뫍뗞풼맺췋돶쿈뚩쳵풼뗄믺훆ꎬ쫔춼좡듺볈폐죽듳몣퓋릫풼듓뛸듯떽춳튻맺볊믵컯퓋쫤램뗄쒿뗄ꆣ평폚ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ돥춻쳵뿮짨볆짏뗄좱쿝ꎬ릫풼컞램춨맽돥춻쳵뿮뗄짨훃듯떽뎹뗗킭뗷맺볊믵컯퓋쫤릫풼볤뗄돥춻ꆣ 맘볼듊 ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ 돥춻쳵뿮 킭뗷 튻ꆢ틽퇔 2008쓪12퓂11죕헽쪽춨맽뗄ꆶ솪뫏맺좫돌믲헟늿럖몣짏맺볊믵컯퓋쫤뫏춬릫풼ꆷꎨ틔쿂돆ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷꎩ쫇볌ꆶ몣퇀맦퓲ꆷꆢꆶ캬쮹뇈맦퓲ꆷꆢꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷ횮뫳ꎬ맺볊몣짏믵컯퓋쫤램쇬폲폖튻늿훘튪뗄춳튻쪵쳥램릫풼ꆣ룃릫풼릲폐18헂96룶쳵컄ꎬ뢴퓓돌뛈풶풶뎬맽룃쇬폲틔췹뗄죎뫎릫풼ꎬퟮ캪쿔훸뗄쫇릫풼뗄훆뛈뒴탂ꆣ폫틔췹몣퓋릫풼늻춬뗄쫇ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ붫웤뗷헻뛔쿳듓떥튻뗄몣짏믵컯퓋쫤뫏춬퇓짬훁냼삨쓚뫓ꆢ릫슷ꆢ쳺슷ꆢ몽뿕퓚쓚뗄뛠쪽솪퓋뫏춬ꎬ돉캪튻늿ꆰ몣퓋+ꆱ릫풼ꆣ웤늻뷶폫틑짺킧뗄죽늿몣퓋릫풼닺짺돥춻ꎬ튲폫ꆶ늼듯엥쮹쓚뫓믵컯퓋쫤뫏춬릫풼ꆷꎨBudapest Convention on the Contract for the Carriage of Goods by Inland Waterways, 틔쿂볲돆CMNIꎩꆢꆶ맺볊릫슷믵컯퓋쫤뫏춬릫풼ꆷꎨConvention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road, 틔쿂볲돆CMRꎩꆢꆶ맘폚맺볊쳺슷믵컯퓋쫤뫏춬뗄춳튻맦퓲ꆷꎨUniform Rules concerning the Contract for International Carriage of Goods by Rail, 틔쿂볲돆CIMꎩꆢꆶ쏉쳘샻뛻릫풼ꆷ뗈뗷헻웤쯻떥튻믵컯퓋쫤랽쪽뗄릫풼듦퓚뗷헻뛔쿳튻훂뗄쳵볾쿂뗄램싉쫊폃돥춻ꆣ맊듋ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ캪쇋킭뗷웤폫웤쯻맺볊믵컯퓋쫤릫풼뗄돥춻ꎬ짨훃쇋뗚82쳵뫍뗚89쳵솽쿮돥춻쳵뿮ꆣ 뛾ꆢ볈폐맺볊믵컯퓋쫤릫풼훐뗄돥춻쳵뿮벰웤럖샠 돥춻쳵뿮ꎨconflict-of-convention clause/ conflict of convention provision(s)ꎩ쫇쳵풼훐횼퓚쏷좷놾쳵풼폫웤쯻쳵풼횮볤맘쾵뗄쳵뿮ꆣ맺볊램캯풱믡뛔돥춻쳵뿮뗄뚨틥쫇ꎬꆰ놾쳵풼훐캪쇋뒦샭폫ꋙ웤쯻쳵풼맦뚨믲헟웤쯻춬튻쫂쿮쳵풼횮볤맘쾵뗄쳵뿮ꆣꆱ돽ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뻍웤폫웤쯻맺볊믵컯퓋쫤릫풼횮볤뗄맘쾵ꎬ뚩쏷쇋솽룶훘튪뗄돥춻쳵뿮ꎬ벴뗚89쳵벰뗚82쳵췢ꎬ웤쯻훮뛠맺볊믵컯퓋쫤릫풼훐뚼뚩폐돥춻쳵뿮ꆣ 죧ꆶ캬쮹뇈맦퓲ꆷ뗚6쳵맦뚨ꎬꆰ퓚놾틩뚨쫩뗄룷뗞풼맺횮볤ꎬ놾릫풼폫틩뚨쫩펦ퟷ캪튻룶컄볾ꎬ뷡뫏웰살퓄뛁뫍뷢쫍ꆣ놾틩뚨쫩뗄룷뗞풼맺쎻폐틥컱붫놾틩뚨쫩뗄룷쿮맦뚨쫊폃폚쯤캪놾릫풼뗞풼맺ꆢ떫늻쫇놾틩뚨쫩뗞풼맺쯹잩랢뗄쳡떥ꆣꆱ ꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷ뗚31쳵뗚1뿮맦뚨ꎬꆰ퓚돉캪놾릫풼뗞풼맺쪱ꎬ랲쫇1924쓪8퓂25죕퓚늼슳죻뛻잩뚩뗄맘폚춳튻쳡떥죴룉맦퓲뗄맺볊릫풼ꎨ1924쓪릫풼ꎩ뗄뗞풼맺ꎬ뚼뇘탫춨횪ퟷ캪1924 ∗ 돂뺧펨쾵짏몣뛔췢쎳틗톧풺램톧풺풺뎤ꆢ뷌쫚ꎬlizachen@ ꎻ싀쏹쾵짏몣뛔췢쎳틗톧풺램톧풺붲쪦ꆢ뮪뚫헾램듳톧맺볊램톧늩쪿ꆣ ꋙ Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1966, Vol.ꋲ, , para2. 85 8
쓪릫풼놣맜죋뗄뇈샻쪱헾뢮췋돶룃릫풼ꎬ늢짹쏷룃췋돶ퟔ놾릫풼뛔룃맺짺킧횮죕웰짺킧ꆣꆱ 뗚4뿮맦뚨ꎬꆰ뺡맜폐놾릫풼뗚2쳵맦뚨ꎬ뻍놾쳵뗚1뿮뛸퇔ꎬ뗞풼맺죧맻죏캪탨튪ꎬ뿉틔췆동췋돶1924쓪릫풼뫍뺭맽1968쓪틩뚨쫩탞룄뗄1924쓪릫풼ꎬ췆동뗄ퟮ뎤웚쿞캪ퟔ놾릫풼짺킧횮죕웰5쓪ꎬ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂ꎬ쯼펦냑ퟔ벺뗄틢춼춨횪뇈샻쪱헾뢮ꆣ퓚듋맽뛉웚볤ꎬ룃뗞풼맺뇘탫뛔웤쯻뗞풼맺펦폃놾릫풼ꎬ뛸늻펦폃죎뫎웤쯻릫풼ꆣꆱ ꆶ쏉쳘샻뛻릫풼ꆷ뗚55쳵맦뚨ꎬꆰ퓚쿂쇐쟩뿶쿂ꎬ놾릫풼펦떱폅쿈폚맺볊몽뿕퓋쫤쯹쫊폃뗄죎뫎맦퓲ꎺ 튻ꆢ룃쿮맺볊몽뿕퓋쫤퓚놾릫풼떱쫂맺횮볤싄탐ꎬ뛸헢킩떱쫂맺춬캪쿂쇐쳵풼뗄떱쫂맺ꎺꎨ튻ꎩ1929쓪10퓂12죕퓚뮪즳잩뚩뗄ꆶ춳튻맺볊몽뿕퓋쫤쒳킩맦퓲뗄릫풼ꆷꎨ볲돆ꆶ뮪즳릫풼ꆷꎩꎻꎨ뛾ꎩ1955쓪9퓂28죕뚩폚몣퇀뗄ꆶ탞뚩1929쓪10퓂12죕퓚뮪즳잩뚩뗄춳튻맺볊몽뿕퓋쫤쒳킩맦퓲뗄릫풼뗄틩뚨쫩ꆷꎨ볲돆ꆶ몣퇀틩뚨쫩ꆷꎩꎻꎨ죽ꎩ1961쓪9퓂18죕퓚맏듯삭맾삭잩뚩뗄ꆶ춳튻럇뗞풼돐퓋죋쯹냬맺볊몽뿕퓋쫤쒳킩맦퓲틔늹돤뮪즳릫풼뗄릫풼ꆷꎨ볲돆ꆶ맏듯삭맾삭릫풼ꆷꎩꎻꎨ쯄ꎩ1971쓪3퓂8죕퓚캣뗘십삭돇잩뚩뗄ꆶ탞뚩뺭1955쓪9퓂28죕뚩폚몣퇀뗄틩뚨쫩탞헽뗄1929쓪10퓂12죕퓚뮪즳잩뚩뗄춳튻맺볊몽뿕퓋쫤쒳킩맦퓲뗄릫풼뗄틩뚨쫩ꆷꎨ볲돆ꆶ캣뗘십삭돇틩뚨쫩ꆷꎩꎻꎨ컥ꎩ1975쓪9퓂25죕퓚쏉쳘샻뛻잩뚩뗄탞뚩뺭몣퇀틩뚨쫩믲헟뺭몣퇀틩뚨쫩뫍캣뗘십삭돇틩뚨쫩탞헽뗄뮪즳릫풼뗄뗚1뫅훁뗚3뫅뢽볓틩뚨쫩틔벰쏉쳘샻뛻뗚쯄뫅틩뚨쫩ꎨ볲돆룷룶ꆶ쏉쳘샻뛻틩뚨쫩ꆷꎩꎻ믲헟 뛾ꆢ룃쿮맺볊몽뿕퓋쫤퓚놾릫풼뗄튻룶떱쫂맺쇬췁쓚싄탐ꎬ뛸룃떱쫂맺쫇짏쫶뗚ꎨ튻ꎩ쿮훁뗚ꎨ컥ꎩ쿮쯹횸튻룶믲헟벸룶컄볾뗄떱쫂맺ꆣꆱ 듓짏쫶쿖폐맺볊믵컯퓋쫤릫풼훐뗄돥춻쳵뿮뾴ꎬ컒쏇듳훂뿉맩샠죧쿂ꎺ1.뗷헻놾릫풼폫틑폐릫풼볤뗄맘쾵ꎻ2.뗷헻놾릫풼폫캴살릫풼볤뗄맘쾵ꆣ웤훐틔뗚튻샠뻓뛠ꎬ죧ꆶ캬쮹뇈맦퓲ꆷꆢꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷꆢꆶ쏉쳘샻뛻릫풼ꆷ훐뗄돥춻쳵뿮틔벰ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵벰뗚82쳵뚼쫇뗷헻놾릫풼폫틑폐릫풼볤뗄맘쾵ꆣ뛸뗚뛾샠돥춻쳵뿮횻폐ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚82쳵ꎬ룃쳵맦뚨늻뷶쫊폃폚놾릫풼폫놾릫풼짺킧쪱틑짺킧뗄럇몣퓋릫풼ꎬ튲쫊폃폚놾릫풼폫뷱뫳뛔럇몣퓋릫풼뗄죎뫎탞헽ꆣ 뛸뗚튻샠돥춻쳵뿮폖뿉럖캪뫳솢쳵풼퓚뗞풼랽훐췆랭쿈뚩쳵풼뗄쳵뿮ꎬ뫳솢쳵풼늻펦펰쿬쿈뚩쳵풼뗄쳵뿮틔벰뫳솢쳵풼캬돖늢폅쿈쫊폃폚쿈뚩쳵풼뗄쳵뿮뗄죽훖쟩탎ꆣ웤훐ꎬꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷ훐뗄돥춻쳵뿮뫍ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵쫴폚뗚튻훖쟩탎ꎬꆶ캬쮹뇈맦퓲ꆷ훐뗄돥춻쳵뿮뫍ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚82쳵쫴폚뗚뛾훖쟩탎ꎬꆶ쏉쳘샻뛻릫풼ꆷ훐뗄돥춻쳵뿮쫴폚뗚죽훖쟩탎ꆣ 돥춻쳵뿮ퟷ캪쳵풼뗄ퟩ돉늿럖ꎬ쫇뗞풼맺헦쪵틢쮼뗄랴펳ꎬ퓚뗞풼맺쓚뻟폐떱좻뗄킧솦ꎬ웤ꋙ쫊폃웰살볲떥쏷좷ꆣ틲듋ꎬ폐톧헟죏캪돥춻쳵뿮쫇뷢뻶쳵풼돥춻컊쳢ퟮ캪횱뷓뫍폐킧뗄랽쪽ꆣ 죽ꆢꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵뛔쳵풼돥춻뗄뷢뻶 ꎨ튻ꎩꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵뗄풭샭럖컶 ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵ꆰ췋돶웤쯻릫풼ꆱ맦뚨죧쿂ꎺ ꆰ튻ꆢ1924쓪8퓂25죕퓚늼슳죻뛻잩쫰뗄ꆶ춳튻쳡떥죴룉램싉맦퓲맺볊릫풼ꆷꆢ1968쓪2퓂23죕잩쫰뗄탞헽1924쓪8퓂25죕퓚늼슳죻뛻잩쫰뗄ꆶ춳튻쳡떥죴룉램싉맦퓲맺볊릫풼ꆷ뗄틩뚨쫩ꆢ믲1979쓪12퓂21죕퓚늼슳죻뛻잩쫰뗄탞헽뺭평1968쓪2퓂23죕탞헽틩뚨쫩탞헽뗄ꆶ춳튻쳡떥죴룉램싉맦퓲맺볊릫풼ꆷ뗄틩뚨쫩뗄뗞풼맺ꎬ펦퓚엺ힼꆢ뷓쫜ꆢ뫋ힼ믲볓죫놾릫풼뗄춬쪱ꎬ춨맽쿲뇈샻쪱헾뢮쳡릩쿠펦뗄춨횪ꎬ췋돶틑쫇웤뗞풼맺뗄룃릫풼벰웤틩뚨쫩ꎬ춬쪱짹쏷췋풼ퟔ놾릫풼뛔룃맺짺킧횮죕웰짺킧ꆣ ꋙ 쇎쪫움ꎺꆶ쳵풼돥춻믹뒡컊쳢퇐뺿ꆷꎬ램싉돶냦짧2008쓪냦ꎬ뗚49튳ꆣ 85 9
뛾ꆢ1978쓪3퓂31죕퓚몺놤뗞뷡뗄ꆶ솪뫏맺몣짏믵컯퓋쫤릫풼ꆷ뗄뗞풼맺ꎬ펦퓚엺ힼꆢ뷓쫜ꆢ뫋ힼ믲볓죫놾릫풼뗄춬쪱ꎬ춨맽쿲솪뫏맺쏘쫩뎤쳡릩쿠펦뗄춨횪ꎬ췋돶룃릫풼ꎬ춬쪱짹쏷췋풼ퟔ놾릫풼뛔룃맺짺킧횮죕웰짺킧ꆣ 죽ꆢ뻍놾쳵뛸퇔ꎬ놾쳵뗚1뿮뫍뗚2뿮쯹쇐컄쫩뗄뗞풼맺뛔놾릫풼뗄엺ힼꆢ뷓쫜ꆢ뫋ힼ뫍볓죫ꎬ랲퓚놾릫풼짺킧횮뫳춨횪놣듦죋뗄ꎬ횻폐퓚헢킩맺볒내헕튪쟳뛔헢킩컄쫩뗄췋돶짺킧횮뫳랽뿉짺킧ꆣ놾릫풼놣듦죋펦폫ퟷ캪놾쳵뗚1뿮쯹쇐컄쫩놣듦죋뗄뇈샻쪱헾뢮킭짌ꎬ좷놣헢랽쏦뗄뇘튪킭뗷ꆣꆱ 평듋뿉볻ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵닉폃뗄쫇뗞풼맺췋돶쿈뚩쳵풼뗄믺훆ꎬ헢튻쳵컄뗄낸컄쫇ꋙ쫜CISG뗚99 쳵뗚3 뿮뫍뗚6 뿮틔벰ꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷ뗚31 쳵뗄웴랢뛸쓢뚩뗄ꆣ헢튻믺훆붨솢뗄ꋚ믹뒡횮튻쫇쳵풼뇘탫ퟱ쫘풭퓲ꎨPacta sunt servandaꎩꆣ평폚ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ폫ꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷ믲ꆶ캬쮹뇈맦퓲ꆷ믲ꆶ몣퇀맦퓲ꆷ쯹맦랶뗄훷쳢쫂쿮훘뫏쟒듦퓚럖웧ꎬ틲듋ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗄뗞풼맺컞램춬쪱쫊폃ꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷ믲ꆶ캬쮹뇈맦퓲ꆷ믲ꆶ몣퇀맦퓲ꆷ뗄맦뚨ꎬ틲듋뇘탫퓚솽헟횮볤ퟶ돶톡ꋛ퓱ꆣ헢튻믺훆붨솢뗄쇭튻믹뒡쫇뫳램폅폚잰램풭퓲ꎨlex posterior deroga legi prioriꎩꆣ떱뗞풼맺뇘탫퓚뻍춬튻쫂쿮랢짺럖웧뗄잰램뫍뫳램볤ퟷ돶톡퓱쪱ꎬ펦떱폅쿈톡퓱뫳램ꎬ죧ꆶ몣퇀맦퓲ꆷ믲ꆶ캬쮹뇈맦퓲ꆷ뗄뗞풼맺죧튪볓죫ꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷꎬ뇘탫쫗쿈췋돶ꆶ몣퇀맦퓲ꆷ믲ꆶ캬쮹뇈맦퓲ꆷꎬꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷ뗄뗞풼맺죧튪볓죫ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷꎬ뇘탫쫗쿈췋돶ꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷꆣ 쯤좻ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵뫍ꆶ쏉쳘샻뛻릫풼ꆷ뗚55쳵뚼틀뻝뫳램폅폚잰램풭퓲ꎬ뛔춬튻쫂쿮릫풼볤뗄맘쾵볓틔뗷헻ꎬ떫쫇ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵뗄췋돶믺훆폫ꆶ쏉쳘샻뛻릫풼ꆷ뗚55쳵뗄뫳램폅쿈쫊폃믺훆죔좻듦퓚쟸뇰ꆣ잰헟믹폚1969쓪ꆶ캬튲쓉쳵풼램릫풼ꆷꎨVienna Convention on the Law of Treatiesꎬ틔쿂볲돆ꆶ쳵풼램릫풼ꆷꎩ뗚59쳵뗄맦뚨ꎬ폻틔탂풼횱뷓좡듺뻉풼ꎬ럱죏쇋뻉풼퓚뗞풼맺뗄킧솦ꎬ뻉풼폫탂풼퓚뗞풼맺쓚컞램늢듦ꆣ뫳헟퓲쫇믹폚ꆶ쳵풼램릫풼ꆷ뗚30쳵뗄맦뚨ꎬ쫇탂풼좡듺뻉풼뗄붥뷸맦퓲ꎬ뻉풼뗄램싉킧솦늢늻틲탂풼뗄돶쿖뛸퓢떽럱뚨ꎬ뻉풼뫍탂풼뿉틔춬쪱듦퓚ꎬ퓚랢짺돥춻쪱ꎬ늢늻튪쟳뗞풼맺췋돶뻉풼ꎬ뛸횻쫇튪쟳탂풼폅쿈폚뻉풼쫊폃ꆣꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ죧맻ퟱ헕ꆶ쏉쳘샻뛻릫풼ꆷ뗚55쳵뗄폅쿈믺훆ꎬ웤뷡맻쫇틑뺭돉캪ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗞풼맺뗄맺볒붫룹뻝맦뚨뛔췹략폚틑뺭볓죫ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗄맺볒뗄퓋쫤쫊폃탂뗄훆뛈ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ뛔폚폐킩퓋쫤뫏춬ꎬ죧맻룹뻝웤쳵뿮붫쫊폃헢킩풭살뗄릫풼ꎬ쓇쎴춬퇹뗄맺볒죔붫뛔웤쫊폃ꋜ풭살뗄훆뛈ꎬ쳵볾쫇ꎬ뻶뚨웤쫊폃뗄틲쯘폫죔좻쫇풭살뗄릫풼뗄뗞풼맺뗄웤쯻맺볒폐맘ꆣ ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵뗄췋돶믺훆뫍ꆶ쏉쳘샻뛻릫풼ꆷ뗚55쳵뗄폅쿈믺훆룷폐폅쇓ꆣ췋돶믺훆뗄폅쫆퓚폚쓜릻횱뷓폐킧뷢뻶뗞풼맺횮볤뗄쳵풼돥춻ꎬ웤좱뗣퓚폚늻쓜룸폨뗞풼맺돤럖뗄톡퓱쪱볤ꎬ듓뛸볓훘쳵풼볓죫뗄쓑뛈ꆣ폅쿈믺훆뗄폅쫆퓚룸폨룷맺훰붥볓죫릫풼뗄뮺돥웚틔쪵쿖탂뗄훆뛈훰늽좡듺뻉뗄훆뛈ꎬ웤좱뗣퓚폚퓚릫풼뗄뗞풼맺돶쿖튻훖폫탂뗄컄쫩뫍뻉뗄컄쫩쿠뛔펦뗄쮫훘춳튻램싉훆뛈ꎬ퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏볓뻧쇋쳵풼볤뗄돥춻ꎬ늢뛔붫맺볊쳵풼뮯캪맺쓚램뗄맺볒퓬돉램싉쫊폃짏뗄믬싒ꆣ ꋙ ꋚꆶ쳵풼램릫풼ꆷ뗚26쳵맦뚨ꎺꆰ랲폐킧횮쳵풼뛔웤룷떱쫂맺폐뻐쫸솦ꎬ뇘탫평룷룃맺짆틢싄탐ꆣꆱ ꋛꆶ쳵풼램릫풼ꆷ뗚30쳵뗚3뿮맦뚨ꎺꆰ폶쿈뚩쳵풼좫쳥떱쫂맺틠캪뫳뚩쳵풼떱쫂맺떫늻틀뗚59쳵훕횹믲춣횹쪩탐쿈뚩쳵풼쪱ꎬ쿈뚩쳵풼뷶폚웤맦뚨폫뫳뚩쳵풼맦뚨쿠뫏횮랶캧쓚쫊폃횮ꆣꆱꆶ쳵풼램릫풼ꆷ뗚59쳵맦뚨ꎺꆰ쳵풼틲뗞뷡뫳뚩쳵풼뛸쒬쪾훕횹믲춣횹쪩탐ꎺ튻ꆢ죎뫎쳵풼폚웤좫쳥떱쫂맺뻍춬튻쫂쿮뗞뷡뫳뚩쳵풼ꎬ쟒폐쿂쇐쟩탎횮튻쪱ꎬ펦쫓캪튵틑훕횹ꎺ(a)ퟔ뫳뚩쳵풼뿉볻믲쇭뺭좷뚨떱쫂맺횮틢쮼캪듋튻쫂쿮펦틔룃쳵풼캪ힼꎻ믲(b)뫳뚩쳵풼폫잰뚩쳵풼횮맦뚨늻뫏횮돌뛈쪹솽헟늻뿉쓜춬쪱쫊폃ꆣ뛾ꆢ쳈ퟔ뫳뚩쳵풼뿉볻믲쇭뺭좷뚨떱쫂맺폐듋틢쮼ꎬ잰뚩쳵풼펦뷶쫓캪춣횹쪩탐ꆣꆱ ꋜ 86 0
ꎨ뛾ꎩꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵뷢뻶뗄쳵풼돥춻 룹뻝ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵뗄맦뚨ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ쫔춼폫죽듳몣퓋릫풼붨솢헢퇹튻훖맘쾵ꎬ벴뗞풼맺춬캪볈폐몣퓋릫풼뗞풼맺뗄ꎬ횻쓜퓚ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ폫볈폐뗄릫풼횮볤톡퓱튻룶ꎬ틔뇜쏢돶쿖튻룶뗞풼맺쫊폃솽룶믲솽룶틔짏몣퓋릫풼뗄쟩뿶ꆣ떫룃쳵뛔폚늻볓죫ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗄볈폐몣퓋릫풼뗞풼맺ꎬ늢늻짺킧솦ꆣ 뻙샽뛸퇔ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵뗄맦뚨뛔폚쏀맺ꎨꆶ몣퇀맦퓲ꆷ뗞풼맺ꆢꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗞풼맺ꎩ뛸퇔ꎬ볓죫ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뇘탫췋돶ꆶ몣퇀맦퓲ꆷꎬ퓲ꆶ몣퇀맦퓲ꆷ뛔쏀맺쪧킧ꆣ퓙죧ꆶ승ꋙ쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵뗄맦뚨뛔폚뾦싳슡ꎨꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷ뗞풼맺ꆢꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗞풼맺ꎩ뛸퇔ꎬ볓죫ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뇘탫췋돶ꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷꎬ퓲ꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷ뛔뾦싳슡쪧킧ꆣ 쯄ꆢꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚82쳵뛔쳵풼돥춻뗄뷢뻶 ꎨ튻ꎩꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚82쳵뗄풭샭럖컶 ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚82쳵ꆰ맜쾽웤쯻퓋쫤랽쪽믵컯퓋쫤뗄맺볊릫풼ꆱ맦뚨죧쿂ꎺ ꆰ놾릫풼뗄맦뚨룅늻펰쿬쫊폃퓚놾릫풼짺킧쪱틑짺킧뗄ꎬ맦랶돐퓋죋뛔믵컯쏰쪧믲쯰뮵뗄엢뎥퓰죎뗄쿂쇐맺볊릫풼ꎬ냼삨뷱뫳뛔듋훖릫풼뗄죎뫎탞헽ꎺ ꋥ 죎뫎맜쾽몽뿕믵컯퓋쫤뗄릫풼ꎬ듋훖릫풼룹뻝웤맦뚨쫊폃폚퓋쫤뫏춬뗄죎뫎늿럖ꎻ ꋦ 죎뫎맜쾽릫슷믵컯퓋쫤뗄릫풼ꎬ듋훖릫풼룹뻝웤맦뚨쫊폃폚뒬퓘뎵솾늻킶믵뗄믵컯퓋쫤ꎻ ꋧ 죎뫎맜쾽쳺슷믵컯퓋쫤뗄릫풼ꎬ듋훖릫풼룹뻝웤맦뚨쫊폃폚늹돤쳺슷퓋쫤뗄몣짏믵컯퓋쫤ꎻ믲 ꋨ 죎뫎맜쾽쓚뫓몽뗀믵컯퓋쫤뗄릫풼ꎬ듋훖릫풼룹뻝웤맦뚨쫊폃폚늻퓚쓚뫓몽뗀뫍몣짏뒬뗄믵컯퓋쫤ꆣꆱ 평듋뿉볻ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚82쳵쫇뛔뫳램풭퓲뗄튻훖춻웆ꎬꆶ쳵풼램릫풼ꆷ뗚30쳵뗚2뿮뛔듋ퟷ돶쇋맦뚨ꎬꆰ폶쳵풼뚩쏷탫늻캥랴쿈뚩믲뫳뚩쳵풼믲늻뗃쫓캪폫쿈뚩믲뫳뚩쳵풼늻뫏쪱ꎬ룃쿈뚩믲뫳뚩쳵풼횮맦뚨펦뻓폅쿈ꆣꆱꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚82쳵늻뷶몭룇쇋ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ퓚럇몣퓋쟸뛎폫럇몣퓋릫풼램싉쫊폃짏뗄돥춻컊쳢ꎬ튲몭룇쇋럇몣퓋릫풼퓚몣퓋쟸뛎뿉쓜폫ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ닺짺램싉쫊폃돥춻뗄쟩탎ꎬ웤킧맻퓚폚떱폫럇몣퓋릫풼랢짺돥춻쪱ꎬ죃캻폚쿖틑짺킧뗄럇몣퓋릫풼ꎬ듓뛸뇜쏢웆뮵쿖폐뗄뛠쪽솪퓋램싉쳥쾵ꆣ ꎨ뛾ꎩꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚82쳵폫뗚26쳵뗄맘쾵 ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ돽짨훃뗚82쳵췢ꎬ뮹춨맽짨훃뗚26쳵ꆰ몣짏퓋쫤횮잰믲헟횮뫳뗄퓋쫤ꆱ뗈쳵뿮살킭뗷ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ폫쿖틑짺킧뗄럇몣퓋릫풼볤뗄돥춻ꆣ ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚26쳵맦뚨ꎬꆰ죧맻믵컯쏰쪧ꆢ쯰뮵믲헟퓬돉동퇓붻뢶뗄쫂볾믲헟쟩탎랢짺퓚돐퓋죋뗄퓰죎웚볤쓚ꎬ떫랢짺뗄쪱볤뷶퓚믵컯ힰ짏뒬늰횮잰믲헟뷶퓚믵컯킶샫뒬늰횮뫳ꎬ놾릫풼뗄맦뚨늻뗃폅쿈폚웤쯻맺볊컄쫩뗄쿂쫶쳵컄ꎬ퓚듋훖쏰쪧ꆢ쯰뮵믲헟퓬돉동퇓붻뢶뗄쫂볾믲헟쟩탎랢짺쪱ꎺ(a) 룹뻝룃맺볊컄쫩뗄맦뚨ꎬ죧맻췐퓋죋틑뻍랢짺믵컯쏰쪧ꆢ쯰뮵믲헟퓬돉믵컯동퇓붻뢶뗄쫂볾믲헟쟩탎뗄쳘뚨퓋쫤뷗뛎폫돐퓋죋뚩폐떥뛀뫍횱뷓뗄뫏춬ꎬ놾펦쫊폃폚돐퓋죋좫늿믮뚯믲헟죎뫎믮뚯뗄쳵컄ꎻ(b) 뻍돐퓋죋뗄엢뎥퓰죎ꆢ엢뎥퓰죎쿞훆믲헟쪱킧ퟷ쇋뻟쳥맦뚨뗄쳵컄ꎻ뫍(c) 룹뻝룃컄쫩ꎬ췪좫늻쓜춨맽뚩솢뫏춬볓틔놳샫뗄쳵컄ꎬ믲헟늻쓜퓚쯰몦췐퓋죋샻틦뗄쟩뿶쿂춨맽뚩솢뫏춬볓틔놳샫뗄쳵컄ꆣꆱ룹뻝짏쫶쓚죝ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚82쳵폫뗚26쳵쫇튻냣 ꋙ 뾦싳슡폚1993쓪10퓂21볓죫ꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷꎻ1994쓪11퓂1죕ꎬꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷ뛔웤짺킧ꆣ 86 1
쳵뿮폫쳘쫢쳵뿮뗄맘쾵ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚82쳵뛔웤폫럇몣퓋릫풼뗄킭뗷ퟷ돶풭퓲탔맦뚨ꎬ뗚26쳵퓲뛔뗚82쳵뗄풭퓲탔맦뚨볓틔늹돤ꆣ 룹뻝ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚26쳵뗄맦뚨ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ퓚틔쿂쟩탎춬쪱뻟놸ퟔ뚯췋돶폫럇몣퓋릫풼뗄돥춻ꎺ1.믵컯뗄쏰쪧ꆢ쯰뮵믲퓬돉동퇓붻뢶뗄쫂볾믲쟩탎랢짺뗄쟸뛎쓜릻좷뚨ꎬ쟒좷뚨랢짺퓚ힰ잰킶뫳뷗뛎ꎬ헢쫇뗚26쳵쫊폃뗄잰쳡쳵볾ꎻ2.믵컯랢짺쏰쪧ꆢ쯰뮵믲동퇓붻뢶뗄쟸뛎ꎬ폐쒳튻뻟쳥럇몣퓋릫풼뛔웤쫊폃ꎻ3. 맺볊릫풼뗄쳵뿮쓜릻쫊폃폚돐퓋죋뗄좫늿믲죎뫎믮뚯ꆣ4.맺볊릫풼뛔돐퓋죋뗄엢뎥퓰죎ꆢ엢뎥퓰죎쿞뛮믲쪱킧ퟷ돶쇋뻟쳥뗄맦뚨ꆣ5.헢킩쳵컄잿훆쫊폃ꎬ늻쓜춨맽뚩솢뫏춬믲늻쓜퓚쯰몦췐퓋죋샻틦뗄쟩뿶쿂춨맽뚩솢뫏춬볓틔놳샫ꆣ 평듋뿉볻ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚26쳵쫔춼춨맽붨솢폐쿞럖뛎엢뎥퓰죎훆뛈믲ퟮ킡췸ힴ퓰죎훆뛈ꋙ틔듯떽킭뗷믵컯뛠쪽솪퓋램싉쫊폃뗄돥춻ꆣ ꎨ죽ꎩꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚82쳵폫뗚4쳵뗄맘쾵 캪뷸튻늽킭뗷ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ폫럇몣퓋릫풼볤뗄돥춻ꎬ돽짨훃뗚26쳵췢ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뮹짨솢쇋돐퓋죋ꆢ싄풼랽ꎨperforming partyꎩꆢ몣퓋싄풼랽ꎨmaritime performing partyꎩ훆뛈ꆣ돐퓋ꋚ죋쫇횸ꆰ폫췐퓋죋뚩솢퓋쫤뫏춬뗄죋ꆱꎬ퓚뛠쪽솪퓋훐ꎬ쫇횸뛠쪽솪퓋뺭펪죋ꎻ싄풼랽쫇횸ꆰ돐퓋죋틔췢뗄ꎬ싄탐믲헟돐억싄탐돐퓋죋퓚퓋쫤뫏춬쿂폐맘믵컯뷓쫕ꆢힰ퓘ꆢ닙ퟷꆢ믽퓘ꆢ퓋쫤ꆢ헕쇏ꆢ킶퓘믲헟붻뢶뗄죎뫎틥컱뗄죋ꎬ틔룃죋횱뷓믲헟볤뷓퓚돐퓋죋뗄튪쟳ꆢ볠뚽믲헟뿘훆쿂탐ꋛ쫂캪쿞ꆱꎬ퓚뛠쪽솪퓋훐쫇횸럇몣퓋쟸뛎돐퓋죋ꎻ몣퓋싄풼랽쫇횸ꆰ랲퓚믵컯떽듯뒬늰ힰ믵룛훁ꋜ믵컯샫뾪뒬늰킶믵룛웚볤싄탐믲헟돐억싄탐돐퓋죋죎뫎틥컱뗄싄풼랽ꆣꆱ 맺볊믵컯뛠쪽솪퓋훐ꎬ죧맻믵컯쏰쪧믲쯰뮵믲동퇓붻뢶랢짺퓚럇몣퓋쟸뛎ꎬ믵랽뿉틔틀뻝캥풼퓰죎뛔뛠쪽솪퓋뺭펪죋쳡웰뫏춬횮쯟ꎬ튲뿉틔틀뻝쟖좨퓰죎뛔럇몣퓋쟸뛎돐퓋죋쳡웰쟖좨횮쯟ꆣ죧맻믵랽톡퓱뛔뛠쪽솪퓋뺭펪죋쳡웰쯟쯏뫳ꎬ뛠쪽솪퓋뺭펪죋뿉틔뛔럇몣퓋쟸뛎돐퓋죋쳡웰ힷ뎥횮쯟ꎬ듋쪱뛔폚믵랽폫뛠쪽솪퓋뺭펪죋틔벰뛠쪽솪퓋뺭펪죋폫럇몣퓋쟸뛎돐퓋죋횮볤뗄헹틩쫊폃ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ믲럇몣퓋릫풼랢짺돥춻ꎻ죧맻믵랽톡퓱횱뷓뛔럇몣퓋쟸뛎돐퓋죋쳡웰쯟쯏ꎬ듋쪱뛔폚믵랽폫럇몣퓋쟸뛎돐퓋죋횮볤뗄헹틩쫊폃ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ믲럇몣퓋릫풼랢짺돥춻ꆣ캪쇋킭뗷ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ믲럇몣퓋릫풼횮볤뗄돥춻ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ퓚ꆶ몺놤맦퓲ꆷ쪵볊돐퓋죋훆뛈뗄믹뒡짏짨솢쇋몣퓋싄풼랽폫싄풼랽솽룶뛀솢뗄훷쳥훆뛈ꎬ늢쟒퓚뗚4쳵ꆰ뾹뇧뫍엢뎥퓰죎쿞훆뗄쫊폃ꆱ훐쏷좷업돽싄풼랽틔뫏춬ꆢ쟖좨탐캪믲헟웤쯻샭평캪틀뻝ꎬ뻍퓋쫤뫏춬쯹짦믵컯뗄쏰쪧ꆢ쯰뮵믲헟동퇓붻뢶ꎬ믲헟뻍캥랴놾릫풼맦뚨뗄웤쯻죎뫎틥컱ꎬ쫊폃ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ캪돐퓋죋쳡릩ꋝ뗄뾹뇧믲헟쿞훆웤엢뎥퓰죎ꆣ ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚4쳵횼퓚춨맽업돽웤뛔럇몣퓋싄풼랽쏢퓰믲퓰죎쿞훆훆뛈뗄쫊폃ꎬ틔죃캻폚럇몣퓋릫풼뗄탎쪽듯떽킭뗷웤폫럇몣퓋릫풼돥춻뗄쒿뗄ꆣ ꎨ쯄ꎩꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚82쳵뷢뻶뗄쳵풼돥춻 룹뻝ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚82쳵뗄맦뚨ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷꆰ늻펰쿬ꆱ웤쯻퓋쫤랽쪽릫풼뗄쫊폃ꎬ ꋙ 뫺헽솼ꎺꆶꆴ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆵ뛔컒맺맺볊몣짏믵컯퓋쫤튵뗄펰쿬ꆷꎬ퓘ꆶ몣듳램싉움싛ꆷꎬ짏몣짧믡뿆톧풺돶냦짧2009쓪12퓂냦ꎬ뗚63튳ꆣ ꋚ ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚1쳵뗚5뿮ꆣ ꋛ ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚1쳵뗚6뿮ꆣ ꋜ ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚1쳵뗚7뿮ꆣ ꋝ 룹뻝ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚4쳵뗄맦뚨ꎬ틔쿂훷쳥뿉틔쫊폃ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ캪돐퓋죋쳡릩뗄뾹뇧믲쿞훆웤엢뎥퓰죎뗄맦뚨ꎺ(a) 돐퓋죋믲헟몣퓋싄풼랽ꎻ(b) 뒬뎤ꆢ뒬풱믲헟퓚뒬짏싄탐럾컱뗄웤쯻죎뫎죋ꎻ믲헟(c) 돐퓋죋믲헟몣퓋싄풼랽뗄쫜맍죋ꆣ 86 2
틢캶ퟅꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷퟔ뚯췋돶폫쿠맘릫풼횮볤뗄돥춻ꎬ퓚폫헢킩릫풼랢짺돥춻뗄죎뫎쟩탎쿂ꎬ뚼평헢킩릫풼폅쿈쫊폃ꆣ뻍뷢뻶돥춻뗄쿖쪵탔뛸퇔ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚82쳵쯆뫵뇈뷏뎹뗗ꎬ틲캪ꋙꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ춨맽ퟔ붵램싉캻뷗뗄랽쪽뫜뫃뗘췋돶쇋돥춻뗄뻖쏦ꆪꆪ헢쫇맺볊램쯹퓊탭뗄ꆣ ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚4쳵뫍뗚26쳵뛔뗚82쳵뷸탐늹돤ꎬ뷸튻늽쏷좷쇋릫풼폫럇몣퓋릫풼뻟쳥돥춻뗄킭뗷쒣쪽ꎬ쪹ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ폫럇몣퓋릫풼돥춻뗄뷢뻶룼뻟닙ퟷ탔ꆣ뻟쳥뛸퇔ꎬ떱믵컯쏰쪧믲쯰뮵믲동퇓붻뢶좷뚨랢짺퓚럇몣퓋쟸뛎ꎬ훂쪹ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ폫럇몣퓋릫풼뺺쿠뗷헻럇몣퓋쟸뛎돐퓋죋뗄엢뎥퓰죎ꎬ퓚돐퓋죋뗄엢뎥퓰죎ꆢ엢뎥퓰죎쿞훆벰쪱킧헢킩컞램춨맽뫏춬쳵뿮볓틔놳샫뗄잿훆탔맦랶랽쏦ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뻹ퟔ뚯췋돶쫊폃ꆣ 뻙샽뛸퇔ꎬ맺볊믵컯뛠쪽솪퓋뺭펪죋폫췐퓋죋잩뚩뛠쪽솪퓋뫏춬ꎬ돐억붫췐퓋죋믵컯춨맽뛠쪽솪퓋듓쏀맺늨쳘삼춾뺶뗂맺몺놤퓋췹탙퇀샻늼듯엥쮹ꎬ웤훐ꎬ쏀맺늨쳘삼훁뗂맺몺놤캪몣짏퓋쫤ꎬ뗂맺몺놤훁탙퇀샻늼듯엥쮹캪릫슷퓋쫤ꆣ믵컯뗖듯탙퇀샻늼듯엥쮹뫳닺짺뛌훘ꎬ뺭좷뚨ꎬ믵컯뗄쯰쪧랢짺퓚뗂맺몺놤훁탙퇀샻늼듯엥쮹뗄릫슷퓋쫤쟸뛎ꆣ놾낸훐ꎬ릫슷퓋쫤돐퓋죋늻뗃튪쟳쫊폃ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ맘폚돐퓋죋엢뎥퓰죎ꆢ엢뎥퓰죎쿞훆벰쪱킧뗄쿠맘맦뚨ꎬ늻뗃풮틽ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ맘폚돐퓋죋뗄뾹뇧뫍쿞훆엢뎥퓰죎뗄쫂평ꎬ릫슷퓋쫤돐퓋죋뗄퓰죎죔좻평CMR폨틔뗷헻ꆣ 컥ꆢꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ돥춻쳵뿮짨훃뗄늻ퟣ ꎨ튻ꎩꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵짨훃뗄늻ퟣ 본폚몽퓋뗄맺볊탔ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵횻쓜뷢뻶춬튻뗞풼맺쯄듳몣퓋릫풼볤뗄돥춻ꎬ뛸늻쓜뷢뻶뫳풼뗞풼랽늻췪좫냼삨잰풼뗞풼랽쪱뗄쳵풼돥춻ꎬ틲듋늢늻쓜듓룹놾짏쿻돽춬쪱듦퓚짺킧뗄쯄듳몣퓋릫풼쿠뮥돥춻뗄놾훊탔컊쳢ꆣ룹뻝뫳램폅쿈풭퓲ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뿉틔튪쟳뗞풼맺볓죫놾릫풼뗄춬쪱뇘탫췋돶웤쯻몣퓋릫풼ꎬ뛸룹뻝쳵풼늻쯰몦뗚죽맺샻틦풭퓲ꎨpacta tertis nec ꋚnocent nec prosuotꎩꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ늻쓜냾뛡럇뗞풼랽틀뻝잰풼좡뗃뗄좨샻ꎬ틲듋횻폐떱좫늿뗄볈폐몣퓋릫풼뗞풼맺볓죫ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ쪱ꎬ쯄듳릫풼횮볤뗄돥춻닅믡쿻쪧ꎬ헢퓚쿠떱뎤뗄튻뛎쪱웚쓚쫇늻쓜풤볻뗄ꆣꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ좡듺쒿잰춨탐뗄ꆶ몣퇀맦퓲ꆷ쳥쾵ꎬ뮹폐뫜뎤뗄슷튪ퟟꆣ 샽죧ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵뗄맦뚨뛔폚쏀맺뛸퇔ꎬ볓죫ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뇘탫췋돶ꆶ몣퇀맦퓲ꆷꎬ퓲ꆶ몣퇀맦퓲ꆷ뛔쏀맺쪧킧ꆣ떫죧잰쯹쫶ꎬ죧맻뫏춬뗄ힼ뻝램캪ꆶ몣퇀맦퓲ꆷꎬ쯹짦쯟쯏폖럻뫏ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗄쫊폃랶캧ꎬ쏀맺램풺뻍믡폶떽ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ폫ꆶ몣퇀맦퓲ꆷ뗄쿖쪵돥춻ꎬ헢튻돥춻컞램틀뾿ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚89쳵폨틔뷢뻶ꆣ 룼뢴퓓뗄쫇ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ틔좡듺쿖탐뗄몣퓋릫풼캪벺죎ꎬ틔춳튻몣짏퓋쫤뫏춬램캪ퟚ횼ꎬ떫좴폫헢킩틑짺킧뗄몣퓋릫풼뒦폚욽뗈뗄램싉캻뷗ꎬ쎻폐죎뫎램샭믲맦퓲횧돖ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ펵폐뎬풽죽듳몣퓋릫풼뗄램싉킧솦ꎬ틲듋늻뿉쓜춨맽ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ놾짭쳵뿮뗄뷢쫍ꎬ좥뷢뻶쪣폠뗄쳵풼돥춻컊쳢ꆣ ꎨ뛾ꎩꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚82쳵짨훃뗄늻ퟣ ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ춨맽ퟔ붵램싉캻뷗뗄랽쪽췋돶폫럇몣퓋릫풼뗄돥춻뻖쏦ꎬ퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏킭뗷쇋쿠뮥횮볤뗄맘쾵ꎬ뷢뻶쇋쪵볹훐뿉쓜닺짺뗄늿럖돥춻ꆣ떫쫇웤폫럇몣퓋릫풼돥춻킭뗷믺훆뗄짨훃죔듦퓚튻뚨뗄슩뚴ꎬ컞램좫쏦킭뗷릫풼폫럇몣퓋릫풼횮볤룷훖탎쪽뗄돥춻ꆣ 1. 믵컯쯰쪧ꆢ쏰쪧믲동퇓붻뢶늿럖랢짺퓚몣퓋쟸뛎뫍늿럖랢짺퓚웤쯻퓋쫤쟸뛎뗄쳵풼돥춻 ꋙ ꆶ쳵풼램릫풼ꆷ뗚30쳵ퟷ쇋쿠펦맦뚨ꆣ ꋚ ꆶ쳵풼램릫풼ꆷ뗚34쳵맦뚨ꎺꆰ쳵풼럇뺭뗚죽맺춬틢ꎬ늻캪룃맺뒴짨틥컱믲좨샻ꆣꆱ 86 3
ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ컞램뷢뻶늿럖믵컯쯰쪧ꆢ쏰쪧믲동퇓붻뢶랢짺퓚몣퓋쟸뛎ꎬ늿럖믵컯쯰쪧ꆢ쏰쪧믲동퇓붻뢶랢짺퓚웤쯻퓋쫤쟸뛎뗄쳵풼돥춻ꆣ죧잰쯹쫶ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚26쳵닉좡뗄쫇폐쿞뗄췸ힴ퓰죎훆ꎬ웤뷶퓚믵컯쏰쪧ꆢ쯰뮵믲동퇓붻뢶뗄랢짺쟸뛎췪좫뒦폚몣퓋쟸뛎횮잰믲횮뫳뗄쟩뿶쿂쿲웤쯻릫풼ퟷ폐쿞뗄죃늽ꎬ평폚웤붫쯰몦랢짺쟸뛎퇏룱쿞뚨캪뷶뷶랢짺퓚몣퓋잰믲몣퓋뫳ꎬ틲뛸늻쓜뷢뻶믵컯뗄쯰쪧ꆢ쏰쪧믲동퇓붻뢶늿럖랢짺퓚릫슷퓋쫤뛎ꆢ늿럖랢짺퓚몣퓋퓋쫤뛎ꋙ뗄쳵풼돥춻ꆣ 2. 럇몣퓋릫풼뗄뛠쪽솪퓋쳵뿮폫ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ몣퓋쳵뿮뗄돥춻 ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ컞램뷢뻶럇몣퓋릫풼뗄뛠쪽솪퓋쳵뿮폫릫풼몣퓋쳵뿮뗄돥춻ꆣꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚4쳵ꆢ뗚26쳵뫍뗚82쳵뷶짦벰뛠쪽솪퓋훐럇몣퓋쟸뛎램싉쫊폃뗄돥춻컊쳢ꎬ뛸캴짦벰뛠쪽솪퓋훐몣퓋쟸뛎램싉쫊폃뗄돥춻컊쳢ꆣCMNIꆢCMRꆢCIM뫍ꆶ쏉쳘샻뛻릫풼ꆷ뚼폐맘폚뛠쪽솪퓋ꋚ쳵뿮뗄맦뚨ꎬ퓚쳘뚨쟩탎쿂ꎬ춬퇹쫊폃폚몣퓋쟸뛎랢짺뗄믵컯쏰쪧ꆢ쯰뮵믲동퇓붻뢶ꎬ헢쫆뇘폫ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗄몣퓋쳵뿮랢짺돥춻ꆣ 3. 럇몣퓋릫풼폫ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ훐잿훆탔맦퓲췢뗄웤쯻훆뛈뗄돥춻 ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ컞램뷢뻶럇몣퓋릫풼폫릫풼돽돐퓋죋뗄엢뎥퓰죎ꆢ엢뎥퓰죎쿞훆뫍쪱킧뗈잿훆탔맦퓲췢뗄웤쯻훆뛈뗄돥춻ꆣꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗚4쳵뫍뗚26쳵맦뚨ꎬ떱럇몣퓋릫풼듦퓚돐퓋죋뗄엢뎥퓰죎ꆢ엢뎥퓰죎쿞훆뫍쪱킧뗄잿훆탔맦뚨쪱ꎬ럇몣퓋싄풼랽늻쓜쫊폃ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗄쿠맘맦뚨ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ평폚ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ쫇웹뷱캪횹훆뛈짨볆ퟮ캪좫쏦뗄튻늿ힼ맺볊뛠쪽솪퓋릫풼ꎬꋛ짵훁폐톧헟붫웤돆캪튻늿ꆰ뷌뿆쫩쪽ꆱ뗄맺볊릫풼ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ훐훮죧췐퓋죋뛔믵컯퓬돉뗄쯰몦뗄틥컱뫍엢뎥퓰죎ꆢ췐퓋죋뛔쳡릩탅쾢뗄틥컱ꆢ퓋쫤떥횤ꆢ뿘훆좨ꆢ붻뢶믵컯뫍죃좨샻ꆢꋜ맜쾽좨뗈훆뛈캪뚼믡뛔쯷엢죋뗄솢뎡닺짺훘듳뗄쪵볊펰쿬ꎬ듓뛸펰쿬떽돐퓋죋뗄엢뎥퓰죎ꎬ틲듋ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ늢캴듓룹놾짏뷢뻶웤폫럇몣퓋릫풼훆뛈짏퓚헢랽쏦뗄돥춻ꆣ 4. 믵컯쏰쪧ꆢ쯰뮵믲동퇓붻뢶랢짺쟸뛎컞램좷죏쪱뗄쳵풼돥춻 ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ컞램뷢뻶믵컯쏰쪧ꆢ쯰뮵믲동퇓붻뢶랢짺쟸뛎컞램좷죏쪱뗄쳵풼돥춻ꆣꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ맘폚럇몣퓋릫풼폅쿈폚놾릫풼쫊폃뗄돥춻쳵뿮쫇틔믵컯쏰쪧ꆢ쯰뮵믲동퇓붻뢶좷뚨랢짺퓚럇몣퓋쟸뛎캪잰쳡쳵볾ꎬ죧맻헢튻잰쳡쳵볾컞램싺ퟣꎬ퓲ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ맘폚럇몣퓋릫풼폫놾릫풼뗄돥춻쳵뿮퓲컞램쫊폃ꆣ틲듋ꎬ떱랢짺믵컯쏰쪧ꆢ쯰뮵믲동퇓붻뢶랢짺쟸뛎컞램좷죏쪱ꎬ듓랴쏦살뷢뛁ꎨe contrarioꎩ쯆뫵듋쪱ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뫍럇몣퓋릫풼뚼뗃틔쫊폃ꆣ 5.ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ뗄맦뚨맽폚붩펲ꎬ좱랦훆뛈볤뗄좫엌뾼솿 샽죧ꎬ듓뻙횤퓰죎훆뛈뛸퇔ꎬ룹뻝쮭훷헅쮭뻙횤ꎨhe who alleges must proveꎩ뗄풭퓲ꎬ쫜틦뗄튻랽뢺폐뻙횤퓰죎ꎬ떫죧뫎에뚨쫊폃쓄룶맺볊릫풼폐틦놾짭뻍쫇튻볾럇뎣삧쓑뗄릤ퟷꆣ뇈죧쒳릫풼맦뚨뗄퓰죎쿞뛮튪룟폚ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷꎬ뛸웤맦뚨뗄쪱킧웚볤퓲뛌폚ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷꎬ뫎헟룼 ꋙ Tim Schommer, International Multimodal Transport: Some thoughts with regard to the “Scope of application”, “Liability of carrier” and “Other conventions” in the UNICITRAL Draft Instrument on the Carriage of Goods [wholly or partly] [by sea], . ꋚ 죧CMNI뗚2쳵뗚2뿮맦뚨ꎬꆰ죧맻퓋쫤뫏춬뗄쒿뗄쫇캪쇋뷸탐럇뒬뗄쓚뫓뫍몣짏믵컯퓋쫤ꎬ퓲놾릫풼튲붫쫊폃ꆭꆭꆣꆱCMR뗚2쳵맦뚨ꎬꆰ떱퓘믵뎵솾짏뗄믵컯쎻폐듓뎵솾짏킶쿂ꎬ뛸웤늿럖슷돌평몣짏ꆢ쳺슷ꆢ쓚뫓믲몽뿕뷓퓋ꎬ퓲놾릫풼펦틀좻쫊폃폚좫돌ꆣꆱ CIM뗚1쳵맦뚨ꎬꆰ죧맻뗞풼맺뺳쓚뗄릫슷믲쮮슷퓋쫤쫇ퟷ캪헻룶맺볊쳺슷퓋쫤뫏춬뗄뢽쫴늿럖ꎬ퓲놾릫풼펦틀좻쫊폃폚좫돌ꆱꆣꆶ쏉쳘샻뛻릫풼ꆷ뗚18쳵뗚4뿮맦뚨ꎬꆰ듋훖퓋쫤쫇퓚싄탐몽뿕퓋쫤뫏춬쪱캪쇋ힰ퓘ꆢ붻뢶믲헟퓋뛸냬샭뗄ꎬ퓚쎻폐쿠랴횤쏷뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ쯹랢짺뗄죎뫎쯰쪧췆뚨캪퓚몽뿕퓋쫤웚볤랢짺뗄쫂볾퓬돉뗄쯰쪧ꆣꆱ ꋛ William Tetley, A Summary of General Criticisms of the UNCITRAL Convention (The Rotterdam Rules), December 20, 2008, p2. ꋜ Krijn Haak and Marian Hoeks, Intermodal Transport under Unimodal Conventions: the UNCITRAL/CMI Draft Instrument and the CMR on the Subject of Intermodal Contracts, Transportrecht, Vol. 28, No. 3 (2005), -102; Theodora Nikaki, Conflicting Laws in "Wet" Multimodal Carriage of Goods: the UNCITRAL Draft Convetion on the Carriage of Goods [Wholly or Partly][by Sea], Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, October, 2006(37), -544. 86 4
캪폐샻뻍뫜쓑뫢솿ꆣ튻냣뛸퇔ꎬ웤쯻릫풼뛔폚췐퓋죋뛸퇔튪룼캪폐샻ꎬ쯹틔췹췹평웤뢺떣뻙횤퓰죎ꎬ떫벯ힰ쿤퓋쫤쯰쪧뗄틾뇎탔폖뻶뚨웤뫜쓑뻙횤돉릦ꎬ헢튲쫇캪쪲쎴냼삨ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ퓚쓚뗄뛠쫽퓋쫤릫풼튪쟳퓰죎떹훃뗄룹놾풭틲ꆣ췐퓋죋죧맻늻쓜돉릦횤쏷믵컯쏰쪧믲쯰쪧믲동퇓붻뢶ꋙ랢짺뗄뻟쳥쟸뛎ꎬ퓲웤튲컞램쫊폃룃쟸뛎뗄맺볊릫풼ꎬ헢쪵훊짏탎돉쇋싛ꆣ 6. 폫ꆶ쳵풼램릫풼ꆷ뫍CMR뗄늻킭뗷 ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ폫ꆶ쳵풼램릫풼ꆷ뫍CMR쿠ꆣꆶ쳵풼램릫풼ꆷ뗚41 쳵뗚1 뿮맦뚨ꎬꆰ뛠뇟쳵풼솽룶틔짏떱쫂맺뗃폚쿂쇐쟩탎쿂뗞뷡킭뚨뷶퓚뇋듋볤탞룄쳵풼ꎺ(a)쳵풼쓚맦뚨폐ퟷ듋훖탞룄횮뿉쓜헟ꎻ믲(b)폐맘횮탞룄럇캪쳵풼쯹뷻횹ꎬ쟒ꎺꎨ튻ꎩ늻펰쿬웤쯻떱쫂맺쿭폐쳵풼짏횮좨샻믲싄탐웤틥컱헟ꎻꎨ뛾ꎩ늻맘짦죎뫎죧폨쯰틖벴폫폐킧쪵탐헻룶쳵풼횮쒿뗄벰ퟚ횼늻뫏횮맦뚨헟ꆣꆱCMR뗚1쳵뗚5뿮맦뚨ꎬꆰ돽쪹놾릫풼맦뚨늻쫊폃폚뗞풼맺뗄뇟뺳퓋쫤믲쫚좨퓚퓋쫤믮뚯훐릫풼뗄쪹폃췪좫쿞폚듺뇭컯좨횮퓋떥뗄뗞풼맺쟸폲췢ꎬ뗞풼맺춬틢늻틔쮫뇟믲뛠뇟뗄쳘쫢킭틩살탞룄놾릫풼뗄죎뫎맦뚨ꆣꆱ틲듋ꎬCMR뷻횹돽쒳킩쳘쫢쟩탎췢ꎬ뛔웤뷸탐탞뚩ꎬ뛸ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ쯤좻맦뚨퓚돐퓋죋뗄엢뎥퓰죎ꆢ엢뎥퓰죎쿞훆벰쪱킧훆뛈짏ퟷ돶죃늽ꎬ떫퓚웤쯻훆뛈ꎬ죧맜쾽좨훆뛈짏죔릹돉뛔CMR뗄탞뚩ꎬ듓뛸놳샫쇋CMR뗚1쳵뗚5뿮뫍ꆶ쳵풼램릫풼ꆷ뗚41쳵뗚1뿮뗄ꋚ뺫짱ꆣ 쇹ꆢ뷡싛 ퟛ짏쯹쫶ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ늢늻뷶뷶쫇튻늿뒿듢뗄몣퓋릫풼ꎬ웤뮹떣뢺ퟅꆰ뛠쪽솪퓋릫풼ꆱ캴뺡뗄춳튻퓋쫤램쪹쏼ꆣ믲탭ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ훷뚯췋돶쳵풼돥춻뗄랽쪽폐훺폚릫풼믱뗃룼뛠뗄횧돖ꎬ떫컊쳢쫇헢훖랽쪽뷶뷶쿻돽쇋쿠맘쳵풼횮볤뇭쏦짏뗄돥춻ꎬ늢쎻폐듓룹놾짏쿻돽퓋쫤램횮볤룹짮뗙만뗄퓰죎훆뷧쿞ꆣ쳘뇰뛔폚틔몣퓋캪훷뗄뛠쪽솪퓋ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ훷뚯췋돶쿠맘쟸뛎뗄쫊폃춬퇹늻쫇튻훖뎹뗗뷢뻶돥춻뗄랽램ꎬꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ펦춨맽웤쯻랽쪽룼캪믽벫뗘뷢뻶틔몣퓋캪훷뗄뛠쪽솪퓋솢램뗄춳튻뮯컊쳢ꆣ Abstractꎺ Article 82 & 89 are the Conflict-of-Conventions Clauses set up by the Rotterdam Rules to solve conflicts between the Rotterdam Rules and unimodal and ocean transport conventions. Article 82 is the exception of lex posterior deroga legi priori. It aims at solving treaty-conflicts by giving place to the unimodal transport conventions in force. Article 89 is the denunciation of other conventions. It aims at unifying the present contract law on international carriage of goods by sea by replacing the three Rules. However, the Rotterdam Rules can’t avoid and solve the whole conflicts presented by setting up Conflict Clauses, to some extent, it will intensify the conflicts between treaties. ꋙ Erik Røsæg, Conflicts of Conventions in the Rotterdam Rules, -11. ꋚ 돖랴뛔틢볻헟죏캪ꎬꆰ떱잰쏦뗄튻쿮짦벰튻훖늻춬램싉맘쾵뗄쳵풼캴쏷좷뒦샭쒳튻훷쳢쫂쿮쪱ꎬ죧맻뫳쏦쳵풼훐뗄맦뚨짦벰쇋헢룶훷쳢쫂쿮ꎬ쓇쎴룹뻝맺볊릫램ꎬ헢훖뫳살ퟷ돶뗄맦뚨펦떱놻뾴ퟷ쫇튻훖퓚CMR뗈웤쯻릫풼쯹맦뚨뗄엢뎥훆뛈튵틑듦퓚뗄쟩뿶쿂뛔ꆶ승쳘떤맦퓲ꆷ쯹맦뚨뗄엢뎥퓰죎훆뛈뗄쫊폃볓틔킭뗷뗄맦뚨ꎬ뛸늻펦붫웤뾴ퟷ쫇뛔죎뫎웤쯻릫풼뗄엢뎥퓰죎맦퓲뗄탞뚩ꆣꆱ틽ퟔ 86 5
