2011年第7期ᆄ ࡾ ഠ ߶ ॓ ࿐2011年7月,2011ZHEJIANG SOCIAL SCIENCESJul.,2011༆ٚࣜ࠶ௐં֥ྟॉҳ** 臧雷振 ଽಸิေ 伴随我国基层民主的蓬勃开展,针对投票人投票意向和投票行为研究的重要性日益凸显,西方理论界20世纪中后期以来对选民投票分析倾注大量科研资源b本文即针对西方颇具影响力的经济投票理论展开全景性回顾和归纳性评述,在检视西方投票理论研究成果的基础上,以期返观内省提升扩展我国基层选举投票行为理论分析的高度和视野,为我国基层民主研究进一步深入提供理论支持bܱՍ 西方 经济投票 理论考察 基层民主作者臧雷振,北京大学政府管理学院博士研究生b(北京 100871)၂a֝ე߄ބᇅ؇߄ࢨ؍bࠎҪᇶࡹഡԉٳ൳֞ਔ֔ބᆟک֥ᇗ൪,1988୍ᆟ҆ᄝಆݓٓຶଽቆᆮ ըჴൈఃؓದᇶି৯֥མའބؓໃটᇏݓ߶ቆᆮم(൫ྛ) ϯ҃ު֥൮ཅࠩֆ໊ը߶ᇶࣉӱ֥ࣟ瞭望也激起了国内外研究者的浓൫ׄ࿊ई,֞1994୍ᇏ܋ᇏနؿԛ ܱႿࡆ఼୪ިྖ౿b ᄝႵܱࠎҪᇶ֥གྷႵ࣮ᇏ,؟ູըࠎҪቆᆮࡹഡ֥๙ᆩ ေປըሱᇍᇅ؇,ؓఃކྟ֥ંቑᆣaࣜဒྟ֥ܴҳ݂ବa࿐ሢᇗሂݺը߶࿊ईᇅ؇aըၰ൙ᇅ؇aըༀ܄ྟ֥ൌ ԩٚ ,طؓࠎҪ࿊ईଽᄝނྏэषᇅ؇ބըܿჿᇅ؇ࡹഡ;ᄜ֞1997୍ָಆݓਈ ࿊ௐࠏaௐၩཟބௐྛູ֥ཌྷ80%֥ը߶ࣉྛਆࢽၛഈᆰࢤ࿊ई,ᆭު1998ܱٳ༅ಏູݨ,ં֥ኇكᇁᆌؓࢳࠎ୍ᇏ܋ࢽᇏಆ߶ؓըሱᇍჍၛۚ؇Ҫಕᇙௐၩཟଆྟaௐྛູଢྟބௐࡎ,ಪູః ঔն୪ըࠎҪᇶ,ൌྛըሱᇍ,൞࿊ᄴҵၳྟ֥ཌྷܱ࣮ੀႿі૫b֔ਵ֝ၡຣ୪ࡹഡႵᇏݓหഠ߶ᇶၬᇶᆟط20ൗࡀၛট༆ٚંࢸؓ࿊ௐྛູᇍ֥նԷᄯ b1999୍ಆݓ۲ֹ۴ऌ1998୍࣮ౠᇿਔնਈ֥ࣚ৯,۲ᇕ҂֥࣮ਫ਼ࣥ(ᆞൔϯ֥҃ ըჴ߶ቆᆮم ,ࡆॹֹٚ৫مі1)ྙӮਔᇭ؟ྙ۲ၳ֥ௐྛູં,ೂ؇,ն҆ٳസ൧ᇅקਔ ը߶ቆᆮمൌീϷ ၰี౼ཟௐ (issuevoting)a ߭ܤྟௐ م ބ ը߶࿊ईϷم ,ປӮਔཌྷֹܱٚم֥ܿ(retrospectivevoting)a ᅚຬྟௐ (prospec-৫مༀ;2007୍ᇏ܋նБۡࣉ၂҄Ϝ ࠎtivevoting)a ࣜ࠶ௐ (economicvoting)a ۱Ҫಕᇙሱᇍᇅ؇ ಒ৫ູഠ߶ᇶၬᆟᇍؿᅚ֡ਫ਼ุ֥ࣜ࠶ሑঃௐ (pocketbookvoting)a ᆜุ֥ᇗေଽಸ,ըሱᇍֹ໊֥֤֞ࣉ၂҄ิശ,ࣜ࠶ሑঃௐ (sociotropicvoting)a ٳਚௐ ݓը߶ᇶ࿊ईᇅ؇ࡹഡ۽ቔࣉೆܿٓ߄aӱ(split-ticketvoting)֩֩bᄝഈඍ༆ٚௐ*Ч໓൳࢝ტ҆ದ໓ഠ߶॓࿐࣮ౝ୍ཛଢሧᇹ(ཛଢݼ:10YJC810020)b128
浙江社会科学2011年第7期 ྛູંᇭٳ༅ੀஊᇏ,ෙಖࣜ࠶࿐࣮ਫ਼ࣥᆰᅚགྷࣜ࠶ௐં֥གྷൌᷠ৯,ൈ္҂ޭ֞ഈൗࡀ60୍սҌ֤ၛࣉೆ,ಏӯགྷၳफఏᆭ۲ᇕ֥ലၻ,ၛ௹ᄝྟ൪༆ׅٚ൝,ંఃં႕ཙ৯ߎ൞གྷൌࢳ৯ննௐྛູ࣮Ӯݔ֥ࠎԤഈ,ധ߄ؓݓࠎҪ࿊ईࣉਔௐྛູ࣮֥భࣉbЧ໓৯ؓࣜ࠶ௐௐྛູٳ༅bંؿᅚݖӱࣉྛಆࣟྟ߭ܤބ༢ྟ૭ඍ,ၛі1:༆ٚௐં࣮ᇶေੀஊ࣮ਫ਼ࣥ࿐ஊ࣮ᇗ࣮ׄٚمႪಌׄսі࿐ᆀള࿐࣮ᆤ࿊֥ௐੱaᆌؓଖՑ࿊ई,ᄴ౼ሧਘ(ሹุሧਘ)Wilson(1960),ਫ਼ࣥ(eco-ࡆௐٚཟބ࿊൧ऎႵ҂ᆟᇍaࣜ࠶aࠆ౼ٚь,х૧BanfieldandWi-llogicalap-ۢ߄ӱ؇aದ१ࢲܒaሷ࢝֩หᇉ֥࿊ࣉטҰሧਘॖିؿson(1963),Park,proach)࿐ֹ໊ᇂaᆟ֔ࢲྛӉ௹۵ሶ࣮,ሧള֥༂ҵ,RobertE.(1967);ஊܒaࣜ࠶ࢲܒ֩эਘটჷ๙ӈູ࿊֥مં࿊۱ದGrimshaw(1992)ਈᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢ࠣა࿊ई࠹ሧਘބದ१֥ᆟᇍ؇ა۱ದหᇉބࣜ࠶ഠ࠹ሧਘࠏ߶Мࣟᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢ഠ߶࿐࣮ۢࣜ࠶ഠ߶ֹ໊aሷ ᆟᇍౠཟᆷѓ (in-ᇗ൪ഠ߶ࢲܒaPaulLazarsfeld,ਫ਼ࣥ(soc-iุ࢝აंᇾֹ֩dexofpoliticalpre-ഠ߶ุؓௐBernard,Gaudetologicalap-бМࣟაௐٚཟ֥disposition,IPP)֥֩႕ཙ,ॖิ܂(1944);Berelson,proach)ܱ৳aࣩ࿊ࠃؓ֩ყҩॖ॥ᆟᇍԊMcPhee(1954);࿐࿊֥႕ཙ֥֩۽ऎJohnstonandPat-ஊtie(2005);Levine(2005)ഠ߶ྏ࿐ૡ ၰี౼ཟ a ީ࿊ ሑၹݔଆ ఼טᆟ֔ಪၹCampbelletal.,࣮ਫ਼ࣥ༆ದ౼ཟ , ᆟ֔(funnelofcausal-iᄝௐྛູഈ(1960);Miller(social-۴ಪ ൞ఃંࡏty),൫ݤۂ෮Ⴕॖ֥ᇗေྟ,ಸၞ&Shanks(1996);psychological࿐ܒᇗྏ,൞႕ཙି႕ཙௐ֥эਈ,ޭఃཌྷܱэWattenberg(1991)-approach)ஊௐ໗קӉ௹֥ྏၛղ֞ປಆࢳაყਈི֥ႋၹҩௐྛູࣜ࠶࿐఼࣮טಪ്ྟ֥,ࡌק(1)࿊൞ྟԛყҩ۱ุ࿊AnthonyDownsਫ਼ࣥ(eco-ྟοᅶ ௹ຬ০ၭ֥֥;(2)ௐ֥ଢ֥ମ֥ௐྛູ(1957)aPowell,nomicap-࿊նཬथקௐაڎᄝࡹ৫ᆟک,࿖ᆃਆཟ;ఃઆࠠఏׄWhitten(1993);proach)ᄴࠣௐؓའ ۱ࡌקࣉྛ၂৵Ա֥֥ࡌഡᅱᇁ۲ᇕLewis-Beckଆઆࠠဆၶં,ࡹܒބᇉၐ(1991,1993);CJௐྛູ֥ ྟ࿊Anderson(2000)ᄴଆ (rationalchoicemodel),ٳ༅ௐӮЧބིႨؽaࣜ࠶ௐٳ༅֥ંࠣᆚંܱႿࣜ࠶ᆟҦა࿊ௐᆦӻܱ༢֥໓ང(ೂKernell,1978a;Keech,1980)ځႚԛϱbՎোᇷሱนථ(1957) ᇶ֥ࣜ࠶ં ᆭު,նਈቔؓၛ༯໙ีٴٴؿ໙:ݓࣜ࠶іགྷࢲݔ߶႕129
臧雷振:西方经济投票理论的批判性考察ཙ࿊ईગ?ᆃᇕ႕ཙིႋᄝહ่ࡱ༯ᄹࡆࠇࢆଆ,ѩᆷԛࣜ࠶భࣟն҆ٳ൞ࠎႿ֒భ൝֥֮ࠣᇗေӱ؇ೂޅ?ູહࣜ࠶ၹᄝ1980୍ࡥֆ؎,ᄪ௹ࣜ࠶ௐંૼಒࠇ҂ૼಒ֥ࡼսૅݓሹ࿊ईᇏႵሢᇗေ֥႕ཙ,طቋ࣍30୍ࣜ࠶іགྷაௐ࿊ᄴཌྷ৳༢ ,ᆃུܒӮቋԚࣜಏᇯࡶൔັ?ູહௐᆦӻྛູᄝ؋௹ଽ߶࠶ௐંᇅҊଆ֥ނྏଽಸbෛሢࣜ࠶э߄طэ߄?ູહࣜ࠶ၹؓႇݓ֥ෛሢ࣮֥ࣉ,ٮଽᇏ(Ferejohn)ᇗྍڿ൮ཌྷ࿊ईࢲݔ႕ཙӻ࿃ཁᇷطؓހধಏࢩಖཌྷࣉਔᇅҊଆ,Ֆطิ܂ਔбᄪ௹ଆ۷ູౢ༉ّ?ູહࣜ࠶႕ཙௐ֥ཁᇷྟᄝ֣ݓေбၩ֥ؓௐ࿊ᄴྛູٳ༅֥ັܴࠎԤbྍ֥ଆေն০ۚ֩༢ਙ໙ีb ѩࡌഡௐᆀିܔϜބ؎ޡܴࣜ࠶іགྷྐഈඍᆃུቔູࣜ࠶ௐંނྏଽಸ෮൫༏,х૧ԛགྷؓᄝᆯᆀ֥ޡܴࣜ࠶ࢲݔᄳࢸק߭ճ֥໙ีູܼԮѬѩರၭᅝऌᇗေֹ֥࣮ᇏ႕ཙௐ࿊ᄴ֥ᄮၻb ࣜ࠶ௐ֥ᇅҊଆ໊bطᄪ௹ܞׅࣜ࠶ௐંၘ֤֞ཌྷ֥֒ௐෙಖିࢳᄝऎႵ၂קྐ༏ඣэ߄Мࣟ༯֥ࣜဒᆦӻ:࿊ᄝࣜ࠶౦ྙਅݺൈީᄡགྷᆀ,ௐྛູ࿊ᄴၩ჻э߄ඣ ,ఃᄝ҂Мࣟ༯ᄝࣜ࠶ذ߄ൈڎקགྷᆀbᆃᇕֆ၂ࢳଆൔӁള֥ൌဒࢲݔ္ႮႿऎС҂໗קྟطФྸޭਔఃંົ؇֥ҩ൫,หљ൞ᆌؓࣜ࠶ᆟ؟࿐ᆀ෮ጪѨbҦ࿃ྟࠇᇌުྟၛࠣௐದഠ߶ֹ໊֩ቔູࣜ(ؽ)Ⴊ࿊ଆ(SelectionModel,Ⴛࢡ഻৯࠶ௐંଽᄝэਈ֥ॉᆣߎીႵФር༥ฐษଆCompetencyModel)ݖbభᆀܱᇿ֥൞҂ொݺ֥࿊ؓࣜ࠶ᆟҦ໙ࣜ࠶ௐ֥Ⴊ࿊ଆಪູௐथק҂ࣇࣇ၇ี֥ಪᆩ෮Ӂള֥႕ཙ,ೂࣉඥᇅ;ުᆀടࠣ࿊ऌࣜ࠶ࢲݔটؓީ࿊ᆀࣉ ྛࢂৣ(ᄡӮௐ) Ӳᄝࣜ࠶ࢲܒᇏֹ໊ؓௐ࿊ᄴ֥႕ཙ,ၹູ࿊(ـّؓௐࠇఙಃௐ) ᆃᇕࡥֆ֥Ҋथbૌಪ҂ࣇ൞Ԏའ֥ഠ߶ࢨҪӮჴ,ط൞ႚႵൌ࠽ູऎႵ۽ऎྟ֥ௐᆀౠཟႿ࿊ԛቋऎ഻৯Ӂಃ֥෮Ⴕᆀb҆ٳ࿐ᆀ္ၩ്֞ܞׅࣜ࠶ௐ֥ީ࿊ದ,္ࣼ൞ඪௐᆀᆺ൞০Ⴈ֒భࣜ࠶ྐંࢳ৯֥ֆЊ,ૌ๙ݖ2008୍ૅݓሹ࿊༏ಀყҩީ࿊ದໃটᆳᆟ഻֥౦ঃbఃൌ,ႪईטҰ,ѩؓ၂༢ਙࣜ࠶ཛଢࣉྛٳ༅ުಪູࣜ࿊ଆؓႿᄪ௹֥ࣜ࠶ௐંᆀটඪѩ҂ଓ࠶ၹؓ࿊֥႕ཙႵᇕਫ਼ࣥ:ིࡎ(valence,ള,֒क़ূଏ(Kramer)ᄝ1971୍֥࣮ᇏࣼٳၩᆷܱᇿ۱ದଢѓაླေ)aֹ໊ބ၌Ӂ,ѩಪູ༅ਔࠎႿໃট(future-oriented)భࣟॉਈ֥ࡼഈඍਫ਼ࣥᆜކު֥ٳ༅ົ؇ᇀഒࢳਔ؋௹ࣜௐᆀ҂჻ٮࣚ৯ಀܙީ࿊ದᆳᆟᄍ୶ॖڎൌ࠶ၹაᆟᇍௐྛູ֥ܱ৳ ,ࣜ࠶ၹؓགྷbථֺ۬ীᄝؓक़ূଏ֥ᇏ္ടࠣਔႪ࿊Ⴟ࿊ईࢲݔथקྟܱ৳֥ᇗေӱ؇ಏ൞ᄝ҂؎эଆଽಸ,ѩᆷԛௐದѩ҂ಒקᆭభ֥ࣜ࠶౦߄֥bෛሢࣜ࠶ௐં֥ٚྖໃηࠣఃཌྷܱᆚྙିᄝ؟նӱ؇ഈູૌิ܂ࡎགྷᆳᆟᆀ഻ં֥Ҫԛ҂౫,ܱႿࣜ࠶ௐંᇯࡶྙӮਔି৯֥ྐ༏b ۱ࢸཋཁᇷ֥ٳ༅ଆ:ෙಖᄪ௹໓ང഻ؓᆀ֥Ⴊ࿊ଆᇏݣႵ(၂)ᇅҊଆ(SanctioningModel,Ⴛࢡ֣֡ྟௐದ֥ഡק,၇ಖ༯ਔޓ؟ໃ߭ճ֥໙ڄགଆMoralHazardModel):ีྟௐದ࣮ࣨିڎ০Ⴈࣜ࠶ྐ༏ܙԛགྷᄪ௹Ⴎक़ূଏ ބ٣غ ෮ቔ֥षԷྟ࣮ᆀ഻֥ି৯ၛࠣؓႿᆟᇍࡅູ࿙ᄜՑ֒࿊ᆷԛௐ࿊ᄴ൞Ⴎᆟکྍ֥࣍ࣜ࠶іགྷط҂൞ࣩطҠሺࣜ࠶іགྷ֥౦ঃھೂޅಀٳя֩bؓᆃোᆚྟᆟ֔ؓໃট֒࿊֥ᄍ୶ބഡམটथק֥,ࡥ໙ี֥߭ճေሔි֞ྟყ௹ࠣྟყ௹ᄝᆟᇍֆ֥ඪࣼ൞֚ۥࣜ࠶іགྷᄦ֥ᆳᆟᆀ,ᆦӻࣜ࿖ߌᇏ֥ႋႨ࣮ٚ૫֥ཌྷܱ໓ང(ೂ࠶іགྷႪྮ֥ᆳᆟᆀ.ࠎ๙ݖؓࣜ࠶ௐRogoff&Sibert,1988;Cukierman&Melter,1989;หᆘࣉྛ࣮ߎؿགྷ: ௐᆀॖିऋधࠇᄡӮPersson&Tabellini;1990;AlbertoAlesina&ૌၘᆩ֥ᆳᆟᆀ,ૌ҂མФնਈၳӈބໃᆩ֥HowardRosenthal,1995;AlbertoAlesina,1997ࣩ࿊ᆀᄍ୶෮ښࠆb ᄝഈඍ࣮֥ࠎԤഈ,٣)֩,ૌ֥࣮ؿགྷႪ࿊ଆᇏௐᆀିປಆࠆύঢ়ଫิ܂۷ູ၂Ϯ֥Їݣࣜ࠶ࡎ֥௹ຬིႨᆩགྷᆳᆟᆀ֥ᆟҦྐ༏,ॖၛყ௹ᆳᆟᆀࢤ130
浙江社会科学2011年第7期 ༯ট֥ᆳᆟіགྷ,ືႵ֒ޡܴࣜ࠶ؿള҂ॖყҩაູܼඃᆩ֥ഠ߶ྏ࿐໓ངᇏؓௐ࿊ᄴ֥֥ᆑ֕ൈҌ߶႕ཙૌ֥ௐठᄴ,ࠧᆃᇕᆑࢳૼཁொbෙಖक़ূଏބ٣غᄻ৯ࢹૅ֕ॖିᆺ൞ຓ҆ᆑ֕ࠇაᆳᆟᆀ֥ᆟҦіགྷݓ࿊ईࢲݔބࣜ࠶іགྷ֥ܱ৳টဒนථ ྟܱbࡌഡ ,္Ⴕቔᆀٳ༅ֻ၂ބֻؽՑൗࢸնᅞ௹ࡗ()Ҧྟௐ(StrategicVoting)Ϗն০aࡆଦնބྍ༆ধၰ߶࿊ईᇏ࿊ྛູᆞೂభඍ࣮ᇏؿགྷௐᆀؓགྷᆀࣜ࠶і൳ࣜ࠶่ࡱ֥႕ཙটቔဒᆣ,ሹุဒࢲݔᆺགྷႵሢྟ֥௹ր၂ဢ,Ҧྟௐંߎ఼טཁൕᆃᇕ႕ཙ࠻҂၂္҂൞ध่ؓࡱ,ط౼࿊ؓޥ࿊ᆀ֥ཌྷࣩؓ࿊ି৯္Ⴕሢྟ֥௹थႿᆟᇍބࣜ࠶іགྷ֥චᇗ႕ཙ,ఃթᄝ֥ܱ༢aր ,ѩ༐ຬૌ֥ௐିࣩؓ࿊Ӯۿު֥ᆟҦྙൔބ఼؇ၹൈၹֹطၳ,ѩෛሢ࿊෮උࢨҪaᇅקொݺӁള႕ཙbՎٚ૫໓ང࣮֥ࢊׄࠢᇏᆟ֔োބ҂ൈࡗ؍֥э߄طэ߄b ؓՎᄝྟ࿊ܙਈૌ֥ௐ൞ڎؓቋު֒࿊ᆀࠇં֥ཌྷܱൌᆣุ࣮གྷᄝၛ༯ٚ૫:ઋ࿊ᆀӁള႕ཙb၂ϮಪູҦྟௐᆀ҂߶ࡼ(၂)ؓֆ၂ݓࡅௐྛູ֥۱σဒᆣ࿊ௐশٮ۳ಒקၐઋ࿊֥ީ࿊ದ,ဢ֥આࠠᄪ௹֥ൌᆣဒ؟ࠢᇏႿؓૅݓ࿊ईࢲݔ္֥ൡႨႿؓಒקၐ֒࿊֥ީ࿊ದbਸ਼ຓ,ೂݔࢳ,ૅݓ֥ൌᆣ࣮Ⴕᇕ҂ਫ਼ࣥbֻ၂ᇕྟௐದಪູఃௐ҂߶ؓᆟҦིݔӁള႕൞Ⴟ1970୍ս֥࣮,ೂ᠉ীؓሹലຬ֥ࣜཙׅ࣮ᇏؿགྷ :ܙࣜ࠶ௐݖӱᇏ ࠎႿ,ᄵ߶ؓީ࿊ದ֥ࣩᆚ৯หᆘ҂ܱྏbᄝൌᆣဒᆣᇏ,ૅݓ࿊ؓ࿊ईᇅ؇ބᆟࣩ֔ᆚЧᇉऊކඣଆ(Aggregete-levelModel)֥ሹ֥ुم္ဒᆣਔҦྟௐંᇏಪູௐᆀऎല࣮ ࡼ܄ᇙؓ֒अࣜ࠶Ӯ֥ࣼᇶܴࡎႵ۽ऎྟ֥ࡌഡหᆘ(ೂGibard,1973ቔູ৫эਈ,ؿགྷࣜ࠶іགྷݺߊؓሹലຬԮ;Mck-Ѭ൞၂ᇗေ႕ཙၹሰbೂᄝ2008୍ಆ౯ࣜ࠶າelvey,Ordeshook,1972;Satterthwaite,1975)bࣜ࠶ௐંഈඍᇕٳ༅ଆෛሢൈࡗ֥ࠏႭః൞ૅݓࣜ࠶ᇗක֥౦ঃ༯,؟ඔ࿊၍ᇯ҄ᄹࡆ࣮эਈ,ุགྷԛ࣮ᆀؓௐྛᄝૅݓֻ44ࢽሹ࿊ईᇏᄜՑࣉྛࣜ࠶ௐ,ູٳ༅֥ᇯ҄ಆ૫ധఙਔᆳᆟ֥܋ބ֔,࿊ईᇶ֔ީ࿊ದύϘઔ֒,ೆં֥ܒ҂षൌ֥ဒ,ѩေᄝൌᇏ҂؎ྩᆞaҀԉބປb࿊ྍ၂ࢽሹ,ᆃՑૅݓሹ࿊ईႻФಪູ൞หљ൞ᄝϴෛሢ ྍᆟᇍ॓࿐ᄎ ࠣྛູᇶၬᆟٳׅ֥ࣜ࠶ௐંൌ֥۱σ,ॖुԛࣜ࠶ᇍ࿐֥ྖఏකؓ܋ބ֔ሹީ࿊ದലຬᄯӮ఼ਛ֥ڵ૫႕,఼טҐႨഠ߶࿐aྏ࿐ބ࠹࿐ٚمؓᆟᇍགྷའࣉྛקਈٳ༅ބࣜဒ࣮֥ਫ਼္ࣥཙbᆃᇕ࣮ਫ਼ࣥၹݖႿᇶܴطС൳ᆚၰbࡼࣜ࠶ௐંջࣉൌᆣဒࣉӱᇏbֻؽᇕൌᆣ࣮ਫ਼ࣥ൞ဒ࿊ईࢲݔᄝ؟նіӱ؇ഈ၇ঠႿग़ܴࣜ࠶іགྷbᆃٚ૫֥࣮ิ܂2:ࣜ࠶ௐંᇕٳ༅ଆ࣮ҧᇗׄਔᇭೂૅݓሹ࿊ईᇏࣜ࠶ၹϲဆሢޅᇕ࢘ࣜ࠶іໃট֒࿊۱ದ֥ᆣऌ,࿐ᆀ๙ݖࠎႿؓ1948-1978୍ૅݓሹགྷࡎ഻৯ௐ႕ཙ࿊ई֥σ২ٳ༅,ؿགྷंૄ୍֥ॖᆦ൬ೆაᇅҊଆ ᆳᆟ֤֔ௐੱࠫެ൞ປಆᆞཌྷܱ֥ ,ᆃ၂ࡥֆႪ࿊ଆ طᇗေ֥ؿགྷ་ႄਔః࣮ᆀҐ౼۷پڶ֥ඔҦྟௐऌބσ২টؓՎࣉྛဒ(ೂBartels,Zaller, 2001;Erikson,1990;Hibbs,2000,2006)bਸ਼ຓߎ 注:所标 意指该分析模型的所研究涉及内容bႵ࿐ᆀοᅶࣜ࠶ა࿊ईܱ༢֥ॿࡏؓૅݓݓ߶ࣩaࣜ࠶ௐٳ༅֥ൌᆣ࣮࿊ࣉྛਔཌྷܱ࣮,ೂक़ূଏᄝ1983୍ٳ༅ਔૅݓݓ߶1886 1964୍֥࿊ई౦ྙა֒ൈࣜ࠶౦ႮႿนථ(1957)ٳ༅۱ದ൞ᄝࣩؓᆚᆟ֥֔ঃᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢(ު௹ߎႵᇭೂJacobson,Kernell,௹ຬᆴࣉྛྟбࢠᆭުҌቓԛ֥ௐ࿊ᄴ,ః1983;Lewis-Beck,Rice,1992;Kiewiet,Udell,࿙ིႨቋն߄ ֥ᆟᇍཨٮᆀ (ࠧௐದ)֥ܴ1998෮ቓ֥࣮),ᆃུ࣮ѩીႵ֤ԛཞഈ131
臧雷振:西方经济投票理论的批判性考察ඍؓሹ࿊ईࢲݔაࣜ࠶֥ܱ༢࣮ପહཁᇷ֥ௐ࿊ᄴbૌൈؿགྷࣜ࠶ௐ֥ޘࢩ૫ଆॖࢲݔbߐओ߅ඪ,ऊކඔऌીିဒᆣԛݓ߶࿊ईିۚܙਔ࿊ࣜ࠶ಪᆩؓௐ֥႕ཙ,ၛࠣଽളࢲݔაࣜ࠶іགྷᆭࡗթᄝཁᇷ֥ᆞཌྷܱྟ(ೂྟࣜ࠶ಪᆩॖି߶າࠣቔູᇶ໙ᄳࠏᇅ֥ࣜ࠶Alesina,1993;Erikson,1990;MarraބOstrom,ௐᇉਈb ᆌؓν֣೦ᆷԛ ֥ࣜ࠶ुمܱެ1989)b֔ஊொ,ၹՎࣜ࠶іགྷؓᆟᇍᆦӻ֥႕ཙФॱࣜ࠶ௐંؓૅݓൌᆣֻ࣮֥ᇕਫ਼նਔ ֥ܴׄ,၇ಖႵ࿐ᆀჍၛࡔקّ֥Ѽb ࣥ:ٳ༅܄ᇙؓགྷᆳᆟᆀࣜ࠶іགྷ֥ܙ൞ೂਸ਼ຓؓمݓ္֥࣮іૼթᄝཁᇷ֥ࣜ࠶ޅ႕ཙఃௐथק֥bՎো࣮ՖቋԚؓ۱ุࣜௐൌᆣऌ(ೂHibbsބVasilatos,1981;Lafay,࠶ሑঃ֥؎ᇯࡶঔն֞ਔؓᆜ۱ݓࡅࣜ࠶ྙ൝1977;Lewis-Beck,1980),֒ಖဢ҂كؓՎႵ֥؎,ೂ٣ύঢ়ଫؿགྷૅݓ࿊ईᇏݓࡅࣜ࠶ሼၳၰ֥࣮Ӯݔb طؓօચa֣ݓa୳ຯ֩ֆ၂൝ૼཁ႕ཙ֞۱ದௐथҦ ,ਸ਼Ⴕ࿐ᆀ๙ݖ۷ݓࡅ࣮ဢႄದܱᇿ,ᆃུ࣮ؿགྷ۱ุҪ૫նဢЧඔऌބ۷ປ֥ଆࣉ၂҄ဒᆣਔ٣ύঢ়ࣜ࠶ௐં႕ཙᄝ҂ݓࡅ൞ۚ؇э߄,֥ೂଫ֥ࢲં,ѩᆣૼᆜุࣜ࠶ྙ൝ؓ࿊ईथҦ֥႕ෙಖمݓބႇݓᄝ۱ุҪ૫ࣜ࠶ௐ႕ཙ൞թᄝཙۚႿ۱ุࣜ࠶ሑঃ֥႕ཙb ,֥൞࿐ᆀؓ୳ຯ֥࣮ѩીႵؿགྷোර֥౦ၛഈษંॖुԛ,ෙಖଢభၘؿіਔնਈ֥ྙ ,ؓၩն০္֥࣮ીႵোර֥ؿགྷb ᄝࣜ࠶ௐંაൌᆣ࣮໓ང,ᆌؓૅݓ֥1997୍֥࣮ᇏႵ࿐ᆀಏ֤ԛਔࢩಖ҂֥ࢲ࣮ᇏܱႿࣜ࠶ௐؓ۱ದඣ֥႕ཙӱ؇၇ಖી:ંૌؿགྷᄝօચ,۱ದࣜ࠶ሑঃؓௐᆀௐྙӮౢ༉֥܋,്ѩႮႿ҂࿐ᆀ֥࣮ҐႨ౼ཟ֥႕ཙૼཁေۚႿགྷൌᇏᆜ۱ݓࡅࣜ࠶౦ྙ҂֥࣮ਫ਼ࣥ,ၹط෮֤ࢲݔ҂ऎႵॖбྟބ֥႕ཙ(Hibbs,1993;Brre,1997)b࿐ᆀؓօચՎҕᅶྟ(ೂKiewiet,Fiorina,Alverez,Nagler)bᇕห൹ྟ֥ࢳ൞ႮႿօચ൞ׅ֥ڞ০ݓᆃᇕൌᆣ࣮֥҆ٳ࣮ᆀࡼଢܻሇཟ٤ࡅ ,ఃᆟکᆟҦބ۱ದࣜ࠶ሑঃۚ؇ཌྷܱ,ᆃ၂ૅݓ֥ݓࡅൌᆣ࣮bห൹ྟ൞ఃݓࡅ෮҂ऎС֥bෛሢ࣮ٓຶ֥ঔᅚ,ؓః҂ݓࡅ֥ൌᄝؓᇏބת֩ྍྖᇶᆟุ֥ௐ࣮ᆣ࣮ؿགྷ:ࣜ࠶ௐંဒᆣࢲݔѩ҂མ,ૅᇏ,܄ିڎяౢᆟᇍࡅ֥ᄳ?Ֆᇏބתݓᆭຓ֥หקݓࡅ࣮ࠢᇏᄝၛ༯۱ٚ૫:ࣜ10۱ݓࡅ֥34Ց࿊ई֥ࢲݔট,ुઅѵหؿ࠶౦ྙაᆟکലຬ֥ཌྷܱྟ,ࣜ࠶౦ྙა࿊ई߭གྷ၂ᇕ ӑ໙ᄳᇅ (hyperaccountability)གྷའ,Ӗ֥ཌྷܱ,ྟࣜ࠶భࣟაௐ࿊ᄴ֥۱ุ֩bࠧ֒अࣜ࠶іགྷ(หљ൞ᄝാြ໙ีഈ)ؓ࿊ई֤ೂؓႇݓ֥࣮ᇏܞ֣ݗห֩ದᆷԛႇݓᆟکലௐ֥႕ཙࣇିुԛാௐ؟ܪᆭٳط҂߶႕ཙ֞ํຬധ൳ࣜ࠶ѯ֥႕ཙ ,ᆃ۱ࢲݔ৫ख़ᅱᇁۆᆦӻᆀ֥ௐҝbᆃᇕࣜ࠶ௐིႋᆣऌᆣൌਔ௴ђ֥(ೂFreyބGarbers,1971;Millerބ࿊ିܔ॥ᇅྍྖᇶݓࡅ֥ਵ֝ᆀ,ଖ၂თMackie,1973)bෙಖ္Ⴕ࣮ౠཟႿᆦӻႇݓ֥ࣜ࿊ईؓઋ࿊ᆀӲـ֥၂ᇁྟّؓௐߏࢳਔࣜ࠶࠶ௐൌթᄝ֥ࠖའ(ೂClarkބStewart,ௐ ӑ໙ᄳᇅ ֥҂ቀ,ೂݔགྷᆳᆟᆀิభ1995;Clark,1997),ّ֥ؓၩ္Ֆໃዜఋ༏ᆩ֡ૌ߶ᄝ࿊ईᇏാϧ,္ॖି߶ᄝ֒ಃൈষܝݖ(ೂChrystalބAlt,1981;Norpoth,1987)b౼০ط҂൞ᇅקਅݺ֥ᆟҦ,ᆃّط߶֝ᇁ࿊ྍ࣍ν֣೦֩ದҐႨ1997୍ႇݓն࿊భު֥૫ௐ॥ᇅࡓᆟک֥୭৯ാིbϰඔऌটฐษௐྛູა࿊ईުࣜ࠶ؿᅚ֥ܱሹطᆭ,ֆ၂หקݓࡅ֥ൌᆣ࣮ᆺ۳༢,๙ݖҐႨܱႿ؇ྙӮ֥ྏ࿐ંট࣮ૌิ܂ਔࢠູՙҡބଆ֥ࣜ࠶ௐં֥ൌႇݓ۽֔ބሱႮᇶ֔ᆦӻᆀ֥ௐྛ,ູૌࢳ,ॴݓбࢠ္࣮ྸିՎٚ૫֥࣮۷ࡆؿགྷௐྛູؓࣜ࠶ࡎӁള႕ཙุགྷᄝ࿊མࣚ༥߄ބ۷ऎඪڛ৯,1980୍սᆭުෛሢඌ่טބሱദௐ࿊ᄴބࣜ࠶ࡎᆭࡗ֥҂၂ᇁྟ,ࡱ֥ᇯ҄ປ,ൌᆣ࣮षሇཟॴݓбࢠbၛૌ֥؇ބௐ࿊ᄴཌྷژކbᆃ္ၩሢ(ؽ)؟ݓσ২бࢠဒᆣ࿊ؓ࿊ईުࣜ࠶֥ुمᇀഒႵ҆ٳଽჷႿఃᄪᄝ1980୍ս,ॴݓטҰཛଢ࣮ᇯ҄௴132
浙江社会科学2011年第7期 ࠣ,1984୍Ⴕ࿐ᆀ൮Ցؓࣜ࠶ௐંࣉྛॴݓ࿊۱ุބ࿊ईࢲݔ֥႕ཙ,ಪູԮܴׄᇏذဒᆣ,ѩಪູࣜ࠶ௐંᄝն؟ඔؿղݓࡅ௴߄֥ࣜ࠶่ࡱࡼؓᆳᆟ֔҂০֥ࢲંݖႿࡥ߄,ђթᄝb ෛሢ࠹ඌ֥ࣉ၂҄ؿᅚ,ჰႵ࣮ᆃ҂ൡႨႿ৳ކᆟکᇏ֥ྍྖᆟ֔,ૌࣜӈିඔऌི֥؇ބྐ؇҂؎Фᇉၐ,ೂஂห(Paldam)Ֆࢠնᆟ֥֔ᆚᇏ০;္҂ൡႨႿݓࡅࣜ࠶ؓᅞު17۱ݓࡅ֥࿊ईٳ༅іૼఃѩ҂թᄝૼᆟҦᄳଆᇏ࿊ईௐౠཟ࣮,ࣜ࠶౦ྙ႕ཁ֥ࣜ࠶ௐં෮ିࢳ֥གྷའbෙಖཞਾཙ࿊ईࢲݔӱ؇఼֥ਛ౼थႿީ࿊ದᆭࡗ֥࿊ईၞථ-Нक़(Lewis-beck)ପဢᆷԛࣜ࠶ௐࣩᆚӱ؇b ંՎൈࢠ֥ࢳ৯൞ႮႿॴݓбࢠᇏᆟکᇅ؇ഈඍॴݓбࢠ࣮ࠎЧ൞ؓਾၞථ-Нक़҂෮ᄯӮ֥,ၧ҂֤҂ᇗྍනॉં֥ൌ࠽ᄪ௹ܱႿݓࣜ࠶ඔऌބ࿊ईࢲݔܱ৳ٳ༅֥ঔིႨbᅚb݂ବᆃུ࣮ॖၛ֤ԛ၂ࡥֆ֥ࢲ:ંؓ҂ቔູؓॴݓбࢠᇏഈඍၳᇉྟބཌྷܱྟ֥ݓࡅ҂ҪՑބ҂࿊௹֥ௐ,ࣜ࠶ௐ߭ႋ,ཬДຯغ֩ಪູෙಖնਈ໓ངіૼᄹӉa๙ં߶Ӂള҂ི֥ႋbቋ࣍Ⴕ࿐ᆀ္ᇿၩ֞ਾၞࠊளᅮބാြ֩ࣜ࠶ၹ߶႕ཙޓ؟ᇶݓࡅགྷථ-Нक़ᄻิԛؓࣜ࠶ௐંဒ۷Ⴕི֥ٚᆳᆟᆀ֥ലຬ, ࣜ࠶ௐ ֥ॴݓऊކٳ༅ൔॖି൞ٳ༅܄ᇙؓࣜ࠶ؿᅚ௹ຬ֥۱ุҪ૫ඔಏཁൕԛࢠࠇ҂၂ᇁ֥႕ཙbૌิԛ๙ݖࡼऌაௐ࿊ᄴ֥ܱ༢,ط҂൞ऊކඔऌაௐ࿊ᆟᇍၹ༢ֹବೆٳ༅ଆটฐჷࣜ࠶іགྷؓᄴ֥ܱ༢(ೂቋ࣍Tucker,2006;VanderBrug,࿊ईࢲݔ֥႕ཙ,ಪູࣜ࠶ࡎؓௐ࿊ᄴ֥႕2007֩෮ቓ֥࣮)bሹุط,༆ٚ࿐ᆀؓཙॖିაᇅ؇МࣟཌྷܱbၹՎૌ۳ԛਔ၂ᇅ؇ࣜ࠶ௐં֥ൌᆣ࣮ӻ࿃ਔ40Ⴥ,୍ಏࣇࣇྟ֥ޙਈᆷѓ ᄳౢ༉؇ (ClarityofRe-іૼࣜ࠶ௐགྷའ൞௴ђթᄝ֥ѩ൞҂؎э߄sponsibility) টᄹࡆࣜ࠶ௐં֥ࢳ,֥ᆃ၂ࢲં؟ഒႵׄದउೞb৯b ᄝᆃ၂ྍ֥ࢳॿࡏ༯ཬДຯغ֩ؓ19۱ᇶݓࡅ֥102Ց࿊ईࣉྛਔ؟ჭٳ༅টܙࣜඹaࢲე ࣜ࠶ௐٳ༅֥ؿᅚభᅑ࠶ބᆟᇍၹؓ࿊ई֥චᇗ႕ཙbࢲݔіૼᆟک༆ٚࣜ࠶ௐંᄝ࣍϶۱ൗࡀ֥ؿᅚݖӱྙའa࿊ईࠎԤބఃᄳౢ༉؇൞ࢳࣜ࠶ሑঃᇏ,ϴෛሢൌᆣဒބ۲ൔᆚ,ંູௐದௐ࿊ؓ࿊ई႕ཙིݔ֥ܱbᆭުҰ௴غ(Chap-ᄴބௐྛູ֥ࢳջটਔྍ֥ٳ༅൪࢘ބॿpell)֩࿐ᆀؓ1960୍ᇀ1997୍༆13۱ݓࡅࡏb࿐ᆀૌෙಖၩࣜ࠶ௐંູௐݖӱᇏ136Ցၰ߶࿊ई֥ٳ༅ࢲݔіૼ:ෙಖ๙ࠊளᅮ֥ࣜ࠶ᆟᇍᇅ؇႕ཙ৯ิ܂ਔષරކ֥ࣜဒࢳ֩ࣜ࠶ၹა࿊ईࢲݔૼཁཌྷܱ,ಏીႵؿགྷᆦ(ཞ,-ӻཬДຯغᄝ1993୍࣮ᇏᆟکᄳౢ༉؇֥son֩࿐ᆀ),ಯಖಪູᆃᇕࢳ൞ࠎႿ၂༢ਙᆣऌb ਸ਼ຓ,ཞঞؘ֩ဢؓཬДຯغᄝ1993ࡌഡ֥ࠎԤᆭഈ֥,ೂௐದིႨ࠹ෘྟaௐ୍֥࣮ࢲݔิԛਔᇉၐބ็ᅞb ෙಖཬДຯದؓޡܴࣜ࠶ྐ༏֥ॖࠆ֤ྟބૹۋྟaௐದغࠣః࣮ؒ(Palmer,Whitten,2003a,2003b)ିౢԣ࠹ෘௐაڎ֥০р֤ാ֩֩bၹՎ,ࣜࠞ৯ّѼഈඍ࿐ᆀ֥ᇉၐ,ಯಖᆟکᄳౢ༉࠶ௐંླေࣉ၂҄ဒᆣၛሂᇾႅݣᄝھં؇֥ࢳ৯൞գ֥ᆃ၂གྷൌbଆᇏ֥ଽᄝگᄖࢌൔМࣟэਈ,ߎླေฐ෬ᆴ֤၂ิ֥൞ތ()֩Ⴊ߄ଆᇏ֥эਈၛݲൌંࠎԤbൈႮႿ๙ݖؓ19۱ݓࡅӑݖ29୍֥163Ցಆݓྟ࿊ईௐದིႨݦඔ(VoterUtilityFunction)مࢳטҰඔऌࣉྛбࢠٳ༅,൮Ցؓࣜ࠶ௐંࣉௐݖӱᇏ֥٤ྟ౦ࠣၩௐ֩གྷའ,࿐ྛਔॴݓൈྟ؟ࣩ֔ᆚбࢠဒᆣbૌؿགྷࣜᆀሇطٳ༅ᆟᇍௐᇏ֥٤ࣜ࠶ࠏ(ೂBren-࠶ௐંൌᄝ҂ݓࡅa҂ൈࡗ؍ҵљޓnanބLomasky֩),ᆃᇕ࣮ሇཟ֥ੱ္ಞն,ൈؿགྷ࿊֥ࣜ࠶ࡎؓᆳᆟ֤֔ௐੱ֥҆ٳ࿐ᆀषఋᇃ༷ૼّ֥ؓᆟᇍ࿐ᇏ֥ྟᇶ႕ཙनᆺᅝჿ5%֥႕ཙb ਸ਼Ⴕ࿐ᆀ๙ݖؓၬb15۱ݓࡅ42Ց࿊ई֥ٳ༅,ܙਔࣜ࠶่ࡱؓԢਔၛഈ࣮ٚم֥,ࣼ༆ٚࣜ࠶133
臧雷振:西方经济投票理论的批判性考察ௐં֥ࢳؓའط,ః၂ϮࠢᇏႿؓݓࡅ൮ -ཌྷ࿊ईࠇၰ߶࿊ई֩ಆݓྟௐ֥ࢳmericanNationalElections,AmericanJournalofPolitical,ؓӬ൧Science,(2),1978:426-443.หљ൞ࠎҪᇶௐࢳ֥ൌᆣဒᄵࢠູ༎ -ഒdinationintheWorld'sElectoralSystems,CambridgeU-,ᆃཁఃંܱᇿ֥ׄொݺބ༆ٚݓࡅᆟᇍุᇅ֥थקྟၹbܣૌᄝՎؓࣜ࠶ௐંniversityPress,Cambridge,1997. ,ࣉྛಆࣟྟ߭ܤބ݂ବྟඍ,ଢ֥൞ູࢳᇏBritishJournalofPoliticalScience,(3),1993:339ݓࠎҪ࿊ईݖӱᇏ֥ௐྛູބௐౠཟิ܂ྍ-372.֥ં൪࢘ Mueller,-,ᆃᇕࢳଆ֥ൡႨྟaࢳ৯֥.ॖौྟ࣮ࠣٚم֥์్ྟߎႵրᄝᇏݓࢤ൳ࣉ64(1),1970:18-34.၂֥҄ڿࣉބဒᆣ,֒ಖᆃ၂్ߎႵրૌ۷ Tufte,-ധೆ֥࿐ඌฐ෬,Ч໓ᆺ൞ᆃ၂తᆭྛ֥ᴩ҄,NJ:. Kiewiet,-ᆭࠒ:. ,,(1),1970:43-106.ᇿ: Evans,Geoffrey, 国外研究者如PrasenjitDuara(1991)aDanielKell-iConditioningofEconomicPerceptions,JournalofPolitics,her(1992)aKevinO'Brien(1995,2005)aLawrence,(1),2006:.(1994)aJeanOi(1996)aEpstein,AmyB.(1996)aLian- Lewis-Beck, Lecaillon,J.,Popularit desgouvernementset(2000)aThomasLum(2000)aPhilipHuang(2000)aAlper-popularit ,1981:(2001)aJonathanUnge(2002), Miller,A.&(2003)(2003)atheVoteinNorway,PoliticalBehavior,(4):1984:ManoranjanMohanty(2007)a何包纲(2007)等b国内研究301-20.者诸如张厚安a白益华(1992)a中国基层政权建设研究会 Bellucci,-及中国农村村民自治制度研究课题组(1993a1994a1995)alectoralBehaviour:TowardsaRationalElectorate?In荣敬本a崔之元(1998)a温铁军(1999)a贺雪峰(1999)a党Lewis-Beck,.,&Eulau,Heinz,eds.,Economic国英(1999)a程同顺(2000)a黄卫平(2000)a何包纲,郎友ConditionsandElectoralOutcomes:TheUnitedStates兴(2001)a胡荣(2001)a于建嵘(2002a2003)a肖唐镖:.(2003)a蔡定剑(2003)a徐勇,项继权(2003)a谢庆奎 ,&Paldam,Martin..TheGrievanceA-(2003)a李凡(2003 2010)a何增科(2004)a张静(2007)asymmetryRevisited:AMicroStudyofEconomicVoting汤庭芬(2007)a赵树凯(2007)等binDenmark,- ,,TheEconomicconomy31,1997:,. Roberts,A..Hyperaccountability:Economic -Beck,,ElectoralStudies,ElectoralStudies,(3),2008::171-182. Lewis-Beck,. , ,,EconomicsReview,(1),1971:: ,(2-3),2000:, Leyden,KevinM.,&Borrelli,StephenA..(2),1978: ,Cam-PoliticalResearchQuarterly,(2),1995:275-bridge:HarvardUniversityPress,1966:. Duch,.,&Stevenson,..,CT:YaleUniversitytheMagnitudeoftheEconomicVoteoverTimeandPress,(3),2006:528- ,PublicChoice,,1986:5-25. WoutervanderBrug,,MarkN. GBPowell,Jr.,-Na-Franklin,TheEconomyandtheVote,CambridgeUniver-tionalAnalysisofEconomicVoting,AmericanJournalofsityPress,,(2),1993:391-414.责任编辑 陈亚飞134
ABSTRACTSCriticalAnalysisofEconomicVotingTheory(128)ZangLeizhen(SchoolofGovernment,PekingUniversity,Beijing100871)Abstract:Itisincreasinglyimportanttostudytheintentions,-searchershavedevotedconsiderableresearchresourcestostudyingthevoters'-rospectionandmeditationitaimstoenhanceandbroadenthehorizonandleveloftheoreticalanalysisconcerningChineseprimary-levelvotingbehaviors,:Western,EconomicVoting,CriticalAnalysis,Primary-levelDemocracyOrganizationalEthicalClimateofSmallandMedium-sizedEnterprises(SMEs)andItsInfluenceonOrganizationalPerformance:InvestigationandAnalysisofZhejiangProvinceandOtherProvincesandCities(135)ZhaoLi(SchoolofEducationScience,HangzhouNormalUniversity,Hangzhou310036)Abstract:Recently,-orientedapproachdominatingforalongtime,however,-depthinterviewsandthequestionnairesur-veyof785employeesofdifferentranksfrom84representativeSMEsindifferentindustriesandre-gions,thispaper,fromtheperspectiveoforganizationalethicaldecision-making,attemptstoestab-lishthestructuralmodelofethicalclimateandstructuralmodeloforganizationalperformanceofSMEs,andtoanalyzetheethicalclimate''sorganizationalethicalclimateconsistsof5dimensions:collectivemoralawareness,caringforoth-ers,self-concern,collectivemoralmotivation,andcollectivemoralcharacter;whereasorganizationalperformanceconstitutes3dimensions:commonsatisfaction,ethicalsatisfaction,:SmallandMedium-sizedEnterprises(SMEs),OrganizationalEthicalClimate,Or-ganizationalPerformanceSurveyandResearchoftheFolkReligionActivitiesamongInsularWomen(144)HuSuqing(DepartmentofSocialScience,ZhejiangOceanUniversity,Zhoushan316000)Abstract:Inrecentyears,withtheimplementationofthepolicyofreligiousfreedomandthede-velopmentofculturaldiversity,theenvironmentoffolkreligioninChinabecomesgraduallybetterandbetter,,ZhejiangProvince,havebeendevelopingrapidly,-pectsofinsularwomen'sdailylifelikedecisionmaking,socialcommunicationandimprovementofdis-coursepower,,however,isnecessaryandreasonable,asalow-levelculturalphenomenon,,butalsobeneficialtotheregulationworkthatrelevantgovernmentdepartmentsshouldcarryout,thusrealizingtheharmonybetweenfolkreligionandsocialistvalue.,ithelpedtoseewomen'sworldfromanotherpointofview,andalsoveryhelpfultotherelateddepartmentstoleadalltheactivities,:InsularWomen,FolkReligion,SubjectStatus,RegulationEffectOntheOriginandDevelopmentoftheXiao'sAestheticandCulturalPolysemy(150)DaiYan(ChinaAcademyofArt,Hangzhou310004)Abstract:InChinesetraditionalculture,theXiao(flute),itwasapartoftheetiquetteculture,andthenitwasunitedwiththespiritofmenofletters,:firstly,ithasvariousdefinitionsbypeopleinhistory;secondly,itinfluencesthespiritofmenoflet-ters;thirdly,itisplayedonmanyoccasions;finally,:TheXiao,AestheticandCulturalConnotation,Polysemy160
