Ֆ൧ӆࠏᇅ֞ࣜ࠶ᇍiՖύථหઅଚࠆ୶Нغࢂᅚຬࣜ࠶࿐֥ໃটؿᅚୡଽಸิေ:ሱЧՑಆ౯ྟࣁವາࠏЕؿၛট,ၛ൧ӆࠏᇅູނྏ֥ྍܞׅࣜ࠶࿐൳֞ਔభ෮ໃႵ֥็ᅞbЧ୍؇୶Нغࣜ࠶࿐ࢂ൱Ⴭύථหઅଚބຯ৷ଚ೦,ၛіᅤૌᄝࣜ࠶ᇍٚ૫෮ቓԛ֥ࢭԛ܊ང,іૼࣜ࠶ᇍ໙ีࡼ൳֞ႋႵ֥ܱᇿbЧ໓ҧᇗႿՖඍύථหઅଚؓࣜ࠶ᇍ࣮෮ቓԛ֥࿐ඌ܊ང֥࢘؇,ฐษԮ൧ӆࣜ࠶ં࣮֥अཋྟ,ѩࣉ၂҄ᅚຬࣜ࠶࿐࣮֥ໃটؿᅚٚཟbܱՍ:ύථหઅଚ୶Нغࣜ࠶࿐ࢂࣜ࠶ᇍྍᇅ؇ࣜ࠶࿐ૅݓႆֻνବն࿐࡙০ପᇜ৫ն࿐ᆟᇍઌᨢٳ(UCLA,)༵ުࠆھ࿐ൖa(1954)ණൖ࿐࢝൱ήঢ়୶cύථหઅଚބࡆᇜն࿐ѵक़০ٳ(1962)ބѰൖ(1965)࿐໊bᄝ۾࣮ള௹ࡗ,ήࣜ࠶࿐ࠣم࿐࢝൱ύ০ڠcຯ৷ଚ೦ႮႿؓoࣜ࠶ঢ়୶ᄝ໓೦หcύථหઅଚᇶӻ֥ᆟᇍ࿐ษज़ᇍp֥܊ངطٳཚਔЧ୍؇୶Нغࣜ࠶࿐ࢂbਆ(Seminar)ഈაෲᆃ໊ໃট֥ᅪڏཌྷ്b໓೦ห໊ࠆࢂᆀٹ۶ᄈ,ࣈᇍ࿐,ᄝં౼ཟބ࣮ٚ1950୍иြႿࡆᇜն࿐ઌᨢٳ,ࠆᆟᇍ࿐Ѱൖم֥౼ചٚ૫නམष٢,҂൳࿐॓ࢸཋ֥ඏںb࿐໊b֥Ѱൖં໓౼oᆟکაඣ:၂ཛܱႿඣሧૌႳಫႿࣜ࠶࿐aم࿐aᆟᇍ࿐aഠ߶࿐֩؟ᇕ࿐॓,ჷᄝઌᨢؿᅚݖӱᇏؓᆟکᇅ؇ބൌ֥႕ཙpbѰҐᇙࡅᆭӉ,ሱᇀᇔህᇿሱ࠭෮࿊ᄴ֥࣮ധ൳໓೦ห֥႕ཙ,ήঢ়୶֥Ѱൖં໓o܄܋ఒြࡅज़ี,ྏக᭓,ӻᆭၛޚbύථหઅଚؓ܄܋ӽดࣚപ:ֹ༯ඣሧჷ֥ܵσ২࣮p,ၛݚඣؓઌሧჷ(eommonpoolresourees)֥ൌᆣ࣮ބຯ৷ᨢֹ༯ඣ֥ോູМࣟ,ฐษਔದૌೂޅቆᆮ܄܋ଚ೦ؓఒြшࢸ֥ӂູܼြଽ෮Ԯළbਆದᇷඍఒြটิ܂܄܋ބڛༀbھં໓ၛᄽൌ֥โ့֩ദ,ཚუ࿐ࢸ;࢝ტದ,ลђ฿༯;ః࿐ඪႵ࣮(fieldstudy)ູ൙ൌࠎԤ,৫ၩྍ႖,ٳ༅ࣈ,Ⴕऌ,ሱӮ၂ࡅbૌ֥ࠆࢂ္൞ᇀൌ݂bՖطٳཚਔ1965၂1966୍؇ૅݓ༆҆ᆟᇍ࿐߶֥ᄝ2007୍Еؿࣁವາࠏၛট,ᇶੀࣜ࠶࿐Ў൳ቋࡄѰൖં໓ࢂb۲ٚ۾֮,ऺضථᇶၬնႵजᇗটᆭ൝bቔູྍ1965୍,໓೦หФႆֻνବն࿐ᆟᇍ࿐༢ௗູᇅ؇ࣜ࠶࿐֥ਆ໊ᇶࡼ,ύථหઅଚބຯ৷ଚ೦ࠆ࢝൱b൞ႆֻνବն࿐ಏીႵ۳ෛڏطྛ֥ήঢ়֤Ч୍؇୶Нغࣜ࠶࿐ࢂႵ҂࿙ӈ֥ၩၬbᆃࠇ୶ޅᆞൔᆯ໊bήঢ়୶ֻ၂୍ၛ٠໙ᇹ࢝൱ᆭྸᅲൕࣜ࠶࿐၂۱ྍ֥ໃট֥षbྍᇅ؇ࣜ࠶࿐ܫौᆟک༢(DepartmentbfGovernmenbt)ၛުᄝݓࣜ࠶࿐ࢸС൳Ԍ,ᄝݓֹ໊֥ބ႕ཙ୍֥ෲູᆟک༢֥ᇹ࢝൱ބ࣮ളڣ֝ჴ৯ჹӑݖᄝྍܞׅࣜ࠶࿐၂฿༯֥༆ٚࣜ࠶࿐(GraduateAdvisor,)֞1969୍,ᆟᇍ࿐༢Ҍௗ౨ෲᇏ֥Ֆඋֹ໊bࣂ୍ྍᇅ؇ࣜ࠶࿐ᄝ୶ࢂᇏ഻ԛ,ູڬ࢝൱b1973୍ήঢ়୶ڣᇹᅪڏ໓೦หԷࡹਔᆃؓࣜ࠶࿐ໃট֥ੀэބ݂උႵહဢ֥ఓൕ?ᆟᇍંބᆟҦٳ༅۽ቔ٘(WorkshopinPolitiealЧ໓ҧᇗႿՖύථหઅଚࠆࢂ֥࢘؇ᅚຬࣜ࠶࿐֥TheoryandPolieyAnalysisb)ෛሢᆟᇍંބᆟໃটؿᅚٚཟbҦٳ༅۽ቔ֥٘Ӯ৫,ήঢ়୶Ⴟ1974୍࣋ശູᆟᇍ࿐༢࢝൱bෲູದనބ,࿐ڄᄽൌಪᆇ,ၹطധ൳൙ιպbήঢ়୶Ⴟ1980၂1984୍քႆֻνବնήঢ়୶cύථหઅଚᄪ୍၂ᆰࣼႿࡆᇜն࿐࿐ᆟᇍ࿐༢ᇶ,ѩᄝ1989၂1990୍؇ᄜᆳྛᇶ94၂
uࣜ࠶࿐v2009୍ֻ12௹bᄝ2006୍,ήঢ়୶֒ၭሐ,ჹګ০ପᇜਵთᇯࡶbၛ܄܋࿊ᄴ࿐߶(PublicChoiee৫ն࿐Էࡹᇅ؇؟ဢྟ࣮ᇏྏ(CenterfortheSociety)Ⴟ1965୍֥Ӯ৫ູѓᆽ,ᆟᇍ࿐Ӯູࣜ࠶StudyofInstitutionalDiversity),ѩք࣮࢝൱࿐ּݓᇶၬ۾ֻ֥၂ቖуৈbࣜ࠶࿐ּݓᇶၬ֥(ResearehProfessorb)ቋނྏ֥ჰᄵ൞ࣜ࠶࿐ቔູ࣮ದো࿊ᄴ֥၂ᇕᄝݖಀ֥30؟୍ᇏ,ᆟᇍંބᆟҦٳ༅۽ቔ֞൪࢘ॖൡႨႿࢳದো֥ޅྛູbࣜ࠶࿐֥٘ᄝύථหઅଚڏڹ֥ᇶӻ༯҂؎ؿᅚሐն,൞ૅંଆФ൪ູऎႵܼ֥ٗႋႨྟ,҂ࣇିࢳࣜ࠶ݓ࣮܄܋࿊ᄴބᇅ؇ࣜ࠶࿐֥၂۱ᇗᆓbଢభ,ྛູ,طॖၛࢳᆟᇍࠃބᆟᇍᇅ؇bෙಖύھ۽ቔ٘༯ഡႋႨંaഠ߶၂ള༢aൌဒٚථหઅଚڏڹ൞܄܋࿊ᄴ࿐߶ቋᄪ௹֥ނྏӮჴ,مaӻ࿃ᇶ֥ᆟᇍࣜ࠶࿐aഠ߶ຩٳ༅֩؟۱ήঢ়୶ᄝ1982၂1984୍؇ߎ֒࿊ູ܄܋࿊ᄴ࿐߶࣮ཬቆ,ૄᇛ၂ᇏק௹ईྛษ߶bሱ2008୍߶Ӊ,ύථหઅଚڏڹѩ٤ಆࢤ൳ࣜ࠶࿐ּݓᇶఏ,ૄᇛᇏਸ਼ࡆ၂ӆษ߶bᆟᇍંބᆟҦၬbૌ၂ٚ૫ࠒࠞ་൬ྍᇅ؇ࣜ࠶࿐֥ࠎЧۀٳ༅۽ቔܼ٘ဤ฿༯Ҍमቓህี࣮Бۡࠇ؋௹࿐ބჰ,Ⴍః൞ၛ॓ථoఒြ֥ྟᇉpູࠎെ֥ቆᆮඌ٠໙bః2008୍؇ყෘۚղ130؟ຣૅჭ,ᆇॖࣜ࠶࿐,ބ॓ථ၂ᅦӈ၂୶න၂ઝཌྷӵ֥ഹؘ໌ҍ৯ԉቀ,ದҌ࠶࠶b2009၂2010୍؇,Ⴕ5໊࿐ஊؓݓࡅં֥܊ང,ѩ,ૌ൞ૅݓᆟᇍ࿐ࢸٳљটሱКࣘն࿐aౢն࿐aದն࿐aފݚն࿐ᄪ௹ࢤԨѩႄದѰᒮં֥Ӑ֝ᆀbਸ਼၂ٚ૫,ࠎބᇜҍࣜ࿐ჽ֥ᇏݓ࿐ᆀᄝھ۽ቔ٘٠໙bႿૌᄪ௹ؓ܄܋ඣሧჷၛࠣުটֹؓٚᆟک,Ⴍః൞ࣞҳअ֥ࣜဒ࣮,ύථหઅଚڏڹ఼ਛֹۋ൳֞གྷൌൗࢸაࣜ࠶࿐ଆႵޓն֥एbૅݓն࿐֥۽ቔ٘ᇅ؇൮ԷႿᆤࡆۢն࿐,ު႞ᇉၐ,ંଆႵ֥֞Ⴊ൝b၂۱ݺູ۲۱ն࿐ބ࣮ᇏྏ෮ࢤ൳b۽ቔ٘ԩԩषࢲ֥ંଆିఅֹ߄َູࡥ,ཁૌ෮ܱᇿ֥ݔ,ໄಖӮڄ,൞ૅݓۚ֩࢝ტބ࣮ࠏܒᇏቋਊৡᇶေၹ,ط֎߄ఃᆥࢫb൞,ંଆиࣨѩ֥၂֡ڄࣟཌbॖၛݸ҂ॱᅦֹඪ,ૅݓ࿐ඌ࣮٤གྷൌൗࢸЧദbૌ҂ିམ֒ಖֹࢤ൳Ⴎંଆᆭ෮ၛିϟಆ౯,ό൪ಕٙ,ః۽ቔ٘ᇅ؇ۿ҂ॖ֝ԛট֥ࢲંॖၛᆰࢤႋႨ֞ऎุ໙ีഈbཌྷીbෙಖૄ۱۽ቔ٘Ⴕሱ֥࠭ᆷ֝ބᄎቔّٚ,ૌႋھౢྜֹၩ്֞ޅࡹ৫Ⴟંଆഈൔ,၂҂ၛ࿐ඌࢌੀູቋۚሷᆻb࿐ඌ໓ᅣᄝ֥ࢲંႵ฿ള֥ಌཊ:આࠠૡ,ಸၞႄದ༂۠ᆭభ,࿐ᆀିܔФဤᄝཌྷܱ֥۽ቔ٘ቓБۡ,ބದఆbఃᇏ֥֡ఃൌޓࡥֆbؓޅགྷൌ໙ྛ్իaษં,൞ٳЏ֥ࠏ߶bႮႿ۽ቔ֥٘ี,ૌॖၛֹࡹ৫؟۱ଆbࣼཞ၂۱ֹᄎቔ၂Ϯ҂൳ದ൙ྛᆟ֥ჿඏ,ᄝࣜٮྸॖ่֥ࡱ౯,ૌॖၛႵޓ؟ֹ၂ဢ,۲ሱႵ҂֥Ⴈb༯,ᇶӻದॖၛܼဤ٘ଽ٘ຓ֥ഽնࡅބުఏᆭ֒ૌӉ௹Ӧ࣏Ⴟଖ၂۱ଆᇏ,༝ܸྟֹႨ၂۱ྮቓ࿐ඌБۡb۽ቔ٘၂Ϯؓຓष٢,ҕࡆᆀ၂ੰଆটනॉ,طϜሱ࠭აགྷൌൗࢸۯ,ၛᇀႿ֩b࿐ࢸބېದ֥֡ᑙᑙ࿐ሰ໔֡Ⴕ༵ު,o҂ᆩദ൞ग़pൈ,ૌ߶ሱಖطಖֹᇯࡶອಏ֤֡Ⴕധర,ᄝ۽ቔ٘ษ߶ഈദٺᆭљ,ޅଆაགྷൌൗࢸᆭࡗ҂ॖჇᄀ֥ޟbቔູၛൌᆣҕࡆᆀᆺିၛڛದb၂۱ݺ֥۽ቔ٘ສສູԌഉູ࣮ᇶ֥ᆟᇍ࿐ࡅ,ύථหઅଚڏڹࡔӻӉ௹҂ሱႮaڛᙁᆇ֥࿐ᆀૌิ܂ਔ၂۱࿐ඌԷྍ֥ଈֹܱྃᇿᆇൌൗࢸbૌሱᇀᇔીႵອ࠺ޅ֗െބනམࢌੀ֥฿ถbؓήঢ়୶cύථหઅଚطંބ࣮ٚمᆺ҂ݖ൞۽ऎ,ط࣮֥ؓའބ,ᆟᇍંބᆟҦٳ༅۽ቔູ٘ෲࡼট֥࿐ඌૌႋھܱᇿ֥ᇏྏႥჹ൞གྷൌളࠃᇏ֥໙ีbܯ࣮ิ܂ਔ၂۱҂ॖࠇಌ֥ቆᆮb୶Нغࢂ֤ᇶVernonSmith(2003)ᄝۚ؇ࡎύՖఃӫࣼॖၛुԛ,ᆟᇍંބᆟҦٳ༅۽ථหઅଚڏڹ֥иള࿐ඌ܊ངൈ఼טૌ൞ᄽᄽൌቔ఼٘טંٳ༅ބ܄܋ᆟҦ֥ႵࠏࢲކbᄝӐ৫ൌ֥॓ථᇶၬᆀ(Ⴕܱ॓ථაᇶੀࣜ࠶࿐ҵၳ౨ҕھ۽ቔ֥٘ࡹၰᇏ,໓೦หૼಒᆷԛھ۽ቔ֥٘ᄇማᇷoCoaseontheNatureofEeonomiesע2003rሷᆻᄝႿؿᅚ၂สॖႨቓٳ༅۽ऎ֥ᆟᇍં,ট၂໓b)ᆷႄࣜဒ࣮ބᆟҦ࣮֥ഡ࠹ބൌീbᆃᇕᆷ֝නམބ֒ൈૅݓഠ߶॓࿐ࢸ࿐ඌᇶੀնཌྷࣥ๖bՖੂ୍սष,ࣜ࠶࿐ּݓᇶၬᄝૅݓഠ߶॓࿐ݸၐၬ,ήঢ়୶cύථหઅଚ֥Ӯቔ൞၂95၂
199b୍ؿі֥u܄܋൙֥ᇍᆭ֡:ุࠢྛᇅ൞֒൙ุ֥ሱቆᆮބሱ֥ܵି৯bޅ؇֥ဆࣉvb܄܋ሧჷᄝԮࣜ࠶ٳ༅ᇏֹ໊ཌྷ֒۱ದބุྛູ൞ᄝ၂۱หק֥ᇅ؇ॿࡏ༯ؿളᒹᒸb၂ٚ૫Ԯࣜ࠶࿐ಪק܄܋ሧჷ֥Ӂಃקၬ֥,၂۱ᇅ؇ॿࡏສສႮ؟۱ᇅ؇νஆҪҪཌྷళbଆ,࠻٤ݓႵ,္٤Ⴕ,ၹՎ֝ᇁሿᆴݻbᆃைೂ,ᄝ၂۱ݓࡅ,ჿඏ৯ቋܼ֥ٗᇅ؇൞ཉم;ᄝᇕИܴ֥ुمᄝݗנ(Ha,rdin1968)֥ޡ໓ؿіᆭཉم༯,ႻႵ۲ཛህြمੰބֹٚمܿbᄝ܄܋ሧު۷൞ํϰഈקףbo܄ֹИखp(thetragedyofჷ෮ᄝֹ,Ԣഈඍمੰمܿᆭຓ,၂קߎႵ٤ᆞൔ֥thecommons)၂ൈઌဝᆼ,Ӯູࣜ࠶࿐ܱႿ܄܋༝ܸمaཔܿჿটჿඏದૌ֥ྛູb၂۱ିሱሧჷ֥קંbᄝύථหઅଚ֥ᆃ҆ᇷቔᇏ,ݗנ֥ቆᆮބሱ֥ܵಕุఃቋնႪ൝ᄝႿିܔܴࠣׄ൞ෲ৫ં֥ఏׄބϛሰbᆞ൞๙ݖؓo܄ֹИൈaਲࠃֹטᆜaڿэֹٚྟ֥ᇅ؇νஆ,Ֆطࡨഒखp֥,ύථหઅଚඎ৫ਔෲሱ࠭აᆭᆌڃཌྷؓሱഈط༯఼֥ᇅྟڿ۪bၹՎ,ᄝ၂۱໗ਅྟᄎ֥ܴׄbਸ਼၂ٚ૫,o܄܋ሧჷ֥Ӂಃקၬଆpሇ֥ഠ߶,ૌुֹ่֞ٚaྛܿཔჿൡൈֹaᄪᄝഈൗࡀ70୍սԚࣼФࢣԬູࡌଁีbᄝ၂༢ሱ༯طഈֹטᆜaэ,ၛ۷ݺֹൡႋຓࢸߌ֥эਙ໓ᅣᇏ,ᅦӈ,(Cheung19691970;ᅦӈ,߄,طݓࡅ֥ཉمބمੰᄵЌӻཌྷ֥ؓ໗קb2002)ᆷԛ,٤܄٤֥Ӂಃ္ॖၛቀܔౢ༉ֹФࢸఃؽ,Ԯࣜ࠶࿐ં෮ुᇏ֥ݓႵ߄ࠇႵקbؓᇭ؟܄܋ሧჷط,ሙೆ؇ބႨ఼؇ᄝཔ߄ᆃਆᇕ࿊ᄴ၇ঠႿ၂۱܋֥ᇅ؇ࠎԤ,ࠧ၂ܿჿᇏႵૼಒק,ѩ٤ཋᇅa่ࡱֹؓ۱఼൝֥ݓࡅᆟಃ,ЇওၛՎູࠎԤ֥مᇍb൞ޅದष٢bཌྷّ,ᆞၹູ܄܋ሧჷ֥ऍնࡎᆴ,֒൙ݓࡅࠏఖѩ٤ളطႵᆭbਸ਼ຓ,܄ི֥ۚݓࡅࠏದ߶๙ݖ۲ᇕކჿটჿඏૌ֥ྛູ,ၛ௹ࡼሿᆴఖ,Їওمੰ,ࠧࡹ৫ᆭުߎႵऍն֥ᆳྛބᄎቔݻ॥ᇅ֞ቋ֮ඣ,Ֆطх૧ࠇࡨഒИख֥ؿളbӮЧbၛႵӁಃູࠎԤ֥൧ӆᄝఃᄎቔݖӱᇏ۷ήঢ়୶ުটཕൌa༢֥ࣜဒ္࣮ఞݺႆᆣਔᅦႵحຓ֥ࢌၞӮЧbᆞၹູԮࣜ࠶࿐ં൙༵ࡌӈ֥ંٳ༅bॖ༔,ᅦӈ֥ކჿંބުটקݓࡅaمੰބ൧ӆ֩ᇅ؇֥թᄝ,ط۲ሱᄝ܄܋ሧჷ֥ൌᆣ࣮ᆭࡗ֥Ҁܱ༢҂ၞФतҳ,མӮЧሑ༯ᄎྛࠇᆳྛ,ݓႵ߄ࠇႵ߄Ҍэᇶေ൞ႮႿᅦӈބύථหઅଚ֥࣮࢘؇ޓ҂Ӯຸ၂֥࿊ཛb൞,ೂݔૌϜંଆհ֒Ӯ,భᆀՖሿᆴބކჿԛؿ,ުᆀ৫ቀႿ܄܋ሧགྷൌ,Ֆંଆ֝ԛট֥ճσສສඏں,മᇀ༂ჷ֥σ২ބൌᆣ࣮,္ܯؽದാᆭࢌфb֝ૌؓགྷൌ໙ี֥ࢳbύථหઅଚ၂Лሰᄽ۴ՖԮࣜ࠶࿐ંটु,܄܋ሧჷࠧᄠൈֹႿ܄܋ሧჷ֥ൌᆣ࣮,ധፁ܄܋ሧჷ֥Ӯۿᇍྜྷхषਔݗנ෮ყ֥פᆭᄙ,္൞ཊႿ٤໗ᆭ֡bᄝෲ෮࣮֥σ২ᇏ,Ⴕུၘࣜӻ࿃թᄝղקྟޙᆭᇏbෛሢຓ҆ߌ֥э߄,ைೂದ१ᄹඔϤ୍ᆭࣲb֒ંބགྷൌԊൈ,ෲݸ҂ႱშֹӉaඌ۪ྍaࡎ۬ѯ֩,܄܋ሧჷᄝᇅ؇эథഈᅟᄝགྷൌᆃ၂шb૫ਢਆᇗ࿊ᄴ,ࠇݓႵ߄,ࠇႵ߄bᄝu܄܋൙֥ᇍᆭ֡vᆃ҆ᇷቔᇏ,ύථหઅଚሹࢲਔሱ࠭ބభದؓ܄܋ሧჷ֥ࣜဒ࣮bᄝ൬ࠢaᆜটሱൗ۱σ࣮ቋն֥మᄝ܊ངটሱؓགྷྛં֥ࢸ۲ֹඔత۱܄܋ሧჷ֥Ӯۿܵൌ২ᆭު,ύථ็ᅞ,Ֆطषఓྍ֥නਫ਼,۱σ࣮Чദ҂ିᆣૼหઅଚؿགྷ܄܋ሧჷቔູ၂ᇕӁಃ࿊ᄴᇅ؇ჹ٤Ԯࠇඎ৫၂۱ྍ֥ંbႮႿ۱σ࣮ᄝٚمંഈ֥ࣜ࠶࿐ં෮ಪק֥ପહգbᆃུটሱൗࢸ۲҂ቀ,ύථหઅଚࢹᆟᇍંބᆟҦٳ༅۽ቔֹ٘a҂ൎ୍սaႵޓ఼ֹ֥თaൈࡗބ໓߄սіູ,ֹܼٗᅚषაః࿐ᆀ֥Ӊ௹ކቔbࢹᇹྟ֥۱σ۳ਔෲࠞն֥ྐྏބܝbෲၛՎູࠎᇗگѰᒮં(repeatedgametheorya)ൌဒ൩ൌဒԤ,ն։ؿਔؓԮં֥็ᅞbࣜݖؓԮ(laboratoryexperiment)ބโ့ൌဒ(fieldexper-iં֥༥ྏ൸,ύථหઅଚؿགྷਔԮં֥ཊፗ:men,t)ύථหઅଚބෲ֥ކቔᆀ,Їওᇙ؟Ѱൖളః၂,܄܋ሧჷѩ٤൞၂Ӯ҂э֥ࡺ߄֥ᇅ؇ބѰൖު࿐ᆀ,ቓਔնਈ࡛ྌ֥۽ቔটᆣൌᄝགྷൌνஆb๙ݖؓ؟۱ᇅ؇эథ۱σ֥བྷ༥טҰ,ఃᇏളࠃᇏ෮ԛགྷ֥܄܋ሧჷ֥Ӯۿᇍᆭ֡ѩ٤ห࠻ႵӮۿ֥ࣜဒ,Їওෲᄪ୍Ѱൖં໓֥࣮ؓ২,ط൞ॖၛᄝൌဒ॥ᇅ่ࡱ༯֤֞ᇗگބဒᆣbෙའiઌᨢֹ༯ඣሧჷܵ,္Ⴕാϧ֥࢝bಖޓඪύථหઅଚᄝᆃٚ૫֥܊ངႵ؟ഒჰԷྟ,ύථหઅଚؿགྷٳӮۿބാϧσ২֥၂۱ᇗေၹః॓࿐֥؇,ࣈᆳሢ֥ᇍ࿐ࣚപᄁಖॖb၂96၂
uࣜ࠶࿐v2009୍ֻ12௹၂่ܺԬύථหઅଚиള࣮֥ᇶཌ൞ᇅ؇؟ࣉބປbཁطၞ,ථૡᄝᆃ఼ט,ഠ߶ٳ۽෮ဢྟ(Ostro,,m2005)ᆃ္൞ᆟᇍંބᆟҦٳ༅ᄏݤ֥Էᄯҍڶ֥ऍնమିᆺႵᄝ၂۱ᇍປ֥۽ቔ֥٘ނྏ࣮ᇶุbᆃ่ᇶཌഈӵఃѰൖં໓ഠ߶Ҍି֤ၛԉٳؿߨbථૡᄝuݓڶંvᇏѩؓඣሧჷބ܄܋ఒြࡅ֥࣮,ᇏࢤύථหઅଚڏીႵࣉ၂҄ંඍೂޅҌିປֹᇍ၂۱ഠ߶bޓڹؓo؟ᇏྏp(polyeentric)֥ӂ,༯ఓၛбࢠᇅॖ༔,ᄝࡁᆭު,ࣜ࠶࿐ૼཁሇ၍ᇿၩ৯bሧჷ؇ٳ༅(comparativeinstitutionalanalysis)ູࢲܒᇂંਔ౼սoݓڶંp,бࢠႪ൝مᄵ(lawofނྏ֥oᇅ؇ٳ༅ބؿᅚp(institutionalanalysisebmparativeadvantage)սูਔഠ߶ٳ۽,ࣜ࠶࿐ᇯanddevelopment)ંٓൔbᇅ؇؟ဢྟჰᄵ֥၂҄ဆэӮઅџථ.(LRobbins,1936)෮ඪ֥o࿊ᄴ֥۱ࠎЧනམ൞ᄝޅದোഠ߶ᇏ,ބཾބིੱ҂॓࿐p(seieneeofchoieeb)ࠧ֒cථૡ֥uݓڶࡹ৫ᄝ؟ဢྟ֥ᇅ؇ᆭഈbֆࣼૄ၂۱ᇅ؇ط,ંv္Фࡥ߄Ӯoु҂֥൭pbૌᆩ֡,uݓڶંvႵఃӉԩބ҂ቀ,طෛൈࡗބӆކ֥э߄طэᆺ൞ථૡޡնනམุ༢ᇏ֥၂۴ᇸbu֣֡౦Ҡ߄bൗࢸഈીႵહࣁᄂӼିյष෮Ⴕ֥,ഠ߶ંvॖၛඪ൞ਸ਼ຓ၂۴ᆦᇸbᄝྦྏѱѱ֥ᇷ֥گᄖྟޫߒᇅ؇؟ဢ߄bᆞႮႿીႵ၂ᇕᇅ؇ν࠹߃ᇏ,uݓڶંvᆭު,ථૡߎ࠹߃ႵህᇷંඍمੰஆཚႵध֥ؓႪ൝,෮ၛᇅ؇֥؟ဢྟջটഠ߶֥ބᆟک֥ൎဆࣉݖӱބᄎቔ֥၂Ϯჰbࠇྸ൞o؟ᇏྏp߄b҂ਵთބྟᇉ֥ഠ߶໙ีӁളཌྷႋᆃ۱࠹߃ݖޡն,ථૡ֥ᆃЧህᇷቋᇔીႵປӮb֥ᇅ؇νஆ,۲ሱႵሱ֥࠭ᄎቔઆࠠބႳ༤ܿᄵ,طܯථૡᄝਢᇔൈ,ผᄝѨԵഈؓழႶАჼඪ,oᄝഠ߶ᆃ۱ऍն֥گᄖ༢ཌྷԊሏ,ཌྷଈᆃ၂ളቓ֤ഒਔpbކbෙಖૌଢభؓᆃ۱ഠ߶ն༢֥ᄎྛࠏᇅބܿੰಯ༔ࢹ,бࢠᇅ؇ٳ༅֥၂۱ᇗေࢲં൞ޅᇅ؇νஆ,ᆟک္ݺ,൧ӆ္Ϡ,҂ႋھ؎ᄝྍܞׅࣜ࠶࿐ٳ༅ᇏ,၂్ࣜ࠶໙ีࡥჿູᇍಃbႱೂളࣉ߄၇ঠᇕэၳބ؟ဢ߄֥ჰሧჷᇂ:ᄝ۳קଢѓaሧჷ༎ಌ֥ჿඏ༯,ࣜ࠶ದ၂ဢ,ᇅ؇؟ဢ߄൞ದোഠ߶ঠၛളթᆭ֡bᆟೂޅႪ߄ሧჷٳၛቋնӱ؇ֹղ֞ሱ֥࠭ଢکၛ఼ಃ൭؍յᇅ؇Էྍ,ߊᇅ؇؟ဢ߄طѓ,ડቀሱ֥࠭ླbᆃᇕၛ࿊ᄴູࠎԤ֥ྍܞׅӉᇍࣲν҂ၳႿሱ߮ӉӬ,ଲჲКᅿbmࣜ࠶࿐Ⴕ֥֞൪࢘b֒ࣂᆳᆤࡆۢն࿐ࣜ࠶࿐ᄝෲӉ௹࣮܄܋ሧჷ֥࿐ඌളᇏ,ύථหᆭع֥ࡆcНक़غ(GaryBecker)۷൞Ϝઅଚ၂ܺࡔӻࣜဒ֥a݂ବ֥࣮ٚم,ഒႵۚധطܼᆭ,ဆၶԛ၂ଞࣚґ֥ࣜ࠶࿐ּݓᇶၬնखbҩ֥ඔ࿐ଆ,սᆭၛնਈσ২൙ൌބ۲ᇕൌဒᆣఃႪׄնࡅعඃିབྷ,ྶгᆀᄝՎሕbಖط,ᆃૼ܄܋ሧჷ֥ॖӻ࿃ྟbᆃུ࣮і૫ഈुটරެᇕࣜ࠶࿐൪္࢘Ⴕᇭ؟ׄ,ສສФದޭ൪bః၂,ીႵ؟ն֥ંၩၬ,ჹषࣜ࠶࿐෮ܱᇿ֥ނྏଢѓ۳קᆃ۱భิ่ࡱႵޓն֥अཋྟbᆞೂᆤࡆ໙ี,ᆃ္ࢳਔູહᇙ؟ࣜ࠶࿐ࡅ,Ⴍః൞࣮ۢն࿐ࣜ࠶࿐ஊࠎದᆭ၂֥ڠধक़cหള,ؓύථหઅଚ֥࣮Ӯݔᆩᆭമഒbࠧгᆀ(FrankKn,ight1935)෮,۱ದӮӉބഠ߶ࣉ҄෮ᄝ֥০ପᇜ৫ն࿐,္Ⴕ҂ഒࣜ࠶࿐ದമᇀ֥၂۱ᇗေѓᆽ൞ଢѓ֥҂؎ڿࣉބӮඃbࣜ࠶࿐҂ᆩύථหઅଚູޅದ,ঃෲߎ൞Чᇅ؇؟ဢࡌקଢѓ҂эၳႿ߂ֹູহ,Ϝሱ࠭Ֆགྷൌളࠃྟ࣮ᇏྏ֥ԷϷᆀބᇏྏᇶbᇏۯषটbఃؽ,ሧჷ༎ಌᆃ۱భิ่ࡱ္Ⴕ༂ෙಖᇅ؇؟ဢྟބࣜ࠶ᇍᆺ൞ᄝቋ࣍ෛሢྍ֝ྟbӴಖ,ીႵ༎ಌྟ(Scarcity)֥ჿඏ,ࣜ࠶ದᇅ؇ࣜ࠶࿐֥ᗌఏҌэӮࣜ࠶࿐ᇏ֥ཁ࿐,ఃൌ,ࣜྶ࿊ᄴ,ࣜ࠶࿐֥թᄝေնյᅼ२b൞Ֆਸ਼ຓ࠶࿐ؓࣜ࠶ᇍ్֥ܱॖ൞Ⴎটၘࣲbᆞೂ֒c၂۱࢘؇ु,ࣜ࠶ളӁᆞ൞ؓ༎ಌྟ֥็ᅞބbථૡᄝuݓڶંvֻ၂ᅣoഠ߶ٳ۽pࢲແൈ෮ᆷԛҍڶ֥ᄹӉބ༎ಌྟཌྷڣཌྷӮ,ܒӮࣜ࠶ളࠃ֥ਆ֥:oϨഠ߶ٳ۽෮Ր,ᄝ၂۱ᇍປ֥ഠ߶,۲૫ྟbՖࣜ࠶࿐֥ؿᅚൎটु,ᄝ֒mථૡ֥ྛ۲ြ֥Ӂࠞնپڶbః෮Էᄯ֥ҍڶ߲ࠣᏭᏭ(ݓڶં)ᇏ,ӮӉࣜ࠶࿐(growtheeonomies)ބनᇙള,ЇওቋָҪ֥ഠ߶ᇙbpථૡ֥ᆃ۱׳ॖޙࣜ࠶࿐(equilibriumeeonomies)֥նᇁকౢ༉ಁॖׄ,၌ݭ֥൞,ෙಖႵܱථૡࠣuݓڶંv֥ંॖ(ႵܱӮӉࣜ࠶࿐ބनޙࣜ࠶࿐֥ંඍ,ҕॖ໌ݰԉׯ,රެޓഒႵ࿐ᆀؓථૡ֥ᆃ۱ܴK,baldor1980)భᆀၛ࣮ҍڶ֥ᄹӉູ࠭;ުׄіൕԛޅห൹֥ྖ౿,۷ซ҂ഈႵહં۵ᆀህᇿႿሧჷ֥ቋႪᇂbؽᆀࠎЧഈ൞ຂࢫ၂97၂
֥,ఃࡗ֥Ⴕࠏ৳༢كॖӧbܞׅࣜ࠶࿐ࣜࡁ༅bՖٚمંഈु,Ԯࣜ࠶࿐ڋྛࣜ࠶࿐ּݓᇶᆭު۷൞ᇯࡶཊದनޙࣜ࠶࿐֥ֆ၂ଆൔbఃၬ,ཌྷྐႨႿሧჷᇂ֥൧ӆࠏᇅॖၛطܼᆭ,ႋ,ႮႿྍܞׅࣜ࠶࿐൪ሧჷᇂູ෮Ⴕࣜ࠶໙ีႨ࣮֞ࣜ࠶ࠃຓ֥ದোྛູ,ைೂمੰaࡅ๖a֥ൌᇉ,ᆜ۱ࣜ࠶ุ༢ᄎሇ෮၇ঠ֥ᇅ؇νஆсಖބሷ࢝bбࢠᇅ؇ٳ༅ᄵّః֡طྛᆭ,఼טࣜ࠶༯٢֞Ֆඋֹ໊bႮՎطႄؿ֥ުݔ൞,Чট൞ದࠃЧദ൳֞۲ᇕᇅ؇֥႕ཙbၹՎ,Ԣ٤ૌ్োޅྛູ၂ཛ҂ॖࠇಌ֥႗ྟཋᇅ่ࡱ,ࠧᇅ؇ൌϜൌ࠽ࣜ࠶ᄎྛᇏ֥ᇕᇕᇅ؇ྟཋᇅ่ࡱ,ڎνஆ,ಏэӮ၂۴ݸჿඏ৯֥ࣅջbᄝ၂Ϯࣜᄵૌၛࢳބࢳࣜ࠶ྛູЧദ,۷ߡંࢳ࠶࿐࣮ᇏ,Ӂಃa൧ӆaఒြaمੰބݓࡅ֩ᇅ؇ࣜ࠶ࠃຓ֥ದোྛູbႮႿ҂֥ᇅ؇νஆສສࡌഡթᄝ,طࣜ࠶࿐ᇏႵܱᇅ؇νஆ֥ࡌഡປಆႮ҂֥ഠ߶࿐॓ট࣮,ྍᇅ؇ࣜ࠶࿐ಪູࣜ࠶ڛՖႿሧჷᇂࠏᇅ֥࣮෮ླ,ࠎЧაགྷൌຂ܌b࿐сྶϜః࿐॓ବದࣉট,ླྀᇹࣜ࠶࿐࣮مੰaՖٚمં֥࢘؇ࢃ,ᆃᇕቓمѩીႵհb൞ႮႿࡅ๖ބሷ࢝ؓࣜ࠶֥႕ཙ,ط҂൞ཞࣜ࠶࿐ּݓᇶޭ൪ਔؓᇅ؇νஆ֥ࣜဒ࣮,Ⴎᆃᇕٚم֤ԛ֥ၬ෮࿆ဘ֥ሼԛಀ֥Ҧbᄝᆃٚ૫,2009୍୶Нࢲંᄝ؟նӱ؇ഈିϺᇹૌࢳބࢳथགྷൌ໙ีغࣜ࠶࿐ࢂ֤ᇶ,ύථหઅଚބຯ৷ଚ೦,սіਔྍэӮ၂۱࿇طໃथ֥ีbൈ,֒ࣜ࠶࿐ࡅؓᇅᇅ؇ࣜ࠶࿐֥ᇏࡔ৯ਈb؇νஆቔࡌഡൈ,ૌ҂૧༝ܸྟֹၛૌ෮ඃ༑۴ऌ୶Нغࣜ࠶࿐ࢂჴ߶ؿ֥҃Бۡ,ύථ֥ᇅ؇ߌູҕᅶbᆃဢջট֥၂۱ުݔ൞ࣜ࠶࿐หઅଚބຯ৷ଚ೦֥ࠆࢂ൞ၹູૌؓࣜ࠶ᇍ֥ࡅၛູ෮Ⴕࣜ࠶൞ᄝૌ෮ඃ༑֥ᇅ؇ߌ༯ᄎ࣮ࢳ֞,ӮࠛᧁಖbᇍЧദ൞၂۱ӑᄀቔ,Ֆطᇅૌؓᇅ؇؟ဢྟ֥ૹۋބܱᇿbࣜ࠶࿐֥հሸࢲ֥նज़ีbਆ୍భ,໊ૅݓࣜਸ਼ຓ,ྍܞׅࣜ࠶࿐ԮϜࣜ࠶ࠃࡥ߄Ӯ൧࠶࿐ࡅၹૌᄝࠏᇅഡ࠹ં(meehanismdesignӆބࡎ۬ࠏᇅ֥ᄎቔbՖԮࣜ࠶࿐ંটु,൧theory)ٚ૫֥ሜᄀ܊ངطٳཚ2007୍؇୶НغࣜӆՖЧᇉഈটु൞၂۱קࡎࠏᇅb܂۳ބླਆܢ࠶࿐ࢂbࠏᇅഡ࠹ં൞ႨགྷսѰᒮંބྐ༏ࣜ৯ਈᆜކӮઔཱུغ෮ඪ֥ࡧ֗ط܋थק൧ӆࡎ࠶࿐টҀԉބປ൧ӆࠏᇅᄝ۲ᇕྐ༏҂ؓӫ่֥۬bႮႿࣜ࠶ᇶุ,Їও۱ದބቆᆮ,۵ෛࡎ֥۬ڜࡱ༯֥ᄎቔbః၂۱ނྏۀ൞ࠗৣ࡙ಸ-(incenط,ᄝ൧ӆࣜ࠶ᆃ۱նࢌཙুᇏ,൧ӆӮູᆷtivebbmpatibilityb)ޅᇅ؇ഡ࠹сྶބࣜ࠶ದ֥ߨࡅ൭ᇏ֥ᆷߨϿ,ླྀט۲ٚ֒ൈ֥ྛູބؓໃট০࠭ྟཌྷ၂ᇁ,ڎᄵࡼၛູb൞,ᄝ҂ഠ֥௹ຬbᄝޅ൧ӆࣜ࠶ᇏ,൧ӆ֥ނྏֹ໊႞߶a҂ൈս,҂ದಕႵ҂֥ࣜ࠶৯bύථหᇂၐb൞,ປಆᅟᄝ൧ӆ֥࢘؇টुրބࢳ٤અଚᄝෲ܄܋ሧჷ֥σ২࣮ᇏؿགྷਔ၂۱܋൧ӆᇅ؇,Їওఒြaݓࡅބمੰ,ՖطϜ෮Ⴕ٤൧ׄ,ุࠧӮჴԢਔܱᇿሱ֥࠭০ၭᆭຓ,ສສ္ܱӆᇅ؇ुӮoՑႪ࿊ཛp(theSeeondbest)ࠇᆀ൧ᇿุ֥ᆜุ০ၭa܄ٳၛࠣఃӮჴؓሱ࠭ӆูսᄵٕਔ൧ӆֆ၂ᇶၬ֥հbᄝ൧ӆֆ၂ᇶ֥ࡎބुمbೂݔࠏᇅഡ࠹ંࡌקࣜ࠶ದࣇࣇၬुট,Ԣ٤൧ӆാਲ,෮Ⴕ൧ӆูսીႵթᄝܱྏ၂࠭০طޭ൪ࣜ࠶ದ֥ః০ၭࠇ֣֡ු֥сေbطᄝ൧ӆാਲ֥౦ঃ༯,ᆃูུսຸ,ૌ၂ק߶Фં༂֝bၹՎ,ૌေՖܼၬ֥၂թᄝ֥Ⴎ൞ଆٟ൧ӆ֥ᄎቔ,ၛ௹ຬିܔቋն࢘؇টࢳࠗৣ࡙ಸބᇍbཋ؇ߎჰ൧ӆbၹՎ,ࠧ֒ᇅ؇νஆԛགྷᄝԮᇍ֥ؓའ,ࠧࣜ࠶ࠃ֥ᇶุ,݂۴ָ֞൞ࣜ࠶࿐ٳ༅ᇏ,ૌ္֥࢘ᄪၛ൙༵ಒק,ປಆ৮ದbೂݔᇍࡥ߄ູ၂۱ࣜ࠶࿐໙ี,ࣜ࠶࿐ࡥ߄උႿ൧ӆ,ၹط҂ીႵྙӮؓ൧ӆֆ၂ᇶၬ֥็Ӯ൧ӆᄎྛ໙ี,ط൧ӆᄎྛႻࣉ၂҄ࡥ߄Ӯࠏᇅᅞ,ّط఼߄ਔ൧ӆ؎ࣜ࠶ࠃᇏᇅ؇νஆ֥ࠎഡ࠹໙ี,ପહႵ࿓Ⴕಽ,Ⴕ౦ۋa֣֡ބഠ߶ܱ༢Чࡌഡbᆃ္ܯᇶੀࣜ࠶࿐ࣜӈФູo൧ӆ֥ದྟࡼФᆪࢳaЉ,ࣇഺ༯০࠭ྟbᆃဢҪҪࡥჰᆻᇶၬpb(marketfundamentalism)߄֒ಖࠞնֹࣉਔࣜ࠶࿐ဆэӮ၂োරႿགྷս࿐၂ဢ֥॓࿐,൞,ੂೂݔؓದྟ֥ϜႵޓն֥ொҵ,ૌ҂࣌ေၐ໙,ᆃဢࡹ৫ఏট֥॓࿐࣮ၛ॓ථoఒြ֥ྟᇉp(1937)ູषെ֥ྍᇅ؇ࣨႵ؟ഒࡎᆴ?1978୍؇୶Нغࣜ࠶࿐ࢂ֤ᇶތࣜ࠶࿐ؓԮࣜ࠶࿐֥၂۱ቋն֥็ᅞᄝႿյ൧ѵหc༆ᄻࣜᆃဢิྜૌ:ૌᄝᇅק࣮࠹ӆֆ၂ᇶၬ,ӵಪᇅ؇؟ဢྟ,ն৯ޢဘбࢠᇅ؇ٳ߃ބಒ৫࣮ٚمൈ,ીႵહбૌ࣮ؓದಕ၂98၂
(ࣜ࠶࿐v2009୍ֻ12௹෮ӻ֥ದྟ֥ࡌഡ۷ᇗေ..(HSimon,,1955pॅఏਔྍᇅ؇ࣜ࠶࿐ᆃ૫ఋᇃbࣜ࠶࿐֥࣮ؓའb303)္ၹՎ҂ᄜअཋႿקࡎࠏᇅބሧჷ֥ቋࡄᇂbೂέغڠূ֤cઔཱུغᄝఃޡᇷuࣜ࠶࿐ჰvᇏݔࣜ࠶࿐ିܔႋؓ֒cථૡᄝuݓڶંvᇏടࠣaषሷૼၬ,఼טࣜ࠶࿐࠻൞၂࣮ҍڶ֥࿐໙,۷ીႵૼಒิԛ֥၂۱۴Чྟ֥็ᅞ,ࠧೂޅປ൞၂࣮ದ֥࿐໙b֒ಖ,ઔཱུغ෮ඪ֥ದ൞གྷֹᇍ၂۱ഠ߶,۳ഠ߶ٳ۽ิ܂၂۱ࡔൌ֥ᇅ؇ൌളࠃᇏࠃളള֥ದ,ࠧ॓ථ(1984)෮ඪ֥omanasЌᅰ,Ֆطି٢ఃऍն֥Էᄯమ৯,ᄯڞႿᏭᏭᇙhe15,,,ѩ٤ࣜ࠶࿐෮ࡌഡ֥oࣜ࠶ದp(Homoeeo-ള,ࣜ࠶࿐ࣼॖၛႥჹᅋוoӦો֥॓࿐p(dismalnobmoicus)໙ಅଧ֤ౢೂྸ,ຸႵჷࠃඣটpbsciencb)֥શሰ,طถถᆞᆞֹӮູ၂o༐ຬ֥॓Ԣ٤ࣜ࠶࿐݂߭֞ၛದࠣఃದԷᄯ֥aದোഠ߶ঠ࿐p(hopefulseieneeb)ၛളթ֥۲ᇕᇅ؇ູ࣮ؓའ,ܱᇿᆇൌളࠃᇏࣜҕॉ໓ང:࠶֥ᄎሇބဆэ,ڎᄵࣜ࠶࿐ၛϥຂଢభ֥࣬,Beeker,Gary,(1976)TheEeonomieApproaehtoHumanطູoીႵඔ֥ႋႨඔ࿐p(...C,heun,wgStevenNithoutnumbers)(MeCloskey,b19945(o1969)Transaetioneosts,riskaver-)sႮՎुট,ૌᇀഒႵၛ༯ࠫٚ૫֥ఓൕ:൮ion,andtheehoieeofContraetualArrangementsp,Jour-nalofLawandEeono.༵mies12(1):23၂42,ࣜ࠶ದ֥֣֡ᇉ൞Ⴕིᇍ֥ࠎЧభิbCheun.,,(1970)ThestruetureofaeontraetૌсྶѠఙପུಪູ֣֡ა൧ӆࣜ࠶ބࣜ࠶࿐ܱandthetheoryofanon၂exelusiveresoureep,Journalof֥հ༂ܴׄbӴಖ,๙ݖࠏᇅഡ࠹,ૌॖၛ҂؎ڿLawandEeonomies:13(1)49၂.70ࣉބປࣜ࠶ކჿb൞,ႮႿ۲ᇕࢌၞӮЧ෮Coase,Rona,ld(1937)oThenatureofthefir,,,mEeonomiea҂ᄝ,฿༯ીႵປಆ֥ކჿ(bompletebonbtraet).(newseries:)4386၂405طགྷൌളࠃᇏ֥ࣜ࠶ದ҂ࣇࣇᇯ০,طႵ౦ႵCoase,Ronaold(,1984)Thenewinstitutionaleeonomies",რ,൳ࡅӈaഠ߶ܱ༢a֣֡౦Ҡ֥ჿඏbః۱JournalofInstitutionalandTheoretiealEeonomies140:229ྟپڶ؟ґbૌ҂ॖି္҂ླေഡ࠹၂۱၂֥၂.231٢ᆭඹݚطࢥሙ֥ࣜ࠶ކჿbఃՑ,ࣜ࠶࿐࣮ཟHardin,Garrett,o(1968)Thetragedyoftheeommonsp,Seieneeট൮ေܱᇿ൧ӆࣜ࠶൞ೂޅᄎྛ֥,طޭ൪ਔ൧ӆ162:1243၂.48Kaldor,Nieholas(1980),oEquilibriumtheoryandgrowtࣜ࠶ޅၛॖି൞၂۱۷ླေႪ༵ॉ੮֥໙ีb၂֊htheory,,,(e,d)EeonomiesandHumanWe-lૌ҂ିࡌഡ൧ӆࣜ࠶֥༵ဒթᄝ,ૌԛؿׄ൮fare,AeademiePress.༵൞ೂޅࡹ৫൧ӆࣜ࠶,ಞഠ߶ٳ۽ބࢌၞԉٳؿKn,ight,Frank(1935)TheEthiesofCompetitionandOtherߨఃԷᄯ৯bᄝᆃ۱໙ีഈ,ࣜ࠶ದ֥֣֡ᇉބ:HarPer.൧ӆࣜ࠶ঠၛളթ֥ᇅ؇Ќᅰ,Їݣཌྷၒ֥ᆟᇍᇅMarsha,llAlfred(1920),ThePrineiplesofEeonomies,sth؇aمੰܴa໓߄ࡎᆴa֣֡ބഠ߶ܿٓ,ؽᆀe.,҂ॖࠇಌbѩ,ᆺႵᄝ൧ӆࣜ࠶ၘࣜࡹ৫่֥ࡱMeCloskey,Dei,dre(1994)KnowledgeandPersuasioninؽE༯eono,ૌҌି࣮൧ӆࣜ࠶ೂޅᄎቔ,ைೂ൧ӆקmies,,mElinor,ࡎ,ሧჷᇂ,ඌaӁބቆᆮ֥Էྍbᄝ၂Ϯൌ(1990)GoverningtheCommons:TheEvo-ᆣ࣮ᇏ,ૌ҂၂קೂՎο҆ࣼϫbն؟ඔࣜဒ-versityPress࣮ड़ק۷؟ֹܱᇿ൧ӆࣜ࠶ೂޅᄎቔbᄝં(ᇏၲЧ:u܄܋൙֥ᇍᆭ֡v,ഈݚ৳2000୍ԛϱ.)නॉҪ૫,ૌ҂ିອ࠺൧ӆࣜ࠶ޅၛॖି۷ູᇗOstro,mElinor,(2005)UnderstandingInstitutionalDiversi-ေbቋު,۲ᇕ҂֥ᇅ؇νஆ(Їও൧ӆaఒြބ.tyPrineetonUniversityPress.ݓࡅaކჿaمܿa֣֡ބڄ༝ܸ֩)࠻ཌྷูRobbins,Lione,l(1935)AnEssayontheNatureandSi-gnifս,ႻཌྷҀԉ,܋ປӮᇍ֥ଢѓ,൧ӆࣜ࠶ieaneeofEeonomieSeienee,ZndedؽMaemillan.҂֤ၛֹིۚᄎሇ,طି҂؎ؿᅚ,ൡႋྍ֥ߌ.Simon,Her,mbert(1985)Humannatureinpolities:The-dibࣜ࠶࿐ᇏϜݓࡅބ൧ӆ٢ᄝؓ৫ֱ֥ਆ૫,alogueofPsyehologywithPolitiealseienee,,,AmerieanPo-дӉՎཨ,൞၂۱ࠞն֥հ༂:79293၂304ࣂ୍֥ਆ໊ࠆࢂᆀύථหઅଚބຯ৷ଚ೦ބఃSmit,hA,dam(1969)TheTheoryofMoralSentiments.ඔႇྦ܋ᄽൌaࣈބራራ҂च֥୭৯LibertyClassies.
ύථหઅଚؓࣜ࠶ંაٚمં֥܊ངҸ႔ᄻᄉૹଽಸิေ:Ԯ֥܄܋ࣜ࠶࿐෮၇ঠ֥Ѱᒮٳ༅ॿࡏ൞ࡹ৫ᄝ၂༢ਙ٤གྷൌ֥ࡌഡࠎԤᆭഈ֥,مࢳགྷൌ္م۳܄܋ᆟҦิ܂ԉቀ֥၇ऌbЧ୍؇୶Нغࢂ֤ᇶήঢ়୶cύථหઅଚਔՂեંဆ֥࣮ٚم,఼טંଆ֥གྷൌྟބॖ൫ဒྟ,ѩᄝՎࠎԤഈิԛਔሧჷႨᆀሱԔሧࣁކჿ֥Ѱᒮંٳ༅ॿࡏ,ෲ֥࣮ննਔѰᒮંٳ༅ٚم֥ؿᅚ,پڶਔᇅ؇ٳ༅ં,ѩؓ܄܋ᆟҦ࣮ऎႵᇗေၩၬbܱՍ:ύථหઅଚሱᇶᇍᇅ؇ٳ༅აؿᅚॿࡏؽࢨѰᒮٳ༅ήঢ়୶cύථหઅଚၛఃᄝ܄܋ሧჷᇍٚჷႿૄ۱۱ุູਔದ০ၭ,ౠཟႿቋնཋ؇ֹ૫֥ሜᄀ܊ངӮູЧ୍؇୶Нغࣜ࠶࿐ࢂ֤ᇶᆭႨ܄܋ሧჷ,֝ᇁ܄܋ሧჷᄥ֞ߊ,ቋᇔ෮Ⴕದ֥၂bՖఃؓ܄܋ᇍંაᆟҦٚ૫֥܊ངটु,০ၭ൳֞ݝ,ऌՎ,ݗנಪູ൧ӆࠏᇅمൌགྷॖ໌֒ᆭb൞,ଢభؓႿύථหઅଚ֥ࣜ࠶܄܋ሧჷ֥Ⴕིᇂ,ႋھሇཟᆟکۄყٚൔbݗනམ࣮ࢠ؟ֹҧᇗႿؓሱᇶᇍંଽಸ֥ฐנ֥ᆃ໓ᅣӮູՎު܄܋ሧჷ࣮֥ࠎԤ,۱ุษ,طીႵಀ༢ӂඍఃᆜ۱නམุ༢֥Ѱնࣚധྟაุࠢྟᆭࡗ֥Ԋ္Ӯູ܄܋ࣜ࠶࿐֥ࠎᆭԩbఃൌ,ఞೂ୶Нغࢂࢂჴ߶ᆷԛ֥ପဢ,ЧଁีbՎު,ѰᒮંႭః൞oѰᒮp֩٤ކቔေࢳύථหઅଚ֥නམ,сྶՖః࣮ٚمԛؿѰᒮӮູਔ܄ֹИखቋݺ֥ંࢳඪb(TheRoyalSwedishAeademyofSeienees,b2009)൞,ύථหઅଚ๙ݖնਈ֥σ২࣮ಏؿགྷ,ύථหઅଚᆞ൞ႮႿఃٚمંഈ֥Էྍ,Ҍڿэਔᄝ၂ུൌྛᆟکۄყ֥܄܋ਵთ,ಏԛགྷਔሧჷ֥ࣜ࠶࿐ࢸؓ܄܋ሧჷᇍଆൔ֥ࢳٚൔ,طᆃ္ݖ؇Ⴈࠇ҂؎߄གྷའ,ཌྷّ֥൞,ྸ؟Ӯۿ֥܄൞ෲᇅ؇ٳ༅ഈ౼֤ᇗնѩᄝ܄܋ᇍᆟҦ܋ሧჷᇍσ২ᇏ,ᇶ֥֝ᇍଆൔಏ൞Ⴈᆀሱ࣮ٚ૫ሜႵӮི֥ჰၹbᇍbཁಖ,ᆃུགྷའაԮ֥܄܋ࣜ࠶ંཌྷᙣbύථหઅଚಪູ,ᄯӮᆃᇕགྷའ֥۴ЧჰၹᄝႿ,Ԯ၂aύථหઅଚؓٳ༅܄܋֥Ѱᒮٳ༅ᄝٚمഈթᄝሢᇁଁ֥ಌཊ,൞Ֆሧჷᇍ໙ีනਫ਼֥၂ུაགྷൌ҂ژ֥oંభิpԛؿটࢳགྷൌ໙ีbԮં༝ܸႿՖሱሱ০֥ࣜ࠶ದࡌഡԛ܄܋ሧჷ֥ᇂ໙ี൞ࣜ࠶࣮ᇏ၂۱ູࠞؿ,Ֆ၂ՑֆࢨѰᒮ֥࢘؇টुր܄܋ሧჷ֥ᇂᇗေ֥ਵთ,Ⴍఃᄝ1968୍ݗנ֥u܄ֹИखv၂໓໙ีbᄝᆃ۱ٳ༅ॿࡏᇏ,ሧჷႨᆀ൞ሱሱ০໙ൗᆭު,۷൞֤ܼ֥ܱ֞ٗᇿbᄝᆃ໓ᅣᇏ,ݗ֥aૌႚႵປಆྐ༏a৫ྛa҂๙,ૌᆭנၛo܄܋ତӆpູ২,ંᆣਔᆺေྸ؟ದ܋Ⴈࡗ֥Ѱᒮ൞၂Ցྟ֥bύථหઅଚՖཬܿଆ֥܄܋ଖ၂༎ಌሧჷ,ࣼ߶֝ᇁሧჷ߄bݗנಪູ,ᆃ۴ӽดሧჷ༢ದ൭,ඪૼൌᇏ֥ሧჷႨᆀ࣐ܵSmit,hAda,m(1975)TheWealthofNations,UniversityofWan,,gNing(2003)oCoaseonthenatureofeeonomiesp,:dgeJournalofEeonomies27807၂29ᅦӈ,:Smit,hernon,oV(2003)Introduetorynotes,,,inoRethinking2002uࣜ࠶ࢳv(3जЧ,)ཐۖతඎϱbinstitutionalanalysis:InterviewswithVineentandElinor(ቔᆀֆ໊:ૅݓ০ପᇜ৫ն࿐ᆟᇍބಆ౯࣮࿐ჽ)Ostro,,,mbyP..DAligiea,MereatusCenteratGeorgeMa-(ᄳщࠠ:ಥ)sonUniversity.၂100၂
