뺭볃톧ꆢ뺭볃톧볒폫뺭볃톧뷌폽탭돉룖뺭볃톧볒탨튪뻟놸뗄쓜솦죧뫎엠퇸ퟮ뫃뗄뺭볃톧퇐뺿죋풱ꎿ뻟폐쓄킩뇪ힼ뫍쳵볾닅쓜돉캪튻룶뫃뗄뺭볃톧볒ꎿ퓵퇹닅쓜퓚펦폃뺭볃톧믲퓚뺭볃톧짏ퟷ돶릱쿗ꎿ헢킩컊쳢쯆뫵뷼살뎣뎣놻쳡벰ꆣ컒틔캪ꎬ튻룶뫃뗄뺭볃톧볒ퟮ훘튪뗄쫇튪뻟놸죽랽쏦쓜솦ꎺ맛달쓜솦ꆢ럖컶쓜솦뫍뒴퓬쓜솦ꆣ튻쫇맛달쓜솦ꆣ뫜ퟔ좻뗘ꎬ헢쫇횸뺭볃톧볒튪폐쓜솦퓚쿖쪵훐맛달돶훘듳컊쳢ꎬ틔벰맦싉탔폫뻶뚨탔뗄컊쳢ꆣ헢볈냼삨쿖퓚헽퓚랢짺뗄컊쳢ꎬ튲냼삨샺쪷컊쳢ꆣ죋쏇쫇럱쓜릻랢쿖뫍뷢쫍샺쪷뗄컊쳢ꎬ횱뷓맘쾵떽쫇럱폐쓜솦뷢쫍쿖퓚ꆣ죧맻쎻쓜솦뷢쫍샺쪷ꎬ췹췹튲쎻쓜솦뷢쫍쿖퓚ꆣ쿖쪵컊쳢ퟜ쫇럇뎣뢴퓓뗄ꆣ듓톧쫵짏살쮵ꎬ죧뫎헒돶쿖쪵믲샺쪷훐ퟮ훘튪뗄컊쳢ꎬ쳡돶튻룶뷢쫍ꎬ헢쫇뫜듳뗄쳴햽ꆣ쏦뛔헢퇹뗄쳴햽ꎬ톧헟폫럇톧헟쫇죧뫎쟸럖뗄ꎿ쪲쎴쫇뺭볃톧헟탄샯쳘뇰훘튪뗄뚫컷ꎿ컒쿫ꎬ쟸뇰쯻쏇뗄튻룶뇪ힼꎬ뻍쫇뾴쯻쏇탄샯폐쎻폐튻룶샭싛뗄믹ힼꎨbenchmarkꎩꆣ뫃뗄뺭볃톧볒튪쓜퓚맛달쿖쪵뗄쪱뫲랢쿖컊쳢ꎬ쳡돶틉컊ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵폐뚴달솦ꆣ뫃뗄짧믡뿆톧볒튻뚨튪폐쓜솦헒떽컊쳢ꆣ쳡돶튻* ퟷ헟룐킻샮떾뿻ꆢ믆몣훞뛔컒뗄랢퇔뗄탞룄틢볻ꆣꆪꆪퟷ헟힢놾컄룹뻝뻍뷌폚싗뛘뺭볃톧풺뫍쟥뮪뺭맜톧풺뺭볃쾵뗄탭돉룖뷌쫚ꎬ퓚4퓂28죕쟥뮪듳톧뺭볃맜샭톧풺헙뾪뗄쳖싛믡랢퇔뫍믡뫳닉럃헻샭탞룄뛸돉ꆣ뇠헟룐킻ꆶ닆뺭ꆷ퓓횾훷뇠뫺쫦솢뫍볇헟튶캰잿쳡릩뗄볇슼룥ꆣꆪ뇠헟힢1
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies룶뫃뗄컊쳢쿠떱폚뷢뻶쇋컊쳢뗄튻냫ꆣ쯹캽뗄컊쳢ꎬ벴쫇틉컊ꆣ쯻쯹닺짺뗄틉컊ꆢ뾴떽뗄쿖쿳ꎬ폐쎻폐쪲쎴맦싉ꎬ쓜늻쓜뷢쫍ꆣ죧맻쎻폐쪲쎴맦싉ꎬ쓇뻍첸늻짏쫇뺭볃톧컊쳢ꎻ죧맻헢룶맦싉쓜릻놻틑폐뗄샭싛쯹뷢쫍ꎬ튲첸늻짏쫇컊쳢ꆣ맛달떽쿖쿳ꎬ쟒쓜랢쿖샯쏦폐쪲쎴컊쳢ꎬ헢럇뎣좡뻶폚톧헟탄샯듦퓚뗄샭싛믹ힼꆣ튻룶톧헟쓜떽쪲쎴퇹뗄컊쳢ꎬ뻍믹놾짏뻶뚨헢룶죋쫇룶쪲쎴퇹뗄뺭볃톧볒ꆣ훘튪뗄뺭볃톧볒떽뗄쫇훘튪뗄컊쳢ꆣ폐샭싛쯘퇸뗄뺭볃톧볒뫍럇뺭볃톧볒뗄닮뇰ꎬ뻍퓚폚폐쎻폐샭싛믹ힼꆣ뺭볃톧뷌폽훐듳솿뗄쓚죝쫇믺킵뗄ꎬ컊쳢퓚폚ꎬ퓵쎴엠퇸죋뗄맛달쓜솦ꆣ헢쫇뷌폽훐뗄훘튪컊쳢ꆣ맛달쓜솦훐ꎬ폐튻늿럖쫇뿉틔엠퇸뗄ꎬ폐튻늿럖쫇늻쓜엠퇸뗄ꆣ듓뺭볃톧뷌폽뗄뷇뛈ꎬ컒쏇쿖퓚횻쳖싛뿉틔엠퇸뗄늿럖ꆣ튪엠퇸돶맛달쓜솦ꎬ웤뫋탄뻍쫇튪춸뎹샭뷢뺭볃톧샭싛믹ힼꆣ떱튻룶뫃뗄톧헟뛔뺭볃톧샭싛훐쳡릩뗄믹ힼ돔춸쇋ꎬ헢룶믹ힼ뻍쓜냯훺쯻에뛏쪲쎴뗘랽쫇폐틉컊뗄ꎬ쪲쎴뗘랽늢늻쫇틉컊ꆣ캪쇋붲뗃룼춨쯗ꎬ뿉틔뇈폷캪뷡뺧ꆣ믹ힼ뻍쿠떱폚튻훖뷡뺧뗄믹놾뷡릹ꆣ쯼쫇랴펳쿖쪵뗄튻훖샭쿫뗄ꆢ볲뮯뗄뷡릹ꆣ폐헢퇹튻룶뷡뺧퓚쓔ퟓ샯ꎬ퓚맛달쿖쪵뗄쪱뫲ꎬ뻍쓜틀뻝쯼살에뛏쪲쎴컊쳢쫇풭폐뗄믹ힼ뷢쫍뗃쇋뗄ꎬ쪲쎴쫇뷢쫍늻쇋뗄ꆣ뷢쫍늻쇋뗄컊쳢ꎬ뻍뿉쓜돉캪뫃뗄컊쳢ꆣ헢뻍쫇뫃뗄뺭볃톧볒쯹튪ퟶ뗄쫂쟩ꆣ샺쪷짏튻룶훘튪뗄샽ퟓ쫇죋쏇뫜쫬쾤뗄뿆쮹뚨샭ꎬ헢쫇뿆쮹쫮웚퓚쏀맺듲릤쪱랢쿖뗄ꆣ쯻맛달떽튻룶훘튪쿖쿳ꎬ죏캪틑폐뗄뺭볃톧샭싛늻쓜뷢쫍ꆣ쯻퓚싗뛘뺭볃톧풺쓮놾뿆뗄쪱뫲ꎬ톧떽뺭볃톧뗄튻킩믹놾횪쪶ꎬ탎돉쇋쯻춷쓔훐뗄믹ힼꆣ뺭볃톧룦쯟쯻ꎬ쫐뎡퓚샭쿫뺺헹ힴ첬쿂쫇ퟮ폐킧싊뗄ꆣ퓚샭쿫뺺헹ힴ첬쿂ꎬ웳튵펦룃쫇컞쿞킡뗄ꎬ뺭볃탐캪쫇평쫐뎡볛룱살킭뗷뗄ꆣ뿉쫇ꎬ뿆쮹맛달떽ꎬ퓚춨폃웻뎵릫쮾ꎬ듳솿뗄붻틗늻퓚쫐뎡짏췪돉뗄ꎬ늻뾿쫐뎡볛룱믺훆살킭뗷뫍퓋ꎬ뛸쫇퓚웳튵쓚늿킭뗷뗄ꎬ쫇짏쿂벶뗷뚯뗄맘쾵ꆣ쪲쎴쫇웳튵뗄뇟뷧ꎿ쫇쪲쎴뻶뚨쇋쪲쎴펦떱퓚쫐뎡짏붻틗ꎬ쪲쎴늻쓜퓚쫐뎡짏붻틗ꎿ떱쪱톧떽뗄뺭볃톧늻뿉쓜룸쯻뫃뗄뷡싛ꆣ뿆쮹쯤좻횻쫇놾뿆짺ꎬ떫쯻쓔ퟓ샯폐헢퇹튻룶뺭볃톧샭싛뗄뷡뺧ꎬ헢뻍쫇쿠떱폚낢싞-뗂늼슳뗄ꆰ튻냣뻹뫢샭싛ꆱ샯뗄뎧짌샭싛뗄믹ힼꆣ쎻폐헢룶믹ힼꎬ뻍쎻폐뫳살뗄랢햹ꆣ춷쓔샯쎻폐뫃뗄믹ힼꎬ뻍뫜쓑랢쿖컊쳢ꎬ뿉틔쮵폐뫃뗄믹ힼ뛔맛달쓜솦뫜훘튪ꆣ튻룶뫃뗄믹ힼ튻뚨쫇돩쿳뗄ꆢ볲떥뗄ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ떱컒쏇쳖싛뺭볃톧뗄쿞훆뫍뺭볃톧뗄횸떼쓜솦쪱ꎬ뻸늻펦룃횻평폚쒳룶샭싛폐ꆰ늻럻뫏쪵볊ꆱ뗄쪲쎴볙짨ꎬ2
뻍뛏퇔쯼쫇늻헦쪵뗄ꎬ늻쫊폃뗄ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ췹췹헽틲캪뫃뗄샭싛ퟶ쇋뫃뗄훘튪뗄볙짨ꎬ닅룸쇋컒쏇훘튪뗄럖컶솦솿ꆣ뛾쫇럖컶쓜솦ꆣ럖컶쓜솦듳쳥짏럖캪솽듳샠ꎺ튻쫇샭싛뗄ꆪ웤훐냼삨쫽톧샠탍뗄럖컶쓜솦뫍쪹폃ퟔ좻폯퇔뗄럖컶쓜솦ꆣ뛾쫇쪵횤뗄ꆪ웤훐냼삨낸샽ꎨ쫕벯닄쇏ꎩ럖컶뫍쫽톧춳볆럖컶ꆣ뺭볃톧듳늿럖쪹폃쫽톧춳볆샠탍럖컶릤뻟ꎬ쯤좻폃럇쫽톧릤뻟럖컶늢럇늻뿉ꆣ캪쪲쎴쿖듺뺭볃톧랢햹뗄ퟜ쟷쫆쫇쪹폃쫽톧릤뻟쓘ꎿ웤풭틲쫇ꎬ떱죋쏇늻폃쫽톧릤뻟쪱ꎬ췆샭ꆢ럖컶뗄쓜솦믡쫜떽뫜듳뗄쿞훆ꆣ횻폐떱컊쳢쿠뛔볲떥ꎬ믲헟죋폐폃ퟔ좻폯퇔뷸탐럖컶뗄쳬닅쪱ꎬ닅폐뿉쓜늻폃쫽톧뷸탐럖컶ꆣ떱좻늢늻튻뚨쫽톧뗄럖컶폀풶쫇ퟮ룟뎬뗄ꆣ뿆쮹쫽톧짏튻쟏늻춨ꎬ룟훐쫽톧뾼늻맽ꆣ떫쯻폐뎬랲뗄쓜솦쪹폃ퟔ좻폯퇔뷸탐럖컶ꆣ캪쪲쎴뷱쳬뗄뺭볃톧훷튪쪹폃쫽톧럖컶쓜솦ꎬ쓇쫇틲캪폯퇔뗄쓜솦럇뎣쓑틔뻟놸ꎬ쪹뗃횻폐짙쫽쳬닅랽쓜듯떽짮죫ꆣ뿆쮹쫇쳬닅ꎬ십뿋쮼틠좻ꆣ헢퇹뗄죋ꎬ늻쪹폃쫽톧릤뻟ꎬ폃헜톧탔랽램쮼쯷뮹쓜냑컊쳢쿫춸ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ횻폐쳬닅뛸쟒엶떽뗄컊쳢쿠뛔볲떥ꎬ닅폐뿉쓜늻폃쫽톧릤뻟ꆣ죧맻튪쟳톧짺뚼폐뿆쮹헢퇹뗄럖컶쓜솦ꎬ뿉쓜튻잧룶톧짺ퟮ뛠횻쓜돶튻룶뺭볃톧볒ꆣ퓚쳖싛떽뺭볃톧볒뗄엠퇸뗄컊쳢쪱ꎬ퓋폃쫽톧릤뻟뗄럖컶쓜솦쫇뿉틔엠퇸뗄ꆣ죧맻쫇쪵횤릤ퟷꎬ돽쫕벯쫽뻝ꆢ낸샽횮췢ꎬ췹췹늻뿉뇜쏢뗘튪뷸탐쫽뻝뒦샭ꎬ쯹틔튪폐쫽톧쓜솦ꆣ헢킩틲쯘볓퓚튻웰ꎬ뺭볃톧탨튪폐쫽톧뗄냯훺ꎬ탨튪뷸탐캢맛ꆢ뫪맛ꆢ쫽샭ꆢ볆솿뗈튻쾵쇐믹놾통솷ꎬ닅쓜냯훺톧짺헆컕럖컶뗄쫖뛎ꆣ헢킩쫇떱뷱돉캪뺭볃톧볒뗄믹놾쳵볾ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ맛달쓜솦뫍럖컶쓜솦튪솽헟늢훘ꎬ뇘탫춬쪱잿뗷맛달쓜솦ꎬ뛸늻쓜횻잿뗷쫽톧ꎬ솽헟쫇뮥늹뗄ꆣ죽쫇뒴퓬쓜솦ꆣ붫뒴퓬쓜솦듓맛달쓜솦뫍럖컶쓜솦훐뛀솢럖샫뾪늢쎻폐뫜뫃뗄뗀샭ꎬ컒헢퇹뇭쫶횻쫇캪쇋룼잿뗷뒴퓬솦ꆣ잰솽헟뚼튪뒴퓬솦ꎬ횮쯹틔튪럖뾪ꎬ쫇쿫잿뗷뒴퓬솦뗄훘튪탔ꎬ쫇틲캪횻폐뻟폐뒴퓬쓜솦ꎬ닅쓜돉캪뫃뗄뺭볃톧볒ꆣ뒴퓬솦횸폐뒴퓬탔뗄맛달쓜솦뫍뒴퓬탔뗄럖컶쓜솦ꆣ뒴퓬탔뗄맛달솦쫇쳡돶틉컊ꎬ헒떽쿖폐뺭볃톧훐늻쓜뷢쫍뗄훷튪맦싉ꆣ쫗쿈ꎬ폐쎻폐뒴퓬쓜솦좥뷸탐맛달ꎬ쓜럱퓚맛달훐랢쿖컊쳢ꎬ랢쿖믹놾뗄쳴햽ꆣ웤듎ꎬ쫇폐쎻폐쓜솦뒴퓬탔뗘뷸탐럖컶ꎬ튪폐쓜솦뒦샭쿖폐뗄럖컶릤뻟쎻쓜뒦샭뗄컊쳢ꆣ뗂늼슳뫍쓉쪲웤쪵쫇쫽톧볒ꎬ뛔뺭볃컊쳢늢늻쪮럖쫬쾤ꎬ떫뛔뺭볃톧폐럇뎣훘튪뗄릱쿗ꆣ뺭볃톧뇏뺹쫇튻룶뻞듳뗄톧뿆ꎬ폐훚뛠뗄럖릤ꆣ쯻쏇뛾죋ퟮ훘튪뗄릱쿗쫇퓚럖컶짏ꎬ냯훺뺭볃톧볒쳡릩쇋럇뎣훘튪뗄럖컶릤뻟ꎬ폐뒴퓬쓜솦뗄뺭볃톧볒뿉틔3
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies퓋폃쯻쏇뗄럖컶릤뻟ꎬ듓뛸냯훺쯻쏇뷸튻늽췆뚯뺭볃톧뗄랢햹ꆣퟜ뗄살쮵ꎬ뒴퓬쓜솦쫇ퟮ쓑엠퇸뗄ꎬ틲캪헢췹췹쫇늻쓜통솷뗄ꆣ뿉틔통솷뗄튻냣쫇맦퓲뗄ꆢ믺킵뗄ꆣ헢튲쫇캪쪲쎴뺭볃톧훐듳솿뗄통솷쫇쫽톧탔뗄ꎬ틔벰펦폃쫽톧뷢뻶컊쳢ꆣ쫽톧뿉틔통솷ꎬ떫뒴퓬솦쫇쎻폐쾵춳뗄랽램뿉뷌쫚뗄ꆣ튻냣살쮵ꎬ뒴퓬솦늻쓜통솷ꎬ횻쓜엠퇸ꆣ뛸엠퇸듳늿럖뾿ퟅ뮷뺳뗄톬쳕ꎬ쎻폐믺킵뗄냬램ꆣ뺭볃톧뗄늻춬뷌톧랽램뺭볃톧뷌폽죧뫎엠퇸뫍통솷맛달ꆢ럖컶뫍뒴퓬죽랽쏦쓜솦ꎬ늻춬컷랽맺볒뗄훘튪톧킣뫍뷌폽훆뛈뗄낲업쫇늻춬뗄ꆣ캪냑컊쳢뾴쟥돾ꎬ냯훺샭뷢ꎬ쿈뾴솽룶벫뛋ꆣ튻뛋쫇뒫춳뗄펢맺뷌폽ꎬ쯼쫇뺫펢뷌폽뗄듺뇭ꎬ웤훐폖틔얣뷲뫍붣쟅캪듺뇭ꆣ쏀맺뗄뷌폽훆뛈쫇듓훐퇜짺돶살뗄ꎬ맾런뗄훆뛈웰풴폚붣쟅ꎬ튮슳튲쫇럂붣쟅ꆣ얣뷲뫍붣쟅뫃벸냙쓪뗄샺쪷ꎬ웤뷌폽쳘뗣쫇엠퇸쳬닅ꆣ엠퇸랽램쫇쪦뢵듸춽뗜ꎬ뫜뛠죋훐얼뛻믡폐쳬닅닺짺ꆣ평폚쳬닅쫇늻뿉통솷뗄ꎬ뛸펢맺뒫춳훆뛈쫇엠퇸쳬닅ꎬ쯹틔늻닠훘통솷ꎬ뛸쫇닠훘뒴퓬튻룶뮷뺳ꎬ죃쳬닅췑펱뛸돶ꆣ헢룶훆뛈잿뗷뗄쫇쪶뇰뫍뒴퓬쳬닅뗄뮷뺳ꆣ펢맺뗄뒫춳쫇튻훖뿭쯉뫍돤싺쿐쟩틝훂뗄톧쫵뮷뺳ꎬ쎿쳬폐늻춬톧뿆뗄톧헟릲춬뫈단뗄쪱볤ꎬ뫈뻆뗄쪱볤ꆣ쪶뇰뗄랽쪽늻쫇뾼쫔ꎬ뛸쫇뾴죋폐쎻폐쓜솦뫍뇰죋뇧싛ꎬ뇭듯돶탂틢ꆣ쮭살움에ꎿ캯풱믡ꆣ헢쫇튻룶뎤웚뗄샺쪷퇝뇤맽돌ꆣ샽죧ꎬ얣뛙돶쏻횮잰ꎬ떱쪱컯샭뮹늻쫇뿆톧ꎬ뛸쫇쫴폚헜톧ꆣ퓚헜톧뗄랶돫쓚ꎬ쯻뫜쓑쮵럾쓪헟ꆣ떱쪱ꎬ퓚붣쟅죽튻톧풺훐ꎬ쯻뫜쓑쮵럾쓪헟맘폚쯻춨맽맢톧쪵퇩뛸뗃떽뗄뛔맢뗄죏쪶ꆣ쯻쏇폃맅쾣산뗄헜톧폫얣뛙뇧싛ꎬ듓헜톧짏뛔늵믘얣뛙맢톧뗄죏쪶뫍쪵퇩뷡맻ꆣ떫쫇쪵퇩뗄뷡맻퓵쓜폃헜톧늵믘쓘ꎿ떱쪱톧헟쏇쎻폐뿆톧뗄춷쓔ꎬ늻뚮뗃뿆톧ퟮ훕뗄뇪ힼ쫇쪵퇩ꎬ늻쫇맅쾣산뒫춳뗄뇧싛ꎡ쯤좻캢믽럖쫇얣뛙랢쏷뗄ꎬ쫇얣뛙뗄훘튪릱쿗ꎬ떫쓇믹놾짏쫇듓쯻뗄횱뻵훐닺짺뗄ꎬ뛸늻쫇듓쫽톧췆떼돶살뗄ꎨ쫇삳늼쓡췆떼돶살뗄ꎩꆣ헢킩훘튪뗄릱쿗룺펢맺뗄뷌폽훆뛈폐맘ꎬ룺쯻쏇엠퇸맛달쓜솦ꎬ냑컕쫂쟩뗄믹놾맦싉뗄쓜솦폐맘ꆣ퓚헢횮쿂쫇떼쪦훆ꎬ쎻폐쾵춳뿎돌ꎬ늻잿뗷통솷ꆣ폅뗣쫇ꎬ틲캪쳘뇰잿뗷뮷뺳ꎬ쯹틔쳘뇰쓜쪶뇰쳬닅ꎬ튲닺짺쇋탭뛠쳬닅ꎬ죧얣뛙ꆢ뾭뛷쮹뚼돶ퟔ붣쟅ꆣ샺쪷짏ꎬ펢맺퓚ퟔ좻뿆톧뫍짧믡뿆톧훐뛔죋샠뚼폐벫웤훘튪뗄릱쿗ꎬ풭틲폫듋뒫춳쏜쟐쿠맘ꆣ좱뗣쫇ꎬ톧짺뗄4
훊솿뫜늻컈뚨ꎬ톧짺뫃뮵횮볤뗄닮뇰뫜듳ꎬ쳬닅퓚듋훆뛈쿂뿉틔뿬쯙돉뎤ꎬ떫평폚듳늿럖죋늻쫇쳬닅ꎬ쎻폐통솷ꎬ쮮욽뻍믡뫜닮ꎬ쳬닅폫럇쳬닅횮볤믡폐뻞듳닮뻠ꎬ뫜뛠뇏튵짺쯘훊늢늻뫃ꆣ쇭튻뛋쫇램맺뗄뷌폽랽쪽ꎬ잿뗷쾵춳통솷ꎬ쓃웆싘쪱웚췆맣떽좫램맺짵훁좫얷듳슽ꆣ쓃웆싘놾죋쫇엚뇸톧킣뇏튵뗄ꎬ쫇룶뫜늻듭뗄펦폃쫽톧볒ꎬ뿉틔룹뻝뻟쳥뗄뗘뗣뫍뮷뺳퓚뫜뛌뗄쪱볤쓚볆쯣엚떯뗄떯뗀맬벣뫍뻠샫뗈뗈ꆣ쯻뫜돧냝쫽톧쓜솦ꎬ헌듲떽쓄샯ꎬ뻍퓚쓇샯붨웰샭릤듳톧ꎬ튲뻍쫇polytechnicꆣ쯹틔ꎬ뫍펢맺뒫춳뷌폽훆뛈뇈뷏ꎬ램맺늻쫇톰헒쳬닅ꆣ쯼늢럇늻튪쳬닅ꎬ뛸쫇톰헒뗄랽쪽췪좫늻춬ꎬ램맺쪽뗄polytechnic쫇엠퇸뺫펢뗄훆뛈ꆣ웤쫽톧통솷럇뎣잿ꎬ룸톧짺뷸탐럇뎣듳맦쒣뗄쫽톧통솷ꎬ폃뫜퇏룱뗄뾼쫔쳔청뗄냬램살톰헒ퟮ잿헟ꆣ잿뗷통솷ꎬ뿉틔닺짺듳엺통솷폐쯘뗄죋ꎬ헢튻엺죋뚼폐뫜잿뗄벼쫵쓜솦ꆣ평헢킩죋훐닺짺튻킩죋ퟶ뺭볃톧ꆣ떫헢훖통솷랽램쪹뗃죋쏇뇈뷏좱짙맛달쓜솦뫍쿫쿳솦ꆣ뿉틔폐벼쫵짏뗄뒴퓬솦ꎬ떫폫벼쫵컞맘뗄뒴퓬솦믡폐쯹잷좱ꆣ춬죎뫎뿆톧쿠쯆ꎬ뺭볃톧뗄랢햹뫜훘튪뗄쫇톧헟뗄횱뻵ꎬ뛸램맺쪽뗄뷌폽랽쪽췹췹믡좱짙횱뻵ꆣ뛸쓇킩퓚벼쫵짏좱랦쓜솦뗄쳬닅ꎬ뿉쓜룹놾쎻폐믺믡뷸죫엠퇸쳥쾵ꆣ뇈죧뿆쮹ꎬ퓚램맺쪽뗄뷌폽훆뛈쿂ꎬ뿉쓜뗚튻싖뻍놻쳔청뗴ꎬ늻쓜짺듦ꆣ떽뗗쫇쳔청훆뮹쫇통솷맽돌뛳즱쳬닅쓘ꎿ룼듳뗄뿉쓜쫇맽퓧뗘놻쳔청뗄랽쪽ꆣ떱뷱톧쫵짏햼폅쫆뗄훆뛈쫇쏀맺뚥볢톧킣뺭볃쾵벰룶뇰얷훞뗄뺭볃쾵뗄뷌폽훆뛈ꎬ쯼뷩폚솽훖벫뛋횮볤ꆪ튻랽쏦닠훘쾵춳뗄쫽톧ꆢ샭싛ꆢ랽램싛뗄통솷ꎬ떫튲늻떥뒿뾿뾼쫔ꎻ춬쪱튲쳡릩튻쾵쇐뗄뮷뺳ꎬ듌벤톧짺랢햹맛달쓜솦ꆢ뒴퓬솦뫍엺움쓜솦ꆪ맛달솦냼삨럇뎣맘볼뗄엺움쓜솦ꆣ엺움늢늻쫇횸뢺쏦뗄틢쮼ꎬ뛸쫇헽쏦뗄틢쮼ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ랢햹죎뫎튻룶탂뗄뚫컷ꎬ튪떽뒦뾪퇐쳖믡퇝붲ꎬ쒿뗄ꆪ믲헟쮵훷튪뗄쒿뗄ꆪ늻쫇캪쇋탻뒫ꆢ맄뒵ퟔ벺뗄탂맛뗣ꆢ탂뚫컷ꎬퟮ훷튪뗄쒿뗄쫇튪톰헒엺움ꆣퟮ뫃뗄퇝붲뗄뗘랽ꎬퟮ횵뗃ퟶ뗄뗘랽ꎬ뻍쫇쓜헒떽ퟮ뫃뗄엺움뗄뗘랽ꆣ죧맻컞죋쓜쳡돶엺움ꎬ쓇쎴듓ퟶ퇐뺿뗄뷇뛈살쮵ꎬ퇝붲췹췹뻍늻쫇ퟮ돉릦뗄ꎬ늻쫇ퟮ폐킧싊뗄ꆣ톧쫵뷧훐ꎬ뇰죋뛔ퟔ벺폐럱냯훺ꎬ튲좡뻶폚쯻믲쯽쓜늻쓜쳡돶뫃뗄엺움ꆣ헢쫇컷랽톧쫵뷧뗄뒫춳ꎬ폫훐맺뗄샺쪷뒫춳늻첫튻퇹ꆣ엺움쓜솦튲쫇맛달쓜솦ꎬ맛달떽쪲쎴뚫컷쫇폐틉컊뗄ꎬ늻쓜ퟔ풲웤쮵뗄ꆣ얷쏀ퟮ뫃뗄톧쫵믺릹잿뗷쾵춳통솷ꎬ춬쪱튲쳡릩뮷뺳듌벤ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ컒쏇뿉틔럇뎣쟥돾뗘뾴떽ꎬ펢쏀쳥훆쿂닺짺뗄뺭볃톧볒뫍램맺쳥훆쿂닺짺뗄뺭볃톧볒ꎬ튻랽폐쿫쿳솦ꎬ쇭튻랽폐벼쫵쓜솦ꆣ쒿잰퓚쫀뷧짏햼폅쫆5
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뗄ꆢퟮ쇷탐뗄엠퇸뺭볃톧볒뗄랽쪽훷튪벯훐퓚쏀맺뗄뺭볃쾵ꎬ룶뇰뗄퓚얷훞뗄뺭볃쾵ꆣ쯻쏇냑솽훖벫뛋ퟩ뫏퓚튻웰ꎬ뛔퇐뺿짺뷸탐쫽톧ꆢ춳볆톧ꆢ캢맛뺭볃톧샭싛ꆢ뫪맛뺭볃톧샭싛ꆢ볆솿뺭볃톧샭싛뗄쾵춳통솷ꎬ틔벰쪵횤ꎬ볓짏샺쪷뫍쿖쪵뺭볃헾닟뗄믬뫏통솷ꆣ좻뫳ꎬ뒴퓬뮷뺳ꆪ폃룷훖룷퇹뗄퇐쳖믡살벤랢톧짺ꎬ퓶잿웤맛달쓜솦뫍쿫쿳솦ꆣ훐맺뺭볃톧뷌폽ꆪꆰ퇛룟쫖뗍ꆱ뛔컒맺뗄뺭볃톧뷌톧퓵쎴엠퇸퇐뺿짺ꎬ컒샄폃튻룶듊살룅삨ꆪꆰ퇛룟쫖뗍ꆱꆣꆰ퇛룟ꆱꎬ벴쒿뇪뫍퇛뷧튪룟ꎬ뚢힡쫀뷧짏ퟮ뫃뗄톧킣ꎬ튪엠퇸돶ퟮ뫃뗄뺭볃톧볒ꎬ쓜헒떽ퟮ훘튪뗄뺭볃톧컊쳢ꎬ랢쿖ퟮ훘튪뗄쳴햽ꎬ맄샸컒쏇뗄퇐뺿짺쓜뛀솢맛달뗄쓜솦ꎬ폐엺에뫍뒴퓬뗄쓜솦ꎬ튪랢쿖쳬닅ꆣꆰ쫖뗍ꆱꎬ뻍쫇쮵튪듓ퟶ뗃떽뗄쫂쟩ퟶ웰ꎬ폈웤쫇엠퇸톧짺ꆣ쪲쎴쫇ퟶ뗃떽뗄ꎿ탨튪죏헦쳖싛ꆣ볲떥뗘쮵ꎬ훐맺쿖폐뗄룟뾼훆뛈퇏룱즸톡돶살뗄톧짺쫇럇뎣냴뗄ꎬ룟뗈풺킣ꎬ폈웤쫇맺쓚ퟮ잿뗄ꎬ뇈죧놱듳ꆢ쓏뾪ꆢ뢴떩ꆢ쟥뮪뗈톧킣뗄톧짺뗄놳뺰뫍뷓쫜뗄통솷뿉쓜뫜뷓뷼램맺훆뛈ꆣ톧쾰램맺뗄통솷랽쪽쪵볊짏쫇폐뫃뒦뗄ꎬ뇈뷏죝틗ퟶ떽ꆣ헢뻍쿠떱폚훐맺뗄뺭볃룄룯쫇붥뷸쪽뗄ꎬ헢튻늽펦룃뿉틔ퟶ떽ꎬ훁짙뿉틔통솷ꆣ룸뚨훐맺쳘뗣횮쿂뗄쇭튻쳵볾ꎺ뺭볃톧죔뫜실컩ꎬ퓵쎴룏뎬ꆢ엠퇸ꎿ훐맺뺭볃톧뷌폽펦룃룼닠훘퇏룱뗄쫽샭통솷ꎬ엠퇸돶튻횧헻웫뗄뛓컩ꆣ듓쒿잰뻟놸뗄쯹폐쳵볾살뾴ꎬ쒿잰뷗뛎ퟮ죝틗ퟶ뗄쫇욫쿲램맺쪽뗄잿뗷통솷ꎬ쳘뇰쫇쫽톧뫍춳볆톧ꆣ틲캪훐맺헢랽쏦폐ퟣ릻뫃뗄쫽톧볒뫍춳볆톧볒ꆣ떱좻ꎬ컒쏇뮹튪ꆰ퇛룟ꆱꎬ늻펦쿞폚헢킩ꎬ튪냑쒿뇪럅퓚엠퇸돶폐맛달쓜솦뗄뺭볃톧볒짏ꆣ뺭볃톧뗄컥룶ꆰ늻쿠맘탔ꆱ샭싛믹ힼ컒냑뺭볃톧훐맘폚훆뛈뗄ퟮ훘튪쓚죝룅튪캪컥룶맘폚ꆰ늻쿠맘탔ꆱ뗄샭싛믹ힼꆣ헢횻쫇컒룶죋뗄볻뷢ꎬ틲듋늻튻뚨쯹폐뗄뺭볃톧볒뚼춬틢컒뗄좫늿쮵램ꆣ떫쫇컒뇭듯뗄뺫짱쫇뫜뛠뺭볃톧볒맣랺릲폐뗄ꆣ죧잰쯹쫶ꎬ돉캪튻룶뺭볃톧볒뻟폐뫃뗄맛달쓜솦ꆢ럖컶쓜솦뫍뒴퓬솦뗄뫋탄쳵볾ꎨ뇘튪ꎩ쫇튪럇뎣쟥돾뗘냑컕뺭볃톧뗄샭싛믹ힼꆣ뺭볃톧ퟮ훘튪뗄맘폚훆뛈뗄쓚죝폐죧쿂컥룶믹ힼꎺ1. 낢싞ꎭ뗂늼슳뗄튻냣뻹뫢쒣탍ꆣ2. 쒪뗏룱샯퇇쓡ꎭ쏗샕뚨샭ꎨMM뚨샭ꎩꆣ3. 뿆쮹뚨샭ꆣ4. 슬뾨쮹맘폚믵뇒훐탔뗄샭싛ꆣ5. 놴뿋뛻ꎭ쪩뗙룱샕맘폚쮾램훆뛈ퟮ폅ퟨ쿅뗄샭싛ꎨ헢쫇컒뗄볻뷢ꎬ컒죏캪헢쫇튻룶죏쪶쮾6
램훆뛈뗄샭싛믹ힼꎩꆣ냑헢컥룶믹ힼ얪뚮횮뫳ꎬ뺭볃톧뗄뺫뮪듳쳥뻍냑컕힡쇋ꆣ헢컥룶믹ힼ뗄릲춬뗣쫇ꆰ늻쿠맘탔ꆱꎨirrelevantꎩꎬ벴쎿튻룶뚼쫇맘폚쒳훖훆뛈뗄늻쿠맘탔ꆣ떱좻ꎬ냑뺭볃톧룅쫶돉컥룶늻쿠맘탔뗄믹ힼ쫇컒룶죋뗄볻뷢ꆣ뗚튻룶샭싛믹ힼꎬ낢싞ꎭ뗂늼슳뗄튻냣뻹뫢쒣탍ꆣ헢룶샭싛틢캶ퟅ뺭볃쳥훆춬뺭볃킧틦늻쿠맘ꆣ헢룶샭싛쳖싛쫐뎡뺭볃쪱폐럇뎣훘튪뗄믹놾쳵볾ꎺ튻쫇쫐뎡췪놸ꎻ뛾쫇늻듦퓚늻뛔돆탅쾢ꆣ퓚틔짏쳵볾쿂닅폐헢룶늻쿠맘탔ꆣ헢쪵볊짏틑뺭풶뎬돶튻냣뻹뫢ퟔ짭뗄쓚죝쇋ꆣ퓚뺭볃톧컄쿗훐ꎬ쯤좻낢싞뫍뗂늼슳ퟔ벺늢쎻폐쳖싛맽볆뮮뺭볃ꎬ떫컄쿗훐폐퓚낢싞ꎭ뗂늼슳쳵볾쿂럖컶볆뮮뺭볃뗄ꎬ뷡싛쫇퓚낢싞-뗂늼슳쳵볾쿂ꎬ볆뮮뺭볃춬쫐뎡뺭볃뗄뷡맻쫇튻퇹뗄ꆣ낢싞ꎭ뗂늼슳뗄솽룶믹놾짧믡뢣샻뚨샭쪵볊짏틑뺭냼몬헢닣몬틥ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ튻냣뻹뫢뫍엁샛췐ퟮ폅뗄뮥쿠맘쾵늢늻쫇튻룶떥뒿벼쫵짏뗄뷡맻ꆣ쯼쏇쮵뗄쫇뺭볃훆뛈춬킧틦늻쿠맘ꆣ벴퓚낢싞ꎭ뗂늼슳뗄쳵볾쿂ꎬ엁샛췐ퟮ폅뗄뷡맻늢늻튻뚨뇘탨폃쫐뎡뺭볃ꎬ폃뇰뗄쳥훆튲뿉틔듯떽ꆣ캪쇋횤쏷탨튪뗄벼쫵쳵볾ꎬ뛔폚볆뮮뺭볃춬뛔쫐뎡뺭볃튲쫇쿠춬뗄ꆣ낢싞-뗂늼슳튻냣뻹뫢쒣탍쫇탂맅뗤뺭볃톧랽램뗄뗤랶ꎬ쯤좻헢룶뚨샭뗄볙뚨뫍쿖쪵늢늻헽뫃쫇튻믘쫂ꎬ떫쯼쳡릩쇋튻룶믹ힼꎬ죋쏇뿉틔퓚듋믹뒡짏뷸튻늽럖컶뫍죏쪶ꆣ튻룶럇뎣훘튪뗄죏쪶쫇ꎺ죎뫎뷢쫍볆뮮뺭볃춬쫐뎡뺭볃뗄믹놾닮뇰뗄샭싛튻뚨튪뎬돶낢싞-뗂늼슳쒣탍뗄랶캧ꆣ뗚뛾룶샭싛믹ힼꎬ쒪뗏룱샯퇇쓡-쏗샕ꎨMMꎩ뚨샭ꆣ뷰죚릤뻟춬킧틦늻쿠맘ꆣ릫쮾늻싛폃랢햮뮹쫇랢막욱뗄랽쪽죚ꎬ듓샻죳뗄뷇뛈살뾴웤뷡맻쫇튻퇹뗄ꆣMM뚨샭쯹짨뚨뗄믹놾볙뚨쳵볾쫇ꆪ뎧짌폫춶헟볤쎻폐늻뛔돆탅쾢ꎻ막쾢폫놾쯹뗃뚼늻헷쮰ꎻ싲싴횤좯쫇컞돉놾뗄ꆣMM뚨샭캪죋쏇죏쪶뷰죚릤뻟ꆢ뷰죚쳥훆쳡릩쇋샭싛믹ힼꆣ떱뷰죚릤뻟춬샻죳늻쿠맘쪱ꎬ뷰죚쳥훆춬킧틦뛸튲뻍늻쿠맘ꆣ캪쇋죏쪶캪쪲쎴쿖쪵훐늻춬뗄뷰죚릤뻟쫕틦늻튻퇹ꎬ틔MM뚨샭캪횸떼ꎬ뻍튪톰헒쿖쪵훐쫇쪲쎴캥랴쇋헢튻뚨샭뗄볙뚨뗄쳵볾ꆣMM뚨샭뗄훘튪탔풶뎬돶쇋릫쮾뷰죚뗄랶캧ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ믵뇒놾짭튲쫇튻훖뷰죚릤뻟ꎬ틲듋쯼춬쪱횸떼컒쏇죏쪶믵뇒뗄릦쓜ꆣ뗚죽룶샭싛믹ힼꎬ뿆쮹뚨샭쫇횸떼컒쏇죏쪶닺좨릦쓜뗄샭싛믹ힼꆣ쯼뗄뷡싛쫇ꎺ횻튪붻틗럑폃쟷뷼폚0ꎬ램뚨닺좨뗄ퟮ돵럖엤랽쪽춬킧싊컞맘ꆣ뿆쮹뚨샭쮵ꎬ횻튪뚨틥뫃쯹폐훆ꎬ컞싛쯼쫇맺폐믲럇맺폐ꎬ쮭펵폐닆닺뛔킧틦늢늻쿠맘ꆣ퓚쿖쪵훐ꎬ닺좨뗄쯹폐훆쫇춬킧틦폐맘뗄ꆣ뿆쮹뚨샭뗄솦솿퓚폚ꎬ쯼횸떼컒쏇톰헒듰낸뗄슷ꎺ쪲쎴훘튪뗄쿖쪵틲쯘캥랴쇋뿆쮹뚨샭뗄잰쳡ꎬ쪹뗃닺좨폫킧틦7
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies쿠맘ꆣ뗚쯄룶샭싛믹ힼꎬ슬뾨쮹뗄믵뇒훐탔샭싛ꆣ헢쫇뺭볃톧훐ퟮ훘튪뗄샭싛믹ힼ횮튻ꆣ믵뇒훐탔듓쿁틥뗄뷇뛈뾴ꎬ틢캶ퟅ듓뎤풶살쮵믵뇒헾닟춬뺭볃킧틦ꆢ뺭볃퓶뎤컞맘ꆣ듓맣틥뾴ꎬ쯼틢캶ퟅ뷰죚릤뻟ꆢ뷰죚쳥훆춬뺭볃킧틦ꆢ뺭볃퓶뎤늻쿠맘ꆣ헢쫇샭탔풤웚쒣탍훐췆떼돶뗄훘튪뷡싛ꆣ쪵볊짏샭탔풤웚샭싛뗄볙짨춬낢싞-뗂늼슳쒣탍쫇쿠쯆뗄ꎬ뛸낢싞-뗂늼슳쒣탍훐룹놾뻍쎻폐믵뇒ꆣ슬뾨쮹쒣탍캪샭뷢믵뇒벰뷰죚쳥훆쳡릩쇋훘튪뗄샭싛믹ힼꆣ훁뷱뺭볃톧볒쏇퓚캪샭뷢믵뇒폫뷰죚쳥훆뛸얬솦럜뚷ꆣ폐쇋헢룶샭싛믹ힼꎬ죋쏇횪뗀ꎬ믵뇒뗄릦쓜틔벰뷰죚쳥훆뗄릦쓜튻뚨퓚폚쿖쪵훐쪲쎴뗘랽캥랴쇋슬뾨쮹쒣탍뗄믹놾쳵볾ꎬ톰헒헢룶쳵볾뻍쫇횸떼죋쏇톰헒샭싛춻웆뗄뗀슷ꆣ뗚컥룶샭싛믹ힼꎬ놴뿋뛻ꎭ쪩뗙룱샕쒣탍ꆣBS쒣탍횸떼컒쏇죏쪶쮾램훆뛈ꆣ룃쒣탍뗄믹놾췆뛏쫇ꎺ돽램춥틔췢뗄횴램쳥훆춬킧싊늻쿠맘ꆣ룃샭싛뗄횱뷓뷡싛쫇ꎬ튻룶뫃뗄쮾램쳥쾵횻튪폐램춥횴램뻍ퟣ릻쇋ꎬ톰헒웤쯻횴램랽쪽쎻폐틢틥ꆣ잰쳡쫇램싉튪냑쪲쎴쫇랸램뚨틥쟥돾ꎬ냑뛔랸램헟뗄돍랣짨볆캪ퟮ폅ꆣ퓚헢훖ퟮ폅뗄램싉쿂ꎬ볙뚨쯹폐죋뚼쫇샭탔뗄ꎬ뚼뚮뗃ퟮ폅램싉뗄돍랣ꎬ뚼믡췆샭ꎬ쯹폐뗄죋퓚뿉쓜랸램잰튪볆쯣ꎬ뇈뷏랸램쯹뗃뗄풤웚뗄뫃뒦뫍뿉쓜뗄뮵뒦ꆣퟮ폅램싉훆뚨뗃폐ퟮ폅뗄ퟨ쿅솦ꎬ쪹랸램뛔쯹폐죋뚼쫇뮵뒦듳폚뫃뒦ꎬ뷡맻헢룶짧믡훐죋쏇뻍늻랸램ꆣ횻튪훆뚨뗄램싉쫇ퟮ폅뗄ꎬ램싉쫇평뛀솢뗄램춥횴탐뗄ꎬ뻍늻듦퓚웤쯻룼뫃뗄랽쪽ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ횴램쳥훆춬횴램뗄킧싊늻쿠맘ꆣ떫쫇퓚쿖쪵훐퓚ퟮ폐램훎뒫춳뗄맺볒튲듦퓚ퟅ폫램풺늢탐뗄웤쯻횴램탎쪽ꎬ죧헾뢮볠맜ꆣ캪쇋죏쪶쯼쏇ꎬ컒쏇튪톰헒쓄킩놴뿋뛻ꎭ쪩뗙룱샕쒣탍뗄믹놾쳵볾퓚쿖쪵훐놻캥랴쇋ꎬ헢뻍쫇믹ힼ뗄솦솿ꆣ내헕컒뗄볻뷢ꎬ뺭볃톧뷡뺧뗄쓚죝뻍쫇헢컥룶믹ힼꆣ쯼쏇틔ꆰ늻쿠맘ꆱ뗄탎쪽쳡릩쇋샭싛믹ힼꎬ횸떼컒쏇죏쪶쿖쪵훐ퟮ훘튪ꆢퟮ쿠맘뗄짧믡ꆢ뺭볃ꆢ램싉훆뛈ꆣ늻쫬쾤뺭볃톧뗄죋쏇뿉쓜믡뛔헢컥룶샭싛믹ힼ닺짺솽훖벫뛋컳뷢ꎺ뗚튻ꎬ컳죏캪샭싛뿉틔캪쿖쪵쳡릩뷢뻶컊쳢뗄쿖돉듰낸ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ쫂쪵짏헢킩맘폚늻쿠맘뗄샭싛늢늻쓜쳡릩쿖돉듰낸ꆣ쯹폐헢킩샭싛훐쮵뗄늻쿠맘뗄뚫컷퓚쿖쪵훐뚼쫇쳘뇰쿠맘뗄ꎬ짵훁쫇ퟮ쿠맘뗄ꆣ샭싛뗄ퟷ폃쫇횸떼탔뗄ꎬ샭싛늻쫇쳡릩쿖돉듰낸뗄ꎬ볲떥헕냡샭싛떽쪵볊ꎬ뻸듳뛠쫽쟩뿶뚼믡쪧냜ꆣ뗚뛾ꎬ죏캪뺭볃톧샭싛췪좫늻쿖쪵ꎬ믲죏캪샭싛쫇틀삵볙뚨뗄ꎬ뛸쓇킩볙뚨룹놾뻍쫇늻쿖쪵뗄ꆣ쪵8
볊짏ꎬ뫃뗄볙짨쫇샭싛럖컶뗄솦솿쯹퓚ꎬ뛸늻쫇죵뗣ꆣ틲캪뾿랢햹쇋헢킩샭싛믹ힼ닅쓜냯훺컒쏇에뚨퓚엶떽컊쳢쪱듓쪲쎴뗘랽죫쫖ꆣ뇈죧뾴떽뺭볃쳥훆컊쳢쪱ꎬ낢싞ꎭ뗂늼슳쒣탍룦쯟쓣뺭볃쳥훆늻쿠맘ꎬ쯼뻍냯훺컒쏇톰헒퓚낢싞-뗂늼슳쒣탍횮췢ꎬ쫇쪲쎴뚫컷펰쿬뺭볃벨킧ꎬ뇈죧쫇럱뫏춬늻췪놸ꎬ쫇럱폐늻뛔돆탅쾢ꆣ캪쇋퇐뺿캪뫎쯹폐훆쫇쿠맘뗄ꎬ컒쏇튪톰헒쫇쪲쎴뚫컷캥랴뿆쮹뚨샭뗄쳵볾ꆣ헢뻍쫇샭싛믹ힼ뗄솦솿ꎬ샭싛뷌룸죋쏇뗄훷튪뻍쫇헢룶ꆣ맛달쓜솦훐ꎬ쓜릻통솷뗄늿럖훷튪뻍퓚폚샭싛믹ힼꎬ폐쇋ꆰ믹ힼꆱꎬ뻍횪뗀톰헒컊쳢뗄랽쿲ꎬ헢뻍쫇샭싛뗄냯훺ꆣ뺭볃톧뗄웕뇩탔뫍쳘쫢탔죋쏇웕뇩맘힢뺭볃톧퓚훐맺죧뫎랢햹뗄컊쳢ꆪ뺭볃톧뗄웕뇩탔뫍훐맺뺭볃뗄쳘쫢탔뗄맘쾵ꆣ헢샯쏦폐솽룶벫뛋뗄뾴램뚼쫇늻샻뗄ꆣ튻룶벫뛋쫇췪좫뫶싔훐맺뗄쳘쫢탔ꎬ죏캪뺭볃톧쫇웕뇩쫊폃뗄ꎬ뿉틔떽뒦헕냡ꆣ헢쫇뛔뺭볃톧뗄컳뷢ꆣ뺭볃톧톰헒뗄쫇웕뇩맦싉ꆣퟷ캪샭싛ꎬ튻뚨쫇돩쿳뗄ꎬꆰ돩쿳ꆱ틢캶ퟅ샭싛뇘탫튪샫뾪탭탭뛠뛠뺭볃쿖쿳뗄쾸뷚ꆣ튻룶웕뇩뗄샭싛횻쫇룸죋쏇쳡릩쮼뾼컊쳢뗄랽쪽뫍쮼슷ꆣ쯹틔뺭볃톧쫇캪훘듳컊쳢쳡릩쿟쯷뗄ꎬ뛸컞램뛔쯹폐뻟쳥컊쳢쳡릩쿖돉뗄듰낸ꆣ쇭튻벫뛋쫇죏캪훐맺쫇쳘쫢뗄ꎬ쯹틔뺭볃톧쎻폐냬램펦폃폚훐맺뗄쳘쫢쟩뿶ꆣ떫죧짏쯹쫶ꎬ뺭볃톧쳡릩뗄쫇쮼슷ꎬ폈웤쫇쳡릩샭싛믹ힼꎬ폃믹ힼ냯훺컒쏇럖컶컊쳢ꆣ냑웕뇩탔뫍쳘쫢탔뷡뫏퓚튻웰ꎬퟷ캪튻룶뺭볃톧볒쪲쎴퇹뗄릤ퟷ쫇뫃뗄릤ퟷꎿ듳쳥짏폐솽듳훘튪뇪ힼꎬ죧맻쫇헾닟탔릤ퟷꎬ쓇쎴뇪ힼ쫇뛔헾닟쫇럱폐냯훺ꆣ톧쫵뇪ힼ퓲쫇폐컞쓜솦뷢쫍폐틉컊뗄맦싉탔쿖쿳ꆣ듓톧쫵짏붲ꎬ뇪ힼ쫇퓚뷢쫍훐맺뗄쿖쿳쪱ꎬ쓜럱룸뺭볃톧ퟔ짭듸살쪲쎴릱쿗ꆣ뫃뗄뺭볃톧퇐뺿ꎬ늻뷶쿞폚퇐뺿훐맺뗄쫂쟩ꎬ뛸쫇튪춨맽뷢쫍훐맺쫂쟩ꎬ냯훺쫀뷧짏뗄뺭볃톧볒샭뷢탂뗄뚫컷ꆣ헢쫇뛔뺭볃톧뗄릱쿗ꆣ뮻퇔횮ꎬ춨맽뷢뻶쳘쫢뗄컊쳢ꎬ헒떽웕뇩뷢ꎬ헢쫇뫜룟뗄뇪ힼꆣ훐맺쫇쳘쫢쿖쿳ꎬ튪퓚헢샯헒떽웕뇩쓚죝ꎬ냑쯼짏짽떽뺭볃톧ꎬ랴맽살폖랢햹쇋뺭볃톧ꆣ헢쫇뫜훘튪뗄ꆣ웕뇩탔폫쳘쫢탔뗄쇭튻룶컊쳢쫇뿧톧뿆뗄퇐뺿ꆣ샽죧ꎬ뺭볃톧폫램톧ꆣ뺭볃톧폫램톧뾴짏좥뿉틔쫇룹놾늻춬뗄톧뿆ꆣ떫퓚쪵볊뗄짧믡컊쳢뫍뺭볃컊쳢짏ꎬ솽헟듓살뻍늻쫇럖솢뗄ꆣ뇈죧퓚뺭볃톧훐ꎬ맅뗤뺭볃톧횻쳖싛쫐뎡퓵쎴퓋탐뗃뫃ꎬ췪놸뗄뺺헹ꎬ듓살늻쳖싛췪놸뺺헹놳뫳뗄짧믡쳵볾쫇쪲쎴ꆣ쪲쎴쫇짧믡쳵9
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies볾쓘ꎿ쯹폐뗄뫏춬뚼쓜횴탐ꎬ쯹폐럖엤뫃뗄닺좨뚼쓜쫜떽놣뮤ꆣ맅뗤뺭볃톧룹놾늻폃떣탄헢킩쫂ꎬ틲캪볙뚨틑뺭폐죋퓚룉헢킩쫂ꆣ헢쫇맅뗤뺭볃톧쓜쪹뺭볃톧뫍웤쯻톧뿆럖뾪뗄훘튪볙짨ꎨ쳵볾ꎩꆣ떱쏦뛔뺭볃컊쳢ꎬ쳘뇰쫇랢햹훐맺볒믲맬뺭볃뗄컊쳢쪱ꎬ듓튻훖뺭볃쳥훆쿲쇭췢튻훖쳥훆뇤ꎬ뫶싔쫐뎡틔췢뗄틲쯘ꎬ떱쎻폐헢킩쳵볾쪱ꎬ맅뗤뺭볃톧쯹쳡릩뗄뷡싛뚼뇤쇋ꆣ퓙뇈죧쮵램톧ꎬ캪쇋뚨틥쟥돾ꎬ췹췹냑뺭볃컊쳢뚨틥돶좥ꎬ볙뚨뺭볃짏뗄뚫컷뚼쓜ퟔ컒퓋췪쏀ꎬ쫕햭쳖싛뗄랶캧ꎬ횻맘힢램톧ꆣ쎿룶죋뚼볙뚨뛔랽쫇췪쏀뗄ꎬ쪲쎴퇹뗄훆뛈쓜릻퓋ꎬ튻뚨튪뇰죋뗄쳵볾싺ퟣꎬ헢쫇뺭볃톧폫램톧춨뎣럖뾪뗄샺쪷쟩뿶ꆣ쿖퓚닺짺쇋탂뗄톧뿆ꎺ램뫍뺭볃톧ꎬ냯훺솽헟뫏퓚튻웰ꆣ뺭볃톧폐뫃뛠쇬폲ꎬ평듋닺짺쇋쏅뮯뫍뺭볃컊쳢뗄헻쳥탔뗄쎬뛜ꆣ쿖듺뺭볃톧쏅뮯쟷쫆뗄랢듯ꎬ춬뷸죫뺭볃톧뗄죋쫽퓶뛠쫇쿠맘뗄ꆣ죋풽뛠뻍믡폐풽살풽뛠뗄럖릤ꆣ헢룶쏅뮯뛔톧뿆뗄랢햹췹췹쫇폐뫃뒦뗄ꆣ떫춬쪱죋쏇뇘탫죏쪶떽헢샯폐듺볛ꆣ듺볛퓚폚쇬폲뗄쏅뮯놾살횻쫇캪쇋쳖싛컊쳢뗄랽뇣ꎬ쫇죋캪뗄뮮럖ꆣ떫쫇쿖쪵쫀뷧늻쫇헢퇹죋캪럖뾪뗄ꆣ탭뛠훘듳뗄뺭볃뫍짧믡컊쳢ꎬ풭놾쫇늻뇣럖뾪뗄ꆣ폚쫇쏅뮯뿉틔듸살뫜늻뫃뗄뫳맻ꆣ샽죧캢맛뺭볃톧폫뫪맛뺭볃톧뗄럖뾪ꎬ떫쿖쪵늻쫇내헕뫪맛뫍캢맛럖뾪뗄ꆣퟮ뗤탍뗄샽ퟓ쫇믵뇒훆뛈ꎬ쪲쎴쫇믵뇒ꆣ믵뇒뗄릦쓜폖떼훂퓵쎴좥톡퓱뷰죚훆뛈ꆣ퓚뺭볃톧뗄럖릤샯ꎬ쳖싛믵뇒뗄뷐ퟶ뫪맛ꎬ떫훆뛈쫇쫴폚캢맛뗄ꆣ쓇쎴떽뗗뷰죚훆뛈쫇쫴폚뫪맛뮹쫇캢맛쓘ꎿ죧맻튻룶톧헟뗄쇬폲뫜햭ꎬ쯹폐뗄죋뚼뫜햭ꎬ캢맛뗄횻횪캢맛ꎬ뫪맛횻횪뫪맛ꎬ쓇쎴쎻죋쓜얪뚮믵뇒뫍뷰죚훆뛈ꆣ헢쪵볊짏헦폐럭듌틢캶ꆣ쫂쪵짏훁뷱뺭볃톧볒뛔믵뇒뗄릦쓜쫇쪲쎴죔쎻폐뫃뗄샭뷢ꆣ뺭볃톧볒훁뷱뮹퓚톰헒믵뇒릦쓜뫍쯼횮쯹틔듦퓚뗄뗀샭ꆣ평듋ퟔ좻뿉틔쿫쿳ꎬ죧맻뛔쪲쎴쫇믵뇒뚼쎻폐뫃뗄샭뷢ꎬ폖퓵쎴뷢쫍쪲쎴쫇뫃뗄믵뇒헾닟뫍뫃뗄뷰죚쳥쾵쓘ꎿ뒫춳짏믵뇒놻샭뷢캪붻뮻쎽뷩ꎬ볇헊뗄쎽뷩ꎬ헢쫇맅샏뗄뷢쫍ꆣ떫헢퇹맅샏뗄샭뷢ꎬ맅샏뗄믵뇒뫍뷱쳬뗄믵뇒뻍쎻폐닮뇰쇋ꆣ죎뫎뛔믵뇒뗄뫃뗄샭뷢튪쓜뷢쫍뷱뇒뫍맅뇒뗄훘튪뗄쟸뇰ꆣ듓뷱쳬뾴ꎬ믵뇒뗄훘튪ꆢ뫋탄뗄릦쓜쫇퓚헻룶뺭볃샯냯훺뷢뻶ꆰ맣틥쇷뚯뷰ꆱꎨliquidityꎩ뗄컊쳢ꎬ헢쫇튻룶뻶뚨쿖듺뺭볃쓜럱헽뎣퓋뗄믹놾튪쯘ꆣ평듋닅떼훂뛔믵뇒헾닟뗄샭뷢ꆣ믵뇒헾닟쫇쫔춼뗷헻믵뇒릩룸살펰쿬헻룶뺭볃훐뗄liquidityꆣ죧맻뛔믵뇒뗄릦쓜늻쟥돾ꎬ퓵쎴쓜춨맽훐퇫틸탐뗷뷚뺭볃훐뗄liquidity쓘ꎿ춨맽쪲쎴퇹뗄믺훆닅쓜냑믵뇒릩룸뗄뇤뮯뒫뗝떽뺭볃훐좥ꎿ헢킩훁뷱쫇뺭볃톧훐ퟮ춷쳛뗄컊쳢횮튻ꆣ듳솿뗄뫪맛뺭볃톧볒냑쪲쎴쫇믵10
뇒헢룶컊쳢쳸맽ꎬ볙ힰ늻횪ꎬ믲헟듓살늻횪ꆣ떫ퟮ뫃뗄뫪맛뺭볃톧볒뚼횪뗀헢쫇럇뎣훘튪뗄컊쳢ꎬ뛸헢룶컊쳢튪좥샭뷢ꎬ쫇늻뿉쓜폃캢맛ꆢ뫪맛럖뾪뗄볒ퟶ떽뗄ꆣ룸톧짺뷌톧쪱ꎬ럖뾪룷룶쇬폲뗄뫃뒦쫇뿉틔냯훺통솷ꆣ떫냯훺쏦뛔맛달ꆢ럖컶훘듳뺭볃컊쳢쪱ꎬ헢룶뷧쿞뺭뎣튪듲웆ꎬ냼삨ퟶ퇐뺿릤ퟷꆣ퇐뺿릤ퟷ쫇럱뚨틥퓚튻룶쏅쇬폲샯ꎬ튪뾴쪲쎴탔훊뗄릤ퟷꆣ뺿뺹쫇쇬폲쓚뗄릱쿗ꎬ뮹쫇뛔헻룶뺭볃톧폐믹놾펰쿬뗄훘듳릱쿗ꆣ죧맻쫇쇬폲쓚뗄릱쿗ꎬ뿉틔ퟱ쫘뷧뚨뫃뗄쇬폲ꎬ떫죧맻쫇뛔헻룶뺭볃톧폐믹놾펰쿬뗄ꎬ뷧쿞뻍튪듲웆ꆣ샭뷢뇈뷏뺭볃훆뛈뗄훘튪탔헢샯컒뮹튪쳘뇰잿뗷ꎬ죧뫎샭뷢뇈뷏뺭볃훆뛈쫇샭뷢뺭볃톧쳘뇰훘튪뗄랽쏦ꆣ떱죋쏇첸떽뇈뷏뺭볃훆뛈뗄쪱뫲ꎬ췹췹틔캪헢룶쇬폲뻍쫇놾훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃훆뛈뫍훐퇫볆뮮뺭볃훆뛈뗄뇈뷏ꎬ뛸좱짙뛔훆뛈뗄ퟜ쳥뗄쇋뷢ꆣ좻뫳ꎬ폫횮쿠솪뗄뻍쫇죧뫎좥룄룯볆뮮뺭볃ꎬ쯹캽뗄택뿋쇆램ꎬ헽쫇평헢훖뛔뺭볃훆뛈컞횪뛸닺짺뗄ꆣ떱컒쏇쳖싛훐맺뗄뺭볃룄룯쪱ꎬ폐죋쮵ꎬ틲캪뺭볃톧훐폐뫜잿뗄볙짨ꎬ뺭볃톧쫇럱쫊폃폚훐맺쓘ꎿ캪쇋믘듰헢룶컊쳢ꎬ뿉붫듋컊쳢랴믘좥뾴뾴쏀맺ꆣ퓚쏀맺뗄뺭볃톧볒ퟮ뛠ꎬ횻튪랴믘좥뾴뾴뺭볃톧퓚쏀맺뗄쟩뿶ꎬ뿉틔냯컒쏇룼뫃뗘쇋뷢뺭볃톧뫍뺭볃훆뛈뗄맘쾵쫇퓵쎴튻믘쫂ꆣퟮ뷼룕랢짺뗄훘듳뗄낲좻쫂볾ꆣ뺭볃톧볒퓚쪲쎴돌뛈짏뿉틔냯훺컒쏇샭뷢낲좻쫂볾ꆣ컒ퟮ뷼룕닎볓튻룶램톧볒뫍뺭볃톧볒솪뫏뗄믡틩ꎬ틩쳢횮튻뻍쫇낲좻뗄쟩뿶ꆣ믡틩쳖싛떽릫쮾훎샭뷡릹ꆣ뺭볃톧쳡릩쇋탭뛠뚫컷냯훺컒쏇샭뷢릫쮾훎샭뷡릹ꎬ웤쪵틑뺭쳡돶쇋럇뎣뫃뗄럖컶쮼슷ꎬ떫횱뷓쳗폃ꎬ뻠샫뮹쫇뫜풶ꆣ낲좻쫂볾뇭쏷ꎬ볲떥쳗폃뺭볃톧샭싛뷢쫍쏀맺뗄뺭볃쫇탐늻춨뗄ꎬ벴쪹쳖싛쏀맺뗄웳튵틠좻ꆣ쯹틔뫜쓑볲떥뗘쮵ꎬ뺭볃톧쫇럱쫊뫏훐맺ꎬ쫇럱틲캪폐뺭볃톧훐뗄볙짨ꎬ뺭볃톧늻쫊뫏훐맺ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ뺭볃톧ퟷ캪튻쏅짧믡뿆톧ꎬ쳡릩뗄쫇쮼쿫랽램ꎬ럖컶랽램ꎬ냯훺컒쏇럖컶컊쳢ꆣ죧맻죋쏇늻좥럖컶컊쳢ꎬ냑뷌뿆쫩짏뗄뺭볃톧냡살ퟶ캪헾닟ꎬ뻍퓣쇋ꆣ택뿋쇆램뻍쫇뗤탍ꆣ횻튪뾴뾴택뿋쇆램뗄쳡뎫헟쫇쪲쎴놳뺰뻍횪뗀쇋ꆣ쯻쏇맽좥듓살쎻폐퇐뺿맽뇈뷏뺭볃훆뛈ꎬ쎻폐퇐뺿맽훐퇫볆뮮뺭볃ꎬ룹놾늻횪뗀훐퇫볆뮮뺭볃쫇퓵쎴믘쫂ꎬ횻쫇듓뷌뿆쫩샯냡살쇋뺭볃톧뷡싛ꆣ헢늢늻쫇뺭볃톧놾짭퓬돉뗄ꆣ퓚죎뫎튻쏅톧뿆샯ꎬ죧맻횻좥헕냡뷡싛ꎬ튻뚨룣뗃싒웟냋퓣ꎬ뇈죧쮵컯샭톧쫇ퟮ돉릦뗄뿆톧ꎬ떫붫횮볲떥뗘냡떽쿖쪵릤돌훐ꎬ튻뚨튲룣뗃싒웟냋퓣ꆣ틲캪죎뫎튻룶릤돌컊쳢뚼폐웤ퟔ짭뗄쳘뗣ꆣ컯샭톧캪릤돌뿆11
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies톧쳡릩쇋믹놾럖컶랽램ꎬ떫늢늻쳡릩쿖돉듰낸ꆣ컞싛쫇릫쮾훎샭뷡릹뿎쳢뮹쫇훐맺뺭볃룄룯ꎬ쎿튻룶쳘뚨뗄컊쳢ꎬ뚼폐튻킩훘튪뗄쳘쫢틲쯘탨튪쳖싛ꆣ떱뺭볃톧볒쏦뛔쳘쫢컊쳢쪱ꎬ췹췹쎻폐쿖돉뗄뷡싛뿉틔듓뺭볃톧훐헕냡뗄ꆣ폐컞뺭볃톧춷쓔ꎬ맘볼퓚폚폐컞쓜솦좥쏦뛔컊쳢뷸탐럖컶ꆣ뛸맛달뫍럖컶ꎬ뫜훘튪뗄컊쳢뻍쫇튪쇋뷢훆뛈쫇퓵쎴믘쫂ꎬ랢짺쇋쪲쎴ꎬ듓훐좥톰헒쪲쎴퇹뗄볙짨쫇뫏쫊뗄ꎬ폃쪲쎴냬램좥럖컶쯼ꆣ샭뷢뇈뷏뺭볃훆뛈쫇냯훺컒쏇맛달ꆢ럖컶컊쳢뗄훘튪랽쏦ꆣ❏ꆤ탂쫩볜ꆤ퓚놾쫩훐ꎬ쫀뷧쫗쾯뺺헹햽싔쮼쿫볒싵뿋뛻ꆤ늨쳘춬쯻뗄뫏ퟷ헟훱쓚맣룟ꆢ풭뻏ퟓ튻뗀ꎬ룹뻝쪮쓪뗄퇐뺿돉맻ꎬ뷢뾪쇋죕놾뺭볃삧뺳횮쏕ꆣ헢쿮릤ퟷ뛔폚풤닢죕놾뗄뺭볃캴살쪮럖맘볼ꎬ뛸죕놾뺭볃뗄캴살뛔폚쫀뷧룷맺폈웤쫇퇇훞맺볒뻟폐훘듳펰쿬ꆣ듓룼짮뗄닣듎뾴ꎬ헢놾쫩뷒쪾쇋죕놾뮹폐뺺헹솦싰ꎿ쿖듺좫쟲뺺헹훐릫쮾햽싔뫍뺭볃헾닟뗄돖뻃풭샭ꎬ춬쪱튲듙쪹컒ퟷퟷퟷ헟ꎺ싵뿋뛻ꆤ늨쳘쏇짮죫쮼뾼ꎬ퓚맺볊듳컨첨짏냧뚨ퟷퟷ볛ꎺ 풪돶냦죕웚ꎺ퇝풽살풽훘튪뷇즫뗄훐맺ꎬ죧뫎뇜쏢훘떸죕놾뺭볃뗄뢲헞ꆣ12
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뇈뷏훆뛈럖컶ComparativeInstutitionalAnalysisComparative
훆뛈랶쪽퇅억쪲ꆤ뿆뛻쓎ꋙ튻ꆢ룅쓮뗄돎쟥헽죧뇪쳢쯹뇭쏷뗄쓇퇹ꎬ놾퇐뺿쫇뛔튻룶랶쪽ꎨparadigmꎩ룅쓮뗄펦폃ꆣ헢룶룅쓮평뿢뛷퓚쯻뗄뺭뗤컄쿗ꎨKuhn 1962ꎩ훐놻뷩짜떽헜톧(the philosophyof science)훐살ꆣ뿢뛷쎻폐뛔헢룶룅쓮룸돶쏷좷뗄뚨틥ꎬ쫂쪵짏헢룶룅쓮놾짭뻍틽웰쇋탭뛠헹싛ꆣ떱컒캪헢듎믡틩ퟶힼ놸쪱ꎬ컒훘뛁쇋폐맘헜톧ꎬ쳘뇰쫇폐맘뺭볃톧랽램싛뗄벸욪컄쿗ꆣ헢쫇튻듎늻욽뎣뗄퓄뛁뺭샺ꎬ죧맻쎻폐뇰뗄ퟷ폃뗄뮰ꎬ쯼훁짙뺯룦컒튪뷷짷쪹폃헢튻룅쓮ꆣ틲캪쓄엂퓚죧뫎뛔믹놾룅쓮뷸탐뷢쫍짏ꎬퟷ헟쏇뚼쎻폐튻룶튻훂뗄맬벣ꆣ룷룶헜톧뫍뿆톧쪷쮼쿫쇷엉ꎬ퓸뺭랢짺맽튻뎡벤쇒짵훁쓕얭뗄헹싛ꎬ믹폚쯻쏇만폐뗄짮짮횲룹폚죏쪶싛뗄닮틬뛸쓑틔죏춬ꆣ헢룶뷡맻쫇컒튪뺡솦뇜쏢뗄샗쟸ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ쯼듙쪹컒틔돎쟥룅쓮뗄랽쪽살뾪쪼컒뗄쳖싛ꎬ틔뇜쏢ퟮ훕뗄컳뷢ꆣ컒늻횸췻뛔늨웕뛻(Popper)ꆢ뿢뛷ꆢ삭뾨췐쮹(Lakatos)뫍웤쯻죋뗄뿆톧쪷럖컶뗄헽좷돌뛈뗄쳖싛ퟶ돶릱쿗ꆣ죧맻컒쮵쏷쇋퓚놾컄훐ꆰ랶쪽ꆱ튻듊쫇쪲쎴틢틥ꎬ뛔폚튻룶쏅뗄쳖싛살쮵헢틑뺭ퟣ릻쇋ꆣ퓚헢샯쪹폃뗄틢틥짏ꎬ톧헟쏇뿉틔놻죏캪퓚쯻ꋙ1998쓪9퓂3-5죕ꎬ평Wissenschaften뗄냘쇖ꆪ늪삼뗇놤톧풺퓚냘쇖헙뾪뗄ꆰ짧믡뇤잨뗄랶쪽ꆱ뗄톧쫵믡틩짏ꎬ컒뗝붻쇋놾컄ꎬퟷ캪튻룶붲퇝ꆣ컒튪뛔듓믡짏뗄쳖싛헟Andreas Ryll 뫍HelmutWiesenthalꎬ틔벰듓Agnes BenedictꆢBernard ChavanceꆢZsuzsa Daniel 뫍믱뗃뗄폐볛횵뗄움싛뇭쪾킻틢ꎬ컒튪룐킻Brian McLean쯹ퟶ뗄돶즫뗄랭틫ꎬ틔벰Julianna Parti 퓚뇠벭놾컄쪱쯹룸폨뗄냯훺ꆣ15
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies쏇뗄퇐뺿뫍뷌톧훐쪹폃쇋춬퇹뗄ꆰ랶쪽ꆱ룅쓮ꎬ죧맻쯻쏇뇭듯쇋쿂쇐뗄튻냣쫴탔ꎺ1.?쯻쏇릤ퟷ틔뷢뻶쿠춬뗄믲뷓뷼뗄쿠맘ꆰ쓑쳢ꆱꆣ쯻쏇듓쿠춬뗄믲벸뫵쿠춬뗄뷇뛈좥맛달짧믡쿖쪵ꆣ쯻쏇쫔춼닻쫶쿠춬뗄ꆢ믲쿠춬샠뇰뗄쿖쿳ꆣ뛸쟒ꎬ싺ퟣ폚뛔쿠춬쿖쿳뷸탐돩쿳믲놣돖쯼쏇뗄믞즬쓑뚮ꆣ쓇킩쪹폃릲춬랶쪽뗄죋뚼뻟폐쿠춬뗄믲쿠뷼뗄룅뿶ꆢ맛뗣뫍랽램ꆣ2.?쯻쏇쪹폃쿠춬믲뷼쯆춬샠뗄룅쓮뿲볜ꎨ믲탭ꎬ뇠벭튻룶쓜릻냑튻룶ퟷ헟뗄룅쓮릤뻟랭틫돉쇭튻룶ퟷ헟뗄룅쓮릤뻟뗄듊믣뇭쿠뛔죝틗ꎩꆣ3.?쯻쏇쪹폃쿠춬뗄믲쿠쯆뗄랽램싛좥맛달ꆢ뒦샭뺭퇩뫍뗃돶뷡싛ꎻ쯻쏇폃쿠춬믲쿠쯆뗄랽램살횧돖쯻쏇뗄뇭쫶ꆣ컒쎻폐쮵쏷뎬돶헢룶룼뛠뗄튻냣쫴탔ꆣ뮻퇔횮ꎬ컒쎻폐웚듽ꆰ랶쪽믯냩ꆱꋙꎨpartners in paradigmꎩ듓쿠춬뗄릫샭뾪쪼늢뗃돶쿠춬뗄훷튪뷡싛ꆣퟮ훘튪뗄쫴탔좺놻룅삨퓚맛뗣1쿂ꎺ컒냑튻룶튻냣랶쪽맩릦폚쓇킩쏦쇙쿠춬컊쳢뫍틔쿠춬냬ꋚ램톰쟳뷢뻶룃컊쳢뗄죋ꆣ퓚헢룶랶캧쓚쯻쏇뗃돶쇋튻룶튻냣퇐뺿돌탲ꆣ쏨쫶캪죽룶튪뗣뗄랶쪽룅쓮늢쎻폐뺫좷뛔펦뿢뛷ꆪ룃룅쓮뗄뒴퓬헟ꆪ쯹룸돶뗄뚨틥ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ쯼럇뎣뷓뷼뷱쳬횪쪶럖ퟓ늻첫쫬쾤뗄튻룶랶쪽뗄헜톧몬틥ꆣ탭뛠죋뮳틉쫇럱뿢뛷뗄뚯첬짨볆ꎨ튻룶랶쪽쓚뗄뇪ힼ뿆톧ꎬ좻뫳튻룶뿆톧룯쏼ꎬ좻뫳튻룶탂뗄랶쪽뗄쪤샻ꎩ퓚ퟔ좻뿆톧쪷짏뻟폐튻냣폐킧탔ꆣ뿉틔뿏뚨ꎬꋛ뿢뛷짨볆튲늻쫇짧믡뿆톧쪷뗄쳘헷ꆣ퓚컒쯹룸뚨뗄늻첫퇏룱쿞훆틢틥짏쪹폃랶쪽튻듊ꎬ뿉뮥쿠쳦듺뗄랶쪽퓚짧믡뿆톧훐늢듦늢냧퇝튻룶붨짨탔뫍뷸늽뗄뷇즫쿔좻쫇뿉쓜뗄ꆣ퓚듋컒늻쿫쳡뎫튻훖럇풭퓲탔뗄ꆰ뫍욽릲뒦ꆱꎬ짧믡뿆톧쪷짏튲늻랦튻룶랶쪽늻뿉룄뇤뗘놻쇭튻룶룼뻟짺쏼솦랶쪽쯹쳦듺뗄룷훖샽ퟓꎬ죧맻솽룶ꆢ늻춬뗘쫇쏷쿔폐쟸뇰뗄랶쪽뗄훷헅놻떣탄듦퓚쿠춬뗄쓑쳢ꎬ쯼쏇횮볤뗄뛔뾹믡랢햹웰살ꆣ쯤좻죧듋ꎬ컒뗄훷튪쒿뗄늻쫇좥횤쏷듋뒦쳡돶뗄랶쪽튪폅폚튻킩웤쯻뗄랶쪽ꎬ뛸ꋙLakatosꎨ1971ꎩ짨볆뗄ꆰ퇐뺿돌탲ꆱ룅쓮맣캪웕벰ꎬ뛔폚탭뛠ퟷ헟뛸퇔ꎬ쯼뇈뿢뛷뗄랶쪽룅쓮룼볓얨뫱ꆢ췪헻뫍뺫좷ꆣ룕룕룸돶뗄죽룶튪뗣퓚Lakatos뗄룅쓮훐튲럇뎣쟥돾ꎬ뺡맜쯻튲맦뚨쇋웤쯻뗄튻냣쫴탔ꆣ쯹폐내Lakatos틢틥짏뗄ꆰ퇐뺿돌탲ꆱ릤ퟷ뗄죋퓞돉쿠춬뗄ꆰ뫋탄샭싛ꆱꎬ늢ힼ놸ퟶ돶쿠춬뗄뢨훺탔볙짨ꆣꋚ헢샯컒맊틢퓚쯼뗄웕춨틢틥짏쪹폃퇐뺿돌탲헢룶뇭듯듊ꎬ뛸늻쫇퓚Lakatos룸쯼뚨틥뗄쳘쫢틢틥짏ꆣꋛ헢쇮죋탅럾뗘뇭쿖퓚M.늼샍룱ꎨBlaug 1986ꎩ뗄폫뺭볃톧랢햹폐맘뗄퇐뺿훐ꆣ16
쫇튪뇭쏷쯼쫇늻춬뗄ꎬ틔벰헢훖늻춬쫇헽떱뗄ꆣ쯼횮쯹틔늻춬쫇쯼듲쯣춨맽쓇킩살ퟔ춬퇹맣캪쇷뒫뗄랶쪽뗄늿럖쿠춬뫍늿럖늻춬뗄랽램살뷢뻶늻춬뗄쓑쳢ꆣ뛾ꆢ튻룶훆뛈랶쪽ꎬ뛸늻쫇튻룶맬랶쪽냘쇖믡틩뗄ퟩ횯헟튪쟳컒뻍ꆰ맬랶쪽ꆱ(transformational paradigm)뷸탐랢퇔ꆣ춨맽쯼뿉틔샭뷢쪲쎴쓘ꎿ25룶맺볒틑뺭ퟟ짏맬횮슷ꆣퟔ듓1989-1990쓪뫳ꎬꆰ맽뛉ꆱꎨtransitionꎩ뫍ꆰ맬ꆱ(transformation)솽룶듊놻헾훎볒ꆢ볇헟뫍톧헟쮵쇋ꆢ킴쇋컞쫽듎쇋ꆣ쯤좻죧듋ꎬ떱컒뾪쪼킴놾컄쪱ꎬ컒훰붥쟥돾뗘쏷냗ꆰ맬랶쪽ꆱ튻듊놻컳뷢쇋ꆣ쳖싛튻룶ꆰ훆뛈랶쪽ꆱ쯆뫵룼폐폃ꆣ컒늻쿫쫂쿈뛔헢룶룅쓮뷸탐쏨쫶ꎬ뛸쫇훰늽죃쯼ퟔ컒햹쪾퓚뛁헟쏦잰ꆣ쯦ퟅ튻룶훆뛈쿲쇭튻룶훆뛈뗄맽뛉ꎬ맬쫇쪱뎣뗘엌뻡훆뛈랶쪽훷헅헟탄훐뗄벸룶훷쳢훐뗄튻룶ꎬ헢튻뗣붫쿔쿖돶살ꆣ퓚폐쇋튻룶쯼뗄ퟓ싛쳢횮뫳쏼쏻튻룶룼볓ퟛ뫏탔뗄랶쪽쫇늻헽좷뗄ꆣ뻍쯣냑햼폐쇷탐랶쪽샻좨뗄뿢뛷뗄풭뒴룅쓮럅떽튻엔ꎬ컒쏇튲늻쓜뫶쫓쯻뗄튻룶랶쪽냼삨쇋튻훖뿆톧췅쳥뎤웚볡돖뗄웕뇩쮼뾼랽쪽뗄맛뗣ꆣ뫳살헟퓚쯻쏇뗄뿎놾짏톧떽쿈잰틑탎돉뗄랶쪽ꎬ헢쫇훆뛈랶쪽쯹폶떽뗄튻룶ힼ퓲ꆣ쯼믘맋튻뛎ꋙ뫜뎤뗄샺쪷ꎬ늢쳡릩튻룶쳘뚨뗄뻟놸랶쪽쳡릩뗄횪쪶횸떼뗄퇐뺿헟좦ퟓꆣ죽ꆢ튻룶볲떥뗄횪쪶탔샺쪷죧맻쎻폐헫뛔좫늿쓚죝ꎬ튪룅쫶훆뛈랶쪽뗄랢햹퓚듋횻쓜쇴쿂뿕냗ꆣ늻쿱탭뛠웤쯻ퟔ좻믲짧믡뿆톧뗄랶쪽ꎬ훆뛈랶쪽늻쓜횻솪쾵떽쒳튻룶캰듳쏻ퟖꎬ튻룶캰듳뗄떼훂쇋튻듎뿆톧룯쏼뗄뒴퓬탔죋컯ꆣ쯼쫇퓚뺭샺쇋뎤쪱볤ꆢ평튻쾵쇐컄쿗랢햹뛸돉뗄ꆣ죃컒뻙돶헢킩샭싛ꎬ쯼쏇퓚붫훆뛈랶쪽쟸뇰폚웤쯻랶쪽랽쏦ퟶ돶쇋쇮죋펡쿳짮뿌뗄쳘쫢뗄릱쿗ꆣ뗚튻룶뇘탫쳡떽뗄쏻ퟖ쫇십뿋쮼ꆣ퓚쯻횮잰튲폐죋룹뻝훆뛈살뷸탐쮼뾼ꎬ떫헽쫇십뿋쮼뗄훸ퟷꎬ폈웤쫇ꆶ놾싛ꆷꎬ춨맽뒴퓬쇋놾훷틥ꆪ짧믡훷틥헢튻뛔룅쓮뛸뛔죋쏇뗄쮼캬랽쪽닺짺쇋돖탸탔뗄펰쿬ꆣ쯻뛔뇈쇋솽훖탎첬ꎺ튻룶볈듦뗄뫍튻룶쯻죏캪쇮죋쿲췹뗄컚췐냮쪽뗄ꆣ쯻쓜릻놻죏캪쫇훆뛈랶쪽뗄뇇ퟦ쫇틲캪쯻늻냑ퟔ벺쿞폚좥볬퇩놾훷틥뗄쳘뚨쇬폲ꎨ헾훎쇬폲믲헟뺭볃뗄ꆢ짧믡ꋙ뻍쯣쓜릻뚨틥튻룶ꆰ맬랶쪽ꆱꎬ쯼죔좻늻럻뫏돖탸탔뗄뇪ힼꆣ틲캪튻볾쫂ꎬ벴냩쯦ퟅ훐뚫얷뫍잰쯕솪훆뛈뇀삣뛸뾪쪼뗄맬쪱웚뷶뷶퓚벸쓪잰닅랢짺ꆣ17
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뗄믲틢쪶탎첬쇬폲ꎩꆣ쯻붫쯹폐뗄쇬폲럅퓚튻웰살맛달ꎬ늢럖컶쯼쏇횮볤뗄뮥뚯맘쾵ꆣ듓쓇틔뫳ꎬ헢킩쇬폲쿠뮥횮볤뗄펰쿬ꎬ쯼쏇횮볤뗄틲맻맘쾵뗄훷튪쟷쫆닅놻틀뻝훆뛈랶쪽뷸탐쮼뾼뗄퇐뺿헟쓉죫웤듓쫂퇐뺿뗄훷튪뿎쳢횮훐ꆣ십뿋쮼늻붫ퟔ벺폚볬퇩놾훷틥믲웤쯻쳥훆뗄쒳킩랽쏦뗄훆뛈ꎬ뛸쫇맛달웤훆뛈뗄ퟜ뫍ꆪ늻쫇헢튻늿럖믲쓇튻늿럖ꎬ뛸쫇ퟷ캪ퟜ쳥뗄훆뛈ꎬ듓뛸쳡릩쇋튻룶쾵춳탔맛뗣ꆣ퓚듋ꎬ컒붫늻햹뾪십뿋쮼뛔쯻쯹쳡돶뗄컊쳢뗄믘듰쫇럱헽좷헢튻컊쳢ꆣ룹뻝놾컄쯹쪹폃뗄뚨틥ꎬ탨튪믘듰뗄컊쳢튻뺭쳡돶ꎬ쓑쳢뻍탨튪뷢뻶ꎬ헢탎돉쇋랶쪽뗄훷튪쫴탔ꎬ십뿋쮼쳡돶쇋탭뛠컊쳢ꎬ듓듋퇐뺿훆뛈랶쪽뗄퇐뺿헟뻍튻횱퓚톰헒듰낸ꆣ튻룶춻돶뗄샽ퟓ쫇ꆶ릲닺떳탻퇔ꆷꎨ십뿋쮼뫍뛷룱쮹1848쓪ꎩꎬ쯼쳡돶쇋훆뛈쫇죧뫎뇤뮯뗄헢튻맘볼탔컊쳢ꎬ헢뻍쫇랢짺퓚잰놾훷틥탎첬쿲놾훷틥탎첬맽뛉웚볤뗄짧믡맬ꆣ퓚컒뗄횪쪶탔샭싛뗄볲떥쮵쏷훐ꎬ십뿋쮼횮뫳뗄쏻ퟖ쫇쏗죻쮹ꎨ1981ꎩ뫍맾튮뿋ꎨ1935뫍1944쓪ꎩꆣ튻킩죋뿉쓜룐떽웦맖ꎬ헢룶놾훷틥뗄럟얭뗄랴뛔헟뫍짧믡훷틥뗄풤퇔볒횮뫳룺쯦뗄뺹좻쫇솽룶죈쟩퇳틧뗄놾훷틥뗄쳡뎫헟뫍짧믡훷틥뗄?믙헟ꆣ컒헢샯첸싛뗄늻쫇컯샭톧볒믲뮯톧볒ꎬ뛸쫇짧믡뿆톧볒ꎬ쯻쏇뛔쫀뷧뗄맛뗣쫇믹폚볛횵맛뫍헾훎좡쿲뗄ꆣ뺡맜십뿋쮼쫇튻랽뛸쏗죻쮹뫍맾튮뿋쫇헾훎쾵쇐훐쿠랴뗄쇭튻랽ꎬ쯻쏇춬퇹볡탅놾훷틥뫍짧믡훷틥뗄뇈뷏쫇폐틢틥뗄럖컶뫍퇐뺿ꆣ쯻쏇뗄쮼뾼랽쪽닺짺쇋쿠춬뗄랶쪽뗄믹놾풭샭ꆣ쯻쏇뾼달짧믡솪쾵뫍죋뗄뮥뚯맘쾵ꎬ늢랢쿖쇋틽떼쳘뚨죋좺내헕쳘뚨랽쪽탐뚯뗄뮷뺳뗄훘튪탔ꆣ평폚헢룶믲탭뛠웤쯻뗄랽쏦ꎬ쯻쏇쫴폚훆뛈랶쪽뗄뒴퓬헟횮쇐ꆣ퓚듋컒쎻폐췼볇쮵뗄쫇컒쎻폐쳡떽맾튮뿋퓚쳖싛훐뗄뛔쫖ꎬ냂쮹뾨ꆤ삼룱ꎨOscar Langeꎩꆣ뺡맜튪ퟰ훘삼룱뗄샭싛돉뻍ꎬ컒늻뗃늻쮵쯻맘폚짧믡훷틥뗄훸쏻뗄퇐뺿늢늻퓚믱뗃훆뛈랶쪽쇩룐뗄훸ퟷ훐ꎬ쯼쫇튻럝뿝퓯뗄뺭볃톧훸ퟷꆣ삼룱뫶쫓쇋튻룶컊쳢ꎬ벴쪲쎴퇹뗄헾훎믺훆펦룃폫쯻쯹쏨믦뗄뺭볃믺훆쿠맘솪ꎿ쯻쎻폐뷢뻶쯻쯹짨볆뗄릫릲웳튵뗄쇬떼죧뫎탐뚯뗄컊쳢ꎬ믲헟쪲쎴퇹뗄헦쪵뗄짧믡쳵볾붫벤샸죋쏇룹뻝삼룱쒣쪽퓚횽짏쯹맦뚨뗄ꆰ맦퓲ꆱ좥탐뚯ꆣ쏗죻쮹뫍맾튮뿋쎻폐믘뇜헾훎뫍뺭볃쫇뷴쏜쿠맘뗄헢튻믹놾뗄훘튪쫂쪵ꆣ벤샸ꆢ붻쇷ꆢ탅쾢뗄쫕벯뫍뒦샭ꎬ훮죧듋샠뗄컊쳢놻럅퓚쳖싛뗄ퟮ쿔훸뗄캻훃ꆣ쏗죻쮹뫍맾튮뿋뗄쮼쿫쫇훆뛈랶쪽뗄춻돶듺뇭ꎬ뛸삼룱뗄쓇킩퇐뺿퓲폫듋듳쿠뺶춥ꆣ퓚탎돉훆뛈랶쪽랽쏦뗄튻룶훘튪뷇즫쫇평뾨뛻ꆤ늨삭쓡ꎨPol nyiꎩ냧퇝뗄ꎬ18
쯻냑컒쏇듸믘떽헾훎컨첨뗄ퟳ틭ꎬ뺡맜늨삭쓡늢쎻폐럱죏쫐뎡뗄폅뗣ꎬ떫쯻뛔헢훖믺훆돖폐잿쇒뗄엺움첬뛈ꆣ쯻뗄맘폚뺭볃뿉틔놻룷훖뿉쳦듺뗄믺훆살킭뗷뗄맛뗣틑돉캪쇋훆뛈랶쪽뗄훘튪ퟩ돉늿럖ꆣ돽쇋쫐뎡ꎬ쯻뛔평뮥믝탔뫍퓙럖엤풭퓲쯹뿘훆뗄킭뗷믺훆룸폨쇋쳘뇰뗄쇴탄ꆣ쯻뗄튻욪훷튪훸ퟷ뗄쳢쒿ꆶ듳뇤ꆷꎨThe Great Transformation 1942쓪ꎩꎬ낵쪾쇋릲닺훷틥훆뛈뇀삣뫳뗄뇤뮯늢늻쫇뗚튻듎죧듋뗄훆뛈탔뇤뮯ꆣ쫐뎡놾짭뻍쫇믹폚뺭뎣탔뇤뮯뗄샺쪷닺컯ꆣ쇭튻룶훆뛈랶쪽뗄캰듳붨훾쪦쫇태뇋쳘ꎬ쳘뇰쫇쯻뗄ꆶ놾훷틥ꆢ짧믡훷틥폫쏱훷ꆷꎨ1942쓪ꎩ튻쫩ꆣ퓙튻듎뗄ꎬ쳢쒿놾짭뻍ퟶ쇋닻쫶ꆣ태뇋쳘쫔춼듓헻쳥짏좥샭뷢헢솽룶훆뛈ꎬ냼삨쯼쏇뗄헾훎뗄ꆢ짧믡톧뗄ꆢ뺭볃뗄뫍틢쪶탎첬뗄랽쏦ꆣ룃쫩쳡돶쇋훆뛈랶쪽뗄쳘헷쓑쳢ꎬ뇈죧ꎬ첽쯷쫇쪲쎴뚫컷쪹뗃훆뛈뻟폐돖탸탔ꎨcohesivenessꎩꎬ틔벰쫇쪲쎴뚫컷뾪쪼쇋쯼뗄뢯쪴ꎿ태뇋쳘잿뗷탨튪뛔룷훖럖컶짧믡뗄톧뿆ꎬ냼삨뺭볃톧ꆢ헾훎톧뫍샺쪷톧ꎬꋙ뷸탐ퟛ뫏ꆣ펦룃ퟶ돶얬솦좥랢햹돶튻쏅ퟛ뫏탔짧믡뿆톧ꆣꋚ훆뛈랶쪽뗄훷튪쫴탔놻룅삨퓚췟뛻쳘ꆤ냂뿏ꎨWalter Euckenꎩ뗄훸ퟷ훐ꎬ쯻뺭뎣쪹폃뗄ꆰ훈탲ꆱꎨOrdnungꎩ룅쓮뛔펦폚놾퇐뺿훐쯹횸뗄훆뛈ꆪ훷튪쫇뺭볃믮뚯뗄램싉뗄뫍훆뛈탔볜릹ꆣ쯻쟸럖쇋솽훖훷튪뗄뒿듢샠탍ꆪ훐퇫춳훎뺭볃뫍럅죎훷틥뺭볃ꆪ늢쟒뛔폚훐볤뗀슷뷢뻶랽쪽춶죫쇋쳘뇰뗄맘힢ꆣ냂뿏늻풸틢쪹폃놾훷틥튻듊ꎬ쯻죏캪헢룶듊틑뺭놻십뿋쮼훷틥헟쪹폃뗃늻ퟣ탅쇋ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ컞싛죧뫎ꎬ헢쎻폐붫냂뿏업돽퓚훆뛈랶쪽뗄뎫떼헟뛓컩횮췢ꆣ쯻뗄쫵폯춨맽쯻뗄ꆰ랶쪽믯냩ꆱꎨparadigm-partnersꎩ튻듊쓜릻죝틗뗘놻랭틫돉늻춬뗄듊폯ꆣ냂뿏뿏뚨듓쾣쳘샕뗂맺뫍햽뫳뗂맺뗄횱뷓뺭샺훐ꎬ틔벰뛔릲닺훷틥쫀뷧뗄췢뷧퇐뺿훐뗃떽쇋쇩룐ꎬ듓뛸틢쪶떽헾훎랽쏦뗄뇤쫇죧뫎펰쿬뺭볃훈탲뗄뇤뮯뗄ꆣ뛔폚훆뛈랶쪽뗄캰듳쿈쟽쏇컒틑뺭붲쇋뫜뛠ꎬ좻뛸ꎬ틀헕뿢뛷뗄맛뗣ꎬ튻룶랶쪽째춸떽쿠탅룃랶쪽뗄퇐뺿췅쳥뗄죕뎣믮뚯훐튲쫇랶쪽릦쓜뗄튻늿럖ꎬ돐ꋙYuichi Shionoyaꎨ1995ꎩ뛔폚헢튻쮼쿫죧뫎맡뒩퓚태뇋쳘쯹폐뗄훸ퟷꎬ쳘뇰쫇쯻뗄맘폚샭싛쪷뫍랽램싛뗄훸ퟷ훐룸돶쇋튻룶뫜뫃뗄룅쫶ꆣꋚ냂뿏뗄ꆰ뺭볃훈탲ꆱ샭싛놻룅삨퓚쯻뗄쫩ꎨ1940ꎩ훐ꎬ쯼뗄ퟮ돉쫬탎쪽놻룅쫶퓚쯻뗄훸ퟷꎨ1952ꎩ훐ꆣ잰튻놾쫩ꎬ뛸늻쫇뫳튻놾놻랭틫돉펢컄ꎨ냂뿏ꎬ1950ꎩꎬ쮳뇣쮵튻쿂ꎬ헢룶럇뎣훘튪뗄얷훞톧헟뗄쮼쿫퓚낻룱슳ꆪ죶뿋톷짧믡뿆톧뷧믱뗃벫짙뗄맘힢쫇튻훖늻탒ꆣ뺡맜컒뫜퓧뻍퇐뺿냂뿏뗄훸ퟷꎬ떱컒뾪쪼놾퇐뺿뗄뗚튻룥킴ퟷ쪱컒튲췼볇쇋쯻ꎨ뿉쓜쫇쫜떽낻룱슳ꆪ죶뿋톷컄쿗톡퓱탔틽폃맟샽뗄펰쿬ꎩꆣ컒튪룐킻Andreas Ryll 뷌쫚쳡탑컒힢틢떽쇋헢튻슩ꆣ19
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies죏믹폚쯼쯹붨솢뗄튻룶톧뿆믲퇇톧뿆뗄ꆰ맦랶탔뿆톧ꆱꆣ뿢뛷쫓랶쪽캪튻훖뿘훆쫖뛎ꎬ튻훖퓋폃횪쪶탔톧뿆뗄랽쪽ꆣ틲듋ꎬ쳖싛죎뫎랶쪽뇘탫짦벰뗄늻뷶폐붫뻼ꆢ뮹폐뻼맙ꆢ뻼쪿뫍힢틢떽춬퇹횪쪶탔톧뿆뗄웕춨쪿뇸ꆣ뿢뛷튲횸돶ꎬ맦랶탔뿆톧뗄랶쪽붫ퟔ벺쿔쪾퓚죕뎣듳톧뗄뷌톧뫍뿎놾훐ꆣ훆뛈랶쪽뗄쇩믪뿉틔퓚ꋙ탭뛠뇈뷏톧뿆ꆪ뇈뷏뺭볃톧ꆢ짧믡톧뫍헾훎톧ꆪ뗄뿎놾훐헒떽ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ퓚튻룶훷쇷듳톧믲맚틔ꆰ뇈뷏짧믡뿆톧ꆱ뗄뿎놾샯쎻폐뿎돌퓚ힷ쯦태뇋쳘쪽맛쓮뗄붻닦톧뿆뺫짱ꆣ붲쪦믲ퟷ헟뿉쓜뛔ퟔ벺튵횮췢뗄쿠쇚톧뿆뻟폐좫쏦뛸럡뢻뗄횪쪶폫탋좤ꎬ떫쫇쯻쏇늻뗃늻뛔톧쫵쫀뷧뗄럖쏅뇰샠ퟷ돶죃늽ꆣ퓚쓇훖돌뛈짏ꎬ내헕뿢뛷ퟮ돵뗄틢틥ꎬ첸싛퓚랶쪽쿂ힷ쟳맦랶탔뿆톧헢놾짭쫇럱헽좷쫇뫜횵뗃뮳틉뗄ꎬ틲캪쯼뗄튻룶쳘헷ꆪ짧믡뿆톧뗄붻닦쫴탔ꆪ퓚톧풺쪽뷌폽훐늻쓜릻뗃떽돤럖뗄뷓쫜ꆣ죧맻컒쏇늻뾴뷌폽ힴ뿶ꎬ뾴뾴퇐뺿헟횮볤뗄톧쫵쿠뮥펰쿬쟩뿶ꎬ쟩탎믡룼쇮죋폐쾣췻튻킩ꆣ헾훎톧볒ꆢ뺭볃톧볒뫍짧믡톧볒ퟷ캪릲춬ퟷ헟믲쿠춬퇐뺿췅ꋚ뛓뗄돉풱뺭뎣퓚튻웰릤ퟷꆣ쯻쏇튲뻍쳘뚨뗄훷쳢뻙탐솪뫏믡틩ꆣꋛ죃컒춨맽첸벰컒ퟔ벺뗄돉맻ꎬ벴퓚ꆶ짧믡훆뛈ꆷ튻쫩훐컒쯹룅쫶뗄ꎬ살뷡쫸헢룶횪쪶탔샺쪷뗄믘맋ꆣ퓚쓇뛹컒룸ퟔ벺짨뚨뗄죎컱쫇ퟛ뫏훆뛈랶쪽ꆣ컒쎻폐쫔춼쳡릩헴쇳탎쪽뗄ꎬ뮻퇔횮ꎬ헜톧믲뿆톧폯퇔뗄랶쪽놾짭ꆣ듺쳦뗄쫇컒폃훆뛈랶쪽뗄뺫짱탰쫶쇋튻룶쿖듦뗄ꆢ샺쪷뗄탎첬ꎬ벴샺쪷짏퓚릲닺떳쇬떼쿂랢햹돉뗄짧믡훷틥훆뛈ꆣ컒쏨쫶쇋쯼뗄닺짺ꆢ쯼뗄돉쫬탎쪽ꆢ쯼뗄뢯쪴뫍쯼뗄ퟔ컒뷢릹ꆣ죧맻놾컄뗄죎뫎뛁헟풸틢쇋뷢컒춨맽훆뛈랶쪽벰웤펦폃뛸쫔춼뇭듯뗄룼뛠쾸뷚ꎬ쯻쏇뿉틔좥뛁쓇놾쫩ꆣ쯄ꆢ훆뛈랶쪽뗄훷튪쫴탔퓚횪쪶탔샺쪷뗄믘맋횮뫳ꎬ죃컒쫔춼룅쫶훆뛈랶쪽뗄훷튪쫴탔ꆣꋙ죃컒쳡돶솽놾ퟮ뷼돶냦뗄뇈뷏뺭볃톧뗄뷌뿆쫩ퟷ캪샽ퟓꎬ쯼쏇튲몭룇쇋뫳짧믡훷틥맽뛉뗄컊쳢ꎺCarson(1997)뫍Chavance(1994)ꆣꋚ튻룶뫜뫃뗄샽ퟓ쫇1998쓪퓚냍샨평램맺뺭볃톧볒Bernard Chavance쯹ퟩ횯헙뾪뗄믡틩ꆣ쯼쳘틢튪횤쏷듦퓚튻룶맣랺뗄톧쫵췅뛓퓚퇐뺿훆뛈랶쪽ꆣ헢튻쮼쿫뿉틔뫜쟥돾뗘듓믡틩뗄뇪쳢짏뇭듯돶살ꎺꆰ뺭볃훆뛈뗄퇝뷸폫맬ꎺ짧믡훷틥뫍놾훷틥뇈뷏ꆱꆣꋛ볻Kornai(1992)ꆣ컒뗚튻듎쫔춼펦폃훆뛈랶쪽쫇퓚컒뗄ꆶ랴뻹뫢ꆷ튻쫩훐ꎬ틔튻훖싛햽뗄랽쪽ꎬ탭뛠랽쏦뗄탎쪽뮹늻돉쫬믲뷶뷶냫돉쫬ꆣ20
1.?틀뻝훆뛈랶쪽뷸탐쮼뾼뗄퇐뺿헟맘힢ퟷ캪헻쳥뗄훆뛈ꎬ틔벰헢룶헻쳥폫웤훐룷늿럖횮볤뗄솪쾵ꆣ폐쿞뗄ꆢ늿럖뗄럖컶뿉쓜쫇튻룶훘튪뗄첽쯷릤뻟ꎬ떫평폚퓚헢튻맛달뷇뛈횮췢ꎬ쯼죔좻늻뿉탐ꆣ2.?훆뛈랶쪽늻쓜릻놻쿞훆퓚죎뫎뒫춳뗄럖톧뿆훐ꎨ뇈죧뺭볃톧ꆢ짧믡톧믲헾훎톧ꎩꆣ쯼뇘탫놻쫓캪튻룶ퟛ뫏뗄ꆢ튻냣탔뗄짧믡뿆톧쇷엉ꆣ쯼뛔폚짧믡릦쓜뗄늻춬쇬폲ꎨ헾훎ꆢ뺭볃ꆢ컄뮯ꆢ틢쪶탎첬ꎩ횮볤쯹랢짺뗄붻뮥펰쿬룸폨쇋쳘뇰뗄맘힢ꆣ잰튻뷚훐쳡떽뗄ퟷ캪쿈쟽뗄쎿튻룶톧헟뚼폐튻룶ퟮ돵뗄튵ꎬ쯻쏇쫇쒳튻룶훷튪톧뿆뗄톧헟ꆣ늨삭쓡쫇튻룶컄뮯죋샠톧볒ꎻ웤쯻뗄쫇뺭볃톧볒ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ쯻쏇뗄릤ퟷ풶풶뗘뎬돶쇋쯻쏇ퟮ돵톧뿆뗄뷧쿞ꆣ쯻쏇쎿튻룶뚼쫇뺭볃톧볒ꆢ짧믡톧볒ꆢ헾훎톧볒ꆢ샺쪷톧볒뫍헜톧볒ꆣ믲헟쮵쯻쏇뚼쫇짧믡뿆톧볒ꆣ쯻쏇쮼쿫훐뗄헢훖냼싞췲쿳늻쫇튻훖얼좻뗄쎰쿕훷틥ꎬ튲늻쫇춨맽뛔쿠쇚뗄톧뿆풺쾵뗣쮮냣뗄짦쇔쯹뗃ꆣ퓚쯻쏇뗄쮼캬랽쪽훐헢쫇뻶뚨탔뗄틲쯘ꆣ3.?쫜훆뛈랶쪽틽떼뗄퇐뺿헟뗄힢틢솦늻쫇벯훐퓚뺭볃ꆢ헾훎믲컄뮯쫂볾벰웤맽돌짏ꎬ뛸쫇벯훐퓚헢킩쫂볾믲맽돌쯹뗃틔랢짺뗄룼볓돖뻃늻뇤뗄훆뛈짏ꎬꋙ헢킩훆뛈룼뛠뗘뻶뚨쇋쯼쏇뗄맽돌ꆣ컒쏇튪쳘뇰힢틢솽훖훆뛈ꎨinstitutionsꎩ횮볤뗄쟸뇰ꎬ벴퓚튻룶퇝뮯맽돌훐ꎬ샺쪷뗘탎돉뗄훆뛈폫웤쯻뗄ꆢ쳘뇰쫇평헾뢮떱뻖뻶뚨붨솢뗄훆뛈횮볤뗄닮뇰ꆣꆰ훆뛈ꆱ뗄룅쓮퓚놾컄훐뇘탫뷢뛁뗃럇뎣맣랺ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ쯼냼삨폐맘훆뛈훐훷튪뗄램싉훈탲ꎬ쯼뗄뗀뗂맦랶틔벰쯼뗄닺좨훆뛈ꎬ좨솦캻훃뗄럖엤ꎬ뛔짧믡돉풱뗄벤샸릤ퟷꎬ틔벰탅쾢뷡릹ꆣ랶쪽죏캪ꎬ짧믡퓋탐뗄쫴탔쫇럱뻟폐쳥훆쳘쫢탔ꎨsystem-specificꎩꎬ틔벰돽쇋훆뛈놾짭ꎬ쯼쏇쫇럱튲풴폚뮷뺳ꎨ죧헾훎쇬떼죋뗄룶탔ꆢ죕뎣뗄헾훎뫍뺭볃탎쫆ꆢ믲헢룶맺볒뗄뗘샭캻훃ꎩ쫇쳘뇰훘튪뗄ꆣ4.?훆뛈랶쪽탨튪뫜잿뗄잰뫳맘쾵살샭뷢쿖듦뗄죋샠ퟩ횯벰닺짺ퟩ횯뗄샺쪷맽돌ꆣ뮻뻤뮰쮵ꎬ튻룶쫜떽헢훖랶쪽쯹맄컨뗄퇐뺿헟뇘탫톰헒튻룶믹폚샺쪷쫵ꋚ폯뗄뷢쫍탔샭싛ꆣ컒쏇튪퓚룷훖짧믡뿆톧뫍샺쪷뗄톧뿆훐톰헒튻훖잿뷡뫏ꆣ5.?룹뻝훆뛈랶쪽ꎬ룶죋욫뫃뫜듳돌뛈짏쫇훆뛈놾짭뗄닺컯ꆣ죧맻훆뛈랢짺ꋙ퓚헢룶쫴탔뫍ꆰ훆뛈뺭볃톧ꆱ랶쪽ꎨ볻억쮹ꎬ1990ꎩ횮볤듦퓚듳솿뗄훘뗾뫍탭뛠쿠춨뗣ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ컒늻쿫쒣뫽솽헟횮볤뗄닮뇰ꎬ틲캪훆뛈랶쪽뫍훆뛈뺭볃톧퓚웤쯻랽쏦닮틬럇뎣듳ꆣꋚ탄훐튪놣돖헢훖뷡뫏ꎬ튲탭냑십뿋쮹ꆤ캤늮쇐죫떽캪훆뛈랶쪽워욽뗀슷뗄캰듳샭싛볒쏻떥훐닅쫇릫욽뗄ꆣ21
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뇤뮯ꎬ욫뫃튲믡뇤ꆣ퓚샺쪷믘맋훐웤훸ퟷ놻쳡벰뗄탭뛠죋돖폐ퟔ평훷틥뗄헾훎훷헅ꎬ쯻쏇캪놣뮤룶죋ퟔ평뫍쳡뎫맣랺뗄룶죋톡퓱뛸돶살쮵뮰ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ헢폫짧믡뮷뺳뛠듳돌뛈짏뫍폃쪲쎴랽쪽살펰쿬룶죋욫뫃뗄뿆톧뷢쫍쫇쿠죝뗄ꆣ6.?쯹폐폐맘짧믡뗄랶쪽뚼쪹폃뺲첬쒣탍ퟷ캪쯼쏇뗄튻룶릤뻟ꎬ헢횻쫇틲캪랽램싛짏뗄삧쓑ꎬ쎻폐튻룶톧헟늻믡틢쪶떽짧믡쫂컯ퟜ쫇뒦퓚늻뛏뇤뮯횮훐ꆣ퓚훆뛈랶쪽횮쇐뗄쓇킩훸ퟷ뗄쮼쿫폫늻퓚횮쇐뗄춬샠훸ퟷ뗄쮼쿫횮볤ꎬ쟸뇰퓚폚잰헟뛔듳뇤뮯ꆢ듳맬룐탋좤ꆣ뻙룶샽ퟓꎬ쯻쏇뗷닩퓚튻룶훆뛈훐듦퓚쪲쎴퇹뗄쮥냜맽돌ꆣ쯻쏇맘탄듓튻훖훆뛈쿲쇭튻훖훆뛈ꎬ믲헟튻훖듳뗄훆뛈뗄뇪ힼ쒣쪽쿲쇭튻훖쒣쪽뗄뇤쫇죧뫎랢짺뗄ꆣ7.?쫜떽훆뛈랶쪽틽떼뗄퇐뺿헟틢쪶떽쯹폐뗄훆뛈뚼폐좱쿝ꎬ믲헟폐ퟔ짭쯹쳘폐뗄믺쓜헏낭ꆣ십뿋쮼붫놾훷틥뗄룷훖뇗뛋맩틲폚훆뛈ꎬ뛸늻쫇쒥랿훷뗄닐뿡ꆣ룹뻝쏗죻쮹뫍맾튮뿋뗄뷢쫍ꎬ짧믡훷틥뗄룷훖컊쳢늻쫇평폚짧믡훷틥횴헾헟뗄닐죌뫍욫횴ꆢ틔벰볆뮮뗄늻췪놸탔퓬돉뗄ꆣ늨삭쓡훷헅쫐뎡퓋탐뗄쪧쇩풴폚쫐뎡놾짭뗄탔훊ꆣ떱좻ꎬ십뿋쮼ꆢ쏗죻쮹ꆢ맾튮뿋뫍늨삭쓡랢쿖ꎬ쪶뇰튻룶쯻쏇랴뛔뗄훆뛈뗄컊쳢뇈튻룶쯻쏇욫뫃뗄훆뛈뗄컊쳢튪죝틗ꆣ태뇋쳘퓲룼짙뻟폐욫볻ꎬ쯻힢틢떽쇋쓇킩틽웰놾훷틥ꆪ쯻룼욫뫃뗄훆뛈ꆪ뗄맙쇅쳘헷뗄컊쳢ꆣ죃컒쏇퓝쪱늻뾼싇짧믡뿆톧볒뗄욫탄헢튻벬쫖뗄컊쳢ꆣ컞싛퇐뺿헟뗄뚯믺죧뫎ꎬ쯻쏇붫랢쿖ꎬ죧맻쯻쏇룹뻝훆뛈랶쪽살쮼뾼ꎬퟮ듳뗄쳴햽퓚폚뛔웤쯹맘힢뗄훆뛈뗄쓚퓚믺쓜헏낭탔쳘헷뗄퇐뺿ꆣ쎻폐쓄룶훆뛈쫇췪쏀뗄ꎬ쎿튻룶훆뛈뚼펵폐폐몦뗄돉럖ꎬ쯼쏇횻쓜놻뮺뫍ꎬ뛸늻쓜놻룹돽ꎬ틲캪쯻쏇퓙짺뗄쟣쿲짮짮쓚잶폚룃훆뛈횮훐ꆣ8.?쎿룶랶쪽뚼폐웤뒦샭랽램ꎬ틔벰웤랽램싛쳘헷ꆣ훆뛈랶쪽튻룶ퟮ쏷쿔뗄쳘헷뗄랽램쫇뇈뷏ꆣ춨맽뇈뷏튻룶훆뛈폫쇭튻룶훆뛈뛔펦뗄쫴탔ꆢ럖컶쯼쏇횮볤뗄틬춬ꎬ헢뿉틔뷢쫍튻룶훆뛈뗄쒳쿮쫴탔ꆣ뇈뷏춨뎣쫇뚨탔뗄ꎬ쯤좻튻킩쫴탔죝틗볆솿ꎬ헢훖볆솿쳡릩쇋믹폚춳볆맛달살ퟶ뚨솿뇈뷏뗄믺믡ꆣꋙ틀뾿쫽샭쒣탍늻쫇폃폚샭싛럖컶뗄훆뛈랶쪽뗄쳘헷ꆣ헢탨튪튻룶떥뛀뗄퇩횤살쮵쏷캪쪲쎴늻쫇ꆣ퓚벸룶좷뚨뗄틲쯘훐ꎬ컒풸틢쳴돶웤훐컒랢쿖뗄ퟮ훘튪뗄튻룶ꆣ쫽샭뺭볃톧뫍웤쯻퓋폃쫽샭쒣탍뗄짧믡뿆톧퓚튻룶룟뛈돩쿳뗄닣쏦살ꋙ듦퓚튻킩샽췢ꎬ뇈죧ꎬ훆뛈랶쪽웴쪾쇋튻욪퇐뺿컄헂ꎬ쯼쫇평쫽샭뺭볃톧뗄뷜돶듺뇭ꎬ죙믱억놴뛻붱뗄잡쇖ꆤ뿆웕싼쮹뫍훸쏻뗄뇈뷏뺭볃톧볒쏗쟐뛻ꆤ쏉첩쮹킴뗄ꎨTjalling Koopmans뫍Michael Montiasꎬ1968ꎩꆣ22
닙ퟷꆣ쯼쏇놻뻖쿞폚럖컶쿖쪵쫀뷧훐튻룶뫜햭뗄늿럖ꎬ붨릹튻룶뫏쫊뗄쒣탍뷸탐쫽샭럖컶뇣돉캪캨튻뿉탐뗄냬램ꆣ훆뛈랶쪽뗄튻룶믹뒡쫇뺡뿉쓜뗘ꆢ좫쏦뗘헆컕쿖쪵쫀뷧ꎬ뛸늻뷶쫇쿖쪵쫀뷧뗄튻킡늿럖ꆣ틲듋ꎬ쯼ힼ놸뛔뺫좷뫍뺫쏜ퟷ돶훘듳죃늽ꆣ쯼뗄랽램싛쫇ꆰ죡탔뗄ꆱꎬ뛸늻쫇ꆰ냫펲뗄ꆱꎨ믲뇭쏦짏펲뗄ꎩ뺭볃랶쪽ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ쯼ힼ놸쏦뛔뫳헟쯹믘뇜뗄쓑쳢ꎬ짔뫳맘폚듋붫ퟶ룼뛠쮵쏷ꆣ컥ꆢ뫳짧믡훷틥맬ꎺ뻞듳쳴햽컒쏇쏦잰헽퓚량쯙뷸탐뗄듳맬쳡릩쇋튻룶쳘뇰뗄믺믡살볬퇩뫍랢햹훆뛈랶쪽ꆣ튻쾵쇐맺볒쫂쪵짏듓튻룶훆뛈쿲쇭튻룶훆뛈ꆣ붫좫쫀뷧ퟷ캪헻쳥살뾴듽ꎬ듓잰놾훷틥탎첬쿲돉쫬뗄놾훷틥뗄맽뛉뺭맽쇋쫽룶쫀볍ꆣ뗤탍뗄쮹듳쇖훷틥쫇쪹폃컞쟩뗄놩솦살횸믓붨솢뗚튻룶짧믡훷틥훆뛈ꎬ뺡맜죧듋ꎬ맽뛉죔돖탸쇋듳풼15쓪ꆣ쿖퓚ꎬ퓚쎻폐쇷톪뫍놩솦뗄ꆰ쳬뛬죞ꆱ룯쏼횮뫳ꎬퟟ쿲놾훷틥뗄뗀슷뗄뗚튻룶10쓪틑뺭맽좥ꎬ뷸햹ퟮ뿬뗄뚫얷맺볒ꆪ뷝뿋릲뫍맺ꆢ탙퇀샻뫍늨삼ꆪ듳늿럖틑뺭뺭샺쇋맽뛉ꆣ쪵쪵퓚퓚뗄샺쪷뇤뮯맽돌횤쏷쇋쓇킩죋쯹풤퇔뗄ꆪ붫랢짺튻룶듓짧믡훷틥쿲놾훷틥훆뛈뗄맽뛉ꆣ뺡맜룷맺뗄맽뛉늢늻쫇춬퇹뗄뿬ꎬ늢쟒퓚쿠떱뛠뗄맺볒쓚듦퓚ퟅ춣훍뫍랴뢴ꎬ떫쿖퓚틑뫜짙폐죋뮳틉맬뗄랽쿲쫇뎯ퟅ튻룶놾훷틥훆뛈ꆣ짧믡뿆톧볒쟣쿲폚벵뛊쯻쏇뗄ퟔ좻뿆톧볒춬쫂쏇쓜릻뷸탐쪵퇩쫒닙ퟷꆣ퓚헢룶낸샽훐ꎬ샺쪷룸컒쏇쳡릩쇋헦쪵뗄쪵퇩쫒ꆣ쯼살뗃첫죝틗쇋ꎬ틔훁폚늻쓜쮵컒쏇쫇럱틑뺭믲헽퓚뫜뫃뗘샻폃헢듎믺믡ꆣ튻룶랶쪽뇘탫퓚쫽룶훷쳢훐춨맽볬퇩닅쓜횤쏷웤뿉폃탔ꆣퟮ뫳튻뷚붫쳖싛믹놾훷쳢훐뗄튻룶ꎺ쯼뗄풤닢쓜솦ꆣ죃컒쏇퓚헢샯쿈맛달쇭췢솽룶뷓뷼뗄뻟폐쿠뮥맘솪뗄훷쳢ꎬ훆뛈랶쪽죧뫎춨맽뷢쫍쓜솦뫍뛔죕뎣쪵볹뗄샭싛풮훺뗄볬퇩ꆣ훆뛈랶쪽틑뺭횤쏷쫇뻸뛔뇘튪뗄ꆣ쎿튻룶퇐뺿헟틀뻝쯼뗄룅쓮살쮼뾼ꎺ짧믡훷틥폫놾훷틥ꆢ쏼쇮뺭볃폫쫐뎡뺭볃ꆢ맙쇅폫ퟔ평웳튵ꆢ퓙럖엤폫쿻럑헟훷좨ꆪ헢킩틔벰샠쯆뗄룅쓮쳡릩쇋럖컶뿲볜ꆣ뻍쿱쒪샯낧뻧훐뗄훐닺뷗벶짰쪿ꎬ횱떽헜죋웴쏉틔뫳닅횪뗀ퟔ벺퓚쮵즢컄ꎬ탭뛠뫳짧믡훷틥맬뗄퇐뺿헟쎻폐틢쪶떽쯻쏇퓚쮵ퟅ훆뛈랶쪽뗄폯퇔ꎬ뛸늻쫇쯻쏇ퟔ벺톧뿆뗄폯퇔ꆣ폫훆뛈랶쪽폐맘뗄뗤탍뗄쓑쳢틑돉캪힢틢솦뗄훐탄ꆣ맬펦룃놣돖쪲쎴쯙뛈ꎿ쫇럱펦룃폐튻룶좫쏦뗄튻삿ퟓ랽낸뿉틔십짏닉폃ꎬ믲헟쫇럱쫂쟩펦룃럖벸23
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies룶뷗뛎살틽죫ꎿ퓚틽죫탨튪뗄램싉맦퓲랽쏦쪲쎴닅쫇ퟮ뫃뗄쮳탲ꎿ쫫캪쿈쫫캪뫳ꎿ쪲쎴쫇뺭볃뇤룯쯹탨뗄헾훎쳵볾ꎿ뛸쪲쎴폖쫇헾훎뇤룯쯹탨뗄뺭볃쳵볾ꎿ뛠짙뚫컷뿉틔죎웤ퟔ좻뗘ꆢ퇝뷸뗄맬ꎬ뛸뛠짙뚫컷탨튪춨맽맺볒뗄룉풤뫍뇤룯뗄췆뚯살믽벫뗘좥췪돉ꎿ듰낸룷훖룷퇹ꎬ떫컊쳢쫇튻퇹뗄ꎬ쯼쏇늻뻖쿞폚튻킩톧헟ꆣ퓚ힼ놸좫쏦뗄쫀뷧틸탐뫍EBRD놨룦뗄퇐쳖믡짏헢킩컊쳢놻컊벰ꎬ쯼쏇튲놻룷맺볒헾뢮뗄훇쓒췅돉풱쯹맘힢ꆣ훆뛈랶쪽뗄튻룶쇮죋탅럾뗄싛뻝쫇믹폚맛달뫳짧믡훷틥맬퇐뺿뗄ꆰ뿍ퟹꋙ쏷탇ꆱꎨguest starꎩ뇭쿖돶살뗄첬뛈ꆣ퓚1990쓪뗄뻞뇤횮뫳ꎬ탭뛠컷랽톧쫵뷧뗄뺭볃톧볒ꆢ짧믡톧볒ꆢ헾훎톧볒뫍램톧볒늻룊폚놻훃폚뻖췢ꆣ쯻쏇뇘탫쟗ퟔ맽살뾴뾴ꎬ짵훁쳡돶붨틩ꆣ쯻쏇듳뛠쫽죋뗄죈쟩쫇퓝쪱뗄ꎺ쯻쏇살쇋뾴쇋ꎬ뗃떽쇋ꎨ믲쏔믳쇋ꎩꎬ좻뫳샫뾪쇋ꆣ헢뻍쫇컒캪쪲쎴돆쯻쏇캪뿍ퟹ쏷탇뗄풭틲ꆣ쯻ꋚ쏇럇뎣쿱퓝쪱샫뾪ퟔ벺뗄췅쳥뛸돶쿖퓚쇭튻룶췅쳥뗄뇭퇝헟ꆣ죃컒쏇붫쯻쏇쟸럖캪솽샠좺쳥ꆣ뛔폚뗚튻샠ꎬ뷏뛌뗄뿉폃쪱볤쪹쯻쏇늻쓜쳸돶웹뷱ퟳ폒쯻쏇쮼캬랽쪽뗄랶쪽ꆣ헢ퟔ좻쪹쯻쏇늻쓜랢믓죎뫎헦헽뗄펰쿬솦ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ뗚뛾샠좺쳥뗄돉풱쫔춼늿럖믲좫늿뗘냚췑쯻쏇맡뎣뗄쮼캬랽쪽ꎬ늢쟒폐틢쪶뗘믲놾쓜뗘닉폃훆뛈랶쪽ꆣ쯻쏇룐뻵떽헢룶탎쫆늻쫴폚튻룶ꆰ뒿ꆱ뺭볃톧쇬폲벰웤욫뫃뗄쒣탍ꆣ쯻쏇늻쓜ퟱ톭튻룶뺭볃톧볒뗄뎣맦ꎬ볲떥뗘볙짨엗뾪뿉쓜쯰몦듽횤쏷램퓲뗄쏴룐탔뗄죎뫎뿍맛듦퓚ꆣ쯦틢뗘붫짧믡믲뺭볃뗄쒳튻늿럖듓ퟜ쳥훐쓃뗴ꎬ뛸붫쪵퇩횻벯훐퓚헢튻늿럖짏쫇늻뿉쓜뗄ꎬ틲캪뷡맻쫇쫜떽쓇킩늿럖뫍놻볙뚨엗뾪뗄웤쯻늿럖뗄쿠뮥ퟷ폃펰쿬뗄ꆣ평폚훆뛈훐쯹폐틲쯘뒦퓚럇뎣뿬뗄퓋뚯뫍뇤뮯훐ꎬퟷ캪튻룶뒦샭컊쳢뗄볲떥랽쪽ꎬ뺲첬쒣탍뗄쪹폃쫇컞킧뗄ꆣ퓚듳뛠쫽쟩뿶쿂ꎬ뫳튻샠ꆰ뿍ퟹꆱ퇐뺿좺쳥ힼ놸뚪쿂쯻쏇뺫좷뗄쒣탍뫍맛뗣살쳽듓쯻쏇튻냣뗄룐뻵뫍쪵퓚뗄횱뻵ꆣ쯻쏇뗄샽ퟓ뇭쏷훆뛈랶쪽랽램싛좱랦ꋙ듋뒦맘폚살ퟔ맺췢뗄뿍ퟹ퇐뺿헟냧퇝뗄뷇즫뗄쏨킴뛠짙듸폐뗣럭듌탔ꎬ컒늢늻쿫쮵놾췁뗄붨틩헟ퟶ뗃룼뫃ꆣ퓚췢맺뫍놾췁볒훐폐죋쳡돶쇋럇뎣폐틦뗄좰룦ꎬ춬쪱솽랽쏦뚼폐죋ꎬ쯻쏇뗄붨틩놻횤쏷늻첫뿉탐믲췪좫듭컳ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ퓚췢맺톧헟뫍맺쓚볒횮볤쯻쏇뗄붨틩쯹삵틔횧돖뗄랶쪽믹뒡듦퓚ퟅ뿉맛달떽뗄닮틬ꆣ탭뛠퓚릲닺떳맺볒뗄듳톧뷓쫜뷌폽뗄톧풺쪽뺭볃톧볒쎻폐쫜떽살ퟔ컷랽뗄럃컊뺭볃톧볒뗄쯹뷓쫜뗄훷쇷랶쪽뗄뺫짱뗄펰쿬ꆣ쯤좻쯻쏇뫜짙쫜떽쿖듺뺭볃톧뗄뷌폽ꎬ퓚뇀삣횮잰탭뛠쓪뗄룄룯헹싛통솷쇋쯻쏇뗄쮼쿫룹뻝춬쪱뇤뮯뗄훆뛈뗄룷훖돉럖살쮼뾼ꆣꋚ늨쳘쮹ꎨPortes 1994ꎩ퓋폃쇋쇭튻룶틾폷살쏨쫶쿠춬뗄쿖쿳ꆣ쯻쏇쪹쯻쿫웰쇋쏀맺쓚햽뫳뗄춶믺뿍(carpetbaggers)ꎬ퓚햽뫳듓놱랽엜떽쓏랽뗄헾뢮맙풱ꆢ헾훎볒뫍웳튵훷ꆣ24
믹폚뺫좷뗄볙짨뫍뚨샭뗄쒣탍뗄풭틲늢늻쫇쯼뗄탅춽늻릻뺫춨쫽톧ꆣ짵훁쫜맽솼뫃쫽톧통솷뗄뺭볃톧볒튲늻뿉쓜붨릹뿉틔뛔벫웤뢴퓓뗄맬컊쳢뗃돶헦헽쇮죋탄퓃돏럾뗄뷡맻뗄쒣탍ꆣ틲듋ꎬ샭훇짏돏쪵튻뗣룼뫃ꆣ뇘탫돐죏ꎬ훆뛈랶쪽쫇튻룶뷶뷶쓜릻듯떽퇏룱뿆톧랽램튻냫뇪ힼ뗄랽램ꆣ튻랽쏦ꎬ쯼튪쟳쯼뗄쮵쏷뻟폐싟벭튻훂탔ꎬ돂쫶튪쫜떽싛횤뫍뛔쿠춬믲쿠랴낸샽뗄뇈뷏뗄횧돖ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ쫴폚훆뛈랶쪽횮쇐뗄훸ퟷꎬ믲헟움싛컄헂볈늻튪쟳뛔쏼쳢퇏룱뗄쫽샭횤쏷ꎬ튲늻탨튪붨솢퓚춳볆볬퇩쪵퇩짏뗄볆솿뺭볃럖컶살횧돖쯼ꆣ뿉틔폐냑컕뗘쮵ꎬ훆뛈랶쪽춨맽뫳짧믡훷틥뗄맽뛉뛸럡뢻웰살ꆣ룅쓮릤뻟뇤뗃룼볓맣랺뫍룼볓뺫솷ꎬ뇈뷏뗄랶캧퓚퓶듳ꎬ뛸쟒쫊폃폚맺볊뇈뷏뗄볆솿뺭ꋙ볃럖컶돉캪쇋랶쪽랽램싛훐폺랢춻돶뗄튻늿럖ꆣ튻킩컷랽퇐뺿헟뫍맋컊떱좻뛔폚샭뷢맬컊쳢ퟶ돶쇋릱쿗ꎬ뛸쟒쒳킩쪱뫲짵훁틔튻훖폐틦뗄뫍붨짨탔뗄랽쪽쿪쾸쮵쏷쇋쿖쪵죎컱ꆣ헢쳘뇰폐틦폚쓇킩퓚헢룶쇬폲볡돖쇋뷏뎤쪱볤늢뻶뚨틔듋캪튵뗄죋ꆣ쯻쏇퓚쪵볹훐톧떽쇋쯻쏇뗄컷랽뷌폽쯹뫶싔뷌룸쯻쏇뗄뚫컷ꆣ뇏튵폚쿭폐뫜룟짹췻뗄듳톧뗄톧짺ꎬ쮼쿫짏쾰맟내헕ꆰ볙짨ꆪ뚨샭ꆪ횤쏷ꆱ뗄맟샽랽쪽뫍ퟮ탂뗄뺭볃톧벼쟉살쮼뾼ꎬ떫쫇쯻쏇훐뗄듳뛠쫽늻쫬쾤훆뛈랶쪽쯹펦폃뗄릤뻟ꆣퟔ컒쳡탑ꆰ컒뇘탫늻쓜볲떥뗘컊컒헽퓚돩쿳돶쪲쎴ꆣ컊튻컊컒뇘탫늻쓜돩쿳뗴쪲쎴훁짙튲쫇튻퇹훘튪뗄ꆣ컒쯹볬퇩뗄뻖늿탔컊쳢쫇죧뫎폫헻쳥늿럖쿠솪쾵뗄ꎿꆱ뛔폚쯻쏇살쮵뮹쎻폐돉캪튻훖쳵볾랴짤ꆣ톧짺쏇쎻폐놻맄샸좥톯컊쯻쏇죧뫎쓜릻좥맛달ퟷ캪튻룶헻쳥뗄맺볒뗄ힴ첬ꎬ믲헟뇈죧ꎬ죧맻쯻쏇뾴떽튻룶맺볒쿝죫캣믺쯻쏇룃죧뫎쮼뾼ꆣ벴쪹톧짺쏇퓚쯻쏇뗄훐톧뫍놾뿆뷌폽훐쎻폐믱뗃튻뚡뗣뗄샺쪷ꆢ짧믡톧ꆢ탄샭톧뫍헜톧뗄횪쪶ꎬ쯻쏇튻퇹뿉틔믱뗃뺭볃톧늩쪿톧캻ꆣ쯻쏇떱좻뿉틔ퟔ풸뗘뾪삫헢훖횪쪶ꎬ떫쫇헢퇹ퟶ늻믡폐뫜듳뗄볛횵뫍믘놨ꆣ잡잡쿠랴ꎬ헢뿉쓜믡틽웰뮳틉ꎬ벴쯻쏇짦쇔뗄랽쿲첫뛠뛸폖뚼쫇췢탐ꆣ뛔폚듳풼쯄럖횮튻ꎬ짵훁죽럖횮튻뗄좫쫀뷧죋뿚ꎬ훆뛈뇤잨쫇튻훖쿱뢹킺튻퇹뗄뺭샺ꆣ쓇킩뻓힡퓚쫀뷧짏맬뗘쟸뗄죋쏇늻쓜릻ꆢ늢쟒붫살튲늻믡볌탸내쯻쏇틔잰짺믮뗄랽쪽살짺믮ꆣ뢹킺뗄룐뻵ퟜ쳥짏쎻폐펰쿬짧믡뿆톧ꆣ돽쇋룶뇰샽췢ꎬꆰ뿍ퟹ쏷탇ꆱ폖믘떽쇋쯻쏇풭살뗄ퟩ횯좥볌탸쯻쏇퓸뚪쿂뗄릤ퟷꆣ죧맻쯻쏇헦헽듓룹놾짏짳쫓듋쫂ꎬ쯻쏇헢퇹ퟶ틑뺭틅웺쇋뿕잰쓑뗃뗄ꆰ쪵퇩쫒ꆱꆣ훆ꋙ뛔폚뫳튻쿮랢햹ꎬ샽죧볻De Melo뗈ꎨ1997ꎩ뫍Fisher뗈ꎨ1996ꎩꆣ25
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뛈랶쪽뛠뛠짙짙놣돖ퟅ뿍맛뗄ힴ첬ꎬ뛸웤쯻랶쪽ꎬ쳘뇰쫇탂맅뗤뺭볃톧뗄훷쇷볌탸놣돖늻쫜맬뗄펰쿬ꆣ퓚컒쏇뗄통솷훐늻듦퓚헶듳퇛뺦뗄뺪퇈뫍폫죋컄톧뿆쿖ힴ뗄쓚퓚늻튻훂탔ꆪ떱쒳킩훘듳쫂볾랢짺쪱쓜릻헒떽뗄붡뾵탄훇뫍뾪럅탄탘뗄뗤탍랴펦ꆣ헢늻쫇컒쯹뮳쓮뗄뿢뛷틢틥짏뗄뿆톧룯쏼ꆣ컒늻쫇뫅헙폃쇭튻훖랶쪽살좡듺훷쇷랶쪽ꆣ퓚뫳짧믡훷틥맬뗄듳쳥퇩횮뫳ꎬ뛔폚훷쇷맦랶탔뿆톧뛸퇔ꎬ탨튪뗄쫇룼볓쟥돾뗘죏쪶떽ퟔ벺뗄뻖쿞ꆣ쯼뇘탫룼쏷냗쪲쎴쫇쯼쓜쪤죎뗄뫍쪲쎴쫇늻쓜쪤죎뗄ꆣ컒뿉쓜듭쇋ꎬ떫쫇컒펡쿳훐퓚뺭볃톧튵샯횻폐뫜짙뗄죋뷓쫜훷쇷랶쪽헢룶쏣잿뗄ꆢ룼볓폐쿞랶캧뗄폐킧탔ꆣ뗄좷폐튻킩죋듓90쓪듺뗄훆뛈뇤룯훐쏷좷뗘뗃돶쇋쿠랴뗄뷡싛ꆣ쯻쏇붫쿖쪵뗄놾훷틥훆뛈뛔쿖쪵뗄짧믡훷틥뗄쪤샻컳뷢돉훷쇷뺭볃톧뛔웤쯻좫늿뗄ꆢ뿉쳦듺뗄랶쪽뗄쪤샻ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ쿖쪵뗄놾훷틥훆뛈쫇평폚뛠훖풭틲뛸믱뗃쇋쪤샻ꆣ쯼뗄쪤샻쫇평폚튻킩퓚웤쯻쫂쟩횮훐뗄폅솼뗄쳘탔ꎬ헢킩쳘탔쎻폐뗃떽훷쇷랶쪽돤럖뗄럖컶뫍뷢쫍ꆣ헢샯뇘탫튪볓짏튻룶훘튪뗄움싛ꆣ폐돤럖뗄샭평횤쏷ꎬ듓놾훷틥훆뛈뾪쪼럖컶ꎬ뾪쪼퇐뺿웤쿖쿳ꎬ쓇킩톡퓱쇋헢퇹튻훖랽램뗄죋뛔폚쯻쏇헢훖퇐뺿뗄뻖쿞탔쫇폐쟥탑죏쪶뗄ꆣ퓚듋죃컒쳡튻쿂놾퇐뺿뗄뗚튻늿럖ꎬ퓚쓇컒쮵컒늻튪쟳훆뛈랶쪽뗄샻좨ꆣ짨볆쯼횻쫇캪쇋늹돤ꆢ뛸늻쫇좥듺쳦퓚쯼쏇ퟔ벺랶캧쓚쫊폃뗄웤쯻뗄랶쪽ꆣ퓚헢튻뗣짏ꎬ쳖싛훷쇷랶쪽뗄폐킧쫊폃랶캧뮹쫇쇮죋룐탋좤뗄ꆣ쯼쓜뛔쪲쎴뷢쫍뗃뫜뫃ꎿ뛸쓄킩컊쳢쯼늻쓜믘듰믲믘듰뗃뫜닮ꎿ쿠랴뗘ꎬ쓄뛹폖쫇훆뛈랶쪽ꎨ믲웤쯻랶쪽ꎩ쫊폃뇟뷧ꎿ좻뛸ꎬ컒늻뗃늻퇓동컒뛔듋쿫램뗄쿪쾸쮵쏷ꎬ뛸붫쯼쏇ퟷ캪쇭튻룶퇐뺿뗄훷쳢ꆣ쇹ꆢ튻킩웤쯻뗄ꆰ쓑쳢ꆱ뚫얷뫍잰쯕솪뗘쟸뗄뫳짧믡훷틥뗄맬퓚뿉풤볻뗄붫살붫믡뷡쫸ꆣ맬퓚룷맺붫퓚뫎쪱뷡쫸뗄컊쳢퓚듋뿉룩훃늻싛ꆣ맬뷡쫸횮뫳붫탨튪뮨튻킩쪱볤살쾵춳뗘쿻뮯맬뗄뺭퇩ꆣ튻떩컒쏇뗄볌돐헟ꆢ컒쏇뗄톧짺살퇐뺿훆뛈랶쪽쪱ꎬ쯼쫇럱믡틲캪좱랦뿆톧쳴햽뛸쮥실ꎿ듰낸뫜쏷좷쫇럱뚨뗄ꆣ죔좻믡폐탭뛠컊쳢퓚튻룶쿠떱뎤뗄샺쪷쪱웚쓚붫놣돖퓚뿆톧틩돌훐ꎬ늢뺭뎣뗘쿲훆뛈랶쪽쳡돶쳴햽ꆣ헢킩컊쳢튲붫쳴햽늹돤뗄믲뛔솢뗄랶쪽ꎬ냼삨쓇킩컒쏇퓚놾듎냘쇖믡틩짏쳖싛뗄랶쪽ꆣ죃컒춨맽쇐뻙쯄룶탨튪놣돖뫳탸퇐뺿뗄뿎쳢살뷢쫍헢룶듰낸ꆣ1.?훐맺맽좥뫍붫살뗄맬쫇듳쓑쳢훐뗄튻룶ꎬ뛔듋폐퓰죎탄뗄퇐뺿헟늻쓜26
ퟔ웛웛죋뗘죏캪쯻쏇헆컕쇋뷢뻶컊쳢뗄풿돗ꆣ뷢뻶랽낸뗄톰헒떱좻튪쟳훆뛈랶쪽뗄뎫떼헟뗄닎폫ꎬ벴쪹헢늻떥떥쫇쯻쏇쯹맘탄뗄ꆣ쯹폐맬뺭볃돶쿖뗄컊쳢튲믡퓚훐맺춻좻돶쿖ꎬ떱좻늻믡틔췪좫쿠춬뗄랽쪽ꆣ훐맺뻞듳뗄쏦믽뫍럇뎣뫃뗄헾훎ꆢ뺭볃뫍뻼쫂잱솦쪹쯼돉캪컒쏇헢룶쪱듺ퟮ훘튪뗄퇐뺿뿎쳢횮튻ꆣ2.?훆뛈랶쪽퓚럖컶놾훷틥훆뛈쓚늿뗄룷훖탎쪽쪱쓜릻폐뻞듳뗄냯훺ꆣ헢튲퓚퇝뷸랶쪽뫍훆뛈랶쪽횮볤듦퓚탭뛠훘뗾뗄퇐뺿쇬폲횮훐ꆣ놾훷틥늻쫇튻룶볡만뗄ꆢ춳튻뗄훆뛈ꆣ쯼틔뫜뛠뇤틬뗄뇤쳥탎쪽듦퓚ꎬ퓚쯼쏇횮훐평샺쪷살톡퓱ꆣ퇝뷸뗄뇤룯퓚웤훐랢짺ꆣ퇐뺿헢킩뇤틬뫍떼훂뗄뇤쳥쓜릻럡뢻훆뛈랶쪽뗄룅쓮탔릤뻟ꎬ뮹폐쯼뗄뷢뻶컊쳢뗄냬램뫍랽램싛ꆣ샽죧ꎬ죕놾ꆢ쏀맺뫍뗂맺룷훖늻춬탎첬죧뫎쿠뮥쟸뇰ꎿ죧맻뷶듓뺭볃ꆢ믲헟헾훎훆뛈ꆢ믲헟컄뮯뒫춳훐좥톰헒듰낸ꎬ믲헟냑퇐뺿뻖쿞퓚튻떽솽룶훆뛈ꎬ죧헾뢮룉풤믲샍릤맘쾵짏ꎬ헢쫇늻쓜헒떽싺틢듰낸뗄ꆣ짮뿌샭뷢놾훷틥룷훖늻춬탎첬횮볤뗄닮틬ꎬ붫쓜릻뛔죕놾횱떽ퟮ뷼뗄늻뿉쮼틩뗄뺭볃벨킧ꆢ쓚몭폚훆뛈뗄룷훖풭틲ꎬ틔벰톸쯙돶쿖뗄퇏뻾컊쳢룸돶튻룶쇮죋탅럾뗄뷢쫍ꆣ헢퇹튻훖샭뷢튲붫룼쟥돾뗘쿔쪾돶쏀맺뫍뗂맺뗄쿖듺놾훷틥뗀슷쫇죧뫎뗄늻춬ꆣ죃컒쏇볲떥뗘뾴튻뾴믹폚훆뛈랶쪽ꆪ뇈뷏뿎돌뗄뷌뿆쫩ꆪ뗄맦랶뿆톧뗄횤쏷맽돌ꆣ헢킩뺫뮪훷튪퓚놾훷틥뫍짧믡훷틥솽룶ꆰ듳ꆱ훆뛈ꎬ틔벰쿠뛔뷏짙뗘퓚놾훷틥쓚늿늻춬탎첬뗄뇈뷏짏ꆣ퓚헢킩늻춬뗄탎첬뗄샠탍톧짏늢쎻폐튻훂탔ꆣퟷ캪틀뾿뛔헦쪵샺쪷쇬컲뗄룅삨뛸뗃돶뗄쫊뫏폚샭싛럖컶뗄샭쿫탎첬뗄튻룶쳦듺ꎬ헢샯뷶뷶쟣쿲폚튻룶룶풭탍맺볒ꎨ뇈죧죕놾ꆢ죰뗤뫍쏀맺ꎩ뗄쳘쫢쏨쫶ꆣ쏷좷뗘탰쫶헢퇹튻룶샭쿫탎첬뗄죎컱죔좻듦퓚ꆣ3.?쮼쯷놾훷틥훆뛈쓚뗄쳘뚨늿럝뗄헦쪵ힴ뿶쫇횵뗃뗄ꎬ헻쳥뗄쒳킩컊쳢ꎬ퓚쒳튻캢맛닣쏦ꎬꆰ듳훆뛈ꆱ놻뢴훆ꆣ쿠맘뗄튻룶뫜뫃뗄샽ퟓ쫇평튽쇆놣붡훆뛈룄룯쯹쳡릩뗄ꎬ쒿잰쯼놻좫쫀뷧쳡짏틩쫂죕돌ꆣ쳖싛훐쳡돶뗄쪵볊컊쳢뫍쓇킩쳡돶붨틩뗄헹싛뮽웰쿱컒ퟔ벺헢퇹ꎬ닎폫맽짧믡훷틥훆뛈룄룯쳖싛뗄죋쯆퓸쿠쪶뗄룐뻵ꆣ캪쪲쎴튽쇆놣붡늿쏅뗄릫릲쯹폐좨튪놻놣쇴ꎬ믲헟랴횮ꎬ튪놻럏돽ꎿ튽쇆놣붡탐캪평쫐뎡틽떼쫇럱헽좷ꎬ뮹쫇펦룃냑쯼쇴룸맙풱ꎿ뛠듳돌뛈뗘룸폨쿻럑헟훷좨쫇뿉퓊탭뗄뫍쇮죋쿲췹뗄ꎿ펦룃평쮭살뻶뚨뇘탨쿻럑욷뗄볛룱ꎺ쫐뎡ꆢ쫐뎡훐쒳룶쳘뚨뗄탐캪죋ꎬ뮹쫇쒳킩헾뢮떱뻖ꎿ쪲쎴쫇벯좨뫍럖좨뗄폅쫆뫍쇓쫆ꎿ죧맻튽쇆놣붡훆뛈내헕튻킩ꆰ쫐뎡짧믡훷틥ꆱ쒣쪽ꎬ놾훊짏죧튻킩ꆰ삼룱쒣쪽ꆱ뺭볃살퓋탐ꎬ룷샠탐캪죋ꎨ튽풺맜샭헟ꆢ튽짺뫍늡죋ꎩ뗄탐캪붫죧27
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뫎뇭쿖ꎿ늻뷶쫇쳡돶뗄컊쳢ꎬ솬쿖쿳튲쫇쿠쯆뗄ꆣ퓚얷훞헢럇뎣헦쪵ꎬ뚫얷뫍컷얷ꎬ퓚쓇뛹튽쇆놣붡뛠뛠짙짙쫇ퟔ훷뗄ꎬ뛸쟒튽쇆놣붡늿쏅돉캪놾훷틥췴퇳듳몣훐뗄튻룶짧믡훷틥ꎨퟮ뫃쫇쫐뎡짧믡훷틥ꎩ맂떺ꎬ늢쟒냩쯦ퟅ쇮죋쫬쾤뗄룷훖쳘헷ꎺ뛌좱ꆢ업뛓ꆢ짪쟫쏻떥ꆢ잿웈쳦듺ꆢ헾뢮럖엤뫍뚨솿엤룸ꆣퟔ좻뗘ꎬ컷랽맺볒쓇킩닎폫놣붡훆뛈쳖싛뗄죋퓄뛁뫍믘펦뗄컄쿗쫇평쯻쏇뗄컷랽춬쫂쏇ꎬ쳘뇰쫇놣붡뺭볃톧헢튻럖톧뿆뗄퇐뺿헟쯹킴ꆣ쇮죋뻚즥뗄쫇쎻폐죎뫎죋힢틢짧믡훷틥뗄샠쯆쟩뿶ꎬ벴쪹춬퇹컊쳢뗄쳖싛퓚쓇훖놳뺰쿂쫽쪮쓪살튻횱퓚볌탸ꆣ듋췢ꎬ헢킩쮼쿫훐뗄탭뛠랽쏦틑뺭퓚릲닺떳맺볒뢶훮쪵쿖ꎬ틲듋쯼쏇뗄뷡맻쫇뿉뇦뇰뗄ꆣ듲룶뇈랽ꎬ놣붡룄룯뗄쳖싛훐뎣쳽떽헢퇹튻훖맛뗣ꎬ벴췪좫뗄맺볒벯좨탐캪뗚튻뷗뛎벫듳뗘복짙쇋맜샭돉놾ꎬ늢쟒쿻돽쇋맣룦뫍펰쿬쿻럑헟헢킩뺺헹틽웰뗄릩룸돉놾ꆣ뮰쯤죧듋ꎬ떫쫇헢훖룟뛈벯좨놻짧믡훷틥훆뛈쯹맣랺닉폃ꎬ뻍뗈폚뎹뗗횤쏷쇋벯좨쫇뢻폐돉킧뗄싰ꎿ퓚쫐쏱훷좨뫍컞솦럀컀랽쏦쯼틢캶ퟅ쪲쎴쓘ꎿ쪲쎴쟽뚯솦쪹쯼좥뒴퓬믲틖훆벼쫵랢햹ꆣ쪹폃훆뛈랶쪽뗄냬램ꆢ룅쓮릤뻟뫍랽램싛ꎬ틔벰쯼쯹쳡돶뗄컊쳢살늹돤ꎨ뛸늻쫇듺쳦ꎩ쒿잰뗄놣붡뺭볃톧랶쪽쫇폐볛횵뗄ꆣ죧맻헢킩헹싛뗄닎폫헟돔춸쇋맘폚짧믡훷틥룄룯쳖싛뗄컄쿗붫럇뎣폐틦ꆣ죋쏇믡쏷냗쎻폐뇘튪좥ꆰ훘탂랢쿖ꆱ쯹폐헢킩컊쳢뫍듰낸ꆣ헢훖퇐뺿붫뛔폚놣붡룄룯뗄헹싛ퟶ돶폐볛횵뗄릱쿗ꎬ늢쟒뛔쓇킩훁뷱놻뫶싔뗄솪쾵룸폨맘힢ꆣ놣붡훆뛈뷶뷶쫇탭뛠캢맛닣쏦뗄튻룶샽ퟓꎬ헢킩캢맛닣쏦쓜릻퓚훆뛈랶쪽뗄뿲볜쓚놻떱ퟷ훆뛈살퇐뺿ꆣ4.ৎ튰퇗Ꞔ통쓎쫌엔?튵쓌훂?ꖵ쓗ꆰ?듳ꆱ놾훷틥훆뛈뗄좫쟲탔ꆢ샺쪷탔뗄맬ꆣ퓚20쫀볍첸싛솽룶듳훆뛈ꎺ놾훷틥뫍짧믡훷틥ꎬ놻횤쏷쫇헽떱뗄ꎬ퓚헢튻맛뗣뗄놳뫳듦퓚ퟅ맣랺뗄릲쪶ꆣ떫쫇틽폃뢣즽ꎨFukuyama 1992쓪ꎩ뗄뮰ꆪ샺쪷붫퓚뫎뒦훕뷡쓘ꎿ퓚짺닺벼쫵ꆢ죋볊붻췹ꆢ닺좨럖엤벰웤횴탐랽램랽쏦쒿잰헽랢짺훘듳뇤뮯ꎬ퓚21쫀볍쒩믲22쫀볍ꎬ튻룶쳡뎫훆뛈랶쪽뗄톧헟뿉쓜믡쮵ꎺꆰ쿖퓚컒쏇쯹펵폐뗄쫇쇭튻룶듳훆뛈ꎨ믲헟벸룶웤쯻뗄듳훆뛈ꎩꎬ쯼늻춬폚20쫀볍뗄놾훷틥훆뛈ꆱꆣ컒늢늻퓞돉벱폚ퟶ헢훖뇭듯ꎬ헢튲쫇쎻폐룹뻝뗄ꆣ탨튪뾼싇뗄쫇뷱쳬뗄놾훷틥붫쮿뫁늻뇤뗘놣돖뛠뎤쪱볤ꆣ쳡돶헢훖컊쳢쫇퇝뷸랶쪽뫍훆뛈랶쪽릲춬뗄쓚죝횮튻ꆣ컒쿠탅훆뛈랶쪽뛔폚퓚짧믡훷틥뫍놾훷틥횮볤뮭짏뷧쿞쳡릩쇋컞뿉럇틩뗄뇪ힼꆣ튲탭ꎬ떫뻶럇떱좻ꎬ죧맻튪뛔웹뷱쯹샭뷢뗄놾훷틥폫쓇킩뿉쓜뷐늻돶쏻뗄뿉틔쳦듺쯼뗄훆뛈뷸탐쟸럖ꎬ춬퇹28
뗄뇪ힼ튲쫇쫊폃뗄ꆣ웟ꆢ풤퇔뗄ꆰ좱쿝ꆱ잰튻늿럖컒쯹쳡뗄ퟮ뫳튻룶컊쳢틽돶쇋튻룶컒풸틢폃쯼ퟷ뷡싛뗄뿎쳢ꎺ캴살뇤뮯뗄컊쳢ꆣ컒쯹붲쇋헢쎴뛠뗄뚫컷늻쫇튪ퟶ풤닢릤ퟷꎬ뛸쫇튻룶룼햭뗄컊쳢ꎬ벴에뛏튻룶쪱뿌ꎬ퓚헢룶쪱뿌ꎬ릫훚춬틢돆캪놾훷틥뗄훆뛈랢짺쇋죧듋듳돌뛈뗄뇤뮯ꎬ틔훁폚붫쯼죏캪쫇쇭튻룶늻춬뗄듳훆뛈놻횤쏷쫇헽떱뗄ꆣ늻쓜믘뇜뗄쫇튻룶룼볓퇏쯠뗄컊쳢ꎬ훆뛈랶쪽뗄뎫떼헟죧뫎뒦샭뛔폚쯹폐뿆톧뛸퇔뗄튻룶믹놾뿆쒿뗄닢쫔ꎺ풤닢ꆣ볲떥뗄믘듰ꎨ쯤좻럇뎣뗘쟒늻릫욽뗘볲뛌ꎩ쫇쯻쏇쪧냜쇋ꆣ룼뺫좷뗣ꎬ늻쫇쯻쏇쯹폐뗄풤닢뚼쫇듭컳뗄ꎬ뛸쫇폐튻킩럇뎣훘튪뗄뚫컷폫샺쪷늻럻ꆣ죃컒쏇믘떽뗚뛾뷚쯹쳡떽맽뗄쏻ퟖꎬ뮹쫇듓십뿋쮼뾪쪼ꆣ쫽쪮쓪살ꎬ쯆뫵뫃쿳십뿋쮼뗄믹놾풤퇔헽퓚쪵쿖ꎬ훁짙좫쫀뷧뗄튻늿럖ꎺ놾훷틥튪룸짧믡훷틥죃슷ꎬ쮽폐닺좨놻릫폐닺좨ꆢ쫐뎡놻볆뮮쯹좡듺ꆣ샺쪷뗘살뾴듽헢볾쫂ꎬ헢퇹튻룶랢햹놻횤쏷뷶뷶쫇맽뛉탔뗄ꆣ십뿋쮼뗄풤퇔퓚쓇킩랢짺퓚뚫얷뫍쯕솪뗄쫂쟩쏦잰쎻폐쪵쿖ꆣ맾튮뿋풤퇔죧맻튻룶놾훷틥맺볒첤돶뷅늽ꎬퟟ짏늻컈만뗄벯좨ꆢ맺볒룉풤뫍볆뮮횮슷ꎬ쯼붫늻뿉뇜쏢뗘춨쿲얫틛횮슷ꆣ헢튲쎻폐랢짺ꆣ퓚ퟟ췪쇋헢쳵슷뗄쯄럖횮튻틔뫳퓙춣쿂살쫇뿉쓜뗄ꎬ냫슷략믘튲쫇뿉쓜뗄ꆣ헢룶컊쳢좡뻶폚헾훎랽쏦쫇럱듦퓚럀횹뛀닃뗄훆뛈놣횤ꆣ태뇋쳘뗄풤퇔쪵볊짏폫십뿋쮼뗄풤퇔닮뇰늻듳ꎬ떫쫇쯻늻쫇놧ퟅ튻룶풤퇔볒뗄죈쟩ꎬ뛸쫇내헕튻룶릫헽톧헟뗄죏횪살풤닢뗄ꆣ쫂쪵횤쏷쯻벫듳뗘뗍맀쇋놾훷틥훆뛈뗄믮솦ꎬ뛸룟맀쇋짧믡훷틥뗄믮솦ꆣ쯻쫔춼춨맽믹폚Walrasian뺭볃톧볒뗄샭싛릤ퟷ뛸붨솢뗄탩릹쒣탍살샭뷢뫳헟ꎬ뛸늻쫇좥퇐뺿쯕솪믮짺짺뗄쿖쪵ꆣ평폚쎻폐뛔쯕솪뫍쿠맘맺볒뗄뇀삣ퟶ돶풤퇔ꎬꆰ쯕뛭퇐뺿ꆱꎨSovietologyꎩ쫜떽좫쏦뗄퓰놸ꆣ헢룶퓰놸늿럖뗄쫇뫏샭뗄ꆣ튻랽쏦ꎬ뇈뷏뺭볃톧뫍헾훎톧뗄뗤랶ퟔ틔캪쫇뗘죏캪ꎺ놾훷틥훆뛈튪폅폚짧믡훷틥훆뛈ꎬ늢춨맽탭뛠쳖싛살횤쏷쯼ꆣ퓚듋틢틥짏쯻쏇뗄릤ퟷ낵쪾쇋튻룶튻냣뗄풤퇔ꎨ쿠뛔폚십뿋쮼뫍태뇋쳘뗄풤퇔ꎩꎬ벴짧믡훷틥훆뛈붫훰늽쿻췶ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬꆰ쯕뛭퇐뺿ꆱ짵훁늻쓜ퟶ돶튻룶쳵볾쪽풤퇔ꎬ죧쪲쎴쪱볤ꆢ퓚쪲쎴쳵볾쿂짧믡훷틥훆뛈믡쿻췶ꆣ29
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies컒튲튪뛔컒ퟔ벺뗄훸ퟷퟷퟔ컒움볛ꆣ튻랽쏦ꎬ컒죏캪퓚튻룶훘튪랽쏦ꎬ컒뗄훸ퟷ뗄풤퇔쓚죝놻횤쏷쫇헽좷뗄ꆣ떱컒뗄탭뛠뚫컷랽뗄춬죊죏캪춨맽쿻돽뛌좱뗄룄룯뿉틔퇓뎤짧믡훷틥뗄짺쏼ꎬ컒뛔듋뇭쪾뮳틉ꆣ컒횸돶ꎬ뺡맜룄룯쳡룟쇋죋쏱뗄짺믮훊솿ꎬ쯼쏇좴붥붥웆뮵쇋훆뛈뗄쓚퓚튻훂탔ꆣ쯼쏇쿷죵쇋짧믡훷틥훆뛈뗄룹믹ꎬ뛸늻쫇퓚췪짆쯼ꎬ쯼쏇떼훂쇋쟖쪴ꎬ뛸늻쫇듸살쇋컈뚨ꆣ컒쯹쎻폐풤볻떽뗄쫇헢룶쟖쪴뗄쯙뛈뫍볓쯙뛈ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ럁낭컒ퟶ돶듋풤볻뗄늻쫇훆뛈랶쪽ꆣ쿠랴ꎬ컒뗄컊쳢퓚폚컒쎻폐돤럖튻훂뗘뫍뺫쟉뗘쪹폃헢튻냬램뫍랽램싛ꆣ컒쎻폐퇐뺿뗃ퟣ릻짮죫ꆣ헢틢캶ퟅ컒캴쓜맛달떽룷훖췟뷢맽돌뗄쿠뮥펰쿬ꎬ뇈죧늻뛏퓶뎤뗄뺭볃삧쓑ꆢ쿝죫퓚뻼놸뺺주횮훐ꆢ퓚튻킩헾훎ퟔ평엉좡뗃쪤샻뫳릲닺훷틥틢쪶탎첬뗄뻵탑ꆢ틔벰퓶뎤뗄좮죥훷틥뫍쾵춳뗄뢯냜ꆣ폃뫚룱뛻쪽뗄쫵폯살쮵ꎬ뻍쫇솿뇤틽웰쇋훊뇤ꆣ컒쏇펦룃헶듳퇛뺦맛달쳸풾뫍춻뇤랢짺뗄뗚튻벣쿳ꆣ첹돏뗘쮵ꎬ쯤좻훆뛈랶쪽뗄닻쫶헟늻펦룃뗃떽쪧냜뗄볇슼ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ쯻쏇퓚풤퇔닢쫔짏튲뗄좷ퟶ뗃늻뫃ꆣ컒쿫컒쏇펦룃캪컒쏇캴살뗄릤ퟷ톧떽뺭퇩뷌통ꎬꋙ뛸늻쫇폃컒잰쏦쮵맽뗄뮰ꆪ퓚뇰뗄뿆쒿짏컒쏇뗃쇋뫃럖쫽ꆪ살낲캿ퟔ벺ꆣ뺡맜튪뺡ퟮ듳쿞뛈뗄얬솦살횤쏷풤퇔ꎬ떫튲늻튪뮳놧죎뫎뿱죈뗄믃쿫ꆣ샺쪷뗄맽돌쫇뫜쓑폚풤볻뗄ꎬ쳘뇰퓚샺쪷뗄훘듳헛뗣짏ꆣ믹폚랽램싛뗄샭평ꎬ뛸늻쫇ퟷ캪튻룶뷨뿚ꎬ뿉틔탻늼ꎬ풤퇔뗄랶캧럇뎣뻖쿞퓚춨맽훆뛈랶쪽뒦샭뗄뗷닩랶캧쓚ꆣ퓚뺭뎣훘뢴뗄쿖쿳랶캧쓚웚듽뿆톧풤퇔뗄뿉뾿탔닅룼볓릫욽ꆣ죋쏇뺭뎣싲죢ꎬ쪹폃뫃쒣탍뫍뿉뾿뗄춳볆쫽뻝닅뿉쓜뛔죢볛짏헇1룶냙럖뗣쯹복짙뗄탨쟳럹뛈ퟶ돶뿉뾿뗄풤퇔ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ쯕솪퓸뺭탎돉ꆢ튲퓸뺭뇀삣ꆣ뺡맜뫳튻쫂볾뻟폐뛀튻컞뛾탔뫍늻뿉훘뢴탔ꎬ쎻폐죋쓜릻웚듽폐튻룶뿉틔짦벰쯹폐쾸뷚뗄뿆톧풤퇔ꎬ죧쪲쎴쪱뫲쯼믡랢짺ꆢ퓚쯼횮잰믡랢짺쪲쎴쫂쟩ꆢ믲헟쯼붫죧뫎랢짺ꆣ쿖퓚훆뛈랶쪽쏷좷뗘붫힢틢솦벯훐퓚듳뗄ꆢ뛀튻컞뛾뗄ꆢ늻뿉훘뢴뗄ꋙ슬늼쇖뗄폌첫램쪦쿭폐ퟷ캪튻룶듳풤퇔볒뗄짹폾ꆣ튻쳬ꎬ퓚쯻뗄쏅춽쏦잰쯻듳뷐뗀ꎺꆰ컒뾴떽쇋ꎬ컒뾴떽쇋ꆣꆱꆰ쓺뾴떽쇋쪲쎴ꎬ훇믛뗄램쪦ꎿꆱ쏅춽쏇컊뗀ꆣꆰ컒뾴떽쇋뿋삭쮹쓡뿋ꎬ뿋삭쮹쓡뿋뗄폌첫죋뻓힡쟸ꆱꆣꆰ쓇쎴뿋삭쮹쓡뿋뗄폌첫죋뻓힡쟸랢짺쇋쪲쎴ꎿꆱꆰ컒뾴떽쇋믰ꎬ폐믰헽퓚뷓뷼뿋삭쮹쓡뿋ꎡꆱ램쪦뗄쏅춽쓃웰쮮춰벱쎦룏좥냯훺쯻쏇뗄폌첫춬냻ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ떱쯻쏇떽듯뿋삭쮹쓡뿋쪱ꎬ쯻쏇쟗퇛쯹볻뗄쫇늢쎻폐믰퓖뗄벣쿳ꆣ뿋삭쮹쓡뿋뗄폌첫죋뾪쪼좡킦쯻쏇ꎺꆰ풭살쓣쏇뗄훸쏻뗄램쪦튲믡랸듭컳ꆱꆣ폚쫇ꎬ슬늼쇖뗄폌첫죋듰뗀ꎺꆰ뗄좷ꎬ헢샯쫇쎻폐믰퓖ꎬ떫쫇쯻쓜릻뾴떽뿋삭쮹쓡뿋헢쎴풶튲쫇튻볾쇋늻웰뗄쫂낡ꆱꆣ30
헢샠짧믡뇤룯짏ꆣ벴쪹늻쓜ퟶ돶ퟣ릻뗄풤퇔ꎬ쯦뫳뗄퓚훆뛈랶쪽쓚뗄킡탄럖컶뿉틔뗃돶탭뛠뿉췆맣뗄뺭퇩ꆣ듓뛔풤퇔뗄움맀훐뗃돶뗄ퟮ훘튪뗄뷡싛뗄좷쫇럇뎣쫊뛈뗄ꆣ훆뛈랶쪽뿉틔폃살뷢쫍맽좥뫍쿖퓚ꎬ췆싛돶뿉틔쪵볹뗄붨틩ꎬ떫쫇ퟶ풤퇔쪱잧췲튪쪮럖킡탄ꆣ놾컄늢쎻폐냼삨튻룶컊쳢ꎬ벴퓚짧믡퇐뺿훐쫜뷌폽믱뗃뗄맛뗣뫍뿆톧훷헅ꋙ횮볤뗄럖뷧쿟붫쿲뫎뒦퇓짬ꎿ퓚떼퇔훐컒쳡벰쮵컒붫뺡컒쯹쓜좥믘뇜뿆톧헜톧듳헹싛뗄샗쟸ꆣ컒헢랽쏦뗄뷷짷쪹뗃컒퓚헢튻뗣짏뇜쏢럖컶뿆톧탐캪뗄뇪ힼꆣ컒뷶뷶쓜릻뇭듯튻훖풸췻ꎬ죧맻컒쏇ꆪ훆뛈랶쪽뗄뎫떼헟쎻폐룹뻝풤퇔쓜솦(믲튻훖ퟶퟷ뗄쓜솦짏뗄ퟔ탅)좥쫔춼닢뛈컒쏇풤퇔뗄뷢쫍쓜솦ꎬ붫늻믡놻업돽퓚뿆톧쫀뷧횮췢ꆣ탨튪풤퇔뗄쿖쿳뗄풭틲풽맣랺ꆢ풽뢴퓓ꎬ뻍풽탨튪뷷짷ꆣퟶ돶뗄풤퇔늻쓜릻뎬돶쳵볾뗄탭뿉ꆣ횪쪶랽쏦뗄돏쪵튪쟳컒쏇짵훁튪뷚훆헢훖뷷짷뗄풤퇔ꎬ뇘탫돐죏ꎬ쯼쏇튲쫇퓚쿠떱돌뛈뗄캴횪뗄믹뒡짏뗃돶뗄ꆣ❏ꎨ믆짙쟤틫ꎩ닎뾼컄쿗Blaug, M. 1986. Economic History and the History of Economics. Sussex: , R. L. 1997. Coparative Economic Systems. Armonk, N. Y.: M. E. , B. 1994. The Transformation of Communist Systems. Economic Reformsince the 1950ꆯs. Boulder and Oxford: Westview Melo, M., C. Denizer, and A. Gelb. 1997. From Plan to Market: Patterns ofTransitions, in Blejer, ., and eds, Macroeconomic Stabilization in TransaitionEconomies. Cambridge University , W. [1940] 1965. Die Grundlagen der Nationalokonomie. Berlin, Heidelberg andꋙ싞뗙퓚튻욪볍쓮뿢뛷좥쫀뗄움싛ꎨRortyꎬ1997ꎩ훐첽쳖쇋헢룶컊쳢ꆣ쯻퓞폾뿢뛷냯훺뷒쪾쇋헢쳵럖뷧쿟ꆣ퓚컒뗄뺭볃톧튵쓚ꎬ쿠춬뗄얬솦뿉틔듓싳뿋싥쮹믹뗄쫩ꎨMcCloskey 1985ꎩ훐뗄컄헂훐뾴떽ꎬ쯼틽웰쇋튻뎡탹좻듳늨ꆣ춬쪱컒ퟔ벺뛠듎ퟶ돶뻞듳얬솦ꎬ퓋폃뺭볃톧톧뿆쯹뷓쫜뗄쳖싛랽쪽뫍횤뻝살횧돖컒뗄훷헅ꎬ돽쇋퓋폃웤쯻뗄횧돖탔릤뻟횮췢ꎬ컒춬틢싞뗙뫍싳뿋싥쮹믹뗄맛뗣ꆣ헢퇹뗄얬솦펦룃듸ퟅ럭듌탔뗄뇘튪뇪ힼ살뾴듽ꎬ뛸쟒튲뻟럭듌탔뗄쫇ퟔ컒돐떣듺볛ꆣ컒쿫ꎬ룹뻝놾컄뗄믹뗷쓇퇹쫇폐웴랢뗄ꆣ31
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량퇣쪽훆뛈뇤잨쟠쒾닽퇥죧맻냑죕놾ꆢ탂탋릤튵뮯맺볒ꆢ훐맺뫍뚫쏋맺볒볓퓚튻웰ꎬ웤GDPퟜ뫍듳쳥짏쿠떱폚쏀맺ꆣ헢킩뺭볃쳥뻟폐탎돉듳뺭볃쟸뗄잱쓜ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ퓚듯돉훂솦폚쫐뎡튻쳥뮯뗄헽쪽뺭볃뫍헾훎킭틩랽쏦ꎬ쯼쏇쿖퓚좴실뫳폚얷훞뫍쏀맺ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ컒쏇뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ퓚쎳틗쇷뚯뫍췢맺횱뷓춶뗈랽쏦ꎬ쯦ퟅퟅퟷ캪훘튪췆뚯솦솿뗄훐맺뺭볃뗄뿬쯙퓶뎤ꎬ헢킩뺭볃쳥헽풽살풽뷴쏜뗘솪쾵퓚튻웰ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ쫐뎡튻쳥뮯헽퓚탎돉ꆣ헢킩뺭볃쳥뮹붫퓚헢퇹튻킩랽쏦퓶볓뇋듋뗄솪쾵ꎺ❏죋풱뗄뿧맺쇷뚯뫍뷓뒥(싃폎헟ꆢ톧짺ꆢ퇐뺿헟ꆢ웳튵볒뫍릤돌쪦)❏퓚붻춨뫍춨톶뗄믹뒡짨쪩횮랢햹짏뗄뺺헹뫍햽싔솪쏋❏뮷뺳컛좾뗄틧돶❏벼쫵뗄틆뫍횪쪶뗄뫄즢튪쳖싛뗄튻룶훘튪컊쳢뻍쫇ꎺ뚫퇇룷뺭볃쳥쫇늻쫇퓚춬튻룶쫐뎡훐뺺헹ꎿ믲헟ꎬ쯼쏇퓚풴?뢳뫍샍뚯럖릤랽쏦ꎬ쫇늻쫇뻟폐뮥늹탔ꎿ좥쓪쿄쳬ꎬ죕놾뗄쎽쳥럗럗뛔훐맺뗄릤튵랢햹ힴ뿶룐떽뺪퇈ꎬ죏캪훐맺틑뺭뛔죕놾훆퓬튵뗄춳훎뗘캻릹돉쇋쳴햽ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ릫훚폟싛뷼살쯆뫵뇤뗃룼캪좫쏦쇋ꆣ킡좪쫗쿠ퟮ뷼퓚늩퇇훞싛첳짏뗄붲퇝횸돶ꎬ훐맺늻쫇뛔죕놾뗄췾킲ꎬ훐맺뗄컈뚨랢햹폐틦폚쇚맺뗄뺭볃랢햹ꆣ뺭볃톧훐뗄뇈뷏폅쫆램퓲쟽쪹샍뚯쏜벯탎닺튵듓죕놾쿲훐맺틆ꎬ죕놾튪쿫놣돖뺺헹솦ꎬ뻍뇘탫뾪랢돶룼룟벶뗄닺욷ꆣ* 놾컄캪2002쓪4퓂22ꆢ23죕죕놾뺭볃닺튵퇐뺿쯹헙뾪뗄ꆰ퇇훞뺭볃튻쳥뮯ꆪ떱잰뗄ힴ뿶뫍캴살뗄쟷쫆ꆱ맺볊퇐쳖믡뾪쒻듊햪틫ꆣퟷ헟캪쮹첹뢣듳톧뺭볃쾵뷌쫚뫍죕놾뺭볃닺튵퇐뺿쯹쯹뎤ꆣꆪ뇠헟힢33
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뚫퇇뺭볃쳥볤뗄쎳틗쒣쪽헽뇤뗃풽살풽뢴퓓뺫쾸ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ뷸튻늽뗄쫐뎡튻쳥뮯좴탨튪폐킧뗄쫐뎡훎샭뷡릹믹뒡ꆣ헽죧릫쮾ퟩ횯탨튪폐킧뗄릫쮾훎샭뷡릹틔뇣뿘훆맜샭닣뗄뗀뗂럧쿕튻퇹ꎬ뻟폐잱퓚쎳틗믺믡뗄뗘폲튲탨튪튻훖폐킧뗄훎샭뷡릹ꎬ틔놣헏뫏춬뗄횴탐뫍업돽죋캪뗄쎳틗헏낭ꆣ춬퇹ꎬ헽죧듦퓚ퟅ늻춬뗄릫쮾훎샭뷡릹튻퇹ꎬ튲뿉틔폐룷훖룷퇹뗄쫐뎡훎샭믺훆ꆣ룹뻝램훎ꎬ평뗚죽랽(램춥)볠뚽뗄뫏춬횴탐뫍횪쪶닺좨놣뮤ꎬ뻍쫇웤훐뗄튻훖탎쪽ꆣ쫀쎳ퟩ횯뗄맦퓲훆뚨뷢뻶헹뛋뗄킡ퟩ돌탲ꎬ뿉틔놻쫓캪짏쫶램싉믺훆듓쏱ퟥ맺볒뗄뗘폲삩햹떽맺볊쎳틗쇬폲ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ쫀쎳ퟩ횯뗄맦퓲듳늿럝뮹늻췪놸ꎬ룷맺뮹뿉틔ퟶ돶룷훖뷢쫍ꎬ뿉틔ퟔ탐뷸탐쮵쏷ꆣ탅죎뫍짹폾퓚뫏춬횴탐훐뗄뢨훺ퟷ폃ꎬ늻뷶쳥쿖퓚쫐뎡랢햹뗄맽돌훐ꎬ짵훁튲듦퓚폚랢듯뗄쫐뎡뺭볃횮훐ꎻ춬퇹ꎬ쏱ퟥ맺볒횮볤뗄쮫뇟믲뛠뇟쎳틗킭뚨ꎬ퓚퓶볓쎳틗믺믡ꆢ뿧맺뗄뫏춬횴탐뫍횪쪶닺좨놣뮤뗈랽쏦ꎬ튲믡웰떽훘튪뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ듓헢튻뷇뛈쮵ꎬ헽쪽뗄뗘쟸뺭볃튻쳥뮯ꎬ늻펦놻쫓캪폐몦폚폐킧싊뗄좫쟲쫐뎡튻쳥뮯ꎬ뛸펦놻뾴돉쿲ퟅ헢튻쒿뇪잰뷸뗄뻟폐늹돤탔뗄튻늽ꆣ폐킩죋떣탄ꎬ죕놾뗄뎤웚춣훍ꎬ뿉쓜믡쇮죋틅몶뗘ퟨ낭뚫퇇뗄쫐뎡튻쳥뮯ꎬ쪹헢튻뗘쟸쪧좥싵쿲튻쳥뮯뗄헾훎짏뗄뫍웳튵볒뗄훷뚯뺫짱ꎬ쪹죕놾ퟔ짭뿉쓜쟷폚놣뮤훷틥ꆣ뛔폚죕놾뗄춣훍폫퇇훞뺭볃튻쳥뮯뗄맘쾵ꎬ컒돖늻춬뾴램ꆣ죕놾뗄컊쳢늻횻쫇평뫪맛뺭볃헾닟뗄쪧컳떼훂뗄ꎬ컒쏇늻죧냑쯼뾴돉쫇튻훖훘듳훆뛈뇤뗄헷헗ꎬ죕놾틑뺭뷸죫쇋튻룶맺볊솪쾵룼캪쏜쟐뗄쪱듺ꆣ늻탒뗄쫇ꎬ헢튻뷸돌튻횱뫜뮺싽ꎬ퓚컒뾴살ꎬ첫뮺싽쇋ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ컒죏캪ꎬ훘듳뗄뇤뮯틑뺭뾪쪼돶쿖ꆣ죕놾뗄훆뛈뇤잨ꎬ죧맻랽쿲뛔춷뗄뮰ꎬ붫볓쯙뚫퇇뗘쟸뗄컈뚨뫍폐킧싊뗄뺭볃튻쳥뮯ꆣ랴맽살ꎬ룃뗘쟸돖탸뗄ퟔ랢뗄쫐뎡튻쳥뮯ꎬ튲붫폕쪹죕놾볌탸웤쒿뇪퓚폚룼캪뾪럅뗄쳥쾵뗄훆뛈퇝뷸ꆣ컒죏캪ꎬ훆뛈늻횻뻖쿞폚램싉ꆢ맦퓲믲헟ퟩ횯ꆣ죧맻쯼뻖쿞폚듋ꎬ떥쫇볒뫍뺫펢뗄헾훎틢횾믲폐틢쪶뗄ퟩ횯짨볆ꎬ뻍쓜떼훂훆뛈뇤룯ꆣ쓇킩엺움죕놾훆뛈뇤룯뮺싽뗄죋ꎬ쯆뫵뻍죏춬헢훖맛뗣ꆣ컒늻럱죏ꎬ퓚짧믡뇤잨훐ꎬ헾훎쇬떼뫍뫏샭뗄ퟩ횯짨볆뻟폐훘튪ퟷ폃ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ램싉ꆢ맦퓲뫍ퟩ횯짨볆ꎬ떱잧냙췲뺭볃탐캪헟뻝듋닟싔뗘랴펦늢톡퓱ퟔ벺뗄탐뚯뛔닟쪱ꎬ폐쪱뫲믡닺짺컞틢뗄짧믡뫳맻ꆣ퇇떱ꆤ쮹쏜퓸킴뗀ꎺꆰ퓚죋샠짧믡뗄듳웥엌짏ꎬ쎿룶룶쳥뚼폐ퟔ벺뗄탐뚯ힼ퓲ꎬ헢킩떥룶ힼ퓲뗄벯뫏늻춬폚솢램헟쯹톡퓱뗄ힼ퓲ꆣ죧맻헢솽룶ힼ퓲튻훂ꎬ늢쟒ퟷ폃폚춬튻룶랽쿲ꎬ죋샠짧믡뗄늩?붫죝틗늢뫍킳뗘뷸탐ꎬ죋샠짧34
믡튲ퟮ폐뿉쓜탒뢣뫍돉릦ꆣ죧맻헢솽룶ힼ퓲뛔솢믲늻춬ꎬ늩?붫쫇춴뿠뗄ꎬ죋샠짧믡뇘뚨쪼훕뒦폚벫듳뗄믬싒횮훐ꆱ(ꆶ뗀뗂쟩닙싛ꆷꎬ1759)ꆣ컒냑훆뛈뚨틥캪ꆰ뺭볃탐캪헟뻍쿖쪵훐뗄늩?죧뫎뷸탐뛸듯돉뗄릲폐탅쓮ꎨshared beliefsꎩꆣꆱ캪쪲쎴죋쏇쓜릻탎돉튻훂뛸돖뻃뗄탅쓮ꎬ듓뛸붫늩?뗄쓚퓚맦퓲뇤돉ퟔ컒퓶잿뗄ꎬ헢쫇틲캪ꎬ헢킩릲폐탅쓮랴펦쇋냼삨헾뢮퓚쓚뗄쯹폐탐캪헟퓚햽싔탐캪짏뗄뻹뫢ꆣ튻룶탐캪헟ꎬ퓚웤쯻죋ퟱ쫘맦퓲쪱ꎬ쫇컞램듓늻ퟱ쫘훐믱틦뗄ꆣ죕놾뗄훷틸탐훆뛈뫍훕짭맍폃훆ꎬ뗄좷튲탭뿉틔놻쫓캪ힿ풽뗄훆뛈ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ훁짙퓚ퟮ돵ꎬ쯼쏇볈늻쫇평램싉튲늻쫇평뫏춬맦뚨뗄ꆣ쯼쏇ퟔ랢돶쿖ꎬ랢햹캪튻훖웕뇩뗄맟샽ꎬ탎돉쇋죋쏇뛔헽퓚뷸탐훐뗄늩?뗄죏쪶ꆣ뛸쟒ꎬ평폚죋쏇퓚뺭볃ꆢ헾훎ꆢퟩ횯뫍짧믡훮쇬폲훐쯹톡퓱뗄(훷맛죏캪뗄)ퟮ병햽싔뮥쿠틀삵ꎬ뿉틔돶쿖뛠훘뻹뫢ꆣ폃톧쫵쫵폯살쮵ꎬ훆뛈뗄뮥늹탔죝탭돶쿖뛠퇹뮯뗄훆뛈낲업ꆣ퓚죎뫎쳵볾쿂ꎬ뚼쎻폐샭평죏캪ꎬ횻폐튻훖훆뛈낲업쫇뿉탐뗄뫍ퟮ폅뗄ꆣ쾣췻헢훖훆뛈룅쓮폐훺폚컒쏇샭뷢훆뛈뇤잨뗄뢴퓓쳘탔ꎬ컒퓚튻놾뷼훸훐뛔듋ퟶ쇋쿪뺡뗄닻쫶(쟠쒾ꎬ훐컄냦ꆶ뇈뷏훆뛈럖컶ꆷꎬ짏몣풶뚫돶냦짧ꎬ2001)ꆣ훆뛈뇤잨뗄맽돌ꎬ뿉쓜틲죋쏇뛔쿖폐뗄늩?맦퓲웕뇩뗘쪧좥탅탄뛸틽랢ꆣ헢훖벯쳥뗄죏횪캣믺ꎬ뿉쓜평듳맦쒣뗄췢늿돥믷(훮죧믵뇒캣믺)쯹훂ꎬ믲틲쓚늿뗄돥춻뫍쎬뛜뗄믽샛뛸랢ꎬ믲헟뿉쓜쫇뛾헟뗄튻훖뷡뫏ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ탂뗄훆뛈낲업늻뿉쓜듓캣믺훐횱뷓랢햹돶살ꆣ캪쇋펦뢶캣믺ꎬ램싉뫍맦퓲믡놻훘탂뷧뚨ꆣ퓚쮽죋ퟩ횯쇬폲뫍쫐뎡훐ꎬ탂뗄탐캪랽쪽믡뗃떽뎢쫔ꎬ늢퓚퇝뷸훐뗃떽즸톡ꆣ룷훖폐맘뿉좡뗄뇤잨랽쿲뗄늻춬맛뗣ꎬ퓚릫릲싛첳훐ꎬ믡뗃떽뇭듯뫍뇧싛ꆣ헾훎쇬떼튲웰ퟅퟷ폃ꆣ횻폐춨맽헢킩틲쯘뫍웤쯻틲쯘뗄뢴퓓뗄뮥뚯ꎬ쏷좷뗄뇤잨랽쿲닅믡듓뛠훖뿉쓜훐췑펱뛸돶ꎬ돉캪죋쏇맘힢뗄붹뗣ꆣ탂뗄훆뛈낲업ꎬ횻폐퓚죋쏇뛔폚탂뗄늩?랽쪽놧폐튻훂뗄웚췻쪱ꎬ닅믡돶쿖ꎬ늻싛룶죋쫇죧뫎듯돉헢훖튻훂뗄ꎺ틢쪶탎첬욫뫃뮹쫇샻틦쟽뚯ꆣ듓헢튻맛뗣뾴ꎬ컒쏇뿉틔쮵ꎬ뚫퇇쒿잰헽뒦폚뻞듳뗄훆뛈뇤룯맽돌횮훐ꆣ춨맽뿧맺뷧뗄쫐뎡붻틗ꆢ췢짌횱뷓춶ꆢ틔벰풽살풽욵랱뗄헾훎ꆢ톧쫵뫍쮽죋뗄붻췹뫍뷓뒥ꎬ튻룶맺쏱뺭볃훐뗄훆뛈뇤잨ꎬ믡뛔춬튻뗘쟸쇭튻룶맺볒뗄훆뛈뇤잨닺짺벫듳뗄펰쿬ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ헢늢늻뇘좻틢캶ퟅꎬ춨맽뺭볃뫍헾훎튻쳥뮯ꎬ뚫퇇룷맺뗄훆뛈뇤잨믡믣뫏돉튻훖떥튻뗄쒣쪽ꆣ늻맽ꎬ폫듋춬쪱ꎬ퓚헢튻뗘쟸ꎬ뗄좷뿉쓜듦퓚튻훖웕뇩뗄훆뛈퇝뷸쒣쪽ꎬ쯼믲탭뿉틔놻볙짨탔뗘ힷ쯝떽릲춬뗄35
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies(얩튵탔뗄)틅닺ꆣ퓚톧쫵뷧뫍춨쯗뛁컯훐ꎬ죋쏇풽살풽뛠뗘쪹폃쯹캽뗄ꆰ량퇣쒣쪽ꆱꎨflyinggeese patternꎩ살쏨쫶뚫퇇뺭볃랢햹뗄쳘탔ꆣ떱잰뗄쳖싛쪵볊짏짦벰ꎺꆰ량퇣쒣쪽ꆱ쫇럱틲훐맺릤튵뗄웰뫍죕놾닺튵믹뒡뗄뿕탄뮯뛸ퟮ훕췟뷢쇋ꆣꆰ량퇣쒣쪽ꆱ헢튻룅쓮ꎬ컞싛쫇평ퟮ돵쳡돶듋룅쓮뗄틑맊뷌쫚돠쯉ꎨAkamatsuꎩꎬ뮹쫇퓚떱잰뗄쳖싛훐ꎬ붲뗄뚼쫇뿧맺뗄릤튵뷡릹랢햹쒣쪽ꎬ컒쏇믲탭뿉틔붫헢튻룅쓮뷨폃떽뿧맺뗄훆뛈뇤잨쒣쪽짏ꆣ죃컒쏇쫔ퟅ볙쿫ꎬ릤튵랢햹뫍쿠펦뗄훆뛈퇝뷸ꎬ폐헢퇹죽룶쿖퇩뗄뷗뛎ꆣ뗚튻뷗뛎ꎺ퓚헾뢮뗄훐뷩ퟷ폃쿂ꎬ풴뫍쪣폠듓얩튵늿쏅틆ꎬ폃폚릤튵랢햹ꆣ헾뢮폐톡퓱탔뗘횧돖뫍풮훺쳘뚨뗄릤튵벯췅(릤튵볒)ꆣ쳺냥튻뿩뗄헾뢮뫍릤튵뺫펢릲쒱ꎬ틔컾짼얩튵늿쏅캪듺볛ꎬ컒쏇뿉틔냑헢튻뷡릹돆캪ꆰ랢햹탍맺볒ꆱꆣ헢튻맺볒뗄킧싊ꎬ좡뻶폚헾뢮쓜럱뷸탐뿉뾿뗄믹폚벨킧뗄늹쳹(쟠쒾ꎬ잰틽쫩ꎬ뗚6헂)ꆣ퓚릤튵늿쏅훐ꎬ믡돶쿖튻룶벯좨뗄ퟩ횯뷡릹ꎬ샠쯆폚헾뢮뗄뷡릹ꆣ뗚뛾뷗뛎ꎺ쯦ퟅ릤튵랢햹뗄쮳샻뷸탐ꎬ튻늿럖돉맻틔늹쳹뗄탎쪽틆떽쇋짺닺싊뗍쿂뫍뒦뺳늻샻뗄늿쏅ꎬ틔뇣쪵쿖짧믡컈뚨ꆣ듋쪱뗄맺볒뿉틔놻쏨쫶돉틔헾뢮캪훐뷩뗄쒳훖뺭볃뛠풪뮯ꆣ퓚릤튵늿쏅ꎬ냼삨릤죋퓚쓚뗄쓚늿죋뿘훆믡돶쿖ꆣ듋쪱ꎬ릤튵릫쮾뗄킧싊붫좡뻶폚ꎬ퓚벨킧늻병쪱ꎬ쫇럱폐뿉뾿뗄믺훆듓췢늿뛔쓚늿죋맜샭뷸탐룉풤(ꆰ쿠믺훎샭ꆱꎬ닎볻쟠쒾ꎬ잰틽쫩ꎬ뗚11헂)ꆣ뗚죽뷗뛎ꎺ쯦ퟅ뫳살헟퓚릤튵쓜솦짏뗄룏뎬ꎬ뛔짺닺싊뗍쿂늿쏅뷸탐뿧탐튵늹쳹뗄릤튵믹뒡쫜떽쇋쿷죵ꎬ틔헾뢮캪훐뷩뗄뛠풪뮯ퟮ훕뇤뗃컞램돖탸쿂좥ꆣ뛔킧싊뗍쿂뗄늿쏅쪵쪩럖뷗뛎맘춣쫆퓚뇘탐ꆣ헢훖뷡릹뇤뮯쯹떼훂뗄돥춻ꎬ믡퓚헾훎쳥훆쓚뗄뛠풪뺺헹훐뗃떽뇭듯ꆣ짏쫶뗄랢햹쒣쪽뻟폐룟뛈뗄볙짨탔뫍쫔퇩탔ꎬ탨튪뗃떽뺭퇩짏뗄횤쪵ꆣ퓚쪵볊짺믮훐ꎬ헢죽룶뷗뛎늢럇뇋듋캼럖쏷ꆣ퓚룷룶뺭볃쳥훐ꎬ쯼쏇뿉쓜틔튻훖뢴퓓뫍뛀쳘뗄랽쪽ꎬ뇋듋튧뫍퓚튻웰ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ헢튻볙쿫믲탭캪컒쏇쳡릩쇋튻훖믹놾뗄룅쓮뷡릹ꎬ틔뇣냑컕뚫퇇룷뺭볃쳥훐뗄릤튵뫍훆뛈랢햹쒣쪽뗄쒳킩훘튪랽쏦ꆣ샽죧ꎬퟮ뷼퓚훐맺ꎬ뛔쿧듥랢햹뗄훘쫓ꎬ틔벰붫쮽죋웳튵볒쓉죫떽춳훎뷗닣ꎬ뿉쓜뻍쫇듓뗚튻뷗뛎쿲뗚뛾뷗뛎맽뛉뗄튻훖뇭쿖ꆣ뮻뻤뮰쮵ꎬ훐맺뗄맺볒뿉쓜헽뇤뗃룼쿱튻룶킭뗷뛠풪샻틦뗄믺웷ꎬ쯤좻쯼폫컷얷뗄ퟔ평쏱훷쒣쪽쿠좥짵풶ꆣ36
퓚웓헽컵쪱듺ꎬ몫맺뗄뗚튻뷗뛎ꎬ벴랢햹탍맺볒뷗뛎ꎬ뻟폐튻킩뛀쳘욷탔ꆣ듋뫳ꎬ몫맺뗄헾훎쳥훆훰늽쿲뗚뛾뷗뛎맽뛉ꎬ훰붥냼죝쇋뛠풪뗄돉럝ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ릫쮾뗄ퟩ횯뷡릹늢쎻폐룄뇤ꎬ틔뇣좥쫊펦탂뗄뷗뛎ꆣ쯦ퟅ첸에쓜솦짏뗄욽뫢뇤뗃늻샻폚헾뢮ꎬ릤짌뷧뗄뺫펢벯췅풽살풽늻쫜췢늿볠뚽뗄뿘훆ꆣ좱랦폐킧뗄훎샭ꎬ뿉틔놻쫓캪떼훂1997쓪듳맦쒣뷰죚캣믺뗄훷튪풭틲ꆣ캣믺듙쪹몫맺뾪쪼듓뗚뛾뷗뛎쿲뗚죽뷗뛎뇤ꎬퟮ뫳뗄뷡맻쿖퓚뮹뫜쓑풤쇏ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ컒쏇뿉틔쳡돶튻룶폐좤뗄볙짨ꎺ뗚뛾뷗뛎쳥훆짏뗄든죵뫍쎬뛜횮뒦ꎬ뿉쓜듙쪹죋쏇햹뾪뛔뗚죽뷗뛎훆뛈뗄룼듳맦쒣뗄첽쟳ꎬ틔뇣뷢뻶쯹쏦쇙뗄캣믺ꆣ뫜쓑쮵죕놾쫇뫎쪱듓뗚튻뷗뛎쿲뗚뛾뷗뛎맽뛉뗄ꆣ늻맽ꎬ20쫀볍60쓪듺쒩ꎬ퓚뮷뺳캣믺뫍폫웤쿠솬뗄헾훎캣믺횮뫳ꎬ죕놾돶쿖쇋튻훖뗃떽쟉쏮뿘훆뗄뛠풪쳥훆ꆣ컒퓸붫헢튻헾훎뺭볃훆뛈쏨믦캪ꆰ맙쇅-뛠풪훷틥ꆱ믲헟ꆰ늿쏅럖룴쪽뛠풪훷틥ꆱꎬ늢퓚늻춬뎡뫏쿂럖컶맽웤쳘탔뫍펰쿬ꆣ퓚탂뗄맺볊뮷뺳쿂ꎬ헢튻훆뛈튻랽쏦놣뮤킧싊뗍쿂뗄늿쏅ꎬ튻랽쏦횧돖룟킧싊뗄늿쏅ꆣ컒퓚1988쓪횸돶ꎬ헢훖ퟔ쿠쎬뛜쫇ꆰ맙쇅-뛠풪훷틥뗄삧뺳ꆱꎬ쿂쏦컒틽쫶떱쪱킴뗄튻뛎뮰ꎺ맙쇅-뛠풪훷틥뗄솽쓑삧뺳뿉쓜뮹붫돖탸튻뛎쪱볤ꆣퟔ쏱떳뫍맙쇅늿쏅횮볤뗄솪쏋뿉쓜볌탸냧퇝실뫳벯췅뫍쮥실뺭볃늿쏅훐볈뗃샻틦벯췅뗄ힼ듺샭죋뗄뷇즫ꎻ춬쪱ꎬ퓚쮽죋웳튵쫗뒴탔믮풾뗄쇬폲ꎬ훰늽풼쫸ퟔ벺뗄좨쿞ꎬ횻랢믓늻룉풤훷틥뗄뻶닟ퟷ폃ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ헢퇹뗄탐뚯ퟮ훕튲뷢뻶늻쇋솽쓑삧뺳ꆣ틲솽쓑삧뺳쯹틽웰뗄뷴헅뫍돥춻쫇럱믡떼훂춣훍뫍쿻벫뗄놣쫘훷틥ꎬ늢뛔킧싊ꆢ릫욽ꆢ헾훎컈뚨폫뫍킳뗄맺볊맘쾵릹돉췾킲ꎻ믲헟ꎬ죕놾뗄헾훎훆뛈쫇럱쓜틔웤컅쏻폚쫀뗄쇩믮탔ꎬ볌탸짨램싺ퟣ룟쓑뛈뗄헾훎튪쟳ꎬ늢ퟮ훕헒떽쒳훖폫뛠풪훷틥뫍캴살뗄맺볊뮷뺳쿠뫍킳뗄뷢뻶랽낸ꎬ헢킩뚼폐듽폚뷸튻늽맛달(ꆶ죕놾뺭볃훐뗄탅쾢ꆢ벤샸폫첸에ꆷꎬ붣쟅듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ1988ꎬ297튳) ꆣ늻탒뗄쫇ꎬ뷢뻶짏쫶삧뺳뗄짧믡랽낸뮹쎻폐헒떽ꎬ컒쯹풤볆뗄컊쳢룼볓퇏훘쇋ꆣ폫몫맺쿠랴ꎬ췑첥폚뗚뛾뷗뛎뗄죕놾뗄뺫훂뗄ꆢ뷴듕뗄훆뛈뷡릹ꎬ퓚쿲뗚죽뷗뛎맽뛉뗄맽돌훐뿉쓜룼뻟뛨탔ꆢ룼캪붥뷸ꆣ뾴살ꎬ량퓚ퟮ잰쏦뗄춷퇣쯆뫵틑늻쟥돾룃췹쓄룶랽쿲량쇋ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ헢튲탭쫇늻뿉뇜쏢뗄ꎬ틲캪뮹쎻폐죋쓜릻쟥컺뗘쏨믦돶쿲뗚죽뷗뛎랢햹뗄슷뺶ꆣ뺡맜죧듋ꎬ퓚늻뛏뗄첽쯷훐ꎬ캴살뗄뗀슷뿉쓜믡뇤뗃풽살풽쏷좷쇋ꆣ쒿잰ꎬ쯆뫵틑뺭폐쇋튻킩헷헗ꆣ샽죧ꎺ헾훎훆뛈ꎺ뗘랽뮯뗄릫릲뻶닟ꎬ춨맽쮽죋샻틦벯췅(킭믡)ꆢ쿠맘탐헾늿쏅뫍37
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies쳘뚨늿쏅뗄쿠맘헾훎볒횮볤뗄늿쏅럖룴쪽뗄죽뷇릲쒱ꎬ퓚죕틦뾪럅뗄쫐뎡훐ꎬ풽살풽욵랱룸웤쯻늿쏅듸살췢늿늻뺭볃ꆣ헢쯰몦쇋맙쇅뛠풪훷틥뗄헾훎믹뒡ꆣ샽죧ꎬ좥쓪ꎬ캪뛔뢶죕틦퓶뛠뗄훐맺얩닺욷뷸뿚뛸붨솢뗄헽쪽뗄놣뮤듫쪩늢쎻폐돉탍ꎬ뺡맜쓇킩쫜떽펰쿬뗄얩쏱뫍폐맘뗄헾훎볒뷸탐쇋잿듳뗄폎쮵믮뚯ꆣ평폚훐맺뿉쓜뷸탐놨뢴ꎬ죕놾뗄놣뮤듫쪩믡뛔죕놾뗄훆퓬늿쏅듸살늻샻뗄췢늿펰쿬ꆣ얩닺욷뻀럗뫳살쫇춨맽솽맺뗄첸에뗃떽뷢뻶뗄ꆣ죧맻죕훐솽맺쓜릻퓚쫀쎳ퟩ횯뗄뿲볜쓚뷸탐뫏샭뗄첸에ꎬ붫믡듙뷸쫐뎡뗄튻쳥뮯ꆣퟩ횯볜릹ꎺ평폚ICT뗄랢햹ꎬ듳ퟩ횯훐업쯻뗄탅쾢뒦샭뫍럖쿭믺훆뗄볛횵퓚쮥복(죧Mizuho쳥쾵뗄췟뷢)ꆣ쒣뿩뮯ퟩ횯ꎨmodular organizationsꎩ쓜릻룼뿬뗘뒦샭탅쾢ꎬ쓜릻룼쇩믮뗘뷸탐쾵춳룯탂ꆣ춨맽폫춬샠뗄웤쯻ퟩ횯쿠솬뷓ꎬ쒣뿩뮯ퟩ횯뿉틔탎돉룟킧싊뗄릩펦솴ꆣ죕놾폐쏻췻뗄웳튵ꎬ퓚룄뇤ퟩ횯맟샽틔쫊펦탂뗄쫐뎡뫍벼쫵뮷뺳랽쏦ꎬ췹췹탐뚯동뮺(틲캪탭뛠횪쏻웳튵뮹쿝퓚틔췹돉릦뗄짱뮰훐늻쓜ퟔ냎)ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ튲폐튻킩탂샏웳튵ꎬ샻폃맺볊샍뚯럖릤ꎬ헽퓚룄뇤쯼쏇뗄ퟩ횯뷡릹ꎬ틔퓶볓웤쇩믮탔뫍쒣뿩탔ꆣ쫐뎡ꎺ듳톧룄룯벴붫떽살뗄춻웆ꎬ붫늻뷶듙뷸횪쪶듓듳톧쿲닺튵뷧뗄틆ꎬ뛸쟒ꎬ춨맽튻킩뿉쓜탂돶쿖뗄훐뷩닣(죧TLOꆢ뒴튵믹뷰뫍룷훖횰튵럾컱믺릹)ꎬ듙뷸죋풱퓚듳톧뫍닺튵뷧뗄쇷뚯ꆣ헢붫떼훂훕짭맍폃랶쪽좫쏦뗄췟뷢ꆣ샍뚯솦쇷뚯뗄퓶볓ꎬ붫복뗍쓇킩놣뮤볈뗃샻틦뗄닺튵킭믡뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ듓뛸붵뗍맙쇅-뛠풪훷틥뗄ퟷ폃ꆣퟮ뫳ꎬ췢맺뷸죫죕놾쫐뎡뫍ퟩ횯쇬폲뗄쫆춷듳듳볓쯙ꆣ맦랶ꎺ잿뗷ퟩ횯훒돏뗄맦랶퓚쓪쟡튻듺훐쿻쪴쇋ꆣ탂뗄횰튵맦랶(죧췸쏱뗄횰튵맦랶뫍ퟔ풸뗄탐뚯)헽퓚돶쿖ꆣ평폚헢킩맦랶풭퓲짏뿉틔뗃떽뿧맺뷧뗄죏춬ꎬ쯼쏇붫듙뷸뿧맺뷧뗄튻쳥뮯ꎬ랴횮틠좻ꆣ퇇훞쟠쓪뛔쇷탐컄뮯뗄릲춬뷓쫜ꎬ뿉틔놻쫓캪탂맦랶돶쿖뗄튻훖헷헗ꆣ헢킩랢햹쟷쫆뮹늻ퟣ틔퓚죕놾닺짺돶탂뗄훆뛈낲업ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ쯼쏇뇭쏷ꎬ퓚죕놾뗄훆뛈뇤룯뫍퇇훞뗄튻쳥뮯횮볤ꎬ뿉쓜듦퓚ퟅ쾵춳탔뗄뮥늹ꆣ컒닂쿫ꎬ퓚웤쯻퇇훞뺭볃쳥훐ꎬ컒쏇튲뿉틔맛달떽샠쯆뗄떫뻟폐뛀쳘탔뗄뮥늹ꆣ폐튻뗣컒럇뎣뿏뚨ꎬ죧맻늻뾼싇떽쇚맺뗄랢햹ힴ뿶ꎬ늻뾼싇떽쫐뎡횮볤믲웤쯻훆뛈믺훆횮볤뗄뮥뚯ꎬ컒쏇뻍컞램샭뷢훆뛈뇤잨뗄놾훊ꎬ컞램훆뚨폐킧뗄좫맺탔뗄릫릲헾닟ꆣ쒿잰뗄탎쫆폫뷰죚캣믺잰뗄ힴ뿶벫캪늻춬ꎬ뛸뷰죚캣믺늻맽닅맽좥쇋컥쓪뛠ꆣꎨ췵쇐틫ꎩ38
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies몣췢쳘룥SpecialFeaturesComparative
훐맺뺭볃퓶뎤싊뗄맀쯣샍싗쮹ꆤR. 뿋삳틲S. 냂십뿢퓚맀쯣튻룶맺볒뗄GDP벰웤퓶뎤싊쪱ퟜ쫇듦퓚ퟅ늻좷뚨탔ꆣ볈폐룅쓮짏뗄듭컳ꆢ쫽뻝짏뗄틅슩ꆢ놨룦뗄늻헽좷탔뗈컊쳢ꎬ튲폐평폚쫽뻝뗄늻췪좫믱뗃탔떼훂뗄퇹놾컳닮ꆢ춳볆짏뗄캢킡닮틬틔벰웤쯻틗랸뗄듭컳뗈ꆣ쒿잰퇐뺿뗄붹뗣쫇맀쯣훐맺GDP쓪퓶뎤싊ꎬ틔벰듰뢴쓇킩죏캪뷼벸쓪살훐맺릫늼뗄GDP쮮욽욫룟뗄룷훖엺움ꆣ쫗쿈ꎬ죃컒쏇뾴튻쿂GDP뗄뫋쯣ꎬ헢뛔죎뫎듳탍릤튵맺살쮵뚼쫇만폐뗄쓑쳢ꆣ훁짙폐죽훖캪죋쏇쯹쫬횪뗄GDP뫋쯣랽램ꎬ춬퇹캪죋쏇쯹쫬횪뗄쫇ꎬ벸쪮쓪살ꎬ헢죽훖랽쪽뫜짙뗃돶쿠춬뗄뷡맻ꆣ* 놾컄캪쮹첹뢣듳톧뺭볃쾵뷌쫚싳뷰얩쳘뇰쿲뇠헟췆볶뗄ꎬ훸쏻뺭볃톧볒ꆢ억놴뛻뺭볃톧붱뗃훷뿋삳틲뷌쫚뫍냂십뿢뷌쫚헫뛔싞쮹믹뷌쫚훃틉훐맺뺭볃퓶뎤춳볆뗄컄헂ꎬ쳡돶쇋쯻쏇뗄맛달랽램뫍쿠펦뗄싛뻝ꆣ뫚쳥캪ퟷ헟펢컄룥풭폐뗄ꆣ폐뗄뇠캯뫍톧헟붨틩ꎬ뛔폚헢퇹튻룶훘듳컊쳢ꎬ컒쏇펦룃볌탸랢뇭싞쮹믹뗄풭컄ꎬ벰쿠맘뗄컄헂ꎬ붨솢톧쫵뷧럇틢쪶탎첬뮯쳖싛컊쳢뗄맦랶ꆣ놱뺩몽뿕몽쳬듳톧뺭볃맜샭톧풺죎죴뛷뷌쫚튻횱뛔듋컊쳢룺ퟙ퇐뺿ꎬ쯻폫쏀맺튻킩뺭볃톧볒햹뾪맽쳖싛ꎬ늢퓚쏀맺랢뇭쇋ꆰ훐맺GDP춳볆쮮럝폐뛠듳ꆪ움솽룶맀볆훐맺GDP쫽뻝퇐뺿뗄죴룉랽램컊쳢ꆱ뗄컄헂ꎬ춬쪱쿲컒쏇쳡릩쇋늼슳뷰쮹퇐뺿쯹룟벶퇐뺿풱쓡맅삭쮹ꆤ삭뗏뗄ꆶ훐맺붫놣돖퓶뎤ꆷꎨChina WillKeep on Growingꎬꆶ퇇훞뮪뛻뷖죕놨ꆷ2002쓪6퓂14죕ꎩ뗄컄헂ꎬ삭뗏듓쇭튻뷇뛈싛횤폐맘훐맺뺭볃퓶뎤싊컊쳢ꆣꆪ뇠헟힢41
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies랽램튻GDP쫇ퟮ훕릺싲뗄ퟜ뫍ꆣ폖돆횧돶램ꎬ엶쟉놻쏀맺ퟷ캪맙랽뫋쯣ꆤꆤ램쪹폃ꎬ떫늢캴놻쯹폐맺볒닉쓉ꆣ뷌뿆쫩짏뗄믡볆뇭듯쪽캪ꎺGDP=Cꎨ쿻럑ꎩ+Iꎨ춶ꎩ+Gꎨ헾뢮릺싲ꎩ+Xꎨ돶뿚ꎩ-Mꎨ뷸뿚ꎩ퓚춶죫닺돶헋뮧훐ꎬ춨뎣뇭쿖캪헽랽탎닺튵볤틆뻘헳쓚폒뇟튻룶뎤랽탎쇐뻘헳ꆣ랽램뛾PDG쫇횧뢶룸ퟮ돵짺닺튪쯘뗄좫늿놨돪ퟜ뫍ꆣ뷌뿆쫩짏뗄뇭듯쪽캪ꎺꆤꆤGDP=W(릤)+IN(샻쾢)+P(샻죳)+R(ퟢ뷰/쪹폃럑)+IT(볤뷓쮰)-S(늹쳹)퓚춶죫닺돶헋뮧훐ꎬ춨뎣쳥쿖캪헽랽탎닺튵볤틆뻘헳뗗늿튻룶뎤랽탎탐뻘헳ꆣ랽램죽GDP쫇쯹폐짺닺늿쏅퓶볓횵뗄ퟜ뫍ꆣ퓶볓횵놻킴ퟷꎺGP(ퟜ닺돶)-IP(훐볤닺욷)=VA(퓶볓횵)죧맻쯹폐뗄뺭볃떥캻뚼돤럖뫏ퟷꆢ쳡릩뗄춳볆놨룦튲뚼쫇ힼ좷뗄ꎬ쓇쎴폃헢죽훖랽램뫋쯣돶살뗄뷡맻펦룃쫇쿠춬뗄ꆣ퓚ퟮ뷼튻듎뛔쏀맺2001쓪뗚쯄벾뛈GDP뗄맀쯣훐ꎬ랽램튻뫍랽램뛾뗃돶뗄뷡맻쿠닮186쏀풪ꎨSAARꎩꆣ쯤좻헢튻닮뛮폫쏀맺헦쪵GDPꎨ쪵볊쫇캴횪쫽ꎩ쿠뇈ꎬ쫇튻룶뫜킡뗄뇈샽ꎬ떫죔쫇튻룶뫜쿔훸뗄쫽ꆣ쯼늻뿉뫶싔ꎬ튲늻쫇튻룶쯦믺뇤솿탲쇐ꆣ쯼폐튻룶췪헻붨솢뗄탲ꋙ쇐쒣탍ꎬ늢폫웤쯻훘튪뺭볃뇤솿쏜쟐쿠맘ꆣ늻춬뫋쯣랽램뗃돶뗄GDP횮볤닮뛮뗄헢훖럇쯦믺탲쇐쿠맘탔ꎬ늻뷶듦퓚폚쏀맺뗄쫽뻝훐ꎬ튲볻훮웤쯻맺볒뗄쫽뻝훐ꎬ떫늢늻ퟜ쫇랽램튻뫍랽램뛾횮볤뗄닮뛮ꎬ폐쪱쫇랽램튻뫍랽램죽횮볤뗄ꆣ틲캪폐킩맺볒짐캴돤럖붨솢웰랽램뛾뗄춳볆쳥쾵ꆣ펦룃힢틢떽ꎬ퓚랽램뛾뫍랽램죽횮볤폐쿠쯆탔ꎻ쯻쏇뚼쫇뛔퓶볓횵뗄맀쯣ꎬ떫랽램뛾쫇퓚떥룶늿쏅믲닺튵뗄믹뒡짏뛔튪쯘놨돪뗄횱뷓맀쯣ꎬ뛸랽램죽쫇냑튪쯘놨돪ꎨ좫늿믲늿쏅뗄ꎩ뾴ퟷ튻룶쪣폠ꎬ퓶볓횵쫇볤뷓뗃떽뗄ꆣ짏쫶헢킩샫쳢뮰쫇쿫뇭쏷늢잿뗷ꎺ췪쏀뿉탐뗄늻춬GDP뫋쯣랽램뗃돶뗄뷡맻폐1%믲2%뗄닮뛮ꎬ뛸쟒ꎬ평폚헢튻쫽ퟖ쫇늨뚯뗄ꎬ헢킩늻춬닣듎뗄닮뛮붫펰ꋚ쿬떽뺭볃퓶뎤싊뗄싖쇷뇤뚯ꆣꋙ볻L. R. Klein 뫍J Makino ꆰ춳볆닮뛮뗄뺭볃뷢쫍ꆱꎬꆶ뺭볃폫짧믡뫋쯣퓓횾ꆷꎬ2000쓪뗚26웚ꎬ11-29튳ꆣꋚ볻1997쓪ꆶퟜ춳뺭볃놨룦ꆷꎬ뺭볃맋컊캯풱믡횸돶ꎬ퓚맺쏱쫕죫뫍닺욷헋뮧훐ꎬ듓쫕죫램뗃돶뗄뺭볃퓶뎤뫍샍뚯짺닺싊쏷쿔뇈횧돶램뗃돶뗄뷡맻쇮죋싺틢ꆣ42
훐맺퓚룄룯돵웚뗄1978쓪떽1980쓪볤ꎬ닅뾪쪼붫춳볆쳥쾵듓뺻컯훊닺욷ꎨNMPꎩ쿲맺쓚짺닺ퟜ횵ꎨGDPꎩꎬ튲뻍쫇쮵듓십뿋쮼훷틥샭싛쿲컷랽뗄믡볆쳥쾵ꆣ캪쇋볓죫LINK쿮쒿ꎨ솪뫏맺훷돖뗄솪뷓룷맺뫪맛뺭볃쒣탍뗄쾵춳ꎩꎬ훐맺뗄볆솿뺭볃톧볒쏇뮨쇋뫜듳솦웸ꎬ닅쪹GDP돉캪뫋쯣돶뗄퓶볓횵뗄ퟜ뫍ꎬ뛸늻퓙쫇듓춶죫-닺돶뇭훐쳡솶돶살뗄룅쓮ꆣ폚쫇ꎬ퓚LINK쾵춳훐ꎬ컒쏇쪹폃훐맺랽쏦쳡릩뗄GDP쫽ퟷ캪헦쪵GDP뗄뷼쯆횵ꎬ춬쪱헢튻뷼쯆횵튲뗃떽쇋뿋삭캬쮹ꎨIrving Kravisꎩ쯹쳡릩쫽뻝뗄횧돖ꆣ쯻떱쪱춨맽폫쏀맺뺭볃톧볒럃컊췅뗄붻쇷ꎬ쫕벯쇋폃폚뷸탐맺볊뇈뷏뗄쫽뻝ꆣ헢룶듺뇭췅쫇평쏀맺맺볒뿆톧풺ꆢ쏀맺횪쪶럖ퟓ톧믡ꆢ짧믡뿆톧샭쫂믡ꎨLINK뗄ퟮ돵랢웰헟ꎩ훺뗄ꆣ컒쏇폫살ퟔ훐맺춳볆뻖뗄볒쏇뻍GDP춳볆폐ퟅ룟뛈뗄튻훂ꎬ틲캪쯻쏇췪좫샭뷢ꎺ캪뷸탐볆솿뺭볃럖컶ꎬGDP뫋쯣탨튪듯떽쪲쎴돌뛈ꆣ퓚뒦샭쯕솪쫽뻝쪱ꎬLINK쿮쒿튲폶떽쇋폫훐맺샠쯆뗄컊쳢ꎬ튲늻뗃늻쏦쇙ퟅ듓NMP쿲GDP룅쓮뮻ꎬ쯹틔ꎬ뛔쯕캬낣훷틥헟퓚쯕솪뺭볃뫋쯣랽쏦웄폐뒴퓬탔뗄풭쪼릤ퟷ뗄삩햹붫뫜폐틢틥ꆣ쯕솪뺭볃톧헟폃뫜뛠쳦듺냬램쏨쫶맺쏱뺭볃훐뗄룷룶ퟜ솿ꆣ뇈죧쮵닺돶랽쏦ꎬ쯻쏇폃ퟜ닺솿살춳볆쎺첿ꆢ뗧솦ꆢ붻춨ꆢ얩튵벰샠쯆듳샠ꆣLINK쾵춳뚨웚듓쯕솪쫕떽폐맘솸쪳맀쯣뗄닺솿쫽ꎬ헢룶쫽ퟖ폅폚믹폚쫀뷧뺭볃뇭쿖풤닢돶살뗄닺횵쫽ꆣ캪쇋듓좫탂쫓뷇퇐뺿훐맺뗄GDPꎬ쪹폃뛀솢탅쾢볬퇩훐맺GDP맀쯣뗄튻훂탔ꎬ컒쏇쫕벯쇋틔쿂뇤솿뗄쓪뛈춳볆쫽ꎺ뗧솦ꎨ잧췟쪱ꎩ뗚죽닺튵뻍튵뇈샽ꎨ%ꎩ쎺첿ꎨ뛖ꎩ솸쪳닺솿ꎨ뛖ꎩ풭폍ꎨ뛖ꎩ돶뿚ꎨ쏀풪늻뇤볛ꎩ룖닺솿ꎨ뛖ꎩ뷸뿚ꎨ쏀풪늻뇤볛ꎩ퓋솦ꎨ뛖릫샯ꎩ헾뢮횧돶ꎨ쳞돽춨믵엲헍ꎩ쏱폃몽뿕퓋쫤ꎨ뛖릫샯ꎩ쪵볊릤춨믵엲헍싊ꎨ쿻럑욷컯볛횸쫽ꎩ뎤춾뗧뮰ꎨ듎ꎩ탳닺욷ꎨ뛖ꎩ짏쫶뇤솿룅삨쇋쓜풴ꆢ붻춨ꆢ춨톶ꆢ샍뚯솦ꆢ얩튵ꆢ쎳틗ꆢ릫릲늿쏅ꆢ릤ꆢ춨믵엲헍쟩뿶ꆣ릩룸ꆢ탨쟳틔벰쫐뎡믺훆뚼쫇틔헢킩뇤솿살쿔쿖뗄ꆣ헢퇹컒쏇춨맽냫뿛돽램뗄랽쪽뗃떽쇋뇈붨솢튻룶탂쒣탍룼쓜쮵쏷컊쳢뗄뛔훐맺뺭볃뗄룅삨ꆣ룹뻝1980쓪떽2000쓪뗄쓪뛈쫽뻝ꎬ컒쏇뛔헢15룶횸뇪ퟶ쇋훷돉럖ꎨPCꎩit맀볆ꆣ43
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies퓚헢ퟩ횸뇪훐ꎬ잰죽룶훷돉럖뷢쫍쇋쯹폐헢킩횸뇪늻튻훂탔뗄%뗄풭틲ꆣ듋췢ꎬ뗚뻅룶돉럖뷢쫍쇋%뗄늻튻훂탔ꎬ늢쟒폫풭폍뗄쳘헷쿲솿폐튻룶뫜듳뗄쿠맘쾵쫽ꆣ뛔GDP뇤뮯뗄냙럖뇈ퟶ믘맩럖컶뗄뷡맻죧쿂ꎺꆤGDP=++e+-1()()()()()()2R===닐닮t쎿튻룶훷돉럖뚼쫇짏뇟쇐돶뗄15룶횸뇪뗄쿟탔ퟩ뫏ꎬ쎿튻룶뇤솿뚼틔쓪뛈뇤뮯뗄냙럖뇈살뇭쪾ꆣ랽램쳥쾵놾놨룦훐ퟅ훘쪹폃쇋훷돉럖럖컶램ꆣ헢쫇튻훖퓚탄샭톧퇐뺿훐듳솿쪹폃뗄랽램ꎬ폫짧믡뿆톧퇐뺿쏜쟐쿠맘ꎬ헢훖랽램볈뿉틔듓잱퓚뇤솿훐믱좡탅쾢ꎬ샽죧닢솿돶춬퇹탔룱죋뗄늻춬훇솦쮮욽ꎬ튲뿉틔뷸탐쫽뻝쿷복ꆣ퓚볆솿뺭볃톧훐ꎬ헢훖랽램냑듳솿쫽뻝벯뫏쿷복돉뿉틔뒦샭뗄탎쪽ꎬ튲뿉틔뷢뻶뛠훘쿟탔쿠맘뫍ퟔ평뛈첫킡뗈쓑쳢ꆣꋙ냑헢훖랽램뷏퓧틽죫볆솿뺭볃럖컶뗄쫇쮹춨ꎨRichard Stoneꎩꆣ쯻퓚20쫀볍40쓪듺쪹폃쇋NIPA훐럖ퟩ쿮쒿뗄쪱볤탲쇐ꎬ퓚헢횮잰쓒삨쇋헋뮧훐뗄횧돶랽뫍쫕죫랽ꆣ쯻돩좡쇋잰죽룶훷돉럖ꎺ튻룶좷죏캪맺쏱쫕죫ꎨNIꎩꎨ춬쪱웚뗄ퟜ솿룅쓮ꎩꎻ튻룶ퟷ캪맺쏱쫕죫뗄뇤뮯ꎻ튻룶ퟷ캪쪱볤쟷쫆ꆣ쯻샻폃쏷좷뗄ퟜ솿쫽뻝ꎬ춨맽볬퇩쾵쫽뗄쿠뛔맦쒣ꎬ틔벰훷돉럖뗄쪵횤쿠맘탔ퟷ쇋짏쫶좷죏ꆣퟷ캪쫕죫돉럖뗄ퟜ뫍퓚럖컶훐쫇낵몬뗄ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ쯻뛔ퟜ횧돶뫍쫕죫횮볤뗄춳볆컳닮캴ퟶ뒦샭ꆣ쮹춨뗄랽램쓜릻뛔ퟜ솿쫽뻝ퟷ튻킩췆뛏ꎬ헢폫컒쏇떱잰뗄퇐뺿쒿뗄쿠튻훂ꎬ틲캪헢킩ퟜ솿쫽뻝폫컒쏇움볛훐맺뺭볃ꎬ벴GDP뗄맦쒣ꆢ퓶뎤싊뗄뇤뚯훐뺭뎣폃떽뗄쫽뻝쿠샠쯆ꆣ뺡맜죧듋ꎬ퓚ퟜ솿춳볆뫍떥룶횸뇪춳볆훐ꎬ컒쏇죔탨뛔쯹폐뇤솿뷸탐뮻ꎬ헢킩뮻폐훺폚뷢뻶닐닮뗄쪱볤쟷쫆컊쳢ꆣ컒쏇뗄쒿뗄쫇붫춨뎣놻돆ퟶꆰ냗퓫틴ꆱ뗄닐닮뇤솿듓ꆰ탅뫅ꆱ훐럖샫돶살ꆣ쪹폃훷돉럖럖컶램뗄쇭튻뚯믺쫇믹폚컒쏇릲춬뗄맛뗣ꎺꎨ죎뫎ꎩ튻룶맺볒뗄뺭볃퓶뎤뚼쫇평뛠룶뇤솿뻶뚨뗄ꆣ쎻폐튻룶떥뛀뗄뇤솿쓜뷢쫍쿱쿖듺뺭볃쳥헢ꋙꆰ뷖쟸붻틗뗄쿠뮥틀삵ꆱꎬꆶ믊볒춳볆킭믡퓓횾ꆷꎨ퓶뾯ꎩꎬ1947쓪뗚튻웚ꎬ뗚냋닡ꎬ뗚1-32튳ꆣ44
쎴뢴퓓뗄뺭볃믮뚯ꎬ폈웤쫇쿱훐맺헢쎴듳뗄맺볒ꆣ컒쏇볬퇩쇋탭뛠쪱볤탲쇐ꎬ톡퓱쇋쓇킩뾴웰살뷏훘튪뗄튻킩ꎨ15룶ꎩ횸뇪뫍뷶뷶20쓪뗄쫽뻝뗣ꆣ캪쇋뷚풼ퟔ평뛈ꎬ퓚믘맩럖컶훐냑쇐퓚뻘헳폒뇟뗄뇤솿복짙캪늻뎬맽죽룶ꎨ훷돉럖ꎩꎬ헢튲쫇닉폃훷돉럖럖컶램뗄훷튪뚯믺ꆣ헢킩훷돉럖튲쓜돤럖뷢쫍헻ퟩ쫽뻝뇤뮯ꆣ춨맽뒦샭ꎬ헢킩훷돉럖횮볤쎻폐쇋쿠맘탔ꎬ틲듋듓춳볆뗄뷇뛈뷢뻶쇋뛠훘쿟탔쿠맘뗄컊쳢ꆣ쯤좻쎿룶훷돉럖뚼쫇헻ퟩ횸뇪늻춬탎쪽뗄틲뇤솿ꎬ헢킩횸뇪횮볤튲쫇룟뛈쿠맘뗄ꎬ떫헢훖쟩뿶늢늻믡믬쿽믘맩럖컶뗄뷡맻ꎬ죧뇭1쯹쪾ꎬ컒쏇냑GDP뗄퓶뎤뫍떥룶횸뇪뗄퓶뎤ퟷ쇋뫏샭뗄뷡뫏ꆣ펡뛈춳볆톧볒뫍볆솿뺭볃톧볒쓉볓뛻ꎨꎩ뫍냍쯕ꎨSudip RanjanBasuꎩꎬ퓚ퟮ뷼뗄컄헂훐쳡돶ꎬ쯤좻솪뫏맺볆뮮뾪랢쫰틑뺭뾪쪼맀볆ꆰ죋샠랢햹ꋙ횸쫽ꆱꎬ떫뮹펦룃쪹폃훷돉럖램퇐뺿죋샠랢햹컊쳢ꆣ쓉볓뛻ퟐ쾸퇐뺿쇋룷맺쎻폐쇐죫솪뫏맺볆뮮뾪랢쫰퇐뺿랶캧뗄뛠쿮횸뇪ꎬ듓훐돩좡쇋훷돉럖ꆣ좻뫳쯻폃훷돉럖럖컶훐뗄쳘헷횵ퟶ좨쫽ꎬ뛔돉럖ퟷ쇋볓좨욽뻹ꆣ쯻죏캪ꎬ듺뇭죋샠랢햹횸쫽뗄볓좨횵틲맺볒뛸틬ꎬ틲캪룷맺뗄횸뇪쫇늻춬뗄ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ쯻쎻폐쿱뛔GDP퓶뎤싊뗄맀볆쓇퇹ꎬ룸돶폫훷돉럖쿠맘뗄뺫좷쫽ퟖꆣ헢뻍쫇쫵폯쯹쮵뗄잱퓚뇤솿럖컶뗄몬틥ꆣ컒쏇퓚뫜듳돌뛈짏ퟱ톭쇋쮹춨뫍쓉볓뛻뗄랽램ꎬ횻늻맽퓚맀쯣훐맺뺭볃퓶뎤싊뗄낸샽훐ꎬ뛔쯻쏇뗄랽램ퟷ쇋쫊떱뗄룄뷸ꆣ퓵퇹뷢쫍헢튻쫽샭춳볆돉맻쓘ꎿ룅삨뗘쮵ꎺ훷돉럖랴펳쇋훐맺뺭볃훐15룶늻춬살풴ꆢ폐쿠떱뛀솢틢틥ꆢ폐맣랺듺뇭탔뗄횸뇪뗄뇤뚯ꆣ헢킩폐룅삨틢틥뗄ꆤ횸뇪뫍훷돉럖뗄뇤뚯ꎬ폫훐맺맙랽맀볆뗄헦쪵GDP뗄뇤뚯쫇튻훂뗄ꆣ헢늢늻쫇tꆤ쮵ꎬ컒쏇횤쏷훐맺맙랽뫋쯣뗄GDP쫇헽좷뗄ꎬ쎻폐죋횪뗀헽좷뗄맀볆횵ꎻ횻쫇t뇭쏷룹뻝늻춬뗄볆쯣랽램ꎬ폐늻춬뗄뷡맻ꆣ헢쫇춨탐좫쫀뷧뗄쫂쪵ꆣGDP뗄뇤뚯폫훷돉럖횵뗄ퟩ뫏룟뛈쿠맘ꎬ폐맘믘맩맀볆뗄컳닮퓲뻟폐럇탲쇐쿠맘탔ꎨDurbin-Watson볬퇩뫍Breusch-Godfrey볬퇩뚼횤쏷쇋헢튻뗣ꎩꆣ뛸쟒닐닮쎻폐쏷쿔뗄틬랽닮탔ꎬ믘맩럖컶훐닐닮뗄쿠맘춼튲쿞훆퓚뫜햭뗄랶캧ꆣ믘맩뫍쳘헷쿲솿뗄쿠맘쾵쫽볈폐헽쫽ꎬ튲폐뢺쫽ꎬ떫헽죧컒쏇퓚뇭1훐볆쯣ꆤ돶뗄ꎬ뛔폚GDP뗄맀볆횵ꎬ쯼쏇퓚뇟볊짏뚼쫇헽쿠맘뗄ꆣꋙ and Sudip Ranjan Basu,ꆰ볓훘죋샠랢햹뗄짧믡뺭볃횸쫽ꆱꎨ튻룶잱퓚뇤솿랽램ꎩꎬ맺쏱닆헾폫헾닟톧믡ꎬ탂뗂샯ꎬ1999쓪ꆣ45
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뇭1Dlog?GDP?뗄뷼쯆욫떼쫽(뗧솦)*(쎺첿)*(풭폍)*(룖쳺)*(퓋솦)*(쏱몽)*(뗧뮰)*[뗚죽닺튵뻍튵죋쫽/(뗚뛾닺튵뻍튵죋쫽+뗚죽닺튵뻍튵죋쫽)](솸쪳)*(돶뿚/쏀맺쿻럑컯볛횸쫽*100)*(뷸뿚/쏀맺쿻럑컯볛횸쫽*100)*(쪵볊헾뢮횧돶)*(릤/쿻럑욷컯볛횸쫽)*(쿻럑욷컯볛횸쫽)*(탳닺욷)*100퇜짺돶뗄컊쳢ꎺGDP퓶뎤벰쮮욽떱뿋삭캬쮹퓚훐맺룄룯횮돵뗚튻듎맀쯣훐맺죋뻹GDP쪱ꎬ뻍쫜떽쇋뛠쫽쫇살ퟔ훐맺뗄볒톧헟뗄엺움ꆣ퓚뛌쪱웚쓚쯻쫕벯쇋늻떽100룶볛룱쫽뻝ꆣ떱쪱뗄뾼달췅ퟟ럃쇋6룶뗘랽ꎬ폐돇쫐ꎬ튲폐쿧듥ꆣ쯻뮹듓웤쯻럃컊훐맺뗄튽쇆ꆢ뷌폽볒쓇샯뗃떽쇋폐맘튽쇆뫍뷌폽횧돶뗄튻킩뛀솢탅쾢ꆣ룄룯죴룉쓪뫳ꎬ뺭볃톧볒ꆢ춳볆톧볒ꆢ헾훎죋컯쏇뾪쪼힢틢떽훐맺뺭볃뗄쿔훸퓶뎤ꎬ뿋삭캬쮹뗄쫽ퟖ뗃떽벫듳뗄맘힢ꎬ쯻죏캪ꎬ틔햼쏀맺죋뻹쫕죫쮮욽뗄냙럖뇈살뫢솿ꎬ훐맺뗄죋뻹GDP쿠떱폚럆싉뇶뗄맦쒣ꎨ펡뛈뗄솽놶ꎩꆣ평폚쫇퓚룄룯횮돵뷸탐뗄ꎬ1980쓪뗄맙랽춳볆뷡맻쫇튻룶뇈뷏컂뫍뗄죋뻹쫽ꎬ죧맻돋틔엓듳뗄죋뿚ퟜ솿ꎬ훐맺뺭볃퓚떱쪱쫀뷧GDPퟜ솿뗄업쏻훐튲쫇뫜룟뗄ꆣ컒쏇랢쿖ꎬ죧맻틔쫀뷧볛룱ꎬ벴릺싲솦욽볛뛸늻쫇쫐뎡믣싊살볆볛ꎬ20쫀볍80쓪듺훐뫳웚뗄훐맺뺭볃퓶뎤싊ꎨퟜ솿GDP믲죋뻹GDP뇤뮯뗄냙럖뇈ꎩ튪복뗍ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ튻킩맺볊믺릹퓚볓좨볆쯣쫀뷧욽뻹뺭볃퓶뎤싊쪱ꎬ랢쿖퓚냼삨랢햹훐맺볒ꎨ훐맺튲ퟷ캪랢햹훐맺볒횮튻냼삨웤훐ꎩ뗄볆쯣훐ꎬ틔릺싲솦움볛볆볛뇈틔쫐뎡믣싊볆볛맀쯣뗄GDPퟷ캪좨훘뗃돶뗄쫀뷧욽뻹퓶뎤싊튪룟ꆣ틔늻뇤쫀뷧볛룱볆쯣돶뗄훐맺뺭볃퓶뎤싊욫뗍폚틔쫐뎡믣싊믲맙랽믣싊볆쯣46
뗄뷡맻ꆣ뫕쮹뛙ꎨAlan Hestonꎩ쓉뿋쯷뛻ꎨDaniel Nuxollꎩ뫍죸쒪쮹ꎨRobertSummersꎩ퓚뛔룷맺쪹폃솽훖랽램ꆪ쪹폃믹웚쫀뷧볛룱뫍믹웚ꆰ놾맺톡뚨뗄ꆱ볛룱ꆪ볆쯣뗄뺭볃퓶뎤싊뷸탐뛔뇈뗄퇹놾훐ꎬ튲랢쿖쇋헢훖욫닮ꆣ쯻쏇뮹랢쿖ꎬ죴쪹폃쫀뷧볛룱ꎬ뷏욶쟮뗄랢햹훐맺볒뺭볃퓶뎤룼캪뮺싽ꆣ훐맺쯤좻늻퓚쯻쏇뗄ꋙ퇹놾훐ꎬ떫튲뿉틔췆뛏돶ꎬ틔믹웚쫀뷧볛룱볆볛뗃돶뗄뺭볃퓶뎤싊튪뗍튻킩ꆣ캪훊솿뇤뮯ퟷ돶뗄뗷헻퓧퓚뗚뛾듎쫀뷧듳햽쪱웚ꎬ펢맺뗄춳볆톧볒뻍쳡돶ꎬ평폚쎻폐뾼싇떽볒춥풤쯣훐틔럇엤룸욷듺쳦엤룸욷뗄쳦듺킧펦ꎬ짺믮쿻럑볛룱횸쫽폐쿲쿂뗄욫닮ꆣ잰헟ꎨ럇엤룸욷ꎩ튪폅폚뫳헟ꎨ엤룸욷ꎩꆣ쪹폃쎻폐뾼싇떽엤룸틲쯘뗄컯볛욽복횸쫽떼훂헦쪵쫕죫뗄쯰쪧ꆣ뛾햽뫳ꎬ컒쏇십짏폖쏦쇙ퟅ쿻럑헟볛룱횸쫽쿠랴뗄욫닮ꎬ틲캪햽뫳쪱웚쿈뷸벼쫵짺닺뗄탂닺욷퓚훊솿짏뇈햽잰튪룟뗃뛠ꆣ헢튻룅쓮ퟮ돵뗃떽돐죏쫇퓚뛔뷎뎵볛룱뗄맀볆훐ꎬ튻룶뗤탍뗄훊솿틲쯘뻍쫇ꆰퟔ뚯떵뮻ꆱ릦쓜ꆣ붨솢쿭샖횸쫽뗄랽램뾼싇떽쇋튻킩샠탍뗄훊솿뇤뮯ꎬ쟣쿲폚냑볛룱횸쫽복뗍훁펦폐쮮욽ꎬ늢캪룼뿬뗄퓶뎤쳡릩룹뻝뗷헻뫳뗄헦쪵닺돶볆쯣돶뗄뷡맻ꆣ퓚맦쒣뗄퓶뎤훐ꎬ훊솿뗄룄뷸놻뾼싇뷸좥ꆣ평폚뗧쓔벼쫵뗄뷸늽뫍웤쯻훊솿뇤뮯ꎬ쏀맺Boskin캯풱믡춨맽뗷헻쿻럑헟볛룱횸쫽냑쏀맺뗄GDP퓶뎤뗷룟쇋1/2룶냙럖뗣ꆣ룟쯙ꆢ듳죝솿ꆢ죝틗닙ퟷ뗄뗧쓔볛룱놻뗷뗍ꎬ웤쯻볛룱퓲쿠뛔쳡룟ꆣ듓1978-1980쓪훐맺뺭볃룄룯뾪쪼ꎬ닺욷훊솿틑뺭랢짺쇋뫜뛠뇤뮯ꆣ틻쪳ힴ뿶뗃떽벫듳룄뷸ꎻ럾ힰ훊솿뗃틔쳡룟뛸쟒뛠퇹뮯ꎻ웻뎵쏷쿔퓶볓ꎻ몽뿕웷뗄ퟹ캻ꆪ샯돌쫽튲듯떽쿖듺뮯뗄쮮욽ꎻ헻룶뷌폽쮮욽쳡룟쇋뫜뛠ꎻ힡랿ힴ뿶룄뷸쇋ꎻ싃탐뗄랽뇣돌뛈튲풽살풽뷓뷼쫀뷧쮮욽ꎻ춨톶ힴ뿶튲룄뷸쇋ꎻ헦쫇쫽늻쪤쫽ꆣퟜ횮ꎬ훐맺뗄ꆰ쫐뎡삺ퟓꆱ폫룄룯횮돵쿠뇈ꎬ훊솿튪룟뗃뛠ꎬ틲듋좷쪵폐뇘튪뛔볛룱횸쫽ퟷ훘튪뗷헻ꎬ짵훁튪쿱쏀맺뫍웤쯻컷랽맺볒쓇퇹ꎬ볛룱횸쫽뗷헻뗄솦뛈듳폚훊솿룄뷸뗄솦뛈ꆣ뛔죎뫎뺭뎣좥훐맺뗄죋살쮵ꎬ듓룄룯뾪쪼떽쿖퓚ꎬ훐맺뺭볃짺믮훊솿쎿쓪뗄뇤뮯쫇럇뎣쏷쿔뗄ꆣ훐맺튲?탨춳볆랽쏦뗄뗷닩퇐뺿ꎬ쏨쫶돶훊솿뇤뮯뛔뺭볃퓶뎤뗄펰쿬ꆣ튪쿫퓚튻훖뷷짷뗄쪵횤랽쪽쿂뷸탐퇐뺿ꎬ릹붨쿭샖횸쫽뫍췪헻뗄횧돶쳥쾵쫇뇘늻뿉짙뗄ꆣꋙAlan HestonꎬDavid Anuxoll뫍Robert Summersꎬ틔놾맺톡뚨볛룱폫맺볊춨탐볛룱볆볛뗄맺볒뺭볃벨킧뇈뷏ꎬEconomics Econometrics, and the LINK, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1995, -61ꆣ47
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뢽슼Aꎺ훐맺훷튪뗄뺭볃횸뇪쓪럝GDP 퓶뎤풭폍쎺첿뗧솦솸쪳탳닺욷퓋솦(틚쏱몽(틚뎤춾뗧뮰싊(%)(췲뛖)ꎨ췲뛖ꎩ(틚잧췟뛖)ꎨ췲뛖ꎩꎨ췲뛖ꎩ뛖/릫샯ꎩ뛖/릫샯)(췲듎)
ꎨ탸뇭ꎩ쓪럝룖닺솿뻍튵죋쫽ꎨ췲죋ꎩ헾뢮횧돶쿻럑욷볛룱릤쏀풪볆ꎨ췲뛖ꎩꎨ틚풪ꎩ횸쫽ꎨ돇쫐ꎩꎨ풪ꎩ볛ꎨ틚ꎩ뗚뛾닺튵뗚죽닺튵횧돶ퟜ돶뿚ퟜ뷸뿚
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뢽슼Bउ즷?돉럖1돉럖2돉럖3돉럖4돉럖5쳘헷횵닮틬ꎨ헽ꎩ샛믽쫽(헽)쳘헷쿲솿뇤솿쿲솿1쿲솿2쿲솿3쿲솿4쿲솿5DLOG(뗧솦)*DLOG(쎺첿)*DLOG(풭폍)*DLOG(룖쳺)*DLOG(퓋솦)*DLOG(쏱몽)*DLOG(뗧믮듎쫽)*Dꏛ뗚죽닺튵뻍튵죋쫽/ꎨ뗚뛾닺튵뻍튵죋쫽ꎫ뗚죽닺튵뻍튵죋쫽ꎩꏝ100*DLOG(솸쪳)*DLOG(탳닺욷)*DLOG(돶뿚/쏀맺쿻럑컯볛횸쫽*100)100*DLOG(뷸뿚/쏀맺쿻럑컯볛횸쫽*100)100*DLOG(헦쪵뗄횧뢶횧돶)*DLOG(릤/쿻럑욷볛룱횸쫽)*DLOG(쿻럑욷볛룱횸쫽)*50
ꎨ탸뇭ꎩ훷돉럖돉럖6돉럖7돉럖8돉럖9돉럖10쳘헷횵닮틬ꎨ헽ꎩ샛믽쫽(헽)쳘헷쿲솿뇤솿쿲솿6쿲솿7쿲솿8쿲솿9쿲솿10DLOG(뗧솦)*DLOG(쎺첿)*DLOG(풭폍)*DLOG(룖쳺)*DLOG(퓋솦)*DLOG(쏱몽)*DLOG(뗧뮰듎쫽)*Dꏛ뗚죽닺튵뻍튵죋쫽/ꎨ뗚뛾닺튵뻍튵죋쫽ꎫ뗚죽닺튵뻍튵죋쫽ꎩꏝ100*DLOG(솸쪳)*DLOG(탳닺욷)*DLOG(돶뿚/쏀맺쿻럑컯볛횸쫽)100**DLOG(뷸뿚/쏀맺쿻럑컯볛횸쫽)100**DLOG(헦쪵뗄횧뢶횧돶)*DLOG(릤/쿻럑욷볛룱횸쫽)*DLOG(쿻럑욷볛룱횸쫽)*51
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studiesꎨ탸뇭ꎩ돉럖11돉럖12돉럖13돉럖14돉럖15쳘헷횵닮틬ꎨ헽ꎩ샛믽쫽(헽)쳘헷쿲솿뇤솿쿲솿11쿲솿12쿲솿13쿲솿14쿲솿15DLOG(뗧솦)*DLOG(쎺첿)*DLOG(풭폍)*DLOG(룖쳺)*DLOG(퓋솦)*DLOG(쏱몽)*DLOG(뗧뮰듎쫽)*Dꏛ뗚죽닺튵뻍튵죋쫽/ꎨ뗚뛾닺튵뻍튵죋쫽ꎫ뗚죽닺튵뻍튵죋쫽ꎩꏝ100*DLOG(솸쪳)*DLOG(탳닺욷)*DLOG(돶뿚/쏀맺쿻럑컯볛횸쫽)*100*DLOG(뷸뿚/쏀맺쿻럑컯볛횸쫽)100**DLOG(헦쪵뗄횧뢶횧돶)*DLOG(릤/쿻럑욷볛룱횸쫽)*DLOG(쿻럑욷볛룱횸쫽)*
뿉뇤솿ꎺGDP퓶뎤싊랽램ꎺ훁짙쟳뛾듎쏝퇹놾ꎨ틑뗷헻ꎩꎺ1981쓪ꎬ2000쓪냼삨뗷닩퓚쓚뗄맛달ꎺ뗷헻뛋뗣뫳2012듎훘뢴뫳뗃떽뗄벯훐쫽뇪ힼ컳닮킭랽닮Backcast: 1980뇤솿쾵쫽뇪ힼ컳닮t-Statistic룅싊훷돉럖훷돉럖훷돉럖훷돉럖훷돉럖(1)욽뻹뗄뿉뇤솿 . dependent . of info squared -Watson (F-statistic) MA -1-2-382848688909294969800닐닮쪵볊횵뗷헻횵53
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies퇹놾ꎺ1981쓪ꎬ2000쓪Included observations: 20Q-statisticprobabilitiesadjusted for 1ARMA term(s)ퟔ쿠맘탔늿럖쿠맘탔ퟔ쿠맘탔늿럖쿠맘탔Q춳볆룅싊. *| . |.*| . |.**| . |.**| . |. *| . |.**| . |. |* . |. | . | . |* . |. | . | . | . |. | . | . | . |.|* . | ***| .|****| . | . | . |.*| . | . |* . |.**| . | . |* . |. *| . | . *| . |. | . | -Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test:* Test:* RESET Test: likelihood : ResidualsSample 1981 2000Observations -3-2-1120ꎨ맜뮯틫횣몣퇠킣ꎩ54
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies좫쟲뮯폫쳴햽GlobalizationandChallengeComparative
퇇훞뺭볃튻쳥뮯뗄쿖ힴ폫햹췻풼즪럲ꆤEꆤ쮹뗙룱샻듄놾컄횼퓚쳖싛튻쳥뮯뗄벸룶늻춬닠쏦ꎬ웤훐짦벰뷰죚쫐뎡뫍쎳틗뗄튻쳥뮯ꎬ틔벰튻쳥뮯뗄뺭볃뫍헾훎몬틥ꆣ컒쿫냑훷쳢럅떽룼맣삫뗄놳뺰쿂살쳖싛ꎬ헢튻놳뺰뻍쫇ꎬ퓚맽좥뗄10-12쓪샯ꎬ쫀뷧짏돶쿖쇋튻킩탂뗄랢햹쟷쫆ꆣ컒틔캪ꎬ횻폐퓚헢퇹뗄놳뺰쿂ꎬ닅쓜샭뷢퇇훞뺭볃튻쳥뮯뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ닅쓜횪뗀죧뫎좥짨볆헢훖튻쳥뮯ꆣ컞틉ꎬퟮ캪훘튪뗄쫂볾뿉쓜뻍쫇샤햽뗄뷡쫸ꎬ쯼떼훂쇋캩튻뗄뎬벶뻼쫂듳맺뗄돶쿖ꆣ떱좻ꎬ헢훖떥튻뗄뻼쫂솦솿늢늻뇘좻뗘뮯캪뻟폐춳훎뗘캻뗄뺭볃솦솿ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ퓚뻼쫂뫍헾훎벰뺭볃쇬폲횮볤ꎬ쏷쿔듦퓚ퟅ훘튪뗄쿠뮥맘쾵ꆣ늻탒뗄쫇ꎬ쒿잰쫀뷧뗄랢햹쟷쫆ꎬ늢늻튻뚨뛔좫쟲뗄헾훎뫍뺭볃컈뚨ퟮ캪폐샻ꆣ뺡맜틑뺭좡뗃쇋탭뛠뷸햹ꎬ컒쏇죔좻폐뇘튪잿뗷ꎬ퇇훞펦룃뷸탐룼뷴쏜뗄뺭볃튻쳥뮯ꎬ헢쫇컒싛쫶뗄훷쳢횮튻ꆣ샤햽뷡쫸뫳ꎬퟮ캪훘튪뗄랢햹쟷쫆뻍쫇ꎬ쏀맺뗄펰쿬퓚늻뛏퓶잿ꎬ쯼폐쪱놻돆횮캪쏀맺샽췢훷틥ꎬ뷼살퓲놻뷐ퟶ쏀맺떥뇟훷틥ꆣ떱쏀맺쳡돶ퟔ벺뛔헾훎쿖쪵뗄뾴램ꎬ늢쟒뷨훺ퟔ벺뗄좫쟲헾훎쇬떼뗘캻ꎬ퓚튻킩헾훎뫍뺭볃컊쳢짏냑ퟔ벺뗄맛뗣잿볓폚죋쪱ꎬ죋쏇뻍쫇헢퇹늻뛏돆뫴쏀맺뗄ꆣ퓚퇇훞ꎬ퓚1997-1998쓪볤뗄뺭볃캣믺훐ꎬ헢훖쟩탎튲돶쿖맽ꆣ쏀맺닆헾늿뻜뻸붨솢퇇훞믵뇒믹뷰ퟩ횯뗄뎫틩ꎬ뻍쫇ퟮ캪쏷쿔뗄튻샽ꆣ퓚컒뾴살ꎬ헢쫇튻룶벫캪훘튪뗄뎫틩ꆣ퇇훞믵뇒믹뷰ퟩ횯늻뷶쓜캪놾뗘쟸쳡릩뎤웚뗄57
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뷰죚컈뚨ꎬ헢튻뗣컒퓚뫳뇟뮹튪첸떽ꎻ뛸쟒퓚뛌웚쓚튲쓜쪹퇇훞뇈쪵볊짏룼뿬뗘냚췑캣믺ꆣ뫁컞틉컊ꎬ쓇킩뷢뻶캣믺뗄헾닟볓뻧쇋캣믺ꆣ쏀맺퓚맺볊뺭볃ퟩ횯훐뗄춳훎뗘캻쪹뗃컊쳢뇤뗃룼볓퇏훘쇋ꆣ틔맺볊믵뇒믹뷰ퟩ횯캪샽ꎬ내헕뎣맦ꎬ쯼ퟜ쫇평튻룶얷훞죋살쇬떼ꆣ뺡맜돶쿖맽럇뎣뿉뾿뗄퇇훞뫲톡죋ꎬ뺡맜쯼쫇튻룶좫쟲탔맺볊믺릹ꎬ떫죋쏇웕뇩틢쪶떽ꎬ뛔ퟮ병죋톡뗄톰헒ꎬ좴늻쫇좫쟲탔뗄ꎬ쏷쿔뗘뻖쿞폚얷훞ꆣ쯤좻맺볊믵뇒믹뷰ퟩ횯떱뷱뗄튵컱훷튪쫇퓚랢햹훐맺볒ꎬ떫뺹쎻폐죋쳡떽맽ꎬ펦룃톡퓱쓇킩뻟폐랢햹훐맺볒뺭퇩뗄죋살쇬떼헢튻믺릹ꎬ헢쪵볊짏쫇뻟폐럭듌틢캶뗄ꆣ헢뻍뫃쿳톡튻룶듓살쎻폐볻맽웻뎵뗄죋살쇬떼웻뎵릫쮾ꆣ평듋닺짺뗄컊쳢늻뷶퓚폚ꎬ헢킩맺볊뺭볃믺릹냑쏀맺뗄샻틦훃폚좫쟲샻틦횮짏ꎬ뛸쟒ꎬ쯼쏇뮹췆돶쇋튻훖쳘뚨뗄쫐뎡뺭볃맛쓮ꎬ죋쏇폐쪱뫲붫횮돆ퟶ낻룱슳죸뿋톷ꆪ쏀샻볡쪽뗄쫐뎡뺭볃ꎬ믲뷐ퟷ쫐뎡풭뷌횼훷틥ꆣ죋쏇뛔헢훖쫐뎡맛쳡돶쇋풽살풽뛠뗄틉컊ꎬ퓚헢랽쏦ꎬퟮ뷼폐탭뛠샽횤ꆣ퓚뚫퇇뺭볃캣믺훐ꎬ탭뛠죋첸싛퇇훞뗄웳튵펦룃쪹폃쏀맺쪽믡볆훆뛈ꎬ쿖퓚ꎬ퓚돶쿖쇋낲좻뫍낲듯탅돳컅횮뫳ꎬ펦룃뮻튻룶뷇뛈살뾴듽헢킩쳖싛쇋ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ컒죏캪ꎬ폐튻뗣죋쏇뮹쎻폐돤럝죏쪶떽ꎬ쓇뻍쫇헢킩돳컅뫳쏦짮님ퟅ뗄탩캱ꆣ컒퓚헢샯횻붲튻솽룶킡맊쫂ꆣ1993-1994쓪볤ꎬ컒퓚ퟜ춳뺭볃맋컊캯풱믡릤ퟷꆣ떱쪱ꎬ뛀솢뗄믡볆캯풱믡(FASBI)붨틩탞룄폫막욱웚좨(폫뺭샭뫬샻쿠솬뗄웚좨)쿠맘뗄믡볆ힼ퓲ꆣ튻킩릫쮾쫔춼룸죋쇴쿂헢퇹뗄펡쿳ꎬ룸룟벶맜샭죋풱랢막욱웚좨ꎬ뻍뫃뇈쫇펡뎮욱ꎬ듓쳬짏뗴쿂살뗄ꎬ쎻폐돉놾ꆣퟷ캪뺭볃톧볒ꎬ컒쏇횪뗀ꎬ쓣늻뿉쓜컞돉놾뺭펪ꎬ컞훐늻쓜짺폐ꆣ죧맻쓣룸쇋뺭샭닣쒳훖폐볛횵뗄뚫컷ꎬ쯼뇘뚨살ퟔ쒳룶뗘랽ꎬ믡볆훆뛈샭펦쟥돾뗘룦쯟컒쏇ꎬ쯼살ퟔ뫎랽ꆣ막욱웚좨틢캶ퟅ웤쯻쿖폐막뚫뗄쯹폐좨놻쾡쫍ꆣ랴뛔막욱웚좨뗄죋쳡돶뗄ퟮ캪폐솦뗄맛뗣펦룃쫜떽벫듳뗄뮶펭ꆣ헢훖맛뗣죏캪ꎬ죧맻막뚫횪뗀웤막놾놻쾡쫍뗄돌뛈ꎬ벴막욱웚좨뗄볛횵ꎬ뇈죧쮵ꎬ쿠떱폚막욱볛횵뗄5%ꆢ10%믲헟15%ꎬ쓇쎴막욱볛룱뻍믡쿂뗸ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ죧맻죋쏇횪뗀랢짺쇋쪲쎴쫂ꎬ쯻쏇뻍믡뗍맀막욱뗄볛횵ꆣ컒죏캪ꎬ헢튻맛뗣췪좫헽좷ꆣ튻룶쫐뎡뺭볃튪쿫퓋솼뫃ꎬ뻍뇘탫쳡릩탅쾢ꎬ죧맻쳡릩뗄쫇듭컳탅쾢ꎬ쓇뻍쫇랢돶퓣룢뗄탅뫅ꎬ웤뷡맻뻍쫇닮뺢뗄풴엤훃ꆣ뻍쿱컒쏇퓚짏룶쫀볍90쓪듺쒩뾴떽뗄쓇퇹ꎬ막욱쫐뎡돶쿖엝쒭ꎬ풴돶쿖듭컳엤훃ꎬ뷡맻떼훂컒쏇쒿잰뗄뺭볃쮥췋ꆣ쯹폐헢킩컊쳢ꎬ뚼틽웰컒벫듳뗄맘힢ꆣ틲캪ꎬ쯼쏇쯹햹쿖뗄헽쫇탅쾢뺭볃톧뗄튻늿럖ꎬ쯼쏇춻돶뗘58
뇭쏷ꎬ솼뫃뗄탅쾢쳥쾵쫇뛠쎴뗄훘튪ꆣ쓇킩엺움FASBI붨틩뗄죋쮵ꎬ막욱웚좨뗄볛횵쓑틔움맀ꆣ헢떱좻쫇뛔뗄ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ볛횵움맀뗄죎뫎튻룶랽쏦뚼늻죝틗ꆣ움맀뇡횵튲뫜쓑ꎬ컒쏇폃폚움맀뇡횵뗄ힼ퓲뻍벫캪듖닚ꆣ쿠뷏뛸퇔ꎬ폃폚움맀막욱웚좨볛횵뗄랽램튪ힼ좷뗄뛠ꆣ뛸쟒ꎬ쫂쪵짏ꎬ컒쏇맋컊캯풱믡짨볆돶쇋튻훖릫쪽ꎬ쯼뿉틔맀쯣돶막욱웚좨볛횵뗄뗗쿟ꆣ뮻뻤뮰쮵ꎬ늻싛죧뫎ꎬ틔췹쪹폃뗄냑막욱웚좨볛횵짨뚨캪쇣뗄믡볆ힼ퓲쿔좻쫇듭컳뗄ꆣ폐늻짙뇈헢훖ힼ퓲뫃뗃뛠뗄랽램ꆣ헢튻맊쫂뮹햹쿖쇋쏀맺쪽놾훷틥뗄좹듸맘쾵ꆣ쏀맺닆헾늿뫍짌튵늿뗄맙풱쏇ꎬ퓚1997-1998쓪뗄뚫퇇캣믺훐ꎬ뛔좹듸놾훷틥듳볓엺움ꆣ춬퇹헽쫇헢킩죋ꎬ쿖퓚퓲햹쪾돶쇋쏀맺쪽뗄좹듸놾훷틥ꆣ쯻쏇퓚뮪뛻뷖뫍맨마뗄엳폑쏇튪쟳쯻쏇냯쎦ꎬ뮪뛻뷖뫍맨마헒슳뇶ꎬ헒닆헾늿ꎬ쪩볓톹솦ꆣ쏀맺헾뢮퓲춨맽닆헾늿뫍짌튵늿ꎬ룸FASBI쪩볓톹솦ꎬ튪쟳룄뇤맦퓲ꆣ쓣쏇헻쳬쳽떽쯻쏇쮵ꎬ뛀솢믺릹ꎬ붨솢뛀솢믺릹ꎬ쫇뛠쎴뗄훘튪ꆣ뷡맻ꎬ놾살펦룃쫇뛀솢뗄믡볆캯풱믡뗄FASBIꎬ퓚헾훎룉풤쏦잰쟼럾쇋ꎬ죃늽쇋ꆣ죧맻쯼쓜뚥힡톹솦ꎬ볡돖뛀솢뗄믡볆ힼ퓲ꎬ낲좻뫍낲듯탅돶쿖뗄탭뛠컊쳢ꎬ뿉쓜뻍믡뗃틔뇜쏢ꆣ퓙뇈죧ꎬ쏀맺횤좯뫍붻틗캯풱믡뛔짏쫶컊쳢쇋죧횸헆ꎬ퓸쏅돉솢쇋튻룶캯풱믡살퇐뺿탂뺭볃훐뗄볛횵움맀컊쳢ꆣ컒튲닎볓쇋헢룶캯풱믡ꎬ쯼뗄돉풱늻뛠ꎬ뿏쓡쮼ꆤ샗뻍쫇웤훐횮튻ꎬ탭뛠죋쿖퓚뚼횪뗀ꎬ쯻쫇낲좻뗄떱볒죋ꆣ샗뫍웤쯻탭뛠돉풱뚼죏캪ꎬ펦룃죃쫐뎡ퟔ벺헕쇏ퟔ벺ꎬ늻탨튪헾뢮뷸탐룼뛠뗄룉풤ꆣ떱좻ꎬ쫐뎡뗄좷ퟮ훕헕쇏쇋ퟔ벺ꎬ떫쯼춬쪱좴퓬돉쇋뻞듳뗄웆뮵ꆣ뻙헢킩샽ퟓꎬ뚼쫇캪쇋쮵쏷컒뗄튻룶훷튪맛뗣ꎬ벴ꎬ쏀맺웰훷떼ퟷ폃뗄맺볊뺭볃ퟩ횯ꎬ튻횱놻폃살췆탐튻훖쳘뚨뗄쫐뎡뺭볃맛ꎬ벴쏀맺쒣쪽ꎬ컒죏캪쯼폐탭뛠뇗늡ꆣ펦룃쮵ꎬ듦퓚ퟅ늻춬뗄톡퓱ꎬ샽죧죰뗤ꎬ쯼퓚췆뚯탂뺭볃뗄랢햹뫍벼쫵룯탂랽쏦ꎬퟶ뗃쿱쏀맺튻퇹돉릦ꎬ떫룼캪춸쏷ꎬ룼짙쫜떽좹듸놾훷틥뗄펰쿬ꆣ죋쏇횸돶ꎬ훁짙퓚헢솽뗣짏ꎬ쯼잿맽쏀맺ꆣ컒잿뗷헢킩ꎬ쫇틲캪컒쾣췻뾴떽ꎬ퇇훞춨맽튻쳥뮯ꎬ췆돶튻훖폫쏀맺쒣쪽늻춬뗄쳦듺톡퓱ꆣ늻펦췼볇ꎬ쒿잰뗄맺볊믺릹뿲볜쫇퓚뛾햽뫳붨솢뗄ꎬ쓇쪱ꎬ쿖퓚뗄탭뛠탂탋쫐뎡뮹쫇횳쏱뗘ꎬ맺볊뷰죚쳥쾵폫뷱쳬뗄쫀뷧듳캪늻춬ꎬ쎳틗튲튪킡뗃뛠ꆣ듓쓇틔뫳ꎬ쫀뷧랢짺쇋뻞듳뗄뇤뮯ꆣ훐맺뗄웰ꎬ탂탋쫐뎡뗄쿠뛔랢햹ꎬ뻍쫇헢킩뇤뮯뗄튻늿럖ꆣ헢쪹뗃붨솢탂뗄맺볊뺭볃쳥쾵뇤뗃죕틦훘튪쇋ꆣ뛸쟒ꎬ죋쏇풽살풽뛠뗘힢틢떽ꎬ퓚쿖폐뗄좫쟲뺭볃쳥쾵훐ꎬ듦퓚ퟅ튻킩훘튪뗄좱쿝ꆣ컒59
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies퓚헢샯횻쳡죽룶랽쏦ꎺ쓏놱쎳틗맘쾵훐뗄늻욽뗈ꎻ좫쟲뷰죚쳥쾵뗄늻컈뚨ꎻ좫쟲뷰죚쳥쾵훐뗄늻욽뗈ꆣ뻍좫쟲뷰죚쳥쾵뗄늻컈뚨뛸퇔ꎬ퓚맽좥뗄25쓪샯ꎬ듳풼폐80-100룶맺볒돶쿖맽뷰죚캣믺ꆣ헢킩캣믺뇤뗃룼캪뺭뎣ꆢ룼캪퇏훘ꆣ맺볊믵뇒믹뷰ퟩ횯뗄뒴솢ꎬ뻍쫇캪쇋퓚뺭볃쮥췋쪱췆탐삩헅탔뗄닆헾헾닟ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ쯼퓚죕놾쏦쇙뺭볃쮥췋쪱ꎬ췆뚯죕놾쪵탐삩헅탔닆헾헾닟ꎻ뛸퓚뗚죽쫀뷧폶떽춬퇹뗄쮥췋쪱ꎬ퓲쪼훕튪쟳쯼쏇쪵탐뷴쯵헾닟ꆣ컒퓚쫀뷧룷뗘싃탐쪱ꎬ늻뛏폐죋컊컒ꎺ캪쪲쎴듦퓚헢훖늻튻훂ꎿ좥쓪쟯쳬ꎬ퓚쏀맺ꎬ헢훖늻튻훂뇤뗃쳘뇰쏷쿔ꆣ쏀맺죋튻랽쏦퓚헹싛ꎬ폃쪲쎴퇹뗄뺭볃듌벤랽낸살뛔뢶쏀맺뗄쮥췋ꎻ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ퓲룦쯟삭쏀맺볒ꎬ폶떽뺭볃쮥췋쪱ꎬ뇘탫듳솦쪵탐뷴쯵헾닟ꆣ평듋ꎬ컒쏇뿉틔뗃돶뷡싛ꎬ컒쏇탨튪튻훖탂뗄퇛맢ꎬ탨튪퓚릲춬뗄짧믡릫욽뫍좫쟲췅뷡맛쓮믹뒡짏ꎬ듯돉룼맣랺뗄좫쟲릲쪶ꆣ쿖퓚컒튪첸첸튻쳥뮯뗄훷쳢ꎬ횮쯹틔쮵짏쏦헢킩뮰ꎬ쫇틲캪퓚컒뾴살ꎬ튻쳥뮯늻펦놻쫓캪튻훖쒿뗄ꎬ뛸펦놻뾴돉쫇뿉틔뷸탐짨볆뗄튻훖쫖뛎ꎬ벮듋뿉틔쳡룟짺믮쮮ힼꎬ퓶볓짧믡릫헽탔ꎬ늢쪵쿖룼듳돌뛈뗄뺭볃뫍헾훎컈뚨ꆣ튻쳥뮯뗄랢햹뿉틔쪹웤돉캪쪵쿖짏쫶쒿뇪뗄훘튪쫖뛎ꆣ떱컒쏇쮼뾼퇇훞뺭볃튻쳥뮯쪱ꎬ컒쏇뇘탫쿫떽헢킩쒿뇪ꆣ컒죏캪ꎬ퇇훞튻쳥뮯뗄볓짮믡잿뮯퇇훞뗄쫐뎡맛쓮ꎬ헢훖맛쓮뿉틔놻쫓캪튻훖뛔뾹쏀맺춳훎뗘캻뗄솦솿ꎬ쯼뿉틔복짙죋쏇뛔쏀맺쪽뺭볃맛쓮뗄틀삵ꎬ늢냯훺죋쏇쪵쿖짏쫶룷룶쒿뇪ꆣ죋쏇뺭뎣냑쏀맺뗄쒣쪽돆캪쫐뎡풭뷌횼훷틥ꎬ믲헟쏀맺쪽뗄놾훷틥(헢튻맛뗣웤쪵늢쎻폐헦헽쏨쫶놾훷틥퓚쏀맺뗄랢햹)ꆣ쿂쏦퓙럖뇰첸첸뷰죚뫍쎳틗컊쳢ꆣ쫗쿈ꎬ퓚컒뾴살ꎬ맺볊뒢놸쳥쾵뗄뇗늡뫜퇏훘ꎬ돽럇뗃떽뷢뻶ꎬ럱퓲붫떼훂컒룕닅쯹쮵뗄돖탸뗄맺볊뷰죚쳥쾵뗄늻컈뚨ꆣ헢튻뒢놸쳥쾵틑뺭듸살쇋훚뛠뗄늻컈뚨ꆣ퓚믣싊쳥쾵짏ꎬ돶쿖맽뻞듳뗄뇤뮯ꎬ헢늻뷶펰쿬쇋킡맺ꎬ튲늨벰쇋훷튪뗄믵뇒쳥쾵ꆣ죧죕풪뛒쏀풪ꎬ듓106 풪쿂붵떽80풪ꎬ폖믘짽떽130-140풪ꎬ퓙붵떽쿖퓚뗄쮮욽ꆣ얷풪폫쏀풪뗄믣싊튲돶쿖쇋뢡뚯ꆣ믣싊뗄늨뚯놾짭뻍뛔맺볊뒢놸쳥쾵듸살쇋뫜듳뗄톹솦ꆣ탭뛠죋쿠탅ꎬ첩맺돶쿖캣믺뗄훷튪풭틲뻍쫇ꎬ쯼쯹쏦뛔뗄훷튪믣싊쳥쾵돶쿖쇋뻞듳늨뚯ꆣ웤뷡맻쪹뗃탭뛠맺볒늻뗃늻놣돖듳솿뗄췢믣뒢놸ꆣ떱듺뗄뎣맦샭싛죏캪ꎬ튻맺뗄뒢놸뷰펦룃쿠떱폚웤틔쏀풪볆쯣뗄뛌웚햮컱ꆣ헢틢캶ퟅꎬ뷨뗄뛌웚햮컱풽뛠ꎬ뒢놸뷰펦룃쇴뗄풽뛠ꆣ뮹폐튻훖맛뗣죏캪ꎬ뒢놸뷰펦룃틀뻝뇤뚯탔ꎬ훁60
짙놣듦쿠떱폚4룶퓂ꆢ6룶퓂믲8룶퓂뷸뿚뛮뗄쫽솿ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ뛔쓇킩돠욶맺볒뛸퇔ꎬ벫듳뗄뇤뚯탔쪹뗃놣듦듳솿췢믣뒢놸뇤뗃풽살풽훘튪ꆣ헢킩뒢놸뷰뗄믺믡돉놾뫜룟ꆣ튻냣살쮵ꎬ뒢놸뷰쫇틔쏀맺맺뿢좯뗄탎쪽놣듦뗄ꆣ쿖퓚ꎬ쏀맺뗄맺뿢좯샻싊쫇%ꆣ뛔듳늿럝랢햹훐맺볒살쮵ꎬ믺믡돉놾쫇뻞듳뗄ꆣ죧맻쯼쏇냑잮춶폚놾맺ꎬ쯼쏇듳룅뿉틔믱뗃10%-20%뗄쪵볊믘놨ꆣ헢퇹뾴살ꎬ쯼쏇냑잮쇴ퟶ뒢놸뷰ꎬ듺볛벫듳ꆣ헢킩듺볛튲쫇컒쏇좫쟲뒢놸쳥쾵뗄쪵볊돉놾뗄튻늿럖ꆣ헢킩돉놾뻸듳늿럝쫇평욶쟮맺볒살돐떣뗄ꆣ쏀맺쪵볊짏듓헢훖쳥쾵샯믱틦ꆣ평폚웤쯻맺볒탨튪쏀맺뗄맺뿢좯ퟷ캪뒢놸뷰ꎬ헢쪹뗃쏀맺쓜릻틔룼폅믝뗄쳵볾뗃떽놾ꆣ죃컒쏇살뻙룶샽ퟓꎬ컒죏캪ꎬ듓뫪맛뺭볃뗄뷇뛈뾴ꎬ헢룶샽ퟓ춻쿔쇋컊쳢뗄퇏훘탔ꆣ죃컒쏇짨쿫폐헢퇹튻룶쟮맺ꎬ뇈죧쮵퓚럇훞ꎬ쓇샯폐튻룶릫쮾뻶뚨듓튻볒쏀맺틸탐뷨튻틚쏀뷰ꎬ샻싊쫇18%ꆣ룃쟮맺틲듋뇘탫쓃돶튻틚쏀뷰ퟷ캪뒢놸뷰ꎬ틔쏀맺맺뿢좯뗄탎쪽놣듦ꎬ늢좡%뗄샻쾢ꆣ듓뫪맛뗄뷇뛈뾴ꎬ룃맺듓쏀맺뷨쇋튻틚쏀풪ꎬ폖뷨룸쏀맺튻틚쏀풪ꎬ틲듋ꎬ쎻폐쿖뷰쇷뚯ꎬ쎻폐풴쇷뚯ꆣ쯼뷨룸쏀맺뗄잮쇋%ꎬ듓쏀맺뷨살뗄잮튪뢶18%뗄샻쾢ꆣ쏀맺듓붻틗훐떽쇋뺻샻죳듳풼1600췲쏀뷰ꆣ쿖퓚ꎬ쓣뻍쏷냗쇋ꎬ캪쪲쎴쏀맺뗄닆헾늿죧듋죏뿉떱잰뗄뷰죚쳥쾵ꆣ쓇샯뗄맙풱탅럮놾뗄ퟔ평쇷뚯ꎬ죏캪캬돖쒿잰뗄뷰죚쳥쾵ꎬ쏀맺뗄릫쮾뫍쏀맺뺭볃쓜듓훐믱틦ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ뫜쓑뾴돶헢튻뷰죚쳥쾵믡뛔컒쏇짏쏦쮵뗄쓇룶럇훞쟮맺뗄랢햹폐쪲쎴듙뷸ퟷ폃ꎬ쪵볊짏ꎬ춳볆쫽ퟖ틑뺭횤쪵쇋헢튻뗣ꆣ뮻튻룶뷇뛈뾴ꎬ쓣믡랢쿖쒿잰뗄뷰죚쳥쾵뮹폐쇭췢튻룶뛀쳘랽쏦ꆣ샭싛룦쯟컒쏇ꎬ뢻맺펦룃쿲쟮맺쫤돶놾ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ퓚쿖폐뗄뷰죚쳥쾵쿂ꎬ쪵볊짏쫇쟮맺퓚쿲뢻맺쫤돶놾ꆣ죧맻맛달떱잰뗄쯹폐놾쇷뚯ꎬ늻뷶쫇췢짌횱뷓춶ꎬ뛸쫇쯹폐뗄놾쇷뚯ꎬ놾뗄뺻쇷뚯쫇듓늻랢듯맺볒쿲랢듯맺볒쇷뚯ꆣ듓헢룶뷇뛈살뾴ꎬ뻍쓜샭뷢캪쪲쎴랢듯맺볒탨튪냯훺(쏀맺쿖퓚쳘뇰탨튪냯훺)ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ뫜쓑뾴돶헢훖ힴ뿶죧뫎쓜릻냯훺랢햹훐맺볒ꆣ헽쿠랴ꎬ쓇킩탨튪춶ꆢ탨튪퓶뎤뗄쟮맺닅탨튪뷨잮ꎬ닅탨튪뎬횧짺믮ꎬ틲캪쯼쏇퓚춶ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ뮷맋쫀뷧ꎬ쓄룶맺볒퓚폃춸횧뗄랽쪽짺믮ꎿ헢뻍쫇쏀맺ꎬ쯼뗄쎳틗돠ퟖ붫뷼4500틚쏀뷰ꆣ컒쏇뗄좫쟲뒢놸쳥쾵퓊탭(죋쏇튲뿉틔싛횤쮵ꎬ쪵볊짏쫇웈쪹)쏀맺헢퇹ퟶꎬ쯼쓪뢴튻쓪뗘뷸탐춸횧탔쿻럑ꆣ쏀맺뗄쫕죫좫쟲ퟮ룟ꎬ뛸쫀뷧좴쮵ꆰ뇈헢쿻럑뗃룼뛠킩냉ꆱꆣ죧맻폐죋듓믰탇짏맛달헢룶뷰죚쳥쾵ꎬ뻍믡랢쿖ꎬ쯼럇뎣뛀쳘ꆣ61
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies듋췢ꎬ좫쟲뒢놸쳥쾵뮹폐튻훖춨믵뷴쯵뗄쟣쿲ꆣ캪쪲쎴헢쎴쮵쓘ꎿ룷맺ꎬ쳘뇰쫇랢햹훐맺볒ꎬ쎿쓪늻뗃늻냑쫕죫뗄튻늿럖럅떽뒢놸뷰횮훐ꆣ쿖퓚ꎬ좫쟲듳풼폐2췲틚쏀풪뗄뒢놸ꎬ쎿쓪뮹퓶볓듳풼1000떽2000틚쏀풪ꆣ헢틢캶ퟅ쪲쎴ꎿ헢뇊잮늻쓜쿻럑ꎬ늻쓜뒴퓬돶뷸튻늽뗄탨쟳ꎬ헢뻍떼훂좫쟲뺭볃쟷폚뷴쯵ힴ첬ꆣ퓚쒿잰뗄뺭볃쮥췋훐ꎬ헢튻뷴쯵뇤뗃뫜쏷쿔ꎬ뛸쟒ꎬ쯼춨뎣횻쓜뾿쏀맺쿻럑헟뗄룟쿻럑살볓틔뗖쿻ꆣ헢튻쳥쾵뮹폐벫잿뗄늻컈뚨쟣쿲ꆣ믘맋튻쿂맺볊뺭볃톧뗄믹놾샭싛ꎬ뻍뿉틔횪뗀웤풭틲쇋ꆣ헢튻샭싛죏캪ꎬ펯폠뗄ퟜ뫍뗈폚돠ퟖ뗄ퟜ뫍ꎬ쎳틗쮳닮뗄ퟜ뫍뗈폚쎳틗쓦닮뗄ퟜ뫍ꆣ죧맻쒳죋돶뿚뛠폚쯻죋ꎬ뇘뚨폐쒳죋뷸뿚뛠폚쯻죋ꎬ헢쫇튻룶볲떥뗄쯣쫵컊쳢ꆣ헢틢캶ퟅꎬ죧맻짙쫽맺볒ꎬ죧훐맺뫍죕놾ꎬ돖탸뗘믱뗃펯폠ꎬ쓇쎴ꎬ쫀뷧웤쯻뗘랽ퟷ캪튻룶헻쳥ꎬ뇘뚨돶쿖돠ퟖꆣ늼샗뛙즭쇖쳥쾵붨솢횮쪱ꎬ뾭뛷쮹뻍죏쪶떽쇋헢튻뗣ꆣ떱쪱ꎬ퓚뗘쟸탔쳖싛훐ꎬ뫜뛠죋첸떽펦돍랣쓇킩펯폠맺볒ꎬ틲캪쯼쏇떼훂쇋돠ퟖꆣ펯폠맺볒횮쯹틔떼훂돠ퟖꎬ쫇틲캪ꎬ죧맻튻랽쏦폐펯폠ꎬ쇭튻랽쏦뻍뇘뚨폐돠ퟖꆣ떫쫇ꎬ늻횪캪쪲쎴ꎬ헢튻맛뗣놻틅웺쇋ꆣ뷱쳬ꎬ맺볊믵뇒믹뷰ퟩ횯횻맘힢돠ퟖꆣ뿉쫇ꎬ횻튪듦퓚펯폠ꎬ돠ퟖ뻍늻믡쿻쪧ꆣ돠ퟖ뻍쿱쫇벬쫖뗄쳌즽폳ꆣ몫맺돶쿖맽돠ퟖꎬ뫳살쯼뇤뗃뫜듳ꎬ떼훂쇋캣믺ꆣ몫맺헾뢮쯦횮닉좡듫쪩ꎬ쿻돽쇋돠ퟖꆣ떫쫇ꎬ헢쫇럱틢캶ퟅ돠ퟖ듓헻룶쳥쾵훐쿻쪧쇋쓘ꎿ쎻폐ꎬ듓쯣쫵뗄뷇뛈쮵ꎬ쎻폐쿻쪧ꎬ쯼뇘뚨퓚웤쯻쒳룶뗘랽돶쿖ꎬ쒳룶맺볒믡돶쿖돠ퟖꆣ헢듎뿉쓜쫇냍컷ꎬ쿖퓚냍컷뗄돠ퟖ퓢춸쇋ꆣ쯣쫵룦쯟컒쏇ꎬ죧맻쒳죋폐펯폠ꎬ쇭췢쒳룶죋뇘뚨폐돠ퟖꆣ쿖퓚싖떽냍컷쇋ꎬ맺볊믵뇒믹뷰ퟩ횯뾪쪼룸냍컷짏뿎ꎬꆰ쓣쏇폐돠ퟖꎬ헢붫믡떼훂캣믺ꆱꆣ뷡맻ꎬ랢짺쇋쪲쎴쫂쟩ꎿ냍컷돶쿖쇋캣믺ꆣ좻뫳ꎬ냍컷냚췑쇋돠ퟖꎬ돠ퟖ엜떽쇋쳥쾵쓚뗄웤쯻쒳룶뗘랽ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뿉틔쮵ꎬ캣믺쫇좫쟲뒢놸쳥쾵쯹만폐뗄ꆣ폐튻훖낲업뿉틔쳦듺쿖폐뗄훆뛈ꎬ쯼냼삨좫쟲뒢놸놣쿕ꎬ벴튻훖좫쟲믵뇒ꎬ쯼쪵볊짏믡퓶볓쇷뚯탔ꎬ쿻돽쿖폐쳥쾵뗄춨믵뷴쯵쟷쫆ꎬ뛸폖늻믡떼훂춨믵엲헍ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ헢튻탂훆뛈뗄풭퓲틑뺭캪죋쏇쯹뷓쫜ꎬ헢뻍쫇쳘뇰쳡뿮좨(SDR)ꆣ쳘뇰쳡뿮좨쫇헢퇹튻훖믹뷰ꎬ떱쒳룶맺볒ퟮ훕폃맢쇋웤뒢놸뷰쪱ꎬ쯼뿉틔쪹폃헢튻믹뷰ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ헢훖쳘뇰쳡뿮좨훆뛈횻쫇얼뛻쪹폃ꆣ쿖퓚탨튪ퟶ뗄쫇ꎬ쪹쯼돉캪튻훖뺭뎣탔뗄훆뛈낲업ꆣ헢튻훆뛈뗄폅뗣퓚폚ꎬ쯼뿉틔춬쪱쳡릩뛠훖릦쓜ꆣ볈뿉틔쿻돽춨믵뷴쯵뗄쟷쫆ꎬ폖뿉틔냯훺쪵쿖좫쟲뷰죚컈뚨ꎬ뮹뿉틔캪냼삨랢62
햹퓚쓚뗄좫쟲릫릲욷쳡릩뷰ꎬ죋쏇맀볆헢킩릫릲욷탨튪뛮췢뷰풼500틚쏀풪ꆣ쿖폐뗄뺭볃낲업뮹폐헢퇹튻룶컊쳢ꎬ벴ꎬ튻룶맺볒뿉틔냑헻룶좫쟲뺭볃쳥쾵뿛ퟶ죋훊ꆣ컒쏇뿉틔짨쿫ꎬ헢튻낲업틔뻣샖늿뗄탎쪽돶쿖ꎬ퓚헢룶뻣샖늿샯ꎬ쎿룶돉풱뚼춬틢쿲웤쯻돉풱쳡릩풮훺ꎬ웤쫽뛮쿠떱폚웤뒢놸뷰ꆣ튻떩컒쏇냑쯼짨쿫캪뻣샖늿ꎬ컒쏇뻍쓜쿫쿱돶ꎬ죧뫎짨볆돶튻훖뿲볜ꎬ쪹뗃쎿룶죋뚼풸틢볓죫헢룶뻣샖늿ꆣ룃뻣샖늿뿉쓜횻춬틢놣듦돉풱맺뗄뒢놸뷰ꎬ헢퇹튻살ꎬ뻍믡웈쪹쎿룶죋뚼튪쟳볓죫ꆣ횮쯹틔폃듳솿욪럹쳖싛헢튻컊쳢ꎬ쫇틲캪짏쏦쯹쮵뗄쪵볊짏쫇뒴솢퇇훞뷰죚쳥쾵뎫틩뗄잰ퟠꆣ헽죧컒퓚잰쏦쯹쮵ꎬ컒죏캪ꎬ1997-1998쓪쳡돶뗄붨솢퇇훞믵뇒믹뷰ퟩ횯뗄뎫틩럇뎣뫃ꆣ뫜틅몶ꎬ쯼놻쏀맺닆헾늿럢즱쇋ꆣ퓚컒뾴살ꎬퟷ캪쿖폐훆뛈삩햹뗄퇇훞뷰죚쳥쾵ꎬ뿉틔돉캪짏쏦쯹쳖싛뗄탂탍좫쟲뷰죚쳥훆좷솢뗄믹뒡ꎬ뛸쟒쫇튻룶쳘뇰뫃뗄믹뒡ꆣ듓헢샯웰늽ꎬ뿉틔붨솢튻룶탂뗄좫쟲쳥쾵ꆣ틲캪ꎬ퇇훞맺볒틑뺭폐쇋듳솿뗄뒢놸ꎬ쯼쏇뿉틔릲쿭뇋듋뗄뒢놸뷰ꎬ뛸늻탨튪붨솢만뚨믣싊훆뛈ꆣ쯼쏇뮹뿉틔뮥쿠볠뚽ꎬ뮻뻤뮰쮵ꎬ늻탨튪쓇훖룹뻝뗚쯄듨짌쳵뿮(Article IV consultations) 뛸탎돉뗄볠뚽믺훆ꆣ퓚헢랽쏦ꎬ탂쳥훆튪뇈맺볊믵뇒믹뷰ퟩ횯쿖폐뗄볠뚽믺훆뫃뗃뛠ꎬ틲캪퇇훞룷맺늻뷶뇋듋뛔웤쯻맺볒뗄뛀쳘훆뛈쳘뗣폐ퟅ룼뛠뗄쇋뷢ꎬ뛸쟒ꎬ쯼쏇뗄뺭볃쫓튰튲튪뇈맺볊믵뇒믹뷰ퟩ횯춨뎣뷨훺뗚쯄듨짌쳵뿮쯹듯돉뗄룼캪맣삫ꆣ볲뛸퇔횮ꎬ탂뗄볠뚽믺훆붫붨솢퓚헢퇹뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ웤쒿뇪룼캪맣삫ꎬ쯹쪹폃뗄뺭볃쒣쪽튲폫훚늻춬ꆣ컒쿠탅ꎬ헢훖탂탍믺릹뗄좷솢ꎬ퓚듙뷸쏱훷랽쏦ꎬ튲폐쒳킩볛횵ꆣ헢쫇틲캪ꎬ퓚뺭볃훆뛈짏듦퓚늻춬톡퓱뗄맛뗣벫캪훘튪ꎬ폐쪱뫲ꎬ죋쏇냑헢훖맛뗣돆횮캪뺺헹탔뛠풪훷틥ꆣ컒죏캪ꎬ퇇훞뾪랢틸탐쯹뎫떼뗄뺺헹탔뛠풪훷틥ힼ퓲ꎬ퓚횧돖쏱훷ꎬ퓚횧돖쮼쿫뗄ퟔ평뺺헹랽쏦ꎬ웰ퟅ훘튪뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ퓚쿠뮥뗄틀삵탔늻뛏퓶잿뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ뾼싇튻쿂쿠뮥풮훺뗄뚯믺ꎬ튲쫇뫜폐틢틥뗄ꆣ샽죧ꎬ쏀맺돉릦뗘쿲냼삨뗂맺퓚쓚뗄맺볊믵뇒믹뷰ퟩ횯뗄웤쯻돉풱맺쪩볓쇋톹솦ꎬ쪹횮춬틢풮훺쒫컷룧ꎻ떫쫇ꎬ퓚첩맺돶쿖캣믺쪱ꎬ쯼좴쎻폐냯뛠듳쎦ꆣ헢쫇틲캪ꎬ퓚쒫컷룧뗄캣믺훐ꎬ쏀맺틢쪶떽ퟔ짭뗄뻞듳샻틦쫜떽쇋췾킲ꎻ뛸떱첩맺돶쿖캣믺쪱ꎬ쯼좴릫뾪뇭쪾ꎬ쓇샯뗄캣믺늻믡떼훂첫듳뗄뺭볃뫳맻ꎬ늻횵뗃룸폨춬퇹쮮욽뗄풮훺ꆣ퓚컒뾴살ꎬ폐쇋퇇훞뷰죚쳥쾵ꎬ뻍믡뗖쿻헢튻샠뗄쳘쫢뛔듽쮼캬ꎬ헢훖쮼캬튻횱춳훎ퟅ맺볊뷰죚믺릹ꆣ63
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies쿂쏦퓙첸첸뗚뛾룶쇬폲ꎬ쎳틗낲업컊쳢ꆣ퓚헢튻랽쏦ꎬ돶쿖뗄ퟮ캪훘튪뗄뇤뮯뻍쫇ꎬ컒쏇뇘탫죏쪶떽ꎬ훐맺퓚좫쟲뺭볃뫍뗘쟸뺭볃훐뗄ퟷ폃퓶듳쇋ꎬ쯼믡룄뇤볈폐뗄좫쟲뇈뷏폅쫆쒣쪽ꎬ뛸쟒ꎬ죕놾뗄킧싊폅쫆튲늻듳뿉쓜ퟣ틔뗖쿻퓚릤짏뗄닮뇰ꆣ퓚캴살벸쪮쓪샯ꎬ뚫퇇쯹폐맺볒믲뗘쟸ꎬ쪵볊짏ꎬ좫쟲쯹폐맺볒ꎬ뚼믡퓚늻뛏뗘얬솦뷓쫜훐맺뗄웰쯹듸살뗄펰쿬ꎬ뷓쫜쯼뛔좫쟲뺭볃쒣쪽뗄펰쿬ꆣ컒틔캪ꎬ펰쿬횮튻뻍쫇ꎬ쯼믡퓶잿럇쎳틗뺭볃늿쏅뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ쳘뇰쫇럾컱튵뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ탭뛠죋뚼틢쪶떽쇋헢튻뗣ꆣ헢튻뗣뫜횵뗃잿뗷ꎬ틲캪ꎬ뮷맋좫쟲ꎬ믘맋19쫀볍ꎬ퓚뺭볃맘쾵훐퓸뺭돶쿖맽튻뎡뻞듳뗄뇤룯ꆣ퓚19쫀볍ꎬ얩튵쫇뺭볃뗄믹뒡ꆣ60%틔짏뗄죋뿚퓚얩튵늿쏅릤ퟷꎬ퓚쒳킩맺볒ꎬ뇈샽뿉쓜듯떽80%ꆣ퓚맽좥뗄튻룶냫쫀볍샯ꎬ얩튵늿쏅랢짺쇋뻞듳뇤뮯ꆣ뷱쳬ꎬ퓚랢듯뗄릤튵뮯맺볒ꎬ얩튵죋뿚뿉쓜횻햼3%ꆣ벫짙뗄죋ꎬ3%믲4%뗄죋뿚훖뗄솸쪳ퟣ틔퇸믮쎿튻룶죋ꎬ늻뷶죧듋ꎬ쪵볊짏ꎬ뮹폐쪣폠ꆣ얩튵짺닺싊돶쿖쇋뻞듳퓶뎤ꎬ죧뒫춳샭싛쯹쮵ꎬ쯼냑풴쫍럅떽쇋훆퓬튵늿쏅ꎬ틲듋ꎬ퓚20쫀볍ꎬ훆퓬튵돶쿖쇋뻞듳퓶뎤ꆣ믹폚훆퓬튵뗄돶뿚ꎬ돉캪죕놾뺭볃뫍웤쯻뚫퇇뺭볃쳥좡뗃돉릦뗄믹뒡ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ컒쏇뇘탫죏쪶떽ꎬ죧춬튻룶쫀볍잰얩튵쪱듺뗄훕뷡튻퇹ꎬ훆퓬튵쪱듺뗄훕뷡뿉쓜헽퓚떽살ꆣ떱좻ꎬ얩튵쪱듺뗄훕뷡늢늻틢캶ퟅ얩튵늻훘튪쇋ꎬ쯼뮹쫇뫜훘튪ꎬ쿔좻ꎬ쎻폐솸쪳ꎬ컒쏇늻뿉쓜짺듦ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ컊쳢뗄맘볼퓚폚ꎬ뺭볃죋뿚훐횻폐벫킡뗄뇈샽퓚듓쫂헢훖훘튪짌욷뗄짺닺ꆣ춬퇹뗄뗀샭ꎬ훆퓬튵짺닺싊뗄뻞듳퓶뎤틢캶ퟅꎬ듓쫂훆퓬튵짺닺뗄죋뿚ꎬ튲퓚늻뛏복짙ꆣ뾴튻쿂쓇킩돉릦뗄뫍늻돉릦뗄뺭볃쳥뗄춳볆쫽ퟖꎬ헢튻훘ퟩ맽돌뻍믡튻쒿쇋좻쇋ꆣ쯼훁짙룦쯟컒쏇ꎬ듦퓚ퟅ헢퇹뗄뿉쓜탔ꎬ벴ꎬ돉릦맺볒폫늻돉릦맺볒쿠뮥뗄쟸뇰쫇ꎬ쯼쏇뛔탂뺭볃뷓쫜뗄돌뛈ꎬ쳘뇰쫇쯼쏇뛔럾컱튵뷓쫜뗄돌뛈ꆣ볇뗃듳룅10쓪잰ꎬ컒퓚훐맺싃탐쪱ꎬ럃컊쇋튻볒릤뎧ꎬ쯼쯹퓚뗄뗘쟸쓇쪱헽퓚믽벫랢햹싃폎튵ꎬ컒쏇뾴떽튻럹뻞탍뇪폯ꎬ랭틫룦쯟컒ꎬ짏쏦뗄훐컄쮵뗄쫇ꆰ샎볇뗚죽닺튵ꆱꆣퟔ듋ꎬ컒튻횱뚼쎻폐췼뗴뗚죽닺튵ꆣ럾컱튵뗄훘튪탔ꎬ컒쏇뗄좷펦룃뷷볇퓚탄ꆣ컒쿫룸쓣쏇튻킩쫽ퟖꎬ뾴뾴늻춬뺭볃쳥횮볤뗄닮뇰ꆣ퓚뷱죕뗄쏀맺ꎬ듳풼78%뗄뺭볃죋뿚ꎬ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ샍뚯솦훐쎿컥룶죋훐듳풼폐쯄룶ꎬ듓쫂폚럾컱튵ꆣ뛸퓚짏룶쫀볍90쓪듺돵ꎬ헢튻쫽ퟖ쫇75%ꆣ퓚얷훞듳슽뇈뷏뢻폚뒴탂뗄뗘쟸ꎬ펢맺ꆢ떤싳뫍뫉삼ꎬ헢튻쫽ퟖ킡킩ꎬ듳풼캪72%ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ쯼쏇튲퓚맽좥뗄10쓪64
샯폐쇋벫듳뗄퓶뎤ꆣ퓚쓇킩뒴탂짙튻킩ꆢ춣훍뛠튻킩뗄맺볒ꎬ램맺ꆢ뗂맺뫍틢듳샻ꎬ헢튻쫽ퟖ룼킡킩ꎬ듳풼캪65%ꆣ죕놾쿖퓚뗄쫽ퟖ캪%ꆣ퓚랢듯맺볒훐ꎬ웤럾컱늿쏅ퟮ듳ꆣ죧맻컒쏇틀뻝쯦틢뗄뺭퇩쫂쪵살뾴헢튻컊쳢ꎬ컒쏇뻍믡랢쿖ꎬ탂뺭볃횮쯹틔쓜좡뗃돉릦ꎬ쿲럾컱튵뗄틆훁짙웰쇋늿럝ퟷ폃ꆣ튻킩맺볒ꎬ죧죕놾ꎬ뮹쎻폐췪좫뷓쫜탂뺭볃ꆣ헢튻뗣뫜훘튪ꎬ죧맻컒뗄에뛏쫇헽좷뗄ꎬ훐맺퓚훆퓬튵훐뗄ퟷ폃믡풽살풽훘튪ꎬ쯼펵폐뗍릤뫍룟짺닺싊ꎬ쓜릻뗃떽놾ꎬ폖뢻폐웳튵볒뺫짱ꎬ붫돉캪훆퓬튵훐뗄춳훎솦솿ꆣ헢틢캶ퟅꎬ웤쯻뺭볃쳥ꎬ냼삨죕놾뺭볃퓚쓚ꎬ뇘탫좥쫊펦헢튻뗣ꎬ볓잿럇쎳틗늿쏅뻍쫇헢훖쫊펦뗄튻늿럖ꆣ떱좻ꎬ쯼튲틢캶ퟅꎬ뇘탫냚췑쓇킩평폚웤쯻얤쟺쯹듸살뗄샛ힸꎬ냼삨폫얩튵쿠맘뗄뢺떣ꆣ컒쿠탅ꎬ뺭볃튻쳥뮯쓜볓쯙뺭볃뷡릹뗄뮯ꆣ폐죋쳡돶맽헢퇹튻룶싛뗣ꎬ뺭볃튻쳥뮯쯹듸살뗄쳴햽ꎬ볓짏웤쯻튻킩틲쯘ꎬ퓚쒳킩맺볒듙뷸쇋뷡릹뇤ꎬ퓚쇭튻킩맺볒퓲잿뮯쇋쿖폐뗄뷡릹ꆣ컒죏캪ꎬ쪵볊짏ꎬ폫룼캪좫쟲탔뗄뺭볃튻쳥뮯쿠뇈ꎬ퇇훞뺭볃튻쳥뮯룼폐뿉쓜좡뗃돉릦ꆣ컒횮쯹틔잿뗷헢튻뗣ꎬ쫇틲캪튻킩죋ꎬ죧퇇뗏쪲ꆤ냍룱췟뗙ꎬ잿쇒훷헅룷맺펦룃얬솦뒴솢튻룶좫쟲쎳틗쳥쾵ꎬ뛸늻펦룃냑쫀뷧럖룮돉늻춬뗄뗘쟸ꎬ죧틑뺭붨솢뗄놱쏀ퟔ평쎳틗쟸ꎬ틔벰쓢틩훐뗄쓏쏀뺭볃뫏ퟷ쟸(Mercosur)뫍퇇훞뺭볃튻쳥뮯ꆣ컒뇘탫쮵ꎬ컊쳢쫇ꎬ퓚좫쟲뗄닣듎짏ꎬ돉릦뗄쾣췻럇뎣폐쿞ꆣ헢훖폐쿞탔쳥쿖퓚벸룶랽쏦ꆣ컒퓚뾪쪼뗄쪱뫲쳡떽맽ꎬ죋쏇틢쪶떽좫쟲쎳틗쳥쾵훐듦퓚ퟅ늻욽뗈ꎬ틢쪶떽8쓪잰캪횮뮶타맄컨뗄돉뻍ꆪ컚삭맧믘뫏첸에ꎬ쿖퓚쫜떽쇋벫듳뗄훊틉ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ컚삭맧믘뫏첸에퓚탭뛠랽쏦뚼쫇늻릫헽뗄ꆣ쯼쳡돶뗄횪쪶닺좨훆뛈쫇늻뻹뫢뫍늻좫쏦뗄ꎬ쳡돶뗄폫쎳틗쿠맘뗄춶움맀쳥훆튲쫇늻뻹뫢뫍늻좫쏦뗄ꆣ컚삭맧믘뫏첸에퓶볓쇋쓏놱랽뗄늻욽뗈ꆣ헽틲캪죧듋ꎬ좥쓪11퓂퓚뛠맾ꎬ룷맺듯돉튻훂ꎬ뾪쪼탂튻싖쎳틗첸에ꎬ벴뛠맾믘뫏첸에ꆣ쯼붫놻돆캪랢햹믘뫏ꎬ헢쏷좷뗘쳡탑죋쏇ꎬ뛠맾믘뫏횮쒿뗄퓚폚룄뇤쓏놱랽횮볤뗄늻뻹뫢ힴ첬ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ컒뇘탫쮵ꎬ컒뛔헢튻쎳틗첸에믘뫏좡뗃돉릦뗄뿉쓜탔벫캪놯맛ꆣ틑뺭뷸탐쇋컞쫽뗄첸에ꎬ뛸헢훖볨쓑뗄쳖볛뮹볛ꎬ횻쫇냑튻짙늿럖컊쳢쓉죫떽쇋첸에틩돌ꆣ죧맻좷뚨첸에뗄쓚죝뚼죧듋볨쓑ꎬ뿉틔쿫볻ꎬ튪쿫좡뗃헦헽뗄뷸햹믡폐뛠쎴쓑ꆣ폐튻룶샽ퟓ벫캪쟥돾뗘뇭쏷쇋볨쓑뗄돌뛈ꆣ쏀맺뗄쎳틗첸에듺뇭듓뛠맾믘좥뫳ꎬ뇘탫퓚맺믡ퟷ횤ꎬ퓚첸떽듳뛠쫽죋쏇죏캪벫캪맘볼뗄컊쳢쪱ꎬ헢캻듺뇭쮵룸맺믡쳽뗄ꎬ폫쯻퓚뛠맾쯹붲뗄ꎬ쯆뫵폐벫듳뗄닮뇰ꆣ쿔좻ꎬ쯻쫇쿫좡퓃폚솽ퟩ늻춬뗄쳽훚ꆣ퓚뛠맾ꎬ쯻쿫쮵럾랢햹훐맺볒쿲잰ퟟꎻ퓚맺믡ꎬ쯻65
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies쿫쮵럾틩풱쏇죏뿉쯻퓚ퟶ뗄쫂쟩ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ좫쟲뮯뗄튻룶쳘뗣뻍쫇ꎬ뫜쓑퓚솽룶늻춬뗄뎡뫏랢뇭솽룶늻춬뗄붲뮰ꎬ뛸폖늻놻죋쏇랢쿖ꆣ뷡맻떼훂뮳틉훷틥쪢탐ꆣ컞틉ꎬ쏀맺퓚룖쳺컊쳢짏닉좡뗄탐뚯ꎬ컞램뇭쏷쯼퓚듳맦쒣뗘뾪럅쎳틗ꆣ컞틉ꎬ쏀맺맺믡닉좡탐뚯ꎬ뒴볇슼뗘퓶볓얩튵늹쳹ꎬ쪹횮뎬맽쇋컚삭맧믘뫏쪱웚ꎬ컞램죃죋룐떽럇뎣샖맛ꆣ컞틉ꎬ쏀맺캪쇋믘놨냍믹쮹첹뗄냯훺ꎬ쿈쫇듰펦룸웤럄횯욷틔쫐뎡ힼ죫ꎬ뫳폖쪳퇔ꎬ컞램쪹죋놧폐첫듳뗄쾣췻ꆣퟜ횮ꎬ컒죏캪ꎬ뻍좫쟲닣듎뛸퇔ꎬ튪쿫좡뗃훘듳뗄뷸햹ꎬ뮹폐탭뛠퇏훘뗄헏낭ꎬ퓚듋늻퓙ힸ쫶ꆣ컒튲죏캪ꎬ퓚놱쏀헢튻뗘쟸닣듎짏ꎬ튪쿫좡뗃뷸햹ꎬ튲폐ퟅ훘듳뗄헏낭ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ컒뗄좷틔캪ꎬ퇇훞뿉틔듓쎳틗훐뗃떽뗄틦뒦ꎬ뿉틔듓럖쿭뷰죚닆뢻ꆢ럖쿭뻞듳뗄뒢놸훐뗃떽뗄틦뒦ꎬ쪹웤룼폐뿉쓜퓚뺭볃튻쳥뮯짏좡뗃뷸햹ꆣ퓚컒뾴살ꎬ헢훖췆뚯뺭볃튻쳥뮯뗄솢뎡ꎬ쯆뫵뿉틔쪹퇇훞퓚폫쏀맺첸에쪱닉좡튻훂뗄솢뎡ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ컒튪쮵ꎬ룼캪훘튪뗄쫇ꎬ헢훖튻쳥뮯붫뎬풽쿁낯뗄샻틦ꎬ퓚룼듳뗄랶캧쓚ꎬ췆뚯랢햹훐맺볒뗄샻틦ꆣ컒샖틢뾴떽ꎬ퇇훞닉좡떥뇟탐뚯ꎬ죧쿲쟮맺붵뗍맘쮰뫍퓶볓엤뛮ꆣ쓣쏇탭뛠죋뿉쓜횪뗀ꎬ얷훞쪵쪩쇋튻룶벫캪훘튪뗄뎫틩ꆪꆰ돽쇋커웷틔췢뗄튻쟐ꆱꆣ쯼쏇퓚돽쇋커웷틔췢뗄쯹폐쇬폲쓚ꎬ쿲쫀뷧짏ퟮ쟮뗄맺볒(듳풼43룶)뾪럅쫐뎡ꆣ떱좻ꎬ평폚얷훞맺볒놣돖쇋얩튵늹쳹ꎬ헢튻뎫틩룼캪죋쫬횪뗄쏻ퟖ쫇ꎬ돽쇋얩튵틔췢뗄튻쟐ꆣ삩햹얷훞뗄ퟶ램ꎬ쪹횮냼삨얩튵ꎬ헢튻믹놾풭퓲펦쫇퇇훞퓚뷸탐뺭볃튻쳥뮯쪱ꎬ뿉틔쳡돶뗄튻룶훘듳뗄뎫틩ꆣ뷥듋ꎬ퇇훞뿉틔쿲쫀죋햹쪾놱쏀쯹좱랦뗄쓇훖쇬떼럧랶ꆣ컒쿫ꎬ헢붫폐훺폚룄짆퇇훞뛔죕놾뗄뾴램ꎬ폐훺폚퓶볓좫쟲뗄컈뚨탔ꆣ헢퇹ퟶ붫쫇헽좷뗄ꎬ쯼뿉틔캪쏀맺뫍웤쯻맺볒쫷솢솼뫃뗄퇹냥ꎬ폫듋춬쪱ꎬ쯼뮹믡퓶볓좫쟲뗄짧믡릫헽탔ꆣퟜ횮ꎬ컒죏캪ꎬ퇇훞폐ퟅ벫듳뗄잱쓜ꎬ퓚쎳틗뫍뷰죚쇬폲뷸튻늽췆뚯뺭볃튻쳥뮯ꆣ컒죏캪ꎬ헢튻틩돌늻뷶폐틦폚놾뗘쟸뗄뺭볃ꎬ튲붫폐샻폚놾뗘쟸쓋훁헻룶쫀뷧뗄헾훎뫍뺭볃컈뚨ꆣ(췵쇐틫)66
쫀뷧쏀풪놾캻뫍뚫퇇믣싊삧뺳싞쓉뗂ꆤIꆤ싳뷰얩퓚뷱쳬뗄ꆰ좫쟲뮯ꆱ쿂ꎬ헫뛔죋쏇뗄틉컊ꎬ컒솦쟳믘듰ꎺ좫쟲뮯뗄퇜짺컯쫇쪲쎴ꆪ냼삨믽벫뗄뫍쿻벫뗄ꆪ틔벰쯼쫇럱헦쫇튻룶탂쿖쿳ꎬ틖믲뷶뷶쫇튻룶탂뇪횾ꆣ컒쏇뗄맺볊믺릹ꎬ죧맺볊믵뇒믹뷰ퟩ횯뫍쫀뷧틸탐ꎬ쫇럱폐ퟣ릻뗄쓜솦좷놣웤믽벫랽쏦뎬맽쿻벫랽쏦ꆣퟮ뫳ꎬ컒붫뢺퓰믘듰헢퇹뗄컊쳢ꎺꆰ좫쟲뮯쫇쪲쎴ꎬ쯼캪쪲쎴쇮죋죧듋늻낲ꎿꆱ쏀맺늻뛏잿뮯뗄냔좨쫇탂잧쓪맺볊짏늻낲쟩탷뗄튻룶훷튪풴좪ꆪ뻍쿱19쫀볍쯦ퟅퟔ평쎳틗뗄삩헅ꎬ펢맺뗄뻼쫂뫍뷰죚냔좨쪹뗃웤쯻맺볒늻낲튻퇹ꆣ퓚뷱쳬뗄뻼쫂쫵폯훐ꎬ횻폐튻룶뎬벶듳맺퓚엉잲엚붢ꆪ벴캪량탐풱쳡릩량믺좷쟐캻훃뗄쟩놨ꆪ살놣돖튣풶뗘쟸뗄뫍욽ꎬ훁짙쫇캬뮤폫웤맘볼샻틦폐맘뗘쟸뗄뫍욽ꆣ떱좻헢샯뮹냼삨뻟폐쟖싔탔뗄ꆢ듖슳뗄ꆢ럮탐짌튵훷틥뗄뿧맺릫쮾ꎬ훷튪쫇쏀맺뗄릫쮾ꎬ쯼쏇놻럇쏀맺죋쫓캪뛔웤뒫춳짺믮랽쪽뗄췾킲ꆪ뻍쿱램맺뗄얩쏱룐떽쫜떽췾킲듓뛸럅믰징뗴싳떱샍몺놤뗪튻퇹ꆣ웤쯻맺볒ꎬ폈웤쫇쓇킩춨맽욫쿁ퟚ뷌웈쪹웤맺쏱쟼듓뗄맺볒ꎬ틑룐쫜떽쇋췢살펰쿬헽퓚쟖싔웤쏱ퟥ컄뮯ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ컒붫틔튻훖럇뎣늻춬뗄랽쪽살첸싛쏀맺뗄좫쟲냔좨컊쳢ꆪ햧뾴쯼뿉쓜쿱쫇믵뇒뺭볃톧랽쏦튻욪늻뿉쮼틩뗄쾰ퟷꆣ평폚좱랦튻훖릲춬뗄맺볊믵뇒ꎨ쿱19쫀볍뗄믆뷰ꎩꎬ뷱쳬ꎬ맺볊쎳틗폫뷰죚랶캧뗄돖탸삩헅볓훘쇋룷맺믵뇒볤췪좫쳬좻뗄늻뛔뗈탔ꆣ튻훖잿쫆훐탄믵뇒ꎨ믲맘볼믵뇒ꎩ돉캪횧엤탔믵뇒ꆪ죧쏀풪돽얷훞횮췢퓚좫쟲랶캧쓚웰훷떼ퟷ폃ꎬ틔벰샏뗂맺십뿋퓚얷풪떮짺쪵쿖믵뇒춳튻67
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies횮잰퓚얷훞돉캪훷떼믵뇒튻퇹ꎨ19쫀볍ꎬ펢맺쫇쫀뷧짏횧엤탔뗄햮좨맺ꎬ쯼틲쫀뷧짏웤쯻뗘쟸퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏쫜훆폚싗뛘놾쫐뎡뛸맣퓢풹뫞ꆣ떫쫇틲캪쓇쪱쪵탐뗄쫇뷰놾캻ꎬ펢맺폫웤쯻릤튵맺볒뛠짙뒦폚춬뗈뗘캻ꎬ폫쏀맺퓚떱뷱쫀뷧ꆰ쏼쇮ꆱ룷맺믵뇒뗄탐뺶쿠뇈ꎬ펢맺퓚믵뇒쫂컱짏뻟폐룼짙뗄ퟔ훷좨ꎩꆣ컒쏇짺믮퓚튻룶쓚퓚늻뛔뗈ꆢ짵훁뿉쓜늻릫욽뗄쫀뷧훐ꎬ틲캪쯼횻폐튻훖훐탄믵뇒살듙돉맺볊붻틗ꆣ늻뿉뇜쏢뗘ꎬ헢쪹뗃탭뛠맺볒뗄믵뇒뒦퓚룃훐탄믵뇒뗄췢캧ꎬ헢킩뒦퓚믵뇒췢캧뗄맺볒ꎬ쳘뇰쫇랢햹훐맺볒ꎬ웤맺쓚뷰죚쳥쾵ퟔ좻뻍룼볓든죵ꆣ쯻쏇뗄짺믮ퟜ쫇쫜떽뺭뎣듦퓚뗄믵뇒캣믺뗄췾킲ꎬ벴쪹웤췢캧믵뇒뇤돉캪훐탄믵뇒ꎨ쏀풪ꎩꆣ쫂쪵짏ꎬ췢캧맺볒뇈훐탄맺볒퓚맜샭췢믣붻틗뫍뷰죚헾닟짏룼볓삧쓑ꆣퟶ쏀맺뗄닆헾늿뎤뇈ퟶ몫맺ꆢ낢룹춢뫍췁뛺웤뗄닆헾늿뎤튪룼볓죝틗ꆣ헢훖늻뛔돆뗄튻룶훘튪랽쏦쫇췢믣붻틗훐뗄믵뇒럧쿕쫴탔ꆣ떽쒿잰캪횹ꎬ쏀맺쫇쫀뷧짏ퟮ듳뗄햮컱맺ꆪ듳풼폐헗쏀풪뗄뺻췢햮ꎬ뛸쟒쯦ퟅ쏀맺쎳틗돠ퟖ뗄짏짽뮹퓚늻뛏퓶볓ꆣ떫쫇쎻폐죋쿫맽ꎬ폐튻쳬쏀풪튲믡헦헽쫜떽릥믷ꆪ믲헟쮵뿉쓜돶쿖ퟮ룹놾틢틥짏뗄믵뇒캣믺ꆣ뻍듋뛸퇔ꎬ떱쏀맺틸탐ꆢ놣쿕릫쮾뫍웤쯻뷰죚믺릹늻뛏컼쫕ퟷ캪쏀맺쎳틗돠ퟖ뛔뗈컯뗄췢맺뷰쪱ꎬ췢맺죋뗄햮컱ퟩ돉췪좫쫇틔쏀풪살쏼쏻뗄ꆣ틲듋ꎬ쏀맺틸탐늻떫뛔췢맺죋뛸쟒뛔맺쓚뻓쏱돐떣쏀풪햮컱ꎬ듋췢쯼쏇뮹랢럅쏀풪듻뿮ꎬ훷튪랢럅룸쏀맺뗄웳튵뫍뻓쏱ꆣ평폚좱랦췢믣붻틗뗄엻슶ꎬ쏀맺뷰죚믺릹뿉틔컼쫕뻞뛮놾쇷죫뛸쎻폐죎뫎믵뇒럧쿕ꆣ뺡맜튲듦퓚웤쯻뗄럧쿕ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ쯼쏇폫쏀풪뛒뮻웤쯻믵뇒뗄믣싊늨뚯쎻폐솪쾵ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ죧맻뒦퓚쏀풪놾캻췢캧뗄룼킡뗄햮컱맺ꆪ죧몫맺ꆢ첩맺믲삭쏀맺볒ꆪ컼틽췢ꎬ쓇쎴헢킩햮컱튻냣쫇틔쇭튻맺뗄믵뇒쏼쏻ꎬ벴훷튪틔쏀풪ꎬ떱좻튲뿉틔틔죕풪믲얷풪쏼쏻ꆣ1997-1998쓪뗄믵뇒캣믺뗄웰풴헽쫇틔뻞뛮쏀풪믲죕풪쏼쏻뗄뛌웚놾쇷죫쇋뚫퇇맺볒ꆣ헢틢캶ퟅ죧맻돶쿖믣싊늨뚯ꎬ헢킩맺볒뗄틸탐뫍뷰죚믺릹뻍튪돐떣럧쿕ꆣ쳘뇰뗘ꎬ죎뫎놾뇒뇡횵붫쪹뗃쯼쏇춨맽틔몫풪ꆢ첩뫍뇈쯷쏼쏻뗄맺쓚닺뗄쫕틦살뎥뮹헢킩췢늿뗄쏀풪햮컱튪삧쓑뗃뛠ꆣ쿠랴ꎬ뷱쳬탭뛠쏀맺죋죏캪쏀풪첫잿듳쇋ꎬ쏀맺뗄돶뿚짌붫듓쏀풪뇡횵듓뛸쪹웤돉놾뇈맺볊뺺헹뛔쫖쿠뛔뷏뗍뛸쫜틦ꆣ뛸쟒쏀풪뗄튻쪱뇡횵붫늻믡펰쿬쏀맺뷰죚믺릹좥뎥뮹틔쏀풪쏼쏻뗄췢맺햮컱ꆪ믲헟늻뚨쪱뗘틔탂햮듺쳦뻉햮ꆣ68
놾컄뗚튻늿럖맘폚좫쟲뮯믵뇒뫳맻뗄럖컶캪뛾햽뫳쏀풪놾캻훆뗄퇝뮯쳡릩쇋튻룶샺쪷믘맋ꆪ쳘뇰뾼싇떽쇋랢햹훐맺볒뫍웤췢캧뗄탂탋쫐뎡ꆣ뗚뛾늿럖뗄훘뗣쫇뚫퇇ꎬ쳘뇰뗘ꎬ컒붫컒돆횮캪ꆰ뚫퇇믣싊삧뺳ꆱ뗄쿖쿳ꆪ냼삨죕놾뗄믵뇒삧뺳ꆪ폫쏀풪놾캻쿖퓚쫇죧뫎퓋탐뗄솪쾵웰살ꆣ튻ꆢ쫀뷧쏀풪놾캻뗄샺쪷믘맋쏀풪퓚쫀뷧뺭볃훐뗄늻뛔뗈뗘캻쫇죧뫎좷솢뗄ꎿ뛾햽뫳ꎬ쏀맺펵폐쫀뷧짏캩튻췪헻뗄뷰죚쳥쾵ꆣ얷훞ꆢ죕놾뫍듳뛠쫽랢햹훐맺볒뚼듦퓚춨믵엲헍ꆢ믵뇒맜훆뫍웤쯻쿖쿳ꆣ헢퇹ꎬ퓚뾪럅뗄췢믣붻틗쫐뎡짏ꎬ쏀풪ퟔ좻뻍돉캪쫀뷧탔뗄쎽뷩믵뇒ꎬ놻폃폚틸탐볤붻틗ꎬ늢돉캪룷맺헾뢮컈뚨믣싊뗄룉풤믵뇒ꆣ믹폚1945쓪뗄늼샗뛙즭쇖킭틩ꎬ룷맺뚤힡쏀풪ꎬ뛸쏀맺돽쇋쪣쿂폫믆뷰맒릳횮췢ꎬ늢쎻폐튻룶헽쪽뗄믣싊헾닟ꆣ퓚떱쪱뗄샺쪷쟩탎쿂ꎬ쏀풪뗘캻뗄좷솢쫇쿠떱ퟔ좻뗄ꆣ쏀맺펵폐캩튻뾪럅뗄놾쫐뎡ꎬ틲듋룷맺쓜릻죝틗뗘붨솢쯼쏇뗄쏀풪뒢놸뫍닺짺튻룶싲싴쏀풪뗄쇷뚯쫐뎡ꆣ춬퇹ꎬ웤쯻맺볒뗄쮽죋릫쮾튲틲캪놾뇒뗄췢믣붻틗맜훆뛸붨솢웰쏀풪뒢놸ꆣ평폚샺쪷풭틲ꎬ쏀풪돉캪죎뫎솽훖ꆰ췢캧ꆱ믵뇒뷸탐맺볊붻틗뗄쎽뷩믵뇒ꆣퟷ캪맺볊붻틗듙돉웷뗄쏀풪떫쫇ꎬ캪쪲쎴퓚듳뛠쫽릤튵맺볒ꆪ죧죕놾뫍얷훞룷맺ꆪ좡쿻췢믣붻틗맜훆횮뫳ꎬ쏀풪죔좻볌탸싄탐웰헢튻듙돉릦쓜ꎿ튻룶킡킡뗄듺쫽볆쯣뿉틔냯훺뷢쫍쏀풪뗄돖탸폅쫆ꆣ볙짨쓣폐N훖믵뇒ꎬ뻍쯣150훖냉ꎬ쫀뷧뺭볃훐뗄믵뇒훖샠쫽ꆣ룷샠쫐뎡ퟔ짭붫ퟜ쫇톡퓱튻훖믵뇒살듙돉맺볊붻틗ꆣ횮쯹틔죧듋ꎬ쫇틲캪헢쫇쫐뎡돉놾뗄튻룶뻞듳뷚풼ꆣ죧맻컒쏇뾼싇쫀뷧짏N룶맺볒뚼폐놾맺믵뇒ꎬ퓋폃룟훐뗄믹놾룅싊싛샭싛ꎬ2쓇쎴헢튻쳥쾵훐맺볒솽솽돉뛔뗄ퟜ쫽솿캪N룶쫽쎿듎좡솽룶쫽뗄ퟩ뫏ꎨCꎩꆣ죧N맻췢믣붻틗짌쫔춼뛔쎿튻뛔믵뇒뷸탐붻틗ꎬ죧ꎬ죰뗤뿋샊뛔냄듳샻퇇풪ꆢ믲헟몫풪뛔죕풪ꎬ쓇쎴뷡맻붫떼훂늻춬췢믣붻틗쫐뎡뗄쫽뛮벫웤엓듳ꆣ쫀뷧짏폐150훖믵뇒ꎨN=150ꎩꎬ죧맻쓣튪뛔쎿튻뛔믵뇒뷸탐붻틗ꎬ쓇쎴뻍펦룃폐11175룶췢믣붻틗쫐뎡ꎡ뛔폚죎뫎틸탐살쮵ꎬ튪붨솢헢퇹튻룶췢믣붻틗욽첨뗄듺볛첫듳쇋ꆣ틲듋ꎬ퓚쪵볹훐늢늻쫇뷸탐쯹폐믵뇒뷡뛔뗄쮫뇟붻틗ꎬ뛸쫇쒳튻훖믵뇒ꎬ뗚N훖ꎬ놻톡퓱ퟷ캪훐탄쎽뷩믵뇒ꎬ퓚뮻돉웤쯻믵뇒횮잰ꎬ쯹폐뗄쎳틗뫍췢믣붻틗쫗쿈폫69
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies헢훖쎽뷩믵뇒뷸탐ꎬ쓣뻍뿉틔붫붻틗쳥쾵훐쫐뎡뗄쫽솿듳듳복짙떽N-1훖ꆣ틲듋ꎬ150룶맺볒컒쏇횻탨튪149룶췢믣붻틗쫐뎡ꎬ뛸늻쫇11175룶ꆣ늻쿱퓚늼샗뛙즭쇖쳥쾵훐쯹폐맺볒뚼짨솢쇋맙랽뗄쏀풪욽볛ꎬ헢룶뷡맻늻틀삵폚죎뫎헾뢮볤뗄헽쪽킭틩ꆣ퓚뷱쳬뗄쮽죋쫐뎡짏ꎬ톡퓱튻훖쿱쏀풪뗄믵뇒살ퟷ캪쎽뷩믵뇒쫇퓚췢믣붻틗맽돌훐튻훖ퟮퟔ좻뛸뺭볃뗄ퟶ램ꆣ떫쫇샺쪷쫇훘튪뗄ꎬ죧맻튻룶맺볒뾪쪼쳡릩훐탄믵뇒ꎬ쿱쏀맺퓚20쫀볍40쓪듺쒩쯹ퟶ뗄쓇퇹ꎬ쯼붫틲맦쒣뺭볃뗄폅쫆뛸돉캪튻룶ퟔ좻슢뛏헟ꆣ풽뛠뗄맺볒폃쏀풪ퟶ붻틗ꎬ뛔쎿튻룶죋살쮵폃쏀풪ퟶ붻틗뗄돉놾뻍풽뗍ꆣ죧맻쓣쫇튻룶죰뗤컖뛻컖웻뎵뗄죕놾뷸뿚짌ꎬ쓣튪횧뢶믵뿮ꎬ쫗쿈쓣믡퓚뾪뮧틸탐뗄릫뾪쫐뎡짏붫쓣뗄죕풪뛒뮻돉쏀풪ꎬ좻뫳폃쏀풪좥릺싲죰뗤뿋샊ꎬ컖뛻컖릫쮾쫕떽죰뗤뿋샊ꎬ뛸뷸뿚짌퓲쓃떽컖뛻컖웻뎵ꆣ쏀풪퓲퓚웤훐웰쎽뷩믵뇒뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ퓋폃뇪ힼ뷌뿆쫩훐뛔믵뇒릦쓜뗄럖샠ꎬ삸1룅삨쇋퓚듙돉맺볊붻틗훐컒쏇맘폚쏀풪뗄훐탄릦쓜뗄랶돫ꆣ뛔폚쮽죋뫍헾뢮늿쏅뛸퇔ꎬ쏀풪퓚믵뇒뫍놾헋뮧쿂뗄맺볊붻틗훐횴탐ퟅ붻틗훐뷩ꆢ볛횵뒢님ꆢ믡볆떥캻뫍퇓웚횧뢶뇪ힼ뗄릦쓜ꆪ듓1945쓪뾪쪼죧듋ꎬ늢퇓탸떽탂잧쓪ꆣ쯼쫇뛔1983쓪평Peter Kenen쳡릩뗄샠쯆뇭룱뗄튻룶볲떥ퟛ뫏ꎬ떫쫇쿱맽좥튻퇹쯼퓚뷱쳬틀좻폐킧ꆣ삸1ퟷ캪맺볊믵뇒뗄쏀풪뗄듙돉릦쓜ꎨ1945-2001쓪ꎩ쮽죋맙랽붻틗훐뷩쎽뷩룉풤볛횵뒢님틸탐뒢놸믡볆떥캻믵컯볇헋믣싊뚤힡퇓웚횧뢶뗄뇪ힼ쮽죋햮좯훷좨햮좯퓚삸1훐ꎬ쫗쿈ꎬ쏀풪쫇붻틗훐뷩ꆣ틲캪췢믣붻틗쫐뎡훷튪듦퓚폚틸탐횮볤ꎬ쏀풪퓚쮽죋늿쏅쫇틔틸탐볤붻틗뗄쎽뷩믵뇒살럾컱폚맋뿍뗄ꆣ틲듋ꎬ떱쒳룶헾뢮춨맽룉풤살펰쿬웤믣싊쪱ꎬ쯼튲믡랢쿖폃쏀풪ퟷ캪맙랽룉풤믵뇒붫룼볓뺭볃뛸뇣샻ꎨ헢룶맟샽뗄훘듳샽췢쫇얷훞ꎬ퓚얷풪떮짺횮잰ꎬ뛔탭뛠쒿뇪뛸퇔ꎬ샏뗂맺십뿋쫇훐탄믵뇒ꆣ뛸쒿잰얷풪쟸뚫뇟뗄튻킩얷훞뇟풵맺볒훷튪폃얷풪ퟷ캪쯼쏇뗄훐탄믵뇒ꎩꆣ70
웤듎ꎬ쏀풪쫇튻훖맺볊볛횵뒢놸ꆣ릫쮾뫍튻킩룶죋퓚싗뛘ꆢ탂볓웂뫍웤쯻ꆰ샫낶ꆱ뷰죚훐탄뗄틸탐돖폐쏀풪헋뮧ꆪ뻍쿱퓚쏀맺놾췁튻퇹ꆣ뛔헾뢮살쮵ꎬ맺볊뒢놸훷튪쫇쏀풪탎쪽ꆪ듳늿럖쫇쏀맺맺뿢좯ꎺ몫맺돖폐950틚쏀풪ꎬ죕놾벸뫵폐4000틚쏀풪ꎬ훐맺뷓뷼2000틚쏀풪ꎬ뗈뗈ꆣ쫂쪵짏ꎬ벸뫵튻냫쏀맺캴떽웚맺뿢좯평췢맺훐퇫틸탐쯹돖폐ꆣ뗚죽ꎬ쏀풪퓚탭뛠맺볊쎳틗훐ퟷ캪믡볆떥캻ꆣ돵벶닺욷쎳틗폐튻훖웕뇩닉폃뗄쒣쪽ꎬ쏀풪놻폃ퟶ훷튪뗄랢믵떥볆볛믵뇒ꆣ쯦ퟅ튻룶훐탄붻틗쯹쫀뷧랶캧볛룱뗄탎돉ꎬ춬샠돵벶닺욷죧쪯폍ꆢ킡싳뫍춭뗄돶뿚뚼쟣쿲폚틔쏀풪ퟷ캪랢믵떥뗄볆볛ꆣ쿖뎡붻틗ꎬ폈웤쫇뫏춬붻틗ꎬ훷튪벯훐퓚헢킩훐탄붻틗쯹ꆪ쯤좻틔쏀풪볆볛뗄짌욷붻틗쯹퓚싗뛘뫍웤쯻뗘랽튲폐ꎬ떫쯼쏇튻냣캻폚쏀맺뗄돇쫐죧횥볓룧뫍얦풼ꆣ릤튵훆퓬욷돶뿚뗄랢믵떥볆볛쒣쪽퓲룼볓뢴퓓ꆣ펵폐잿쫆믵뇒뗄훷튪릤튵맺볒쟣쿲폚폃놾맺믵뇒살뛔돶뿚짌욷뷸탐랢믵떥볆볛ꆣ얷훞믵뇒솪쏋돉솢잰ꎬ뎬맽75%뗄뗂맺돶뿚짌욷틔십뿋캪떥캻뾪랢욱ꎬ뎬맽50%뗄램맺돶뿚짌욷틔램색캪떥캻뾪랢욱ꎬ뗈뗈ꆣ늻맽헢킩쮵쏷탔뗄뇈싊횻쫇퓚얷훞쓚늿쎳틗훐뇈뷏쏷쿔ꆣ얷훞믵뇒솪쏋돉솢뫳ꎬ떽뗗폐뛠짙듳슽탔얷훞맺볒붫뛔쯼쏇돶뿚떽얷훞틔췢뗄짌욷틔얷풪뷸탐랢믵떥볆볛쒿잰짐쫇룶캴횪쫽ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ퓚뚫퇇ꎬ뛔췢쎳틗훷튪틔쏀풪뷸탐랢믵떥볆볛ꎺ몫맺폫첩맺뗄쎳틗뻍쫇튻룶뗤샽ꆣ짵훁죕놾폫웤쯻뚫퇇맺볒뗄쎳틗퓚랢믵볆볛쪱튲쫇폃쏀풪뛠맽폚폃죕풪ꆣ얷훞틔췢ꎬ쏀풪탎쪽뗄랢믵떥볆볛뗄쪢탐퓚쫀뷧웤쯻뗘쟸튲쫇쫂쪵ꆣ샽죧쮵ꎬ삭쏀룷맺횮볤뗄쎳틗벸뫵좫늿쫇틔쏀풪볆볛ꆣ뛔폚릤튵욷뇪볛ꎬ뷶뷶붲뾪랢욱뮹늻릻ꆣ얷훞틔췢뗄돶뿚짌춨뎣톡퓱폃쏀풪룸쯻쏇뗄짌욷놨돶쿺쫛볛룱ꎬ늢쟒퓚릤튵욷쒿슼믲웤쯻펡쮢뗄볛룱떥훐쿠떱컈뚨뗘놣돖쯼쏇뗄쏀풪볛룱ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ쯻쏇쫇캪쫀뷧쫐뎡살뚨볛ꆪ뛸늻뷶뷶쫇캪쏀맺쫐뎡ꆪ틔쏀풪살뚨볛ꆣ쓇킩붫쒿뇪뚨캪컈뚨웤놾뇒맺볊릺싲솦뗄훐퇫틸탐ꎬ뎣뎣톡퓱ꆪ헽쪽믲럇헽쪽뗘ꆪ뚤힡쏀풪ꎬ뚤힡쏀풪듺뇭뗄ꆢ뻟폐햳탔볛룱뗄ꆢ벫듳뛠쫽뗄맺볊쎳틗짌욷ꆣ뗚쯄ꎬ죧맻컒쏇뾼싇퇓웚횧뢶뇪ힼꆪ헢튲쫇믵뇒뗄튻쿮뒫춳릦쓜ꆪ맺볊쫐뎡뗄쮽죋뫍훷좨햮좯뻸듳뛠쫽틔쏀풪쏼쏻ꎬ뺡맜쿖퓚폐튻킩쫇틔얷풪쏼쏻ꆣ퓚맺볊햮좯쫐뎡ꎬ쏀맺맺뿢좯ퟷ캪믹ힼꎨbench-markꎩ뫍ꆰ컞럧쿕ꆱ닺놻돖폐ꆣ쓇퇹ꎬ쫀뷧룷뗘탂탋쫐뎡랢탐뗄틔쏀풪쏼쏻뗄훷좨햮좯뻍튪틀뻝쏀맺맺뿢71
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies좯살움뚨웤탅폃뗈벶ꎨ춨맽쓂뗏릫쮾ꆢ뇪ힼ웕뛻릫쮾믲헟믝폾릫쮾ꎩꆣ틲듋ꎬ헢킩햮좯뗄샻싊훐냼몬뗄럧쿕틧볛뗄놨볛췹췹튪룟돶쏀맺맺뿢좯탭뛠룶냙럖뗣ꆣퟷ캪쏻틥컈뚨웷ꎨNominal Anchorꎩ뗄쏀풪돽쇋듙돉맺볊붻틗횮췢ꎬ쏀풪뮹폐튻룶듎튪뗄뫍늹돤뗄릦쓜ꆣ췢맺믵뇒떱뻖춨맽톡퓱헽쪽믲럇헽쪽뗘뚤힡쏀풪뿉틔룼뫃뗘컈뚨웤맺쓚볛룱쮮욽ꆣ춨맽톡퓱놣돖뛔쏀풪믣싊뗄컈뚨ꎬ췢맺헾뢮튲믹놾짏톡퓱쇋폫쏀맺놣돖킭뗷튻훂뗄믵뇒헾닟ꆪ뺡맜늢늻ퟜ쫇돉릦뗘ퟶ떽ꆣ헢훖믵뇒킭뗷뻟폐솽룶춾뺶ꎺꎨ1ꎩ맺볊짌욷쳗샻붻틗ꆪ쳗샻춾뺶ꎻꎨ2ꎩ탅뫅춾뺶ꎺ웤쯻훐퇫틸탐룹뻝쏀맺솪냮뒢놸틸탐뗄탐뚯살닉좡ퟔ벺뗄헾닟ꆣퟔ좻뗘ꎬ쳗샻춾뺶쫇듓쏀풪퓚맺볊뷰죚훐뗄듙돉릦쓜훐닺짺돶살뗄ꆣ틲캪짌욷뫍럾컱뗄맺볊쎳틗뻸듳뛠쫽폃쏀풪볇볛ꎨ냼삨쏀맺횮췢뗄룷맺횮볤뗄쎳틗ꎩꎬ춨맽튻룶만뚨쏀풪믣싊살뷸탐짌욷폫럾컱쫐뎡뗄맺볊쳗샻뛔폚컈뚨죎뫎튻맺맺쓚볛룱쮮욽뛸퇔뚼쫇튻룶잿폐솦뗄믺훆ꆣ튪쫇쟩뿶룼쿻벫튻뗣ꎬ죧맻웤쯻맺볒캴쓜ퟨ횹웤놾뇒뛔쏀풪믣싊뗄늨뚯ꎬ헢훖늨뚯뒫떼룸쯼쏇맺쓚볛룱뗄돌뛈ꎨퟮ훕ꎩ쫇럇뎣룟뗄ꎨ튻룶훘듳샽췢훷튪쫇듳얷풪쟸쓚뗄맺볒ꆪ쯼쏇뗄맺쓚볛룱쮮욽쿠떱뫃뗘폫얷풪뛔쏀풪뗄믣싊늨뚯룴샫뾪살쇋ꎩꆣ늻뛔돆뗘ꎬꎨ폫웤쯻맺볒늻춬ꎩ틲캪쏀맺뗄뷸돶뿚뚼쫇틔쏀풪뇪볛ꎬ쏀맺ퟔ벺뗄맺쓚볛룱쮮욽폫쏀풪믣싊늨뚯좴쿠뛔컞맘ꆣ룼웕뇩뗘ꎬ쫀뷧맺볊쎳틗짌욷뗄쏀풪볛룱뛔폚쏀풪뛔뇈폚웤쯻믵뇒뗄볛횵뗄늨뚯튲쫇쿠뛔컞맘뗄ꆣ틲듋ꎬퟷ캪헢룶쳥쾵훐뗄뗚N룶맺볒ꎬ쏀맺ퟔ벺뿉틔횴탐튻룶뛀솢뗄믵뇒헾닟살쪵쿖웤놾맺볛룱쮮욽늻쫜믣싊늨뚯룉죅뗄쒿뇪ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ뛔폚웤쯻N-1룶맺볒뛸퇔ꎬ춨맽튻룶만뚨믣싊뷸탐횱뷓뗄맺볊짌욷쳗샻튲쓜릻냯훺쯼쏇컈뚨쓚늿뗄볛룱쮮욽ꆣ캪쇋놣횤폫쏀맺뗄믵뇒쿠킭뗷ꎬ탅뫅춾뺶뿉틔랢믓훘튪ퟷ폃ꆣ죧맻죎뫎튻맺헾뢮퓚췢믣붻틗훐뗖훆놾뇒뗄짽횵톹솦ꎬ웤맙랽쏀풪뒢놸퓶볓뗄뷡맻뇭쏷탨튪맺쓚믵뇒뗄릩룸삩헅ꆪ랴횮틠좻ꆣ맺볒훐퇫틸탐짵훁뿉틔횱뷓룹뻝솪뒢뗄탐캪살닉좡웤헾닟ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ볓쓃듳틸탐뺭뎣룹뻝쏀맺솪냮믹뷰샻싊뗄뇤뮯살쿠떱톸쯙뗘뗷헻ퟔ벺뗄쳹쿖싊ꎨ틸탐볤뷨뿮샻싊ꎩꆣ좻뛸ꎬ튪쿫틔쏀풪ퟷ캪쏻틥컈뚨웷뗄릦쓜랢믓솼뫃ꎬ뇘탫싺ퟣ솽룶쳵볾ꎺꎨ1ꎩ틔맣틥뗄뿉쎳틗욷뗄볛룱횸쫽뫢솿뗄쏀맺볛룱쮮욽쫇컈뚨뗄ꎬ뛸쟒풤웚붫볌탸놣돖컈뚨ꎻꎨ2ꎩ듳뛠쫽맺볒ꎬ떱좻냼삨쿠쇚뗄맺볒ꎬ뚼쪵탐쿠춬뗄맺볊놾캻훆ꎬ벴쯼72
쏇뚼붫믣싊폫쏀풪만뚨웰살ꆣ퓚햽뫳쏀풪놾캻뗄샺쪷훐ꎬ폐킩쪱웚헢솽룶쳵볾뗃떽쇋싺ퟣꆪ떫웤쯻쪱웚퓲늢럇죧듋ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ쿠뛔폚컞싛퓚만뚨믣싊쿂뮹쫇뢡뚯믣싊쿂쏀풪ퟷ캪맺볊붻틗듙돉웷뗄릦쓜돖탸ힳ듳뛸퇔ꎬ쯼ퟷ캪쏻틥컈뚨웷뗄릦쓜좴퓚늻뛏뗘놻얤쟺ꆣ1950ꆪ1968쓪룟뛈벯훐뗄늼샗뛙즭쇖쳥쾵ꎨHigh Bretton Woodsꎩ듓20쫀볍50쓪듺떽1968쓪뗗ꎬ춼1뗚튻쫺냥늿럖쿔쪾ꎬ쳥쿖쏀맺뿉쎳틗욷볛룱뗄볛룱쮮욽ꆪ평쏀맺엺랢볛룱횸쫽(WPI)살뫢솿ꆪ쫇컈뚨뗄ꆣ평폚쎻폐춨믵엲헍뗄풤웚ꎬ쏀풪닺뗄샻싊튲뗍뛸컈뚨ꆣ틲듋ꎬ퓚뻉늼샗뛙뇪ힼ볛룱쳥쾵쿂ꎬ쯹폐웤쯻맺볒뚼풸틢탻늼ꎨ놾뇒뗄ꎩ쏀풪욽볛ꆪ늢쟒놣돖쯼쏇뗄쫐뎡믣싊캧죆웤훐탄욽볛퓚2%뗄쿁킡랶캧쓚늨뚯ꎬ헢튻뗣뫜짙뇤뚯ꆣ퓚헢튻ꆰ룟뛈벯훐뗄ꆱ늼샗뛙쪱웚쓚ꎬIMF돉풱맺쓜릻샻폃훐탄맺볒뗄볛룱컈뚨ퟷ캪쯼쏇ퟔ벺맺쓚볛룱쮮욽뗄컈뚨웷ꆣ떫쫇늻뷶뷶쫇훐탄맺볒뗄탐캪폫헢튻컈뚨맽돌폐맘ꆣ틲캪쪵볊짏쯹폐뗄훷튪릤튵맺뚼쪵탐쿠춬뗄만뚨믣싊훆뛈ꎬꆰ쫀뷧ꆱ볛룱쮮욽뇣룼볓컈뚨ꆣ죎뫎튻맺믵뇒뗄춻좻뇡횵ꎨ믲짽횵ꎩꆪ헢믡뛔쇚맺쪩볓믵뇒뇡횵뗄톹솦ꆪ뚼믡놻뇜쏢ꆣ쇭췢ꎬ맺볒뫪맛뺭볃쫜잱퓚춨믵엲헍뗄돥믷놻쿷죵쇋ꆣ평폚쯹폐뗄맺볒뚼돐억뛸쟒튲놻삦냳퓚튻룶릲춬뗄놾캻믵뇒쿂ꎨ룹놾짏틔쏀풪캪믹뒡ꎩꎬ쎿룶맺볒볛룱쮮욽뗄맟탔뫍ꆰ햳탔ꆱ쫇붫뇈틔잰룼캪뻞듳ꆣ퓚헢튻룟뛈벯훐뗄늼샗뛙즭쇖쳥쾵쪱웚ꎬ평폚만뚨믣싊훆뗄웕벰탔ꎬ짵훁솬쏀맺놾짭뗄볛룱쮮욽튲뇈틔잰룼캪컈뚨ꆣ퓚훐뛌웚ꎬ춨맽만뚨믣싊살쿷죵웰풴폚맺쓚뗄잱퓚뗄춨믵엲헍돥믷ꎬ훐탄맺볒뿉틔듓폫쇚맺뗄짌욷쳗샻훐믱뗃샻틦ꆣ늻맽ꎬퟮ뫳ꎬ헢룶쳥쾵늻쓜퓚훐탄맺볒돖탸뗄춨믵엲헍톹솦쿂듦퓚쿂좥ꆪ헽죧컒쏇붫튪뾴떽뗄쓇퇹ꆣퟮ뫳ꎬ헽죧춼1뗚튻쫺냥늿럖쯹쿔쪾뗄쓇퇹ꎬ20쫀볍50쓪듺뫍60쓪듺릤튵맺볒뗄쏻틥샻싊뫜뗍쟒쿠떱컈뚨ꆣ횱떽20쫀볍60쓪듺쒩웚ꎬ릲춬뗄볛룱엲헍싊죧듋횮뗍틔훁폚헽뎣뗄뛔샻싊뗄럑톩킧펦ꎨFisher effectꎩ늻퓙듦퓚ꆣ퓚햽뫳뗄ퟮ돵10쓪ꎬ뿉맛달떽뗄믣싊뗄돖탸컈뚨틢캶ퟅ뿧맺볒샻싊뗄닮뇰놣돖퓚캢킡뗄쮮욽쓚ꆪ뺡맜듳뛠쫽릤튵맺볒뮹듦퓚놾뿘훆ꆣ릤튵맺볒헢훖뛔만뚨쏀풪욽볛뗄죏춬ퟮ훕퓚1973쓪뗄쓪돵뇀삣쇋ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ릲춬뗄믵뇒컈뚨웷릮만쇋쓇룶쪱듺훸쏻뗄헦쪵뺭볃뗄룟퓶뎤ꆪ헢쫇릤튵쫀뷧맽좥뫍틔뫳죎뫎뿉돖탸쪱웚뚼컞램욥뗐뗄ꆣ73
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies74쫀뷧뗄쏻틥컈뚨웷ꎺ쏀맺엺랢볛룱쮮욽ꎨ5911ꆪ2000쓪ꎩ닢솿뛈100룼컈뚨뗄볛룱쮮욽ꎺ뷸튻늽ퟟ쿲뗍쏻틥샻싊50랴춨믵엲헍ꎺ룟맽뛉ꎺ욽볛쟒뛠뇤뗄쏻샻싊훆뛈뗄뇀삣룟춨믵엲헍ꎺ짏짽뗄쏻틥샻싊컈뚨뗄볛룱쮮욽ꎬ뗍쏻틥샻싊2519501955196019651970197519801985199019952000쇏살풴ꎺ맺볊뷰죚춳볆ꎬIMFꎨ2001쓪8퓂ꎩ
뛔폚맺쓚뷰죚쫐뎡늻돉쫬뗄잷랢듯맺볒살쮵ꎬ뫋탄릤튵맺볒뗄볛룱뫍샻싊뗄컈뚨쫇쿠떱폐샻뗄ꆣ죧맻뛀ퟔ살뿘훆맺쓚춨믵엲헍ꎬ쯼쏇튪컈뚨놾뇒뛔쏀풪뗄믣싊놾살믡쪮럖삧쓑ꆣ쪵볊짏쯼쏇듳뛠쫽횻탨톡퓱쯸뚨룟뛈늼샗뛙즭쇖쳥쾵뗄쏀풪놾캻뻍뿉틔쇋ꆣ떱좻ꎬ튻킩삭쏀맺볒틔벰웤쯻뗘쟸뗄춨믵엲헍톹솦첫듳쇋ꎬ틔훁폚늻쓜놣돖놾뇒뛔쏀풪뗄만뚨믣싊ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ짵훁떱튻룶잷랢듯맺볒뺭샺쇋놾뇒뇡횵뗄믵뇒캣믺횮뫳ꎬ떱뻖춨뎣뮹짹쏷뿉쓜뗄뮰죔튪믘떽쏀풪놾캻뗄만뚨믣싊짏살ꆪ틲캪쓇퇹ퟶ뿉틔쿷죵뛔캴살뗄춨믵엲헍풤웚ꆣ1968ꆪ1973쓪컈뚨웷뗄쪧킧ꎺ뢡뚯믣싊뗄살쇙쫂뫳살뾴ꎬ쯦ퟅ쏀맺ꆪ훐탄맺볒ꆪퟜ쳥볛룱횸쫽뗄쓪춨믵엲헍싊훰늽짏짽떽3%ꎬ뻉뗄만뚨믣싊훆쿂뗄쏀풪놾캻퓚20쫀볍60쓪듺쒩웚뾪쪼뷢쳥ꆣ웤쯻맺볒ꆪ쳘뇰쫇뗂맺ꆪ뾪쪼늻풸틢놣돖웤뻉뗄쏀풪욽볛뫍ꆰ틽뷸ꆱ쓄엂컂뫍뗄춨헍톹솦ꆣ1969쓪잰ꎬ뗂맺십뿋훘탂뚨볛ꆣ룼훘튪뗘쫇ꎬ쏀맺헽쫜삧폚뾭뛷쮹뷌쳵ꎨ놻톹쯵돉쯹캽뗄럆샻웕쮹쟺쿟ꎩ쯹죏캪뗄랴춨믵엲헍붫뇘좻떼훂맺쓚쪧튵싊뗄쳡룟ꆣ틲뛸훷튪평폚뷌쳵뗄풭틲ꎬ훐탄맺볒ꎨ쏀맺ꎩ뻜뻸닉좡폐킧뗄랴춨믵엲헍볆뮮ꆣ떫쫇돖탸뗄춨믵엲헍붵뗍쇋쏀맺뗄릤튵뺺헹솦ꆣ평폚떣폇쏀맺뛔췢쎳틗ힴ뿶뗄쮥췋ꎬ쓡뿋쯉ퟜ춳퓚1971쓪8퓂훕횹쇋틅쇴뗄ꆰ믆뷰뒰뿚ꆱꎺ헢쫇쏀맺믹폚뻉늼샗뛙즭쇖킭틩헽쪽만뚨뗄쏀풪뛔믆뷰뗄볛룱뛸ퟶ뗄맙랽돐억ꆣ폫듋춬쪱ꎬ쓡뿋쯉뛔쏀맺뗄릤튵뷸뿚욷헷쫕10%뗄뷸뿚ꎨacross-the-boardꎩ맘쮰ꎬ늢쟒볡돖돽럇쯹폐웤쯻릤튵맺볒쳡룟웤놾뇒뛔쏀풪뗄볛룱ꎬ럱퓲늻믡좡쿻룃맘쮰ꆣ퓚1971쓪12퓂훘탂뚩솢ꆰ쪷쏜쯉쓾ꆱ쏀풪욽볛킭틩ꎨSmithsonian paritiesꎩ횮잰ꎬ룷릤튵맺뚼붫웤놾뇒짽횵쇋10%떽20%ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ평폚훐탄맺볒돖탸뗄춨믵엲헍ꎬ쪷쏜쯉쓾욽볛킭틩힢뚨튪쪧냜ꆣ1973쓪2퓂ꎬ릤튵맺볒럅웺쇋쯼쏇뗄쏀풪욽볛ꎬ뷸죫떽컞욽볛뢡뚯ힴ첬ꆣ20쫀볍70쓪듺떽80쓪듺뗄쏀맺룟뛸쟒뛠뇤뗄춨믵엲헍냩쯦ퟅ룟뛸쟒늻컈뚨뗄쏻틥샻싊ꆪ닎뾼춼1뗄뗚죽쫺냥늿럖ꆪ헢벫듳뗘쯰몦쇋쏀풪ퟷ캪쏻틥컈뚨웷뗄폐킧탔ꆣ듳뛠쫽랢햹훐맺볒뫍탭뛠릤튵맺볒뗄춨믵엲헍튲퓶뎤뗃뫜뿬ꆣ탭뛠릤튵맺볒헢쪱풸틢죃쯼쏇뗄놾뇒쿠뛔폚쏀풪짽횵ꎬ틔뇣룼뫃뗘쪹ퟔ벺뇜쏢뻭죫좫쟲탔뗄뇤뮯뗄춨믵엲헍듳탽컐훐ꎨ얷훞죋놻폕쪹좥톰헒튻룶탂뗄훐탄믵뇒살ퟷ캪컈뚨웷ꆪ늢쫔춼캧죆뗂맺십뿋훘붨믵뇒쳥쾵뗄컈뚨탔ꆣ헢튻얬솦뗄돉맻뇣쫇퓚20쫀볍90쓪듺쒩돉릦뗘떮짺쇋얷풪ꎩꆣ75
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies쫀뷧탔믵뇒쳥쾵뗄늻컈뚨탔룸쫀뷧탔짺닺싊퓶뎤듸살뗄ퟛ뫏펰쿬쫇퓖쓑탔뗄ꆣ평폚좱랦튻룶춨탐뗄뛔맺쓚볛룱쮮욽뫍믣싊뗄컈뚨웷ꎬ릤튵뮯쫀뷧벰웤췢캧맺볒뗄짺닺싊ꆪ돽쇋뚫퇇ꆰ훮뮢ꆱ횮췢ꆪ듓1973쓪떽90쓪듺퓧웚돶쿖쇋벱뻧뗄복뮺ꆣ90쓪듺쳬쳃뗄뢴뗃ꎿ떫쫇듓20쫀볍90쓪듺퓧웚떽뷸죫탂잧쓪ꎬ춼1훐ퟮ뫳뗄쫺냥늿럖쿔쪾쏀맺훘탂믘떽쇋볛룱컈뚨ꆪ쏀맺뗄샻싊튲튻뛈뇤뗃뷏뗍ꆣ헢퇹ꎬ쏀풪ퟷ캪맺볊컈뚨웷믵뇒ꎬ틔벰쫀뷧탔햼폅쫆뗄뒢놸닺퓙튻듎뇤뗃폐컼틽솦ꆣ퓚20쫀볍70쓪듺뫍80쓪듺뗄춨믵엲헍훐ꎬ쏀풪ퟷ캪뒢놸닺뗄뇈훘폐쯹쿂붵ꎬ듋뫳ꎬ퓚ퟮ뷼뗄10쓪볤ꎬ룷맺맙랽췢믣뒢놸훐쏀풪뗄뇈훘폖폐쇋뫜듳뗄믘짽ꆣ뇭1쿔쪾맙랽돖폐뗄췢믣훐ꎨIMF돉풱맺돖폐뗄ꎩ쏀풪뗄뇈훘평1991쓪뗄%짏짽떽2001쓪뗄%ꆣ뛸쟒죧맻ꆰ늻좷뚨뗄뇒훖ꆱ쯹햼폐뗄뇈샽늿럖쫇쏀풪뗄뮰ꎬ맺볊뒢놸뗄쏀풪럝뛮뿉쓜믡짏짽떽75%틔짏ꆣꎱ뇭1좫늿좷뚨뗄맙랽췢믣탮놸훐벸훖훷튪듻뇒뗄럝뛮ꎬ쓪뗗쫽ꎨꎥꎩ1991199219931994199519961997199819992000쯹폐맺볒쏀풪죕풪펢냷죰쪿램색얷풪뗂맺십뿋--램맺램색--뫉삼뛜--얷훞믵뇒--3떥캻4늻좷뚨뗄뇒훖릤튵맺볒쏀풪죕풪펢냷죰쪿램색얷풪뗂맺십뿋--램맺램색--76
ꎨ탸뇭ꎩ1991199219931994199519961997199819992000뫉삼뛜--얷훞믵뇒--3떥캻늻좷뚨뗄뇒훖랢햹훐맺볒쏀풪죕풪펢냷죰쪿램색얷풪뗂맺십뿋--램맺램색--뫉삼뛜--얷훞믵뇒----------3떥캻4늻좷뚨뗄뇒훖힢뷢ꎺ틲캪듦퓚훘뢴쿖쿳ꎬ룷돉럝늻쓜볓ퟜꆣ1.믓킹ꮲ볁쯆?붳훓탍ﷁ뾵?I MF돉풱맺닅냼삨퓚놾뇭훐ꆣ2.ল?쓜릻폫잰벸쓪얷풪쟸뒫춳믵뇒뗄볓ퟜ솿좥뇈뷏ꎬ틲캪쯼쳞돽쇋얷풪쟸돉풱맺퓚1999쓪1퓂틔잰돖폐뗄웤쯻얷풪쟸돉풱맺뒫춳믵뇒뮻돉얷풪뗄쓇늿럝ꆣ3.?볆쯣믵뇒럝뛮쪱ꎬECUꎨ얷훞믵뇒떥캻ꎩ놻ퟷ캪튻훖쳘쫢뗄믵뇒ꆣ믵뇒떱뻖돖폐뗄ECU뒢놸틔뛔쮽죋늿쏅뫍얷훞믵뇒믺릹ꎨEMIꎩ뗄튪쟳좨뗄탎쪽듦퓚ꆣEMI춨맽뮥뮻랽쪽쿲얷쏋룷훐퇫틸탐랢탐헽쪽뗄ECUsꎬ룷훐퇫틸탐쿲EMI뷉쓉웤돖폐뗄믆뷰뫍쏀풪ퟜ뒢놸뗄20%ꆣ1998쓪12퓂31죕ꎬECUs놻뮻돉믆뷰뫍쏀풪ꎻ틲듋ꎬ1998쓪쓪뗗ECUs뗄럝뛮뇈짏튻쓪듳듳복짙ꆣ1998쓪릫늼뗄죔좻돖폐뗄ECUs뒢놸평쮽죋늿쏅랢탐뗄ECUs쯹ퟩ돉ꎬ훷튪쫇ECUs듦뿮뫍햮좯ꆣ1999쓪1퓂1죕헢킩뒢놸ퟔ뚯뮻돉얷풪ꆣ4.?쪣폠늿럖뗈폚IMF돉풱맺돖폐뗄좫늿췢믣뒢놸뫍돖폐뗄놾뇭훐쯹쇐돶뗄믵뇒훖샠췢믣뒢놸횮볤뗄닮ꆣ5.?쿠뇈폚쿲릤튵맺벯췅쯹쳡릩뗄릤ퟷꎬ헢샯뗄볆쯣믹폚IMF릤ퟷ죋풱뗄맀볆ꎬ뿉틔룸돶룼듳랶캧뗄믘듰ꆣ뫜웦맖뗄쫇ꎬ얷풪뗄떮짺늢쎻폐쿷죵쏀풪퓚맺볊뒢놸돖폐랽쏦뗄폅쫆ꆣ뇭1튲쿔쪾1999쓪뫍2000쓪맙랽뗄췢믣뒢놸훐얷풪럝뛮늢늻뇈1999쓪1퓂얷풪떮짺잰뻉뗄믵뇒ꆪ십뿋ꆢ램색뫍뫉삼뛜ꆪ뗄ퟜ뫍룼뛠ꆣ뺡맜얷풪퓚놣횤얷훞쟸폲믵뇒튻쳥뮯랽쏦럇뎣돉릦ꎬ쏀풪죔좻쫇맺볊뷰죚쇬폲뗄췵헟ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ퓚탂잧쓪ꎬ헢룶룼잿ힳ뗄맺볊쏀풪놾캻뗄탎쪽훁짙퓚솽랽쏦늻춬폚77
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies20쫀볍50쓪듺뫍60쓪듺뗄룟뛈벯훐뗄늼샗뛙즭쇖쳥쾵ꎺꎨ1ꎩ퓚럇캣믺쪱웚ꎬ듳뛠쫽랢햹훐맺볒뗄헾뢮풸틢컈뚨웤놾뇒뛔쏀풪뗄믣싊ꎬ떫쫇늻믡릫늼맙랽뗄쏀풪욽볛ꆣ뛸쟒듓탭뛠믣싊뗄늨뚯랽쏦뾴ꎬ헢훖럇헽쪽뗄뚤힡튲쫇ꆰ죭뗄ꆱꆣꎨ2ꎩ탭뛠쏀풪놾캻뗄췢캧맺볒늻퓙풸틢믲늻쓜릻쪹폃놾맜훆헾닟ꆣ헢퇹ꎬ쏀풪뛔룷맺놾맺믵뇒쳬좻뗄맺쓚쇬뗘뗄죫쟖뇣뇤뗃볢죱웰살ꆣ죃컒쏇틀듎살쳖싛죭뚤힡뫍쏀풪죫쟖컊쳢ꆣ죭뚤힡Guillermo Calvo 뫍Carmen Reinhart샻폃퓂뛈쫽뻝뛔155룶맺볒믣싊훆뛈쯹ퟶ뗄샯돌놮쪽퇐뺿쿔쪾ꎺ헦헽뗄뢡뚯믣싊횻듦퓚폚얷풪ꆢ쏀풪ꆢ죕풪ꎬ뿉쓜뮹폐펢냷횮볤ꆣ헢킩릤튵맺볒뗄믣싊뗄퓂뛈뇤뮯뫜룟ꆪ뛸뛌웚샻싊뗄뇤뮯뫜뗍ꎺ늻춬믵뇒볤뗄횤좯욫뫃뗄뛌웚뇤뚯훷튪놻믣싊뇤뮯쯹쿻뮯컼쫕ꆪ평폚룷맺훐퇫틸탐붫뛌웚샻싊ퟷ캪맺쓚믵뇒헾닟뗄릤뻟ꆣ쿠랴ꎬ퓚랢햹훐맺볒뫍탂탋쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒훐ꎬCalvo 뫍Reinhart횸돶ꎬ평폚쯼쏇뛔믵뇒헾닟뗄뿌틢낲업ꎬ틲듋ꎬ웤놾뇒뛔맘볼믵뇒ꆪ늻맜쫇쏀풪뮹쫇얷풪ꆪ뗄믣싊뗄퓂뛈뇤뮯뫜뗍ꎬ떫쫇쿠뇈폚뫋탄릤튵맺볒ꎬ헢킩맺볒뗄샻싊뗄퓂뛈뇤뮯좴럇뎣룟ꆣ돽쇋뚫얷뇟풵뗄맺볒ꎨ붫놾뇒ꎩ쯸뚨얷풪횮췢ꎬ웤쯻맺볒쯸뚨뗄뚼쫇쏀풪ꆣ맺볊닺욫뫃뗄늻춬믵뇒볤뇤뚯뗄훷튪돥믷컼쫕웷쫇쯼쏇맺쓚샻싊뗄뇤뮯ꆪ돽쇋쓇킩놾맜훆럇뎣폐킧뗄랢햹훐맺볒ꆣ죧맻맛달욵싊룼룟뗄뮰ꎬ캻폚ꆰ훐탄ꆱ뗄뫋탄릤튵맺볒뫍뒦폚ꆰ췢캧ꆱ뗄탂탋쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒횮볤돶웦뗄닮틬짵훁믡룼볓춻돶ꆣ춨맽퓊탭맺쓚뛌웚샻싊뻟폐룼룟뗄틗뇤탔ꎬ탂탋쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒뗄믵뇒떱뻖ퟜ쫇쓜릻돉릦뗘퓚쳬폫쳬ꆢ훜폫훜뗄믹뒡짏놣돖놾뇒쏀풪믣싊뗄쿠뛔컈뚨ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ룼뗍뗄맛달욵싊ꎬ뇈죧벾뛈횮볤ꎬ헢훖죭뚤힡폐쪱믡틆뚯ꎻ뛸쟒ꎬ퓚듳캣믺쪱웚ꎬ짵훁솬뛌웚믣싊뗄컈뚨뚼쓑틔캪볌ꆣ쏀맺췢캧맺볒헢훖탂뗄ꆢ럇헽쪽뗄ꎨ캴탻늼ꎩ뚤힡쏀풪뗄훆뛈늻춬폚뻟폐맙랽탔훊만뚨쏀풪욽볛뗄룟뛈벯훐뗄늼샗뛙즭쇖쳥쾵ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ퓚돽죕놾횮췢뗄뚫퇇ꎬ쯹폐맺볒ꎨ뫍뗘쟸ꎩ뚼늻춬돌뛈뗘뚤힡쏀풪ꆣ떫쫇횻폐쿣룛뗄믵뇒떱뻖돐억1쏀풪뛒룛뇒뗄맙랽쏀풪욽볛ꆣ웤쯻맺볒믲헟탻늼ꆰ뛀솢뢡뚯ꆱꎬ믲헟쫇ꆰ폐맜훆뗄뢡뚯ꆱꎬ믲헟뚤힡ꆰ튻삺ퟓ믵뇒ꆱꆣ뺡맜훐맺돆웤훆뛈캪ꆰ폐맜훆뗄뢡뚯ꆱꎬ듓1994쓪틔살ꎬ1쏀풪뛒풪죋쏱뇒뗄믣싊뻍믹놾쎻폐뇤뚯맽ꆣ떱폃뷏뗍78
뗄욵싊살닢쯣쪱ꎬ웤쯻맺볒뗄뚤힡쏀풪뗄믣싊뿉쓜믡뇤뮯뗃듳튻뗣ꎬ떫쫇쯼쏇뛔쏀풪믣싊뇤뚯뗄럹뛈뇈늻짏죕풪뛔쏀풪믣싊뇤뚯뗄럹뛈ꆣIMF뗄쫨뫶캪쪲쎴뚫퇇탂탋쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒뫍웤쯻뗘랽뗄헾뢮뛔폚ꎨ놾뇒ꎩ쯸힡쏀풪ꆪ믲헟ퟟ뗃룼풶ꎬ탻늼맙랽뗄쏀풪욽볛ꆪ돖볪쒬뗄첬뛈ꎿ헢샯폐헾훎뫍뺭볃솽랽쏦뗄풭틲ꆣ헾훎랽쏦ꎬ훐탄폫췢캧맺볒횮볤믵뇒뗄늻뛔뗈탔볲횱쫇첫쇮죋쓑뾰뛸늻놻릫뾪돐죏ꆣ죧맻죎뫎췢캧맺볒뗄헾뢮돐죏ꎬ탻늼튻룶맙랽쏀풪욽볛ꎬ헢쫇퓚뷓쫜쏀맺뗄얫틛ꎬ웤쏱ퟥ훷틥헟붫믡ퟸ컔늻낲ꆣ램샭짏붲ꎬퟮ돵뗄늼샗뛙즭쇖킭틩뛔쯹폐뗄돉풱맺뚼쫇춬뗈뛔듽뗄ꆣ내헕1945쓪킭틩뗄뗚4쳵뿮ꎬ쯹폐뗄돉풱맺뚼폐틥컱탻늼튻룶ꎨ놾뇒ꎩ뛔믆뷰믲뛔죎뫎폫믆뷰맒릳뗄믵뇒뗄맙랽믣싊뗄욽볛ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ횻폐쏀맺닉폃쇋럇뎣폐쿞뛈뗄뚤힡믆뷰뗄탎쪽ꆪ쿠랴ꎬ웤쯻맺볒뚼톡퓱뚤힡ퟷ캪뗚N훖믵뇒뗄쏀풪ꎨ헽죧잰쏦쯹쏨쫶뗄ꎩꆣ늻맜퓵쎴쮵ꎬ퓚20쫀볍50쓪듺뫍60쓪듺ꎬ늼샗뛙즭쇖킭틩쳡릩쇋튻뿩뿉틔뷓쫜뗄헾훎헚탟늼살퇚룇쪵볊뗄쏀풪놾캻훆ꆣ떫쫇쿖퓚IMF뛔쎿튻룶돉풱뗄릫욽틥컱늻퓙듦퓚ꎬ쯼쯦ퟅ쏀맺20쫀볍70쓪듺뗄춨믵엲헍뛸퇌쿻퓆즢ꆣ뺭볃랽쏦ꎬ떱잰죎뫎튻룶헾뢮뚼늻풸틢탻늼튻룶맙랽뗄쏀풪욽볛ꎬ럱퓲믡쏦쇙ꎨ헢퇹ퟶ뗄뮰ꎩ뻞듳뗄럧쿕ꎬ틲캪쇚맺늢늻믡헢퇹ퟶꆣ죧맻A맺ꎨ뇈죧낢룹춢ꎩ탻늼쇋튻룶맙랽뗄쏀풪욽볛ꎬ좻뫳쯼뗄쇚맺B맺ꎨ뇈죧냍컷ꎩ죃ퟔ벺뗄믵뇒뛔쏀풪뇡횵ꎬA맺붫믡쪧좥뺺헹솦늢쫜떽뫜듳짋몦ꆣ뛔A맺살쮵ꎬ췲튻캪쇋펦뛔B맺돶쿖춻죧웤살뗄믵뇒뇡횵쪱쯼튲쿫뇡횵ꎬ쯹틔ퟮ뫃튻뾪쪼뻍늻튪ퟔ벺헽쪽돐억튻룶쳘뚨뗄쏀풪믣싊ꆣ죧맻BꆢCꆢDꆭꆭ룷맺늻믡돐억ꎬ틲듋A맺튲늻룒돐억ꆪ쿠랴튲쫇죧듋ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ퓚듋탨튪벯쳥탐뚯ꆪ쿱1945쓪ꆪ살훘붨튻룶룼볓웕뇩뗄쏀풪욽볛쳥쾵틔럀횹돉캪쇚맺믵뇒뇡횵뗄컾짼욷ꆣ떫쫇룟뛈벯훐뗄늼샗뛙즭쇖쿂뗄뻉벯쳥킭틩틑뺭놻쏀맺20쫀볍70쓪듺떽80쓪듺뗄춨믵엲헍쯹쯰뮵ꆣ평폚쎻폐컈뚨뗄믵뇒컈뚨웷ꎬ볡돖믣싊욽볛뗄뻉훆뛈뇤뗃늻첫뿉쓜ꆣ쿖퓚ꎬ뺡맜쏀맺뗄볛룱쮮욽뷼쪮쓪쿠떱컈뚨ꎬIMF튲늢늻쿫ퟩ횯뫍킭뗷튻듎뛔욽볛훆뛈뗄벯쳥믘맩ꆣ죭뚤힡쏀풪뗄웕벰웰틲폚룷맺헾뢮늻풸틢ퟔ벺돐억죎뫎룼삧쓑뗄쫂쟩뛸놻웈닉좡뗄뛀ퟔ탐뚯ꆣIMF뗄뗚8뿮ꆪ돉풱맺돐억쪵쿖믵뇒헋뮧뗄뿉뛒뮻탔ꎬ죧좡쿻맘폚룸폨믲79
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뷓쫜뢶뿮뗄쯹폐쿞훆ꎬ헢킩뢶뿮살ퟔ뷸돶뿚믲믣믘샻쾢뫍막샻ꎬ헢룶돐억뛔폚룟뛈벯훐뗄늼샗뛙즭쇖쳥쾵뗄돉릦춬퇹훘튪ꆪ뛸쟒뷱쳬쯼튲죔놣돖ퟅ쯼뗄훁맘훘튪탔ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ퓚20쫀볍50쓪듺뫍60쓪듺ꎬ뗚8뿮쯹튪쟳뗄룷돉풱맺럅쯉믣뛒맜훆뗄틥컱놻훕횹쇋ꆣ평폚20쫀볍30쓪듺ꆰ폎ꆱ쇷뚯뗄늻폤뿬쳥퇩ꎬ쏀맺뗄췢캧맺볒좫뚼뛔맺볊놾쇷뚯놣돖쇋튻뚨돌뛈뗄맜훆ꆣ컷얷룷릤튵맺뗄놾맜훆튻횱떽20쫀볍70쓪듺ꆪ뛸죕놾퓲떽쇋80쓪듺뗄퓧웚ꆣ좷쪵ꎬ죧맻듦퓚죎뫎놾췢쳓뗄캣쿕ꎬIMF뗄쳵뿮뻍튪쟳죎뫎돉풱맺룹뻝튻룶믹뷰볆뮮뷓쫜평믹뷰살잿훆쪵쪩놾맜훆ꆣ볲퇔횮ꎬ뷱쳬IMF뗄헾닟쫜떽살ퟔ쫨뫶뫍ퟷ캪솽랽쏦훘듳맽쪧뗄쯰몦ꆣ퓚쫨뫶랽쏦ꎬ쯼캴쓜춨맽맄샸믖뢴맙랽믣싊욽볛살듙뷸뗘쟸믣싊뗄컈뚨ꎨ퓚쓇킩쫊틋뗄뗘랽ꎩꆪ쯆뫵20쫀볍30쓪듺틔쇚캪?뗄믣싊뇡횵틑뺭놻틅췼쇋ꆣ늻쫇췪좫쏀풪뮯ꎬIMF룼틐훘폚떥룶랢햹훐맺볒살짬쯵쯼쏇뗄믣싊ꎬ뫃쿱헢훖뇤뮯뗄펰쿬뛔쇚맺컞맘뷴튪ꆣ뻍웤쯹랸맽쪧뛸퇔ꎬIMF믽벫맄샸췢캧맺볒퓚ퟔ평뮯뷸돌훐뺡뿬럅웺쯼쏇뗄놾맜훆ꆪ뛸쎻폐틢쪶떽퓚튻룶잿듳훐탄뫍웤ퟔ좻룼볓든죵뗄췢캧횮볤듦퓚ퟅ쳬좻뗄늻뛔뗈탔ꎨ뺡맜퓚ퟮ뷼뗄튻떽솽쓪폐벣쿳뇭쏷IMF뿉쓜퓚뫳믚ꎩꆣ뫳맻쫇ꎬ쏀풪뛔랢햹훐맺볒뫍탂탋쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒놾뇒퓚맺쓚릦쓜짏뗄쟖랸뇈풭살뗄쟩뿶룼볓퇏훘ꆣ쏀풪죫쟖컊쳢쏀풪퓚뷱쳬맺볊뷰죚쇬폲뗄훐탄뷇즫뻟폐룼틵낵뗄튻쏦ꎺ벴뛔룷맺퓚맺쓚쪹폃뗄믵뇒뗄잱퓚좡듺ꆪ헢훖좡듺퓚삭쏀룷맺쳘뇰쏷쿔ꆣ삸2룅쫶쇋쏀풪ퟷ캪붻뮻쎽뷩ꆢ볛횵뒢님ꆢ믡볆떥캻뫍퇓웚횧뢶뇪ힼ퓚듦퓚컊쳢뗄맺볒쓚쫇죧뫎뿉쓜쟖랸ꎨ믲틑뺭쟖랸ꎩ룷맺믵뇒뗄쳬좻쇬뗘뗄ꆣ퓚쓇킩샺쪷짏돶쿖맽뷏룟쟒뇤뚯뗄춨믵엲헍뗄맺볒ꎬ쏀풪뛔룷맺믵뇒뗄쯄훖릦쓜뚼폐쯹쟖랸ꆣ떫쫇퓚춨믵엲헍뗄뺡춷횮췢ꎬ죫쟖컊쳢틀좻듦퓚ꆣ뿉틔좷뚨쏀풪죫쟖쒿잰퓚릤튵뮯맺볒훐뮹늻쫇튻룶컊쳢ꎬ뺡맜평폚뛾햽뗄늻솼뫳맻쪹뗃죋쏇뛔얷훞뫍죕놾뗄믵뇒뎹뗗쪧좥탅탄ꎬ떫쏀풪죫쟖퓸뺭쫇튻룶잱퓚뗄컊쳢ꆣ탭뛠컷얷맺볒ꎬ냼삨죕놾ꎬ놣돖놾맜훆튻횱돖탸떽20쫀볍70쓪듺ꆪ뫜듳돌뛈짏뻍쫇캪쇋놣뮤놾맺뗄믵뇒쇬뗘ꎨ늻쫜쟖랸ꎩꆣ떫쫇얷훞뗄붥뷸춳튻ꎬ늢틔20쫀볍90쓪듺쒩웚얷풪뗄떮짺ퟷ캪룟뎱ꎬ틑뺭퓚얷훞뷡쫸80
쇋믓횮늻좥뗄쏀풪죫쟖컊쳢ꆣ헢룶뻞듳뗄ꆢ탂뗄ꆢ떫쫇룟뛈뿉탅뗄ꆢ틔얷풪캪믹쪯뗄훆뛈뿉틔퓚튻룶뛀솢뗄뫍뿉쓜쫇좫쟲ퟮ듳뗄뎤웚햮좯쫐뎡뗄믹뒡짏살퓋탐ꆣ떫쫇탂잧쓪쓚뛔폚얷훞횮췢뗄맺볒뛸퇔ꎬ죃컒쏇틀뻝믵뇒뗄쎿튻믹놾뗄맺쓚릦쓜ꆪ죧삸2쯹쇐뗄ꆪ틀듎살맘탄쏀풪죫쟖컊쳢ꆣퟷ캪붻틗쎽뷩ꎬ죧삸2ꎬ쏀풪퓚헻룶삭쏀ꆢ럇훞뫍탭뛠잰쯕솪뗘쟸헽ퟷ캪쫖춷뒫뗝뗄믵뇒뛸맣랺쇷춨ꆣ퓚벸룶삭쏀맺볒ꎬ쏀풪틸탐헋뮧ꎨ짺쾢ꎬ폐뗄뿉뾪횧욱ꎩ짵훁틑뺭뫏램뮯ꆣ헢훖욽탐쇷춨틢캶ퟅ좫랽캻뗄놾뿘훆ꆪ웳춼폃살럀횹놾뇒뫍쏀풪횮볤뗄뮻ꆪ늻뿉쓜뗃떽쪵쪩ꎨ떫쫇쿲뛔췢뷨뿮쳡돶뗄컂뫍뗄ힼ놸뷰튪쟳뫍헷쮰ꎬ쿱ퟮ뷼뗄훇샻튻퇹ꎬ퓲죔좻쫇뿉탐뗄ꎩꆣ떱놾맺믹뒡믵뇒뗄탨쟳퓚복죵뫍뇤뗃쿠떱늻컈뚨쪱ꎬ캪쪲쎴삭쏀믵뇒떱뻖뫍웤쯻튻킩뗘랽죔퓊탭헢훖쟖싔탔뗄쏀풪욽탐쇷춨볌탸랢햹ꎿ쫗쿈ꎬ탭뛠헾뢮평폚ퟔ짭퇛뷧뗄뛌쫓ꎬ쿫컼쫕쟈쏱뛔쒸맺뗄믣뿮ꆣ틲듋ꎬ쯼쏇뛔쟈쏱믘맺쓚뗄뷰쳡릩맺쓚쏀풪듦뿮헋뮧ꆣ벴쪹쒫컷룧틸탐쾵춳쿖퓚쎻폐쳡릩폫쏀풪폐맘뗄틸탐헋뮧ꎬ쒫컷룧폫쏀맺싾뎤뗄뇟뺳쿟틔벰죋뿚듳솿뗄쮫쿲쇷뚯쪹뗃쒫컷룧죋뿧뺳돖폐짺쾢쏀풪틸탐헋뮧럇뎣죝틗ꆣ뗚뛾ꎬ뛔폚럇뎣훘튪뗄돶뿚짌욷ꎬ죧싩ퟭ볁뗄럇램돶뿚뗄쫕죫쎻폐볇슼ꎬ맺쓚헾뢮볈늻쓜뛔웤헷쮰튲늻쓜잿웈룃돶뿚쏀풪쫕죫뮻믘놾뇒ꆣퟮ뫃쫇춨맽쳡릩폐컼틽솦뗄맺쓚쏀풪듦뿮뗄뇣샻ꎬ놣횤훁짙폐늿럖살ퟔ뚾욷쎳틗뗄쏀풪쫕죫믡쇴퓚맺쓚뗄틸탐ꆣퟮ뫳ꎬ떫늻쫇ퟮ듎튪뗄ꎬ쫇평폚벸뫵쯹폐뗄삭쏀맺볒뎤쪱웚돖탸뗄뷰죚뚯떴ꎺ룟춨헍ꆢ뛌퓝뗄컈뚨ꆢ믵뇒뇀삣ꆢ훘탂뾪쪼뗄춨헍ꎬ뗈뗈ꆣ쎻폐쫜떽놣뮤뗄놾뇒쿖뷰폠뛮뗄돖폐헟퓚맽좥뎣뎣놻훘훘헷쮰ꆣ헢퇹ꎬ퓚맺쓚믲맺췢ꎬ죋쏇훁짙돖폐튻킩쏀풪폠뛮뗄뷷짷뚯믺쫇럇뎣잿뗄ꆣ쿠쯆뗘ꎬ퓚탭뛠럇훞맺볒뫍뷢쳥뫳뗄잰쯕솪룷뗘쟸ꆪ냼삨뛭싞쮹ퟔ벺ꆪ쿠뛔뛠뗘돖폐쏀풪뗄쿖쿳쮾뿕볻맟ꆣ떫쫇쏀풪폫놾뇒퓚맺쓚뗄욽탐쇷춨늢늻쫇튻룶뇘좻뗄쿖쿳ꆣ쪵볊짏뚫퇇룷맺뻍쳡릩쇋쿠랴뗄샽ퟓꆣ믹놾짏ꎬ쯻쏇햽뫳쎻폐쿱삭쏀쓇퇹뗄춨믵엲헍뫍뿱놩뗄믵뇒돥믷샺쪷ꎬ짵훁퓚쓇킩맺볒ꆪ펡뛈쓡컷퇇ꆢ몫맺ꆢ십살컷퇇ꆢ럆싉뇶뫍첩맺ꆪ웤믵뇒퓚1997훁1998쓪듳캣믺훐쫜떽릥믷ꎬ쏀풪퓚맺쓚뗄욽탐쇷춨늻맜퓚릥믷잰뮹쫇뷱쳬ꎨ뿉쓜뗄샽췢쫇펡쓡ꎩ뚼쫇컞ퟣ쟡훘뗄ꆣ헢킩랢짺캣믺81
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뗄맺볒ꆪ뫍쎻폐랢짺캣믺뗄맺볒뫍뗘쟸죧훐맺ꆢ탂볓웂ꆢ쿣룛뫍첨췥ꆪ퓚1997쓪틔잰뫍1998쓪틔뫳뚼놣돖ퟅ뾴쯆컈뚨뗄ꎬ튲탭럇헽쪽뗄ꎬ뛔쏀풪뗄만뚨뇈싊ꆣ삸2쏀풪뛔룷맺믵뇒맺쓚릦쓜뗄죫쟖ꎺ뒦폚쏀풪놾캻췢캧뗄랢햹훐맺볒¥ 붻틗쎽뷩ꆣ퓚탭뛠삭쏀맺볒ꆢ럇훞뫍잰쯕솪룷맺쏀풪횧욱뫍듦뿮폫웤놾뇒욽탐쇷춨ꎬ떫쫇퓚퇇훞늢늻웕뇩ꆣ¥ 낲좫쳬쳃ꎨ볛횵뒢님ꎩꆣ헽뎣쪱웚ꎬ횻폐퓚헦쪵샻싊뇈춬웚쏀풪닺룼룟쪱닅믡돖폐놾뇒닺ꎺ듦퓚쿠뛔폚쏀풪뗄헽뗄맺볒ꆪ믲믵뇒ꆪ럧쿕틧볛ꆣ쮽죋뫍맙랽쇷뚯탔쏀풪닺늿럖뗘좡듺돖폐맺쓚쇷뚯닺ꆣ¥ 믡볆떥캻ꆣ믵뇒릤뫍웤쯻뛌웚맺쓚뫏춬횱뷓믲볤뷓뗘폫쏀풪믣싊쿠솪쾵ꆣ퓚폐맽뷰죚뚯떴샺쪷뗄탂탋쫐뎡맺볒럇뎣웕뇩ꆪ믲헟뒦퓚췆탐컈뚨뮯볆뮮뗄헳춴뗄맺볒튲뫜웕뇩ꎬ퇇훞퓲늻웕뇩ꆣ¥ 퇓웚횧뢶뇪ힼꎺ뛌웚뛔췢뷨뿮ꆪ쎳틗탅폃믲틸탐볤뷨뿮ꆪ틔벰룼뎤웚뗄쿲췢맺죋랢탐뗄훷좨햮좯ꎬ춨뎣뚼틔쏀풪쏼쏻ꆣ쿠뛔폚맺쓚쏀풪햮좯쯹맀쯣뗄샻싊훐뗄럧쿕틧볛ꎬ쏀맺맺뿢좯쫇ꆰ컞럧쿕ꆱ닺ꆣ쮽죋뎤웚놾뇒햮좯쫐뎡믹놾늻듦퓚ꆪ뚼놻맺볊쏀풪햮좯쫐뎡쯹횧엤ꆣ좻뛸ꎬퟷ캪삸2훐뗄볛횵뒢님ꎬ짺쾢쏀풪닺뇈떽웚쪱볤쿠춬뗄맺쓚닺룼햼폅쫆ꎬ헢퓚퇇훞뫍퓚삭쏀틔벰웤쯻랢햹훐맺볒쫇튻퇹뗄ꆪ돽럇놻폐킧뗄놾맜훆쯹놣뮤ꎨ쿱퓚훐맺ꎩꆣ튻듎랢짺퓚쏀풪놾캻췢캧뗄죎뫎튻룶랢햹훐맺볒뗄헾훎믲뺭볃캣믺뚼붫쪹맺쓚뻓쏱닺짺톹솦ꎬ듓뛸톸쯙ꎨ냑놾뇒닺ꎩ뇤돉ퟷ캪낲좫쳬쳃뗄짺쾢쏀풪닺ꆣ짵훁퓚뚫퇇ꎨ죕놾돽췢ꎩꎬ횻폐퓚쿠뇈폚떽웚쪱볤쿠춬뗄쏀풪햮좯뗄헦쪵믘놨싊룼룟쪱ꎬ웳튵뫍볒춥닅풸틢돖폐맺쓚뗄햮좯믲짺쾢닺ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ폫쏀풪쏼쏻뗄뚨웚듦뿮ꎨ믲햮좯ꎩ쿠뇈ꎬ놾뇒뗄뚨웚듦뿮ꎨ믲햮좯ꎩ뇘탫뗃떽쪵훊탔뗄럧쿕틧볛ꆪ뛸쟒헢샠럧쿕틧볛웕뇩쫇뎤웚룟폚뛌웚ꆣ뗄좷ꎬ틔놾뇒쏼쏻뗄뎤웚햮좯뗄럧쿕틧볛뿉쓜첫룟쇋틔훁폚뎤웚ꎨ햮좯ꎩ쾵쇐뗄릫뾪쫐뎡튻냣뚼늻듦퓚ꆣ죧뫎살뫢솿헢훖럧쿕틧볛ꎬ뇈죧붫쯼폫틔쓪볆뗄놾뇒뇡횵ꎨ믲짽횵ꎩ쟸럖82
뾪살ꎬ헢쫇튻룶붲뺿벼쟉뗄뺭볃볆솿컊쳢ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ랢햹훐맺볒뗄샻싊쫇룟뛈뛠뇤뗄ꆪ듓쪱볤탲쇐뫍뿧맺뇰탲쇐뾴뚼쫇죧듋ꆣ퓚뾪쪼폚첩맺뗄1997쓪믵뇒릥믷횮잰ꎬ뚫퇇룷햮컱맺볒뗄죽퓂웚듦뿮뗄뫏쫊뗄럧쿕틧볛욽뻹듳풼캪4룶냙럖뗣ꎬ좻뛸퓚삭쏀ꎬ쯼쏇욽뻹뷓뷼5떽6룶냙럖뗣ꎬ룟폚뷰뇟쏀풪닺뗄춬샠횸뇪ꆣ퓚뷰죚쫐뎡짏ꎬ삸2훐뗄믡볆떥캻뫍퇓웚횧뢶뇪ힼ쫇뫜뷓뷼뗄쿠맘룅쓮ꎬ횸뗄쫇퓚맺쓚뫏춬훐ퟷ캪볆쫽떥캻뗄믵뇒릦쓜ꎺ잰헟룼뛠뗘쫇튻룶뛌웚룅쓮뛸쿠랴뫳헟쫇룼뎤웚뗄룅쓮ꆣ뛔폚삭쏀룷맺쓚뗄뎤웚쮽죋햮컱뫏춬ꎬ쏀풪쫇맟폃뗄퇓웚횧뢶뇪ힼꎬ뛸놾뇒퓲폃살ퟷ캪붻틗쫖뛎ꆣ헢뿉쓜쫇틲캪쏀풪듓뎤웚뾴룼쓜놣돖웤헦쪵뗄릺싲솦볛횵ꎬ뛸쟒퓚뫏춬떽웚쪱죋쏇뿉틔뗃떽틔놾뇒볆쯣뗄쏀풪볛횵뗄벴쪱믣싊놨볛ꆣ쿠뛔펦뗘ꎬ쮽죋햮컱뫏춬뫜짙폫맺쓚볛룱횸쫽쿠솪쾵ꆪ쿱WPIꎨ엺랢볛룱횸쫽ꎩ뫍CPIꎨ쿻럑볛룱횸쫽ꎩꆪ튻뚨돌뛈짏쫇틲캪뮳틉헢샠횸쫽퓚춳볆짏뗄뿉탅뛈뫍틲캪쫕벯헢킩볛룱쇏뗄훍뫳탔ꆣ짵훁맺쓚쮽죋뫍훷좨햮좯뗄랢탐튲쫇틔쏀풪ퟷ캪볆쫽떥캻ꎬ헢샠햮좯뗄랢탐춨뎣튲쫇뛌웚뗄ꆪ믲헟룹뻝뛌웚닺ꎨ30쳬ꎩ뗄쫕틦살룸돶튻룶뢡뚯샻싊ꆣ맺볊뎤웚햮좯쫐뎡짏뗄쏀풪폅쫆ꆪ퓚쓇뛹쏀맺맺뿢좯놻뾴ퟷ쫀뷧탔뗄ꆰ컞럧쿕ꆱ닺ꆪ쳡릩쇋튻훖틖훆뎤웚햮좯랢탐뗄뺺헹탔닺ꎬ쳘뇰쫇뛔폚랢햹훐맺볒쮽죋늿쏅뎤웚햮좯뗄랢탐ꆣ튻룶만뚨뗄뎤웚믣싊욽볛뗄좱랦벫듳뗘ퟨ낭쇋췢캧맺볒맺쓚뎤웚햮좯쫐뎡뗄랢햹ꎬ내헕쫀뷧탔컞럧쿕닺ꎬ벴쏀맺맺뿢좯뗄쟩뿶ꎬ헢룶만뚨뗄뎤웚믣싊욽볛놾살뿉틔쿠떱컈뚨뗘놣돖맺쓚햮좯뗄릺싲솦ꆣ뷡뻖뻍죧Ricardo Hausman 쯹쮵뗄탂탋쫐뎡뗄ꆰ풭ퟯꆱꎨoriginal sinꎩꆣ죚틀좻쫇럇뎣뛌웚뗄ꆪ뛸ꎨ듳솿ꎩ뷨듻뗄맺볊ퟩ돉늿럖쫇틔쒳튻쯻맺믵뇒벴쏀풪쏼쏻뗄ꆣ쎻폐맺쓚뗄햮좯쫐뎡ꎬ췢캧맺볒뗄뷰죚쳥쾵룼볓죝틗돶쿖컊쳢ꆪ헢랴맽살폖잿뮯쇋췢캧죵킡믵뇒뫍훐탄잿쫆믵뇒횮볤쓚퓚뗄늻뛔뗈탔ꆣ컞싛쫇쯻쯹잿뗷뗄맺쓚뷰죚쫐뎡뗄늻컈뚨탔ꎬ뮹쫇컒쯹잿뗷뗄살ퟔ쏀풪닺뗄맺볊뺺헹ꎬ쯼쏇붻횯퓚튻웰쪹뗃뛔풭ퟯ뗄헼뻈삧쓑훘훘ꆣ뛾ꆢ뚫퇇믣싊뗄삧뺳룹뻝떱듺쫀뷧쏀풪놾캻쫇죧뫎퓋뗄맛뗣ꎬ쓇쎴뛔폚뚫퇇쯼낵쪾ퟅ쪲쎴ꎿ냼삨죕놾뗄뚫퇇맺볒쿠뮥횮볤헽퓚뾪햹쎳틗ꎬ춬쪱쯼쏇튲폫쫀뷧웤폠룷뗘뷸탐쎳틗ꆣ틲캪헢훖뺭볃튻쳥뮯뗄뷸돌퓚볌탸ꎬ튻룶릲춬뗄놾캻믵뇒헽뇤뗃룼볓벱탨ꆣ쯼쏇뗄샻싊뇘탫룼뫃뗄놻낲업킭뗷ꎬ믣싊펦룃룼볓컈뚨ꆣ83
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies럱퓲ꎬ쏦뛔룼듳뗄샻싊닮뇰뫍늻좷뚨뗄믣싊ꎬꆰ폎ꆱ쇷ꆪ냩쯦ퟅ놾췢쳓뫍믵뇒뇀삣뗄맽뛈뷨뿮톭뮷ꆪ쿱1997ꆪ1998쓪뗄펡뛈쓡컷퇇ꆢ몫맺ꆢ십살컷퇇ꆢ럆싉뇶뫍첩맺쓇퇹ꆪ붫퓙듎랢짺ꆣ튻떩랢짺믣싊뇤뮯ꎬ듓튻맺떽쇭튻맺뗄틧돶킧펦믡닺짺뗘쟸탔춨믵엲헍믲춨믵뷴쯵뗄돥믷늨ꆣ쓇퇹뗄뮰ꎬ뚫퇇헽퓚뷸탐뗄믵컯뫍놾쇷뚯튻쳥뮯쯹듸살뗄듳솿뗄잱퓚뺭볃샻틦붫즥쪧듹뺡ꆪ뻍쿱1999쓪1퓂얷풪떮짺횮잰뗄얷쏋룷맺쯹룐쫜떽뗄늻폤뿬튻퇹ꆣ믽벫뗄튻쏦쫇ꎬ뚫퇇룷맺뻟폐춨솦뫏ퟷ놣돖뗘쟸믵뇒컈뚨뗄닆헾잱솦ꆣ룷맺ꆪ뿉쓜훷튪돽쇋펡쓡ꆪ뻟폐돤럖뗄헷쮰쓜솦ꎬ믲헟폐튻룶ퟣ릻듳뗄맺쓚틸탐쳥쾵살횧돖웤헾뢮뷸탐늻랢짺춨믵엲헍뗄죚ꆣ쎻듭ꎬ쯼쏇뗄헾뢮늻쓜릻헽좷뗘맜훆쯼쏇뗄틸탐뫍뿘훆믵뇒릩룸ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ늻춬폚탭뛠삭쏀맺볒뫍럇훞맺볒ꎬ뚫퇇맺볒늻탨튪틀삵닆헾탨튪횮췢뗄춨믵엲헍쮰뫍돖탸뗄믵뇒뇡횵ꆣ헢퇹ꎬ뚫퇇룷맺헾뢮쓜릻춨맽컈뚨뗄맺쓚믵뇒살벯쳥탔뻶뚨뗘쟸믵뇒킭뗷ꆣꆰ쓜릻ꆱ떱좻늻춬폚ꆰ풸틢ꆱꎬ떫쫇ꎬ돽럇뺭볃짏뗄헽랴솽랽쏦뚼붲뗃뫜쟥돾ꎬ럱퓲헾훎틢풸붫ퟜ쫇좱랦뗄ꆣ캴쓜릻닉폃튻훖ꆰ퇇풪ꆱꎨꆰAsian euroꆱꎩꎨ떱좻쫇쎻폐죋쾣췻ꎩꎬ쫇쪲쎴믵뇒붩뻖틖훆쇋싵쿲쟸폲믣싊컈뚨뗄릲춬늽랥ꎿ헢룶ꆰ뚫퇇삧뺳ꆱ뻟폐죽룶뮥쿠맘솪뗄틲쯘ꆣ뗚튻ꎬ쯹폐뗄뚫퇇맺볒돽쇋죕놾뚼믲뛠믲짙뗘붫놾뇒뚤힡쇋쏀풪ꆪ1997ꆪ1998쓪캣믺잰뫳뚼쫇죧듋ꆣ쎻폐돶쿖듳컊쳢ꎬ1997쓪틔잰뫍쿖퓚ꎬ뚤힡쏀풪ퟷ캪맺쓚볛룱쮮욽뗄쏻틥컈뚨웷뫍퓚복짙뛌웚놾뗄맺볊쇷뚯럧쿕랽쏦뚼랢믓쇋ퟷ폃ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ돖탸뗘쪹폃튻훖ꆰ췢늿ꆱ믵뇒살ퟷ캪놣뮤뺭볃튻쳥뮯뗄믵뇒믹뒡쯆뫵폐뗣랴뎣뫍듦퓚헹싛ꆣ뗚뛾ꎬ쿠뇈폚쏀맺ꎬ죕놾뗄뗘캻쳘뇰뗘늻욽뫢ꆣ뺡맜죕놾쫇놾뗘쟸뫍좫쟲ퟮ듳뗄햮좨맺ꎬ웤뛔췢맺죋뗄샛믽햮좨듳늿럖쫇틔췢맺믵뇒벴쏀풪쏼쏻뗄ꆣ떱죕풪짽횵쪱ꎬ죕놾뷰죚믺릹뗄닺뢺햮뇭붫돶쿖쯰쪧ꎨ틔죕풪볆쯣ꎩꆣ뛸쟒ꎬퟔ듓1945쓪틔살ꎬ웈폚쏀맺뗄톹솦ꎬ죕놾룄뇤쇋헢룶믲쓇룶맺쓚헾닟ꎬ헢쪹뗃죕놾죝틗쫜떽짋몦ꆣ떱쏀맺췆뚯죕놾뺭볃룼볓ퟔ평뮯쪱ꎬ헢훖톹솦뇘탫폐쯹놣횤ꆣ늻맽ꎬ듓뢺쏦살뾴ꎬ듓1971쓪떽1995쓪쏀맺쪱폐쪱컞뗘쿲죕놾쪩톹ꎬ튪쟳죕풪짽횵ꎬ틔뇣복짙죕놾뗄쎳틗펯폠ꎬ헢쫇죕놾뺭볃뗄춨믵뷴쯵퓚뷱쳬죔퓚볌탸뗄튻룶뚯틲ꆣퟔ듓20쫀볍70쓪듺뫳웚ꎬ헢훖죕풪짽횵풤웚뫍돖탸뗄춨믵뷴쯵폐훺폚쟽쪹죕풪닺뗄쏻틥샻싊뇈쏀풪닺뗄쏻틥샻싊튪뗍돶4룶냙럖뗣ꆣ84
떱좻ꎬퟔ1995쓪틔살ꎬ죕풪듓뺻뷡쯣짏뾴늢쎻폐짽횵ꆪ뺡맜쿠뛔폚쏀풪쯼죔볌탸듳럹뛈늨뚯ꆣ쯤좻죧듋ꎬ룷훖웚쿞뗄죕풪폫쏀풪닺횮볤뗄샻닮죔좻뫜듳ꆪ짵훁쿠닮3떽5룶냙럖뗣ꆣ쫐뎡떣폇뷢쫍쇋늿럖닮틬ꎬ틲캪ꎬ폈웤쫇떱쏀맺뺭볃럅뮺뗄뮰ꎬ쏀맺짌튵튪쟳죕풪짽횵뗄톹솦뿉쓜훘탂돶쿖ꆣ닮틬뗄뗚뛾늿럖살ퟔ쒿잰죕놾뷰죚믺릹돖폐뻞뛮쏀풪횤좯닺뗄럧쿕ꎬ헢킩닺쫇맽좥20쓪죕놾뺭뎣헋뮧펯폠볓쯙믽샛뗄뷡맻ꆣ평폚쏀풪닺뗄죕풪볛횵쯦ퟅ믣싊뛸늨뚯ꎬ쿠뇈폚쏀풪닺뗄샻싊ꎬ튻룶뢺뗄럧쿕틧볛복짙쇋죕풪뗄샻싊ꆣ럱퓲ꎬ쮽죋죕놾뷰죚믺릹붫쎻폐ퟣ릻뗄뚯믺살돖폐ꆰ맽쪣ꆱ뗄쏀풪닺ꆣ죕풪쏦쇙뗄톹솦폐솽룶살풴ꎬ벴떣탄쏀맺뗄짌튵톹솦뫍퓚죕풪/쏀풪믣싊쎻폐놻쮨힡뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ죕놾뷰죚믺릹돖폐뗄뻞뛮쏀풪횤좯닺붫웈쪹죕놾뗄쏻틥샻싊뗍폚쏀맺뗄쏻틥샻싊ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ횻튪쏀맺뗄쏻틥샻싊폫20쫀볍70쓪듺뫍80쓪듺뗄튻퇹룟ꎬ죕놾쏻틥샻싊쿠뛔뷏뗍뻍늻믡폐뷏듳캣몦ꆣ좻뛸ꎬퟔ20쫀볍90쓪듺훐웚훁2001쓪떱쏀맺ퟔ짭뗄샻싊쿠뛔뷏뗍쪱ꎨ뗍폚욽뻹쮮욽ꎩꎬ죕풪닺뗄훐뎤웚샻싊붫놻폕쪹붵뗍캪0ꆣ퓚헢룶ꆰ췢늿잿볓ꆱ뗄쇷뚯탔쿝?샯ꎬ죕놾틸탐뻍컞솦뷢뻶놾맺춨믵뷴쯵듸살뗄쿴쳵ꆣ뗚죽ꎬ떱뚫퇇웤쯻맺볒뚤힡쏀풪ꎬ뛸캴놻뚤힡뗄죕풪/쏀풪믣싊돶쿖틢췢늨뚯쪱ꎬ죕놾뫍뚫퇇쏀풪벯췅횮볤뗄뷰죚붻틗뻍돉캪늻컈뚨뗄훷튪풴좪ꆣ죕풪/쏀풪믣싊뗄헢킩늨뚯볓뻧쇋쫕죫뫍뻍튵랽쏦뗄늨뚯ꆣ떱죕풪뛔폚쏀풪놻룟맀쪱ꎬ쿠뛔폚쯼뗄뚫퇇쎳틗믯냩ꎬ튲쫇놻룟맀뗄ꆣ헢떼훂쇋튻룶쓦랴뗄짌튵훜웚ꎺ퓚웤쯻쳵볾늻뇤쪱ꎬ튻떩죕풪놻룟맀ꎬ웤쯻킡뗄맺볒뺭볃타타쿲죙뛸춬쪱죕놾뺭볃좴쫇쿴쳵튻욬ꆪ랴횮틠좻ꆣ죕놾벫뗍뗄샻싊뫍뚫퇇쎳틗믯냩ퟩ돉뗄쏀풪벯췅헽뎣뷏룟뗄샻싊횮볤뗄닮뇰튲볓뻧쇋놾뗘쟸뗄ꆰ폎ꆱ쇷뚯ꆣ뛔폚뚫퇇탂탋쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒뗄틸탐뫍럇뷰죚릫쮾뛸퇔ꎬ떱샻닮뫜듳쪱ꎬ퓚췢믣붻틗훐ퟶ컞쳗웚놣횵싲싴뗄폕믳붫쫇컞램뗖떲뗄ꆣ쯹캽뗄죕풪뷡쎳틗ꎨyen carry tradeꎩ헽쫇튻룶뗤샽ꆣ퓚1997ꆪ1998쓪캣믺횮잰ꎬ튻킩뚫퇇햮컱맺볒뗄틸탐풸틢뷓쫜뗍쾢쏀풪믲짵훁룼뗍쾢뗄죕풪듦뿮ꎻ좻뫳쯼쏇붫ꎨ룃듦뿮ꎩ퓚놾뇒듻뿮훐틔룟뗃뛠뗄쫕틦싊뷨돶좥ꆣ헢훖룟럧쿕뗄믵뇒듭컳엤뫏늢늻뷶뷶쿞폚햮컱맺볒뗄뷰죚믺릹놾짭ꆣ믹폚죕풪뗄뗍돉놾듦뿮ꎬ죕놾틸탐좴좡뗃쇋틔쏀풪ꆢ첩ꆢ몫풪ꆢ슬뇈뫍웤쯻믵뇒볆볛뗄룟쫕틦닺ꆣퟮ뫳떫늻쫇ퟮ듎튪뗄쫇ꎨ늢헽쫇ꎩ룟뛈춶믺뗄쯹캽뗄뛔돥믹뷰ꎬ쯼쏇퓚85
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뚫뺩뷨뿮좻뫳떽몺돇ꆢ싼마ꆢ퇅볓듯뗈웤쯻뗘랽좥럅뿮ꆣ헢킩뛔돥믹뷰믡틲캪쓄엂튻뗣뗣뿉쓜뗄믣싊늨뚯뛸톸쯙틆뷰ꆪ좷쪵쫇뫜죈뗄ꆰ폎ꆱꆣ헢훖폎쇷헽쫇1997ꆪ1998쓪캣믺뗄룹풴ꆣ퓚펡뛈쓡컷퇇ꆢ몫맺ꆢ십살컷퇇ꆢ럆싉뇶뫍첩맺뗈햮컱맺볒훐ꎬ릫쮾뫍틸탐틑뺭탎돉쇋뻞뛮늻쓜싄탐뗄쏀풪뫍죕풪햮컱ꆣ떱쯼쏇뗄믵뇒쫜떽릥믷쪱ꎬ헢킩뛌웚췢뇒햮컱뻍컞램볌탸맶뚯ꆣ헢훖춻좻뗄듓놾쇷죫떽놾쇷돶뗄뮻쪹쯻쏇룹놾컞솦ퟨ횹놾뇒뗄뇡횵ꆣ뛸헢훖뇡횵폖쪹뗃춨맽틔놾뇒쏼쏻뗄쫕죫쇷살뎥뮹쯼쏇뗄췢뇒햮컱돉캪늻뿉쓜뗄쫂ꆣ튻룶늻캪죋쯹쫬횪뗄캣믺뫳맻쫇ꎬ닎폫뚫퇇쎳틗뗄쯹폐짌욷뗄쏀풪볛룱뗄퇏훘춨믵뷴쯵ꆣ퓚랢짺캣믺뗄맺볒뷸뿚탨쟳뇀삣뗄춬쪱ꎬ쯼쏇뗄돶뿚퓲평폚웤놾뇒뛔쏀풪뗄벫듳뇡횵뛸쫜떽늻ퟔ좻뗄듌벤ꎬ쏀맺뗄쏻틥컈뚨웷쎻폐놻놣돖힡ꆣ헢틢캶ퟅꎬ폫훐탄맺볒뗄짌욷쳗샻캴쓜돤럖ퟨ횹뚫퇇뗄짌욷뫍럾컱쎳틗뗄쏀풪볛룱풶풶뗸떽쏀맺놾췁뗄웕뇩볛룱횮쿂ꆣ틲듋ꎬ쓇킩쎻폐놻웈뇡횵뗄뚫퇇뺭볃쳥ꆪ훐맺뫍쿣룛볡돖쇋쯼쏇캣믺잰뗄쏀풪믣싊횱떽쿖퓚ꆪ돐쫜쇋퇏훘뗄맺쓚춨믵뷴쯵ꎬ벴룹뻝웤놾뇒뫢솿뗄볛룱쿂붵ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ쯼쏇쏦쇙맺쓚볛룱쮮욽뗄쿂붵뛸죔좻캬돖믣싊뗄볡춦ꎬ헢췬뻈쇋뚫퇇뺭볃쳥뇜쏢퓢떽룼퇏훘뗄퓖쓑ꎬ죧맻훐맺뫍쿣룛튲뇡횵뗄뮰ꎬ헢룶퓖쓑뇣믡쯦횮랢짺ꆣ뫜쏷쿔ꎬ뚫퇇믵뇒쳥쾵죔좻늻컈뚨뫍죝틗돶쿖컊쳢ꆣ돖탸떽ퟮ뷼뗄1999쓪뾪쪼뗄뇀삣뫳ꆰ쏛퓂ꆱꆪ헢뛎쪱웚캣믺뺭볃쳥뗄뛌웚샻싊뗴떽쇋늻튻냣뗄뗍쮮욽ꎬ쫜떽뷰죚돍뷤뗄릫쮾ꆢ틸탐뫍틸탐볠맜헟뚼뇤뗃벫뛋뗘뷷짷ꆪ붫늻믡늻좷뚨뗘돖탸쿂좥ꆣ첩ꆢ몫풪뫍쇕벪쳘틸탐듦뿮럇튻냣뗄뗍샻싊랴펳돶놾뇒맽뛈쫜떽쯰몦ꎨ맽뛈뇡횵ꎩꎬ듓뛸떼훂튻뚨뗄컂뫍짽횵뗄뺻풤웚ꆣ튻떩뻹뫢뗄헦쪵샻싊놻믖뢴ꎬ헢킩췢캧뺭볃쳥뗄샻싊붫쳡룟ꎬ뛸쏀맺뫍죕놾뗄샻닮ꎨ폕믳ퟷ맽뛈뷨뿮뗄놣횤뷰ꎩ붫뷸튻늽삩듳ꆪ쳘뇰쫇죕놾헽쿝폚춨믵뷴쯵훐ꎬ웤뛌웚샻싊놣돖퓚뷓뷼쇣뗄쮮욽짏ꆣ룄룯쒿뇪튪뿋럾헢훖뷰죚든죵탔ꎬ늢쿷죵폎쇷뚯뗄뚯믺ꎬ튻룶룄룯뗄뚫퇇쏀풪놾캻뗄맘볼쒿뇪쫇쪲쎴쓘ꎿ튻룶룄룯뗄훆뛈펦룃쏩ힼꎺꎨ1ꎩ쯹폐뚫퇇뺭볃쳥횮볤룼듳뗄뎤웚믣싊뗄낲좫탔ꆪ늻뷶퓚쿖폐뗄믵뇒쏀풪벯췅횮볤ꎬ뛸쟒냼삨죕놾놾짭ꎻꎨ2ꎩ튻룶릲춬뗄룟뛈뿉탐뗄믵뇒컈뚨웷살뛔뾹ꎺꎨiꎩ햮컱뺭볃쳥쓚춨믵엲86
헍뗄럧쿕뫍떣탄ꎬ틔벰ꎨiiꎩ죕놾춨믵뷴쯵뗄럧쿕뫍떣탄ꎻꎨ3ꎩ폐맘뛔틸탐뫍맺볊놾쇷뚯맜훆랽쏦뗄쿠뮥샭뷢뫍룼뫏쫊뗄헾닟ꆣ튻룶죝틗듯돉뗄뫳맻펦룃쫇튻룶룼뫃뗄샻싊낲업폫킭뗷ꆪ햮컱맺뫍햮좨맺횮볤룼킡뗄샻싊닮뇰ꆣ춶믺탔뗄뛔돥믹뷰붫늻퓙릥믷죕풪뗄뷡쎳틗ꆣ폃살럀횹늻쫊떱뗄췢믣붻틗놩슶뫍맽뛈뷨뿮뗄퇏룱맜훆뗄탨튪붫믡복짙ꆣ떱좻ꎬ퓚튻킩탂탋쫐뎡맺볒ꎬ럀횹늻쫊떱뗄뷰죚쎰쿕탐캪뗄놾뿘훆ꎨ죧퓚훐맺ꎩ죔붫폐뇘튪ꆣ뗚뛾룶뫳맻펦룃쫇쿷죵ꎬ믲헟쿻돽평폚죕풪/쏀풪믣싊늨뚯뛸닺짺뗄뚫퇇쓚늿뗄짌튵훜웚ꆣ떱좻ꎬ벴뇣튻룶룄룯뫳뗄뚫퇇쏀풪놾캻뛔폚쫀뷧랶캧뗄뚯떴ꆪ냼삨쓇킩폫쏀맺놾짭쿠맘뗄룉죅ꆪ죔붫죝틗쫜떽짋몦ꆣ뗚죽룶뫳맻펦룃쫇냯훺뿋럾죕놾놻퇓뎤뗄뺭볃쮥췋ꆣ쒿잰죕놾돖탸춨믵뷴쯵뗄풤웚쫇죧듋룹짮뗙만ꎬ틲듋ꎬ뇘탫죏헦뾼싇ꎨ훆뚨ꎩ튻룶훷튪뗄맺볊볆뮮살뷡쫸죕풪짽횵뗄뿖쿅뫍맺쓚돖탸뗄춨믵뷴쯵ꆣ뚫퇇쏀풪놾캻쪮폠쓪살ꎬ죕놾헾뢮폎쮵퓚뚫퇇탎돉튻룶죕풪쟸ꆣ죕풪/쏀풪뗄믣싊늨뚯룼뛠뗘쫇뛔죕놾ퟔ벺뗄룉죅ꎬ틲캪웤쯻뚫퇇맺볒ꆪ짵훁뫜훘튪뗄쎳틗믯냩ꆪ쫂쪵짏뚼틑뺭뚤힡쏀풪ꆣ틲듋ꎬ죕놾뫍웤쯻뗘랽뗄탭뛠폅탣뺭볃톧볒붨틩ꎬ죕놾뗄뚫퇇쎳틗믯냩쏇엗웺쯼쏇뛔쏀풪뗄만뚨믣싊ꎬ뛸뚤힡튻룶룹뻝쎳틗좨훘뗄믵뇒ퟩ뫏ꆣ퓚헢퇹튻룶ꆰ튻삺ퟓ뚤힡ꆱ훐ꎬ뛔펦죕놾ퟷ캪뚫퇇ퟮ듳뗄쎳틗맺ꎬ죕풪붫햼폐뫜훘뗄좨훘ꆣ헢퇹ꎬ쯦ퟅ쎿튻룶웤쯻뗄뚫퇇맺볒뚤힡헢퇹튻룶ꆰ삺ퟓꆱꎬ떱죕풪/쏀풪뗄믣싊늨뚯쪱ꎬ쯼쏇틔벰죕놾뗄헦쪵믣싊뗄뇤뮯붫놻죵뮯ꆣ뺡맜욽뮬쟸폲쓚뗄늨뚯럇뎣뫃ꎬ헢룶뚤힡믵뇒삺ퟓ뗄랽램좴쎻폐뒥뚯캪쪲쎴뷏킡뗄뚫퇇뺭볃쳥톡퓱뚤힡쏀풪ꆪ쯤좻쫇쯉즢뗘뫍럇맙랽뗘ꆪ뗄훷튪뚯믺ꆣ좫쫀뷧뒦폚쏀풪놾캻ꎬ뚫퇇뗄쎳틗쇷톹떹탔뗘쫇틔쏀풪살뾪랢욱볆볛뗄ꆣ뢽쯦뗘ꎬ맺볊뷰죚쇷ꆪ냼삨뻞듳뗄뛌웚횧뢶쇷ꆪ튲뻸듳뛠쫽쫇틔쏀풪쏼쏻ꆣ틲듋ꎬ퓚럇캣믺쪱웚ꎬ뚫퇇탂탋쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒뗄믵뇒떱뻖뻟폐쮫훘뚯믺살놣돖쯼쏇뗄놾뇒뛔쏀풪뗄믣싊늻튪뇤뚯첫듳ꎺꎨ1ꎩ떱놾맺놾쫐뎡잷랢듯쪱ꎬ쎿룶훐퇫틸탐뚼쫔춼톰헒튻룶췢늿쏻틥컈뚨웷ꎨexternal nominal anchorꎩퟷ캪튻룶쒿뇪믲릤뻟ꎬ믲솽헟볦뛸폐횮ꎬ살놣뮤맺쓚볛룱쮮욽ꆣ캪쇋컈뚨맺쓚볛룱쮮욽ꎬ튻맺뗄ꎨ놾뇒ꎩ쏀풪믣싊늻쓜놻퓊탭퓚튻룶뷏뗍욵싊뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ벴내퓂믲내쓪살닢쯣늨뚯첫듳ꎬ뺡맜튻킩뚫퇇맺87
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies볒퓊탭ꎨ쏀풪믣싊ꎩ퓚헢킩욵싊짏듦퓚쿲짏믲쿲쿂뗄튻킩뇤뚯ꆣꎨ2ꎩ틲캪튻냣뗘퓚탂탋쫐뎡ꎬ쳘뇰쫇퓚뚫퇇ꎬ죚웚쿞뚼뫜뛌ꎬ믵뇒헾닟놻훆뚨살뇣폚퓚룟욵싊쮮욽짏ꎬ벴내훜짵훁내쳬뗄믹뒡짏놣돖쏀풪믣싊뗄룟뛈컈뚨ꆣ퓚헢퇹튻훖룟욵싊뗄뚤힡쏀풪훆뛈쿂ꎬ췢믣횧뢶럧쿕놻복짙쇋ꆣ틲듋ꎬ죧맻죎뫎뚫퇇탂탋쫐뎡뺭볃쳥룄뇤웤헾닟뛸톡퓱뚤힡ꆪ틔룟욵싊뫍뗍욵싊ꆪ튻룶ퟩ뫏믵뇒삺ퟓꎬ웤쏀풪믣싊뗄늨뚯럹뛈붫뇘좻럅듳ꎬ틲듋룃맺맺쓚볛룱뗄쏻틥컈뚨웷붫뇤뗃룼짙폐놣헏ꎬ뛸맺쓚뗄뷰죚럧쿕믡퓶볓ꆪ뿉쓜떼훂웤맺쓚샻싊뒦폚룼룟뗄럧쿕틧볛훐ꆣ캪쪲쎴늻ퟟ떽뛔솢뗄벫뛋ꎬ죃뚫퇇쯹폐뗄탂탋쫐뎡뺭볃쳥뚼뚤힡죕풪ꎿ컊쳢퓚폚죕풪늻쫇튻훖맺볊믵뇒ꆣ맙랽뗄뚤힡죕풪ꆪ떱좻퓚룟욵싊짏ꆪ붫퓶볓뷸탐룟욵싊쏀풪횧뢶뗄럧쿕ꆣ퓚웤쯻뚫퇇맺볒ꎬ튻룶퓚내퓂믲내벾믹뒡짏뗄뛔죕풪뗄뚤힡튲늻쫇튻룶쇮죋싺틢뗄볛룱뫍샻싊뗄쏻틥컈뚨웷ꆣ쪮폠쓪살ꎬ죕놾캴쓜쪹ퟔ벺냚췑돖탸뗄춨믵뷴쯵뫍뺭볃쮥췋ꆣ틲듋ꎬ웤쯻뚫퇇맺볒붫늻풸틢춨맽뚤힡죕풪살ꆰ틽뷸ꆱ춨믵뷴쯵ꆣ쿠랴ꎬ20쫀볍90쓪듺횱떽뷱쳬ꎬ쏀맺뗄믵뇒헾닟캪튻룶릲춬뗄뚫퇇믵뇒컈뚨웷쳡릩쇋뷏뫃뗄톡퓱ꆣ떱좻ꎬ늻쿱ퟪ쪯ꎬ쎻폐뚫컷뿉틔췲쫀늻뇤ꆣ뚫퇇죔좻쎻폐듯떽쿱얷쏋룷맺쓇퇹뗄뺭볃튻쳥뮯돌뛈ꎬ쯼튲쎻폐쪲쎴뗘랽죧듋쟗뷼떽뻟폐ퟣ릻뗄헾훎쓽뻛솦ꎬ듓뛸퓚돉풱맺횮볤잿훆췆탐튻훂뗄닆헾쳵볾ꆪ퓚십쮹쳘샯뫕쳘쳵풼쒣쪽훐쓇퇹ꆪ틔뇣틽죫튻훖쿱얷풪쓇퇹뗄쟸폲탔뛀솢믵뇒ꆣ틲듋ꎬ캪쇋뷢뻶믣싊삧뺳ꎬ뚫퇇쏀풪놾캻탨튪룼볓뫏샭뮯ꎬ뛸늻쫇놻엗웺ꆣ쏀풪놾캻폎쾷뗄탂맦퓲ꎺ튻룶쿲만뚨믣싊욽볛뗄믘맩ꎿ튪뒴퓬튻룶캧죆죕놾뗄ꆢ믣싊룼컈뚨뗄쟸폲ꎬ냬램횮튻쫇튪쟳웤쯻뚫퇇맺볒룼뛠뗘뚤힡죕풪ꆣ떫쫇죧듋뗄뮰ꎬ10룶뚫퇇탂탋쫐뎡뺭볃쳥붫튪벯쳥탔뗘룄뇤쯼쏇쿖듦뗄뚤힡쏀풪뗄믣싊쾰맟ꎬ럅웺쯼쏇ꎨ헽좷ꎩ죏횪떽뗄뛔쯼쏇ퟔ벺샻틦쫇ퟮ뫃뗄랽쪽ꆣퟷ캪룼뮻ꎬ틲뗘훆틋뗄헾훎뺭볃톧뿉틔쳡돶튻룶뇤춨슷뺶ꆣ캪쇋붨솢튻룶캧죆죕놾뗄믵뇒뫍믣싊컈뚨뗄뚫퇇쟸폲ꎬ죕놾ퟔ벺펦룃볓죫떽쏀풪벯췅ꎨthe dollar blocꎩ훐좥ꎺꆰ죧맻쓣늻쓜죌쫜쯻쏇ꎬ쓇뻍볓죫쯻쏇ꆱꆣ쫇럱쓜릻퓚훐웚쓚쪹죕풪뛔쏀풪ꎨ뗄믣싊ꎩ캬돖퓚튻룶쿁킡뗄랶캧쓚ꎬ뛸쟒퓚뎤웚쓚늻믡쿲짏뇤뮯ꎬ헢쓜뿉뾿뗘ퟶ떽싰ꎿ횻튪폐튻룶폫쏀맺뗄췢늿킭틩ꎨ뻍뿉틔ꎩꆣ듓1971쓪뾪쪼ꎬ쏦뛔죕놾뫜룟뛸쟒뮹퓚퓶볓뗄쎳틗펮폠ꎬ쏀맺뛏뛏88
탸탸튪쟳죕풪짽횵뗄톹솦틑뺭힢뚨쇋ꎬ뺭맽20쫀볍90쓪듺뫳ꎬ뷱쳬컒쏇퓚죕놾뾴떽뗄쫇춨믵뷴쯵뗄뻞듳톹솦뫍뷓뷼캪쇣뗄샻싊ꆣ틲듋ꎬ튪듲쯩죕풪뮹믡짽횵뫍춨믵뷴쯵돖탸뗄풤웚ꎬ탨튪퓚쏀맺뫍죕놾횮볤듯돉튻룶킭틩ꎬ룃킭틩튪쳡릩솽랽쏦뗄쓚죝ꎺ1. 튻룶짌튵킭뚨ꎬ뿉틔틔쮫뇟ퟔ평쎳틗킭뚨뗄탎쪽ꎬ살뗷뫍쿠뮥볤뗄쎳틗헹뛋ꎬ뛸늻탨튪욾뷨ꎬ믲쳡뎫죕풪/쏀풪믣싊뗄뇤뚯ꎻ2. 튻룶믵뇒킭뚨ꎬ캪뷓뷼폚룷ퟔ릺싲솦욽볛ꎨPPPꎩ뗄쏻틥뗄죕풪/쏀풪믣싊붨솢웰튻룶뎤웚뗄욽볛믲믹ힼ볛횵ꎬ뇈죧ꎬ헢룶믣싊듳풼뗈폚킭틩잩쫰죕솽맺훆퓬헟돉놾뗄뇈싊ꆣ캪쇋캬돖헢룶탂뗄욽볛ꎬ볙짨캪120죕풪/쏀풪ꎬ솽맺헾뢮펦룃쯦쪱ힼ놸뛌웚뗄솪뫏룉풤ꆪ떫쫇뷶뷶떱쫐뎡믣싊풶풶욫샫120뗄쪱뫲ꆣ늻뇘ퟔ컒돐억떽튻룶뻟폐펲뷧쿞뗄쿁킡랶캧ꎬ쯼쏇펦룃쯦쪱ힼ놸놣돖쟄쟄췆뚯죎뫎폎샫돶좥뗄믣싊믘떽120ꆣ튻떩솪쫖ퟶ돶잿훆룉풤ꎬ웤뛔쫐뎡뗄탅뫅킧펦뻍붫뇤뗃ퟣ릻잿듳ꎬ틔훁폚솽맺횻탨짔캢ퟶ돶벰쪱뗄믵뇒뗷헻뻍쓜캬돖탂뗄욽볛ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ캪쇋퓚훐뎤웚놣돖튻뚨뗄믣싊ꎬ믵뇒뗷헻붫쫇뇘탨뗄ꆣ뗷헻뗄훷튪퓰죎튪평죕놾틸탐뛸늻쫇쏀맺솪냮뒢놸틸탐살돐떣ꆣ튻떩죕풪닺뗄쏻틥샻싊뎯ퟅ쏀풪닺뗄쏻틥샻싊짏짽ꎨ죕놾쳓샫쇋쇷뚯탔쿝?ꎩꎬ죕놾틸탐펦ힼ놸볡돖믘돩믲힢죫놾맺믹뒡믵뇒떽쳥쾵훐틔놣돖죕풪/쏀풪뗄믹ힼ욽볛ꆣ쿠랴ꎬ솪뒢늻뇘룹뻝죕풪/쏀풪뗄믣싊ꆪ믲죎뫎웤쯻믣싊ꆪ늨뚯살뗷헻쏀맺뗄믵뇒믹뒡ꆣퟷ캪쳦뮻ꎬ뇈뷏쫊뫏폚훐탄맺볒뗄쫇ꎬ솪뒢펦룃맘힢ꆪ쿱쿖퓚쯹ퟶ뗄ꆪ맜샭쏀맺믵뇒뗄릩룸살컈뚨쏀맺뗄볛룱쮮욽ꆣ퓚쏀풪놾캻쿂ꎬ쏀맺볛룱쮮욽돉캪쇋웤쯻맺볒삵틔뗷헻뗄컈뚨웷ꆣ튻떩헢쏅ꆰ늻뺫좷뗄듳엚ꆱꎬ벴죕풪/쏀풪믣싊ꎬ뎤웚쓚쿠떱낲좫뗄뮰ꎬ웤쯻뚫퇇맺볒뻍쓜릻룼죝틗뗘듓럇헽쪽폐늨뚯뗄뚤힡쏀풪쿲뎤웚컞늨뚯뗄만뚨쏀풪욽볛뇤ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ캪쪲쎴쯼쏇펦룃짵훁튪닙탄뇤돉룼헽쪽뗄뎤웚믣싊욽볛ꎿ듰낸냼삨죽룶랽쏦ꎺ❏뛔죎뫎튻룶맺볒뗄믵뇒릥믷뇤뗃풽살풽늻뿉쓜ꎬ벴쪹랢짺ꎬ웤캣몦탔튲룼짙ꆣ죧맻뎤웚욽볛쫇뿉탅뗄ꎬ쓇쎴죎뫎춻좻뗄ꆢ헾뢮늻뗃늻죃믵뇒뢡뚯늢뇡횵뗄캣믺믡ꎨ죃죋쏇ꎩ붨솢믘맩뗄풤웚ꎬ벴죏캪놾뇒뇘탫훰붥뗘짽횵떽웤뎤웚욽볛쮮욽ꆣ믘맩뗄믣싊풤웚쿞훆쇋죎뫎춻좻뗄평캣믺떼훂뗄믵뇒뇡횵뗄럹뛈ꎬ늢쯵킡쇋놣뮤놾뇒쯹뇘탨뗄뛌웚샻싊뗄퓶볓ꆣ89
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies❏뒫좾탔뗄틔쇚캪?뗄믵뇒뇡횵쓜룼뫃뗘놻ퟔ컒뗖훆ꆣ죧맻쫐뎡횪뗀죎뫎튻맺럇풤웚뗄뇡횵쫇퓝쪱뗄ꎬ쪩볓퓚쇚뷼뗄뚫퇇맺볒짏튪쟳웤믵뇒튲뇡횵뗄짌튵탔톹솦붫룼킡ꆣ췪돉쇋튻룶폐킧뗄톭뮷뫳ꎬ죎뫎튻룶뚫퇇맺볒붫랢쿖놣돖웤뎤웚쏀풪욽볛뗄뿉탐뛈럇뎣죝틗ꎬ죧맻룷룶쇚맺ꆪ쯼쏇떱좻튲쫇짌튵짏뗄뺺헹뛔쫖ꆪ쪵탐쿠춬뗄믣싊훆뛈ꆣ❏랢햹튻룶뎤웚뗄맺쓚햮좯쫐뎡늢붵뗍룷훖떽웚웚쿞뗄ꎨ햮좯ꎩ럧쿕틧볛뇤뗃룼죝틗ꆣ퓚쫀뷧쏀풪놾캻쿂ꎬ쏀맺맺뿢좯쫇맺볊놾쫐뎡뗄ꆰ컞럧쿕ꆱ믲낲좫쳬쳃닺ꆣ뛔폚튻룶욫킡뗄뫍뷰죚짏뾪럅뗄탂탋쫐뎡뺭볃쳥ꎬ돽럇웤랢탐뗄뎤웚햮좯떽웚뫳뛔웤뗄횧뢶뻟폐폫쏀맺맺뿢좯쿠춬뗄ꎨ듳훂뗄ꎩ릺싲솦ꎬ럱퓲ꎬ맺쓚뎤웚햮좯뗄랢탐폀풶늻믡폐컼틽솦ꆣ듓쫀뷧쏀풪놾캻뗄뚫퇇늿럖뗄탎돉훐믱뗃뗄믘놨쫇럡뢻뗄ꆣ평룼킡뗄ꆢ뻟폐캣믺쟣쿲뗄햮컱맺맺볒ꆪ틔벰평ퟷ캪ퟮ듳햮좨맺뗄죕놾ꆪ쯹ퟶ뗄룼낲좫믣싊뗄돐억붫쿠뮥볓잿릲춬뗄쏻틥컈뚨웷ꆣ죧맻죕놾뗄뚫퇇쇚맺튲뻟폐낲좫뗄뎤웚쏀풪욽볛ꎬ튻룶만뚨뗄죕풪/쏀풪믣싊퓚죕놾뻍쫇튻룶뛔뾹돖탸춨믵뷴쯵잿폐솦뗄컈뚨웷ꆣ떱좻ꎬ랴횮틠랴ꆣ쿱몫맺헢퇹뗄탂탋쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒붫랢쿖ꎬ떱죕풪/쏀풪뗄믣싊놻쮨힡ꎬ뎤웚뚤힡쏀풪뇣뻟폐룼듳뗄컼틽솦ꆣ믹폚훐맺룟쯙뗄뺭볃퓶뎤뫍쒿잰뻞듳뗄GNPꎬ쯼뛔뎤웚쏀풪욽볛뗄돖탸돐억붫쪹ퟷ캪튻룶헻쳥뗄뚫퇇뺭볃쳥쾵뻟폐ꎨ펦룃뻟폐ꎩ쳘뇰뗄틦뒦ꆣ뗄좷ꎬ훐맺퓚1997ꆪ1998쓪듳캣믺웚볤ꎬ볡돖1쏀풪뛒풪죋쏱뇒뗄만뚨믣싊럀횹쇋쪹뻖쏦룼볓뛱뮯뗄뒫좾탔뇡횵ꆣ쿖퓚ꎬ훐맺캬뮤웤1쏀풪뛒풪죋쏱뇒뗄믣싊돐억뮹폐쇭췢튻룶샭평ꆣ틲캪ퟮ뷼훐맺뗄돶뿚듳솿쇷죫떽죕놾ꎬ죕놾뗄릤짌뷧죋쪿뫍얩쏱튪쟳뛔훐맺짌욷닉좡맘쮰쿞훆뫍엤뛮놣뮤ꎬ헢튻폎쮵좡뗃쇋늿럖돉릦ꆣ뛸쟒쯻쏇튲쾣췻훐맺헾뢮죃죋쏱뇒짽횵ꎡ떫쫇ꎬ죋쏱뇒짽횵뿏뚨믡볓훘훐맺뗄춨믵뷴쯵뻖쏦ꆪ헽죧쏀맺릤짌뷧뗄폎쮵쪹뗃죕풪듓20쫀볍70쓪듺떽1995쓪돖탸짽횵ꎬ늢췆뚯쇋죕놾뗄춨믵뷴쯵튻퇹ꎡ춨맽헽쪽뮯뎤웚욽볛돐억살룼뫃뗘놣뮤뚫퇇뺭볃ꎬ쪹뗃룷맺헾뢮늻퓙놻횸뿘캪돶폚짌튵샻틦뛸닙ퟝ믣싊ꆣ뚫퇇릲춬뗄믵뇒놾캻뛔폚뎱웰뎱실뗄짌튵뺺헹뛸퇔ꎬ펦룃쫇훐탔뗄ꆢ놻쫓캪쫇릫헽뗄ꆣ(믆짙쟤틫)90
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뺭볃폫램EconomicsandLawComparative
룼ퟔ평뗄쫐뎡ꆢ룼뢴퓓뗄붻틗ꆢ룼퇏룱뗄맦퓲ꆪ낲좻떹뇕틽랢뛔쫐뎡맦퓲뫍볠맜뗄랴쮼룟쫀컒탅퇶짏뗛ꎬ컒탅퇶ퟔ평쫐뎡ꆣꆪ뿏쓡쮼ꆤ샗ꎬ낲좻릫쮾잰쫗쾯횴탐맙튻ꆢ틽퇔ꎺ낲좻떹뇕틽웰뗄쳖싛ꆰ컒탅퇶짏뗛ꎬ컒탅퇶ퟔ평쫐뎡ꆣꆱ퓚2000쓪뗄쏀맺뗚7듳ꆢ좫쟲뗚16듳릫쮾낲좻ꎨEnronꎩ폚2001쓪12퓂춻좻웆닺뫳ꎬ죋쏇뎣뎣틔튻훖뎰럭뫍??뗄뿚컇틽폃낲좻뗛맺뒴쪼죋뿏쓡쮼ꆤ샗ꎨKenneth Layꎩ뗄헢뻤쏻퇔ꆣ퓚맽좥10쓪훐ꎬ낲좻뗄톸쯙웰놻죏캪쫇ퟔ평쫐뎡쯹쓜릻퓊탭돶쿖ꆢ늢좷틑돶쿖뗄훚뛠웦벣횮튻ꎬ쫇탅쾢쪱듺뗄벼쫵뷸늽ꆢ뷰죚뒴탂뫍쓜풴쇬폲뗄럅쯉볠맜ꎨderegulationꎩ쪹헢룶듓쫂쳬좻웸뎤춾퓋쫤뫍붻틗뗄릫쮾뇤돉쇋쏀맺뗚5듳짌욷퇜짺욷붻틗짌ꆢB2Bꋙ뗤랶ꆢ튻룶듓펡뛈뗄뗧뎧ꆢ볓훝뗧솦떽뮪뛻뷖뗄뷰죚퇜짺욷뗄뻞탍뿧맺릫쮾ꆣ헢쫇쫐뎡뗄솦솿ꎬ믲헢쫇쫐뎡뗄랽쿲ꎬ솬쏀맺훸쏻뗄뺭볃톧볒뿋슳룱싼ꎨKrugmanꎩ튲죌늻힡튪캪쫐뎡뷢럅쯹뒴퓬돶뗄낲좻믲낲좻쯹헑쪾뗄쫐뎡뺺헹뗄ꋙ낲좻릫쮾폚1985쓪평뗃뿋죸쮹훝솽볒쳬좻웸릫쮾뫏늢뛸돉ꆣ1989쓪뾪쪼뷸탐쳬좻웸붻틗ꎬ1994쓪뾪쪼쓜풴붻틗ꎬ늢퓚2000뾪춨틲쳘췸쓜풴붻틗튵컱ꆣ웤ퟮ룟럥쪱좫쟲폐솽췲뛠풱릤ꎬ펪튵쫕죫듯떽1000뛠틚쏀풪ꎨEEI 2002cꎩꆣ93
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studiesꋙ펰쿬뛸뫈닊ꎡ낲좻뗄톸쯙웰뫍춻좻떹쯺ꎬ횱뷓뗄뫳맻쫇떼훂쇋660틚쏀풪뗄쫐횵쯰쪧ꆢ듳엺풱릤쪧튵ꆢ16000뛠풱릤뗄퇸샏뷰쯰쪧뻞듳ꆣ쯤좻쏀맺샺쪷짏ퟮ듳뗄웆닺낸늢쎻폐떼훂쏀맺뷰죚쳥쾵뗄첮쯺ꆢퟮ듳뗄쓜풴붻틗릫쮾뗄뿥첨쎻폐떼훂뛏뗧뫍죎뫎탎쪽뗄쓜풴캣믺ꎬ듓쒳훖돌뛈쿔쪾쇋쏀맺쿖듦뗄뷰죚쳥쾵뗄죍탔뫍쓜풴쫐뎡뗄컈뚨탔ꎬ떫뷸튻늽뗄뗷닩쿔쪾돶낲좻뎤쪱볤퓚닆컱놨뇭짏ퟷ볙ꆢ퓚볓훝뗧솦쫐뎡닙ퟝ맽뗧솦붻틗ꆢ쫕싲헾뿍펰쿬솢램뫍헾뢮헾닟ꎬ놩슶쇋쏀맺퓚믡볆훆뛈ꆢ뷰죚볠맜ꆢ쓜풴볠맜짏뗄슩뚴ꆣ낲좻쫂볾떼훂쇋뛔튻듳엺쏀맺듳릫쮾닆컱놨뇭짏캥맦닙ퟷ뗄뗷닩ꎬ쪹죋쏇뛔쏀맺틽캪ퟔ뫀뗄뷰죚쳥쾵뗄춸쏷탔뫍릫헽닺짺뮳틉ꎬ룼뷸튻늽뗘틽웰죋쏇랴쮼맽좥10뛠쓪훐쪢탐뗄막욱웚좨벤샸훆뛈ꆢ엝쒭막욱쫐뎡맄샸웳튵뛌웚탐캪뫍룟닣맜샭죋풱얪탩ퟷ볙뗄뢺쏦펰쿬ꎬ늢뾪쪼뛔ꋚ쏀맺믹놾뗄뺭볃훆뛈뫍램싉쳥쾵ꆢ뛔웳튵ꆪ쫐뎡ꆪ헾뢮맘쾵뗄짮죫쳖싛ꆣ쏀맺뗄솢램믺릹뫍뛠룶탐헾ꆢ볠맜늿쏅뾪쪼듳맦쒣뗷닩ꎬ뺭볃톧볒뫍쯹폐쿠맘쇬폲뗄톧헟튲짮죫뗘쮼뾼ꆣ뿉틔풤볻ꎬ낲좻떹뇕쫂볾붫죧1929쓪쏀맺뗄막쫐뇀삣ꆢ1932쓪릫폃쫂튵뿘막뷰ퟖ쯾뗄첮쯺튻퇹ꎬ뛔쏀맺뗄뺭볃랢햹뫍훆뛈뇤룯닺ꋛ짺럇뎣짮풶뗄펰쿬ꆣ쯦ퟅ뛔낲좻웆닺낸볾ꆢ볓훝쓜풴캣믺ꆢ웤쯻웳튵닆컱볙헋뗈쫂볾뗷닩뗄짮죫ꎬ쏀맺쿖탐뗄쫐뎡쳥쾵퓋ퟷ훐듦퓚뗄훖훖뇗뛋붫믡훰늽놩슶돶살ꆣ쒿잰뗄쳖싛ꎬ훷튪벯훐퓚뛔쏀맺뷰죚쫐뎡볠맜뫍웳튵믡볆훆뛈뗄뇗뛋럖컶ꎬ튲폐죋뾪쪼ꋜ듓웳튵ꆢ쫐뎡ꆢ램싉뫍헾뢮횮볤뗄맘쾵뷸탐돵늽퇐뺿ꆣ놾컄붫듓쫐뎡뺭볃훐뗄ꋙ뿋슳룱싼퓚1999쓪뗄컄헂훐ꎬ뛔헾뢮럅쯉뛔뗧솦뗈ꆰ훆룟뗣ꆱ닺튵뗄맜훆ꆢ틽죫쫐뎡뺺헹듓뛸닺짺쇋낲좻쓇퇹뗄웳튵퓞짍폐볓ꆣ뫳뿋슳룱싼쫜울떣죎낲좻맋컊췅돉풱ꆣ떱낲좻떹뇕뫳ꎬ뿋슳룱싼뛔낲좻뿚훯뇊랥ꆣ폐죋틔뿋슳룱싼1999쓪퓞퇯낲좻뗄컄헂릥믷뿋슳룱싼ꎨ맘폚헢뛎쾷뻧탔릫낸뫍뿋슳룱싼짪뇧ꎬ볻뿋슳룱싼췸횷짏ퟮ뷼뗄컄헂뫍The ascent of E-man, Fortune,1999ꎩꆣꋚ닎볻뿋슳룱싼, 2002c,d,e,f, 2002bꎻDe Long 2002(훐컄틫컄볻놾웚뗂쇺뗄컄헂)ꆣꋛ뿋슳룱싼죏캪쫇낲좻쫂볾뛸늻쫇ꆰ911ꆱ쫂볾붫돉캪쏀맺짧믡뗄훘듳헛뗣ꎬ볻뿋슳룱싼,2002fꆣ떫튲폐죋떣탄ꎬ쯦ퟅ쏀맺뺭볃뗄뢴쯕ꎬ뛔닆컱ퟷ볙뗄뗷닩뫍룄룯튲믡늻쇋쇋횮ꆣퟮ탂뗄튻듎짮죫쳖싛볻Economist Survey, ꆰCapitalism and its troublesꆱ, May 18, 2002ꆣꋜ뿋슳룱싼, 2002a,b,c,d,e,f,g; . House of Representatives, 2002a, b; 헅탂뗈ꎬ2002ꎻPublicCitizen, 2001ꆣ94
ꋙ볠맜ꎨregulationꎩ폫볠맜쳥쾵ꎨregulatory systemꎩ뗄뷇뛈ꎬ럖컶쏀맺뗄쫐뎡뺭볃쾵춳훐볠맜쳥쾵퓚맽좥벸쓪뗄뇤뮯ꎬ뷢컶낲좻쫂볾쯹랴펳돶뗄퓚볠맜닣쏦뗄컊쳢ꎬ틔벰쒿잰쏀맺퓚볠맜룄룯랽쏦뗄믹놾랽쿲뫍뚯첬ꆣퟮ뫳볲튪뗘럖컶훐맺쿖뷗뛎쫐뎡뺭볃훆뛈뫍쿖듺볠맜쳥훆붨짨뗄벸룶훘튪컊쳢ꆣ뛾ꆢ낲좻폫쏀맺뷼쓪살볠맜룄룯벴쪹쫇쏀맺헢퇹뗄ퟔ평쫐뎡뺭볃ꎬ볠맜믺릹퓚캬뮤쫐뎡훈탲랽쏦뗄ퟷ폃쫇뇘늻뿉짙뗄ꆣퟔ짏쫀볍30쓪듺뗄싞쮹뢣탂헾틔살ꎬ쏀맺뗄쫐뎡뺭볃훆뛈뗄믹놾쳘헷쫇퓚뒫춳뗄틔웕춨램캪믹뒡램싉쳥쾵횮췢ꎬ뮹폐쏅뗄뺺헹헾닟뫍볠맜맦퓲ꎬ뛔닎폫쫐뎡붻틗뗄쯹폐훷쳥뗄뺭볃탐캪쪵쪩볠맜ꆣ볠맜믺릹퓚쏀맺쫇뻟폐냫솢램ꆢ냫탐헾뫍냫쮾램탔훊뗄헾뢮뗄뗚쯄룶럖횧ꆣ쏀맺뗄ퟔ평쫐뎡평듋폖놻돆캪볠맜ꋚ놾훷틥(regulatory capitalism)ꆣ벴쪹뺭맽맽좥20쓪틔럅쯉볠맜(deregulation)캪훷탽싉뗄볠맜룄룯ꎨregulatory reformꎩꎬ헾뢮탐헾늿쏅뫍뛀솢뗄볠맜믺릹죔좻뛔쫐뎡훐뗄짌튵붻틗탐캪뫍웳튵뗄캢맛퓋ퟷ쪵쪩퇏룱뗄볠맜ꆣ퓚듳늿럖탐튵믹놾좡쿻믲럅쯉ힼ죫볠맜ꆢ뺭볃탔볠맜랶캧쿠뛔복짙ꆢ볠맜쫖뛎룼볤뷓뗄춬쪱ꎬ죧뮷놣ꆢꋛ낲좫뗈짧믡탔볠맜뗃떽볓잿ꆣ낲좻쿳웤쯻쯹폐웳튵튻퇹ꎬ늻떫웤쯹듓쫂뗄훷펪튵컱쫜떽쿠맘탐튵탔램맦뫍볠맜쳵샽뗄풼쫸ꎬ웤웳튵쫐뎡믮뚯뫍붻틗탐캪뮹쫜떽뫡쿲뗄볠맜믺릹볠뚽ꆣ뛔듋ꎬ컒쏇뾼달웤훷펪튵컱쫜떽뗄볠맜ꎬ벴쓜풴ꎨ뗧솦뫍쳬좻웸ꎩ볠맜ꆢ퇜짺욷붻틗볠맜ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ웳튵뗄닆컱맜샭쫜떽SEC뗄볠맜ꎬ맍풱퇸샏놣쿕볆뮮튲쫜떽SEC뫍샍릤늿쏅뗄맘힢ꆣ컒쏇붫쳖싛헢킩쇬폲쏀맺쒿잰뗄볠맜쳥훆쿖ힴꎬ낲좻쫂볾쯹놩슶돶뗄볠맜좱쪧틔벰뿉쓜뗄늹뻈듫쪩ꆣ1ꆢ낲좻폫볓훝쓜풴캣믺ꎺ럅쯉볠맜믲볠맜뗄좱쪧ꋜ낲좻뗄떹쯺듓놾훊짏쫇튻룶뷰죚쫂볾뛸늻쫇튻룶쓜풴쫂볾ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ낲좻ퟷꋙRegulation 폖놻틫캪ꆰ맦훆ꆱꆢꆰ맜훆ꆱꎬ뫳헟룼뛠뗘쫊폃폚헾닟탔쳖싛ꆣ듋뒦컒쏇쪹폃ꆰ볠맜ꆱ뇭쪾쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆쿂믹폚맦퓲뗄맜샭헢퇹튻훖훆뛈낲업ꆣ럅쯉맜훆ꎨderegulationꎩ폐쪱폖뿉돆캪ꆰ뷢돽맜훆ꆱ믲ꆰ랴맜훆ꆱꆣꋚ뛔쏀맺볠맜놾훷틥뗄웰풴뫍퇝뇤뗄볲떥뷩짜볻Yergin, 2000ꎨ훐컄냦ꎩꎻ뛔뒫춳볠맜맜훆뗄뺭볃톧럖컶ꎬ볻Stigler, 1988ꆣꋛ뛔쏀맺볠맜룄룯뗄믘맋ꎬ볻Joskow and Noll, 1995ꆣꋜ낲좻쫇틔쓜풴웰볒ꎬ떫떼훂낲좻떹쯺뗄늢늻쫇웤쓜풴튵컱ꆣ쏀맺뗄쓜풴늿뎤SpencerAbraham튲탻돆ꎬꆰ쯤좻낲좻웆닺쇋ꎬ쏀맺샺쪷짏ퟮ듳뗄웆닺ꎬ떫쎻폐돶쿖쓜풴볛룱뗄엊짽ꆢ쎻폐돶쿖붻틗믬싒ꆢ쎻폐돶쿖뛏뗧뫍쳬좻웸뛌좱ꆣꆱ볻EEI 2000 aꆣ95
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies캪쏀맺ퟮ듳뗄쓜풴붻틗짌ꎬ웤쏻ퟖ폫볓훝뗧솦캣믺뷴뷴솪쾵퓚튻웰ꆣ낲좻쫇쏀ꋙ맺쓜풴럅쯉볠맜뗄훘튪췆뚯헟횮튻ꎬ춬쪱쫇볓훝뗧솦쫐뎡뗄훘튪닎폫헟ꆣ풽살풽뛠뗄횤뻝뇭쏷ꎬ낲좻뛔틲캪닎폫닙ퟝ볓훝뗧솦엺랢쫐뎡뛸뛔볓훝2000쓪뗄뗧솦캣믺뢺폐퓰죎ꆣ쏀맺뗄솪냮쓜풴볠맜캯풱믡ꎨFERCꎩ헽퓚뗷닩웤닙ퟝ볓훝랢뗧쫐뎡ꆢ퓬돉뗧솦뛌좱ꆢ믱좡룟뛮샻죳뗄탐캪ꆣ뗧솦탐튵튻횱쫇쏀맺쫜떽퇏룱볠맜뗄슢뛏탐튵ꆣ퓚맽좥20쓪쏀맺췸싧탐튵럅쯉볠맜뗄뷸돌훐ꎬ볓훝쫇좫솦췆탐뗧솦탐튵럅쯉볠맜ퟮ퓧뗄훝ꆣ퓚듋횮잰ꎬ쏀맺뗧솦탐튵듳늿럖뚼쫇평릫폃쫂튵릫쮾튻쳥뮯슢뛏뺭펪뗄ꆣ릫폃쫂튵뗄럾컱훊솿뫍볛룱ꎬ쫜룷훝릫폃쫂튵볠맜캯풱믡뫍솪냮쓜풴캯풱믡ꎨFederal EnergyRegulation CommissionꎬFERCꎩ볠맜ꎨ뛸뿧훝뗧솦쫤쯍평FERC맜샭ꎩꆣퟔ1978쓪뗄솪냮릫폃쫂튵볠맜헾닟램ꎨPURPAꎩ튪쟳릫폃쫂튵뗧솦릫쮾뇘탫뾪럅웤뒫쫤췸싧틔살ꎬ쏀맺뗄뗧솦닺튵뾪쪼듓쫜볠맜뗄슢뛏쿲폐볠맜뗄쫐뎡뺺헹맽뛉ꆣ볓훝릫릲짨쪩캯풱믡ꎨCalifornia Public Utilities Commissionꎩ폚1993쓪뾪쪼좫쏦움쫶뫍쳖싛볓훝뗄뗧솦룄룯ꆣ퓚닎헕쇋펢맺1990쓪뗄뗧솦랢뗧뫍뒫쫤룄룯뗄돉릦뺭퇩뫳ꎬ1994쓪쯹쳡돶뗄룄룯랽낸냼삨쿖듦뫍탂뷸죫뗄랢뗧뎧붫늻쫜볠맜ꎨ뾪럅ힼ죫뫍럅쯉볠맜ꎩꆢ탎돉탂뗄뗧솦뗄쿺쫛쫐뎡ꆢ폃뮧폐좨춨맽샏뗄ꋚ뒫쫤췸퓚탂뗄뺺헹탔쫐뎡릺싲뗧솦ꆣ좻뫳뷸탐쇋4쓪뗄쳖싛뫍솢램맽돌ꎬ맘폚룄룯뗄쳖싛쫜떽룷훖샻틦벯췅뗄펰쿬ꎬ냼삨뛔폚뗧솦쫐뎡늢늻쇋뷢뗄죋ꎬ헢퇹떼훂볓훝뗄탂뗧솦쳥쾵맽뛈뢴퓓ꎬ탭뛠듫쪩뚼쫇캴뺭뎢쫔맽뗄ꆣ1998쓪4퓂뾪쪼뗄탂뗄뗧솦쫐뎡훷튪냼삨엺랢볛룱럅쯉볠맜ꆢ쇣쫛볛죔좻쫜떽볠맜ꆢ뒫쫤웳튵늻쓜펵폐랢뗧쓜솦ꆢ뒫쫤웳튵횻쓜벴웚쿖믵닉릺뗧솦ꆢ늻쓜폫랢뗧짌잩뚩뎤웚뗄릩뗧뫏춬ꆣ퓬돉뗄뷡맻ꎺ튻쫇평폚쇣쫛볛쫜볠맜ꎬ폃뮧쎻폐뚯솦춨맽뛠랽닉릺붵뗍뗧볛ꎨ볛룱뗄ퟮ룟캪쎿뛈뗧6쏀럖ꎬ쒿뇪쫇평룄룯잰뗄7쏀럖붵뗍떽룄룯뫳뗄3쏀럖ꎩꎻ뛾쫇뗧솦릫쮾퓚벴웚쫛쫐뎡짏뗄돉놾룟듯쎿뛈1쏀풪ꎬ떫쿺쫛볛좴늻쓜뎬맽6쏀럖ꎬ뗧솦릫쮾룟뛮뿷쯰ꎬ떼훂웆닺ꎻ죽쫇벴웚쫐뎡쫜랢뗧짌닙ퟝꆣ낲좻쫇잣춷폎쮵볓훝헾뢮뛔뗧솦탐튵럅쯉볠맜뗄웳튵ꎬ탻뒫틽죫뺺헹탔쫐ꋙ낲좻쫇볓훝쓜풴쫐뎡뗄붻틗짌횮튻ꎬ춬쪱퓚쏀맺컷늿펵폐Portland General ElectricCompanyꎬ캪Oregon훝쳡릩뗧솦쇣쫛럾컱ꆣEEIꎬ2002aꆣꋚJoskow, 2001; 쏀맺뗧솦쫐뎡럅쯉볠맜뗄룄룯ꎬ볻Joskow, 2000ꆣ96
ꋙ뎡붫듳솿붵뗍뗧볛ꎬ폐샻폚쿻럑헟뫍좫짧믡뗄뢣샻ꆣ떫낲좻좴헦헽듓뗧볛짏짽훐믱뗃쇋뻞듳뗄쫕틦ꆣ볓훝헾뢮맙풱죏캪ꎬ헽쫇낲좻퓚뗧솦엺랢쫐뎡폐닙ퟝ탐캪ꎬ떼훂볛룱짏헇ꎬ쪹낲좻믱뗃놩샻ꆣ2002쓪ꎬ볓훝쏱훷떳닎틩풱랶쮹첹ꎨDianne Feinsteinꎩ튪쟳솪냮쓜풴볠맜캯풱믡FERC뗷닩낲좻퓚볓훝뗧솦캣믺훐닙ퟝ뗧솦쫐뎡뗄탐캪ꆣ2002쓪5퓂돵ꎬFERC릫늼쇋뗷닩뷡맻ꎬ횤쪵쇋볓훝맙풱뛔낲좻퓚볓훝뗧솦캣믺훐닙ퟝ랢뗧쫐뎡ꆢ죋캪뒴퓬뗧솦뛌좱ꆢ쒲좡룟뛮샻죳뗄뮳틉(Dunne, 2002)ꆣ웤닙ퟝ탐캪냼삨ꎺ¥ ꆰ쯀췶횮탇(Death Star)ꆱꎺ낲좻뗄쓜풴붻틗풱랢쏷뗄헢훖룹놾늻폃뗷엤뗧솦뻍뿉틔뮺뷢ퟓ탩컚폐뗄뗧솦펵벷ꎬ늢믱뗃럡뫱놨돪뗄닙ퟝ닟싔ꎻ¥ ꆰRicochetꆱ뗄랽쪽ꎬ붫뗧솦쿈듓볓훝쫤죫ꆢ퓙듓훝췢쫤돶ꎬ틔듋쳓뇜뛔뗧솦볛룱뗄ꆰ럢뚥ꆱ뗄볠맜ꎻꋚ¥ 맘뇕늿럖랢뗧믺ퟩꎬ퓬돉뗧솦릩펦뛌좱ꎬ뫥첧뗧솦볛룱ꎻ¥ 뗍볛듓볓훝싲뗧ꎬ룟볛싴떽웤쯻훝ꆣ낲좻뗄쓜풴붻틗짌쿲뗧솦쾵춳퓋펪짌쳡붻탩볙뗄랢뗧볆뮮ꎬ쪹뗧솦뒫쫤쾵춳쿔쪾뒫쫤뛂죻뗄쟩뿶ꎬ낲좻폖춨맽뗷엤뗧솦살뮺뷢뗧솦뛂죻ꎬ평듋믱뗃샻죳ꆣ뛂죻쿟슷뗄럑폃뿉틔룟듯750쏀풪쎿헗췟킡쪱ꎬ뛸뗧슷헽뎣퓋탐쪱뗄볛룱캪30ꎭ40쎿헗췟킡쪱ꆣ맊틢뛂죻쿟슷쪹쯹폐웤쯻뗧솦쪹폃헟뗄돉놾퓶볓ꎬ떫낲좻뗄쿠맘튵컱퓚2000쓪좴믱뗃쇋3000췲쏀풪뗄뎬뛮샻죳ꆣ퓚2000쓪뫳웚ꎬFERC뛔볓훝뗧솦붻틗뗄볛룱좷뚨쇋250쏀풪쎿헗췟킡쪱뗄짏쿞ꎬ떫쓜풴붻틗짌쏇좴뿉틔쿈붫뗧솦쫤쯍떽쇚뷼뗄훝ꎬ퓙듓쇚뷼뗄훝틔룼룟뗄볛룱ꎨ늻쫜볠맜ꎩ쫤죫ꆣ쓜풴붻틗릫쮾폖평듋믱뗃뻞듳뗄샻죳ꆣ떽2000쓪6퓂ꎬFERC닅뾪쪼뛔쏀맺컷늿뗄벸룶훝뗄엺랢뗧솦뷸탐쿞볛ꆣ퓬돉볓훝뗧솦캣믺뗄뗄횱뷓풭틲쫇랢뗧짌뫍쓜풴붻틗짌닙ퟝ쫐뎡ꎬ떫놾훊짏1998쓪4퓂뾪쪼뗄탂뗄뗧솦쫐뎡퓚짨볆랽쏦듦퓚좱쿝ꆣ헢킩훷튪헾닟훷튪ꋙ1997쓪ꎬ떱낲좻훕폚뷸죫쇋럅쯉볠맜뫳뗄볓훝쓜풴쫐뎡쪱ꎬ낲좻쿲웤럾컱뗄볒춥폃뮧쳡릩솽훜뗄쏢럑폃뗧ꎬ춬쪱뮹붵뗍쇋뗧솦볛룱ꆣ떫평폚냼삨낲좻퓚쓚뗄뗧솦릫쮾닙ퟝ랢뗧쫐뎡ꎬ2000쓪웰볓훝뗧솦돶쿖뷴좱ꎬ뗧솦볛룱듓쎿헗췟킡쪱ꎨ1000잧췟킡쪱ꎩ35쏀풪뿱짽떽2001쓪1퓂뗄1300쏀풪ꎬ퓚릩뗧릫쮾PG&E뫍Edison International 놻웈웆닺쪱ꎬ낲좻뗈랢뗧짌뫍쓜풴붻틗짌좴뗃뻞뛮샻죳ꆣEarle, 2002ꆣꋚ랢뗧릫쮾퓸틔짨놸볬탞캪평ꎬ붫랢뗧죝솿30ꎥ뗄믺ퟩ쿐훃ꎬ쟒늿럖릫쮾뗄믺ퟩ쿐훃쪱볤뎤듯냫쓪ꆣ헢퇹ꎬ퓚뗧솦탨쟳늢늻쪮럖뷴헅뗄퓂럝죋캪뗘뒴퓬뗧솦뛌좱ꎨ뿋슳룱싼, 2002cꎩꆣ97
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies냼삨ꎺ¥ 엺랢볛럅뾪ꎻ¥ 쇣쫛볛죔좻쫜떽맜훆ꎻ¥ 뒫쫤웳튵늻쓜펵폐랢뗧쓜솦ꎻ¥ 뒫쫤웳튵횻쓜벴웚쿖믵닉릺뗧솦ꎬ늻쓜폫랢뗧짌잩뚩뎤웚뗄릩뗧뫏춬ꆣ헽쫇헢훖뷡릹짨볆짏뗄좱쿝뫍FERC뛔볓훝틔벰훝볊볤뗄엺랢볛쿞볛뗄동뮺ꎬ떼훂쇋랢뗧릫쮾뫍뗧솦붻틗짌닙ퟝ쫐뎡늢퇓뎤쇋캣믺뗄돖탸쪱볤ꆣ쯤좻볓훝뗧솦캣믺뇭쏷쓜풴쫐뎡럅쯉볠맜쪧냜쯹닺짺뗄퇏뻾뫳맻ꎬ쏀맺솪냮쓜풴볠맜캯풱믡FERC뗄쿖죎훷쾯컩뗂ꎨPat Woodꎩ뇭쪾쏀맺쓜풴쫐뎡뗄럅쯉볠맜붫볌탸뷸탐쿂좥ꆣ쯻죏캪ꎬ쏀맺뗄뗧솦쫐뎡놻킧싊뗍쿂ꆢ춶늻ퟣ뗈컊쳢쯹삧죅ꎬ뷸튻늽럅쯉볠맜붫믡틽죫뺺헹ꎬ컼틽춶ꆣ컩뗂쳡돶ꎬ퓚5ꆪ10쓪뗄쪱볤쓚ꎬ붫룷훝뫍룷릫폃쫂튵튵훷쯹펵폐뗄닺뫏늢ꎬ탎돉4볒뛀솢퓋탐뗄ꆰ쟸폲쫤뗧ퟩ횯ꎨRegional Transmission OrganizationꎬRTOꎩꆱꎬ쯼쏇붫뢺퓰췆뚯ꆢ쪵쪩뺺헹탔뗧솦쫐뎡뗄랢햹ꆣ쯹폐샻틦쿠맘헟붫릲춬얬솦ꎬ훆뚨쫊폃폚쯹폐RTO뗄뗧솦쫐뎡뇪ힼꆣ퓚춳튻뗄쫐뎡탎돉틔잰ꎬ쯹폐뗘랽뗧솦쫐뎡뇘탫틽죫뺺헹ꎬ붨짨쫊떱뗄믹뒡짨쪩ꎬ춬쪱붨솢쏷좷ꆢ릫욽뗄쫐뎡맦퓲ꆣ퓚럅쯉볠맜뗄맽돌훐ꎬFERC펦룃돤떱퇏룱횴램뗄뺯달ꎬ붨솢뫍캬뮤쫐뎡맦퓲ꎬ틔놣횤룄룯뗄쮳샻쪵쪩ꆣFERC튪붨솢쿠펦뗄쫐뎡맦퓲뫍ퟣ릻뗄쫐뎡좨췾ꎬ놣횤쓜릻벰쪱쫕벯뫍릫뾪맘폚쫐뎡붻틗뗄탅쾢ꎬ쪹쯹폐뗄쫐뎡닎폫헟쓜릻퓚뇈뷏돤럖뗄탅쾢쳵볾쿂뻶닟ꆣ컩뗂놾죋쫇퓚낲좻잰ퟜ닃샗뗄듳솦췆볶쿂ꎬ평늼쪲ퟜ춳죎쏼캪FERC훷쾯ꎬ좡듺쇋놻샗죏캪횴탐뗧솦룄룯늻솦뗄잰FERC훷쾯ꎬ떱좻ꎬ컩뗂돐억FERC붫뗷닩낲좻닙ퟝ쏀맺쓜풴쫐뎡뗄탐캪ꆣ뇭쏦짏ꎬ낲좻훷헅쓜풴탐튵럅쯉볠맜ꎬ튪쟳뾪럅뗧솦뗄엺랢쫐뎡ꎬ튪쟳뗧췸릫쮾뗄뛀솢퓋ퟷꎬ튪쟳뛔뗧췸뗄릫욽뷓죫뫍뛔쫤뗧뗧볛뗄뿘훆ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ룹뻝첩샕ꎨTaylorꎩ뗄럖컶ꎬ낲좻횻퓚뗧췸늻퓚웤뿘훆쓚뗄훝쓚뎫떼뎧췸럖뾪ꆢ뺺볛짏췸ꆢ뛔쫤뗧볛룱퇏룱뿘훆ꆣ떫퓚뗃뿋죸쮹훝뫍슷틗쮹낲쓇훝뫍쏀맺쓏늿뗄튻킩훝ꎬ낲좻뿘훆쇋뗧췸닺ꎬ쯹틔낲좻뻍탻뒫펦룃퓊탭뗧췸릫쮾ퟔ평뚨볛ꆣ낲좻퓚볠맜컊쳢짏닉좡뻸뛔뗄믺믡훷틥ꎬ죧릺싲짙솿뗄럧쓜랢뗧뎧틔쫷솢ꆰ싌즫ꋙ볓훝뗄훝닎틩풱Joe Dunn횸돶ꎬꆰ평낲좻쯹훷떼뗄헢뎡럅쯉볠맜뗄룄룯튲탭쫇폐쪷틔살뛔쏀맺쿻럑헟ퟮ듳뗄랸ퟯꆱꆣWebnews, May 2002ꆣ98
ꋙ쓜풴릩펦짌ꆱ뗄탎쿳ꆣ헢쫇ퟔ평쫐뎡훐뇪ힼ뗄릫쮾춶믺탐캪ꎬ횻폐춨맽춸쏷뗄탐헾돌탲맽돌훆뚨맦퓲ꎬ닅쓜복짙헢훖샻틦벯췅뗄펰쿬ꆣ2ꆢ뷰죚퇜짺욷붻틗ꎨ쫨뫶ꎩ볠맜낲좻뗄맊쫂훷튪늿럖쫇맘폚뷰죚퇜짺욷붻틗뗄맊쫂ꆣ낲좻듓튻룶쳬좻웸맜뗀퓋쫤짌ꆢ뗧솦릩펦짌훰늽퇝뇤캪튻룶쓜풴붻틗짌ꎨmarketerꎩꎬ웤훷튪뗄믮뚯튲톰헒뾪닉쳬좻웸ꆢ듓워짨뫍맜샭뎤춾퓋쫤맜뗀ꆢ랢뗧뫍쿺쫛뗧솦뗈쿲틔붨솢룷훖뢴퓓뗄뷰죚퇜짺욷붻틗뫏춬ꎬ틔탩쓢뗄붻틗듺쳦쪵컯뗄붻룮ꆣ떽2001쓪낲좻떹뇕쪱ꎬ낲좻틑뺭돉캪쏀맺뗚5듳짌욷퇜짺욷붻틗짌ꆣ퓚듋뇤맽돌훐ꎬ낲좻춨맽쫕싲뫍폎쮵헾훎죋컯뫍솢램헟ꎬ맄샸솢램쪱쪹쓜풴퇜짺욷붻틗믮뚯늻쫜SEC뗄볠맜ꆣ퓚쏀맺ꎬ맱첨붻틗뗄뷰죚퇜짺욷튻횱늻쫜SEC뫍CFTC뗄볠맜ꆣ퓚1998쓪쏀맺튻볒훸쏻뗄듓쫂뷰죚퇜짺욷뫍뛔돥믹뷰튵컱뗄뎤웚놾맜샭릫쮾ꎨLong-TermCapital Management, LTCMꎩ벸뫵웆닺ꎬ늿럖볒뫍냼삨CFTC뢺퓰죋퓚쓚뗄뻶닟헟ꎬ퓸쫔춼볓잿뛔헢샠붻틗뫏춬뗄볠맜ꎬ믲튪쟳엻슶퇜짺욷붻틗뗄탅쾢ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ냼삨낲좻퓚쓚뗄튻룶닺튵솪쏋폎쮵쇋돖쿠춬맛뗣뗄솢램헟ꎬ뗖훆쇋뛔퇜짺욷붻틗뷸탐볠맜뗄솢램틢춼ꆣ낲좻듓1992쓪웰뻍춨맽캪헾떳ꆢ캪맺믡틩풱쳡릩뻞뛮뻨훺뗄랽쪽펰쿬맺믡솢램ꎬ펪퓬뛔ퟔ벺폐샻뗄볠맜뮷뺳ꆣ1992쓪맺믡춨맽1992쓪웚믵붻틗쪵볹램ꎨFutures Trading Practices Act of 1992ꎩ,웤훐뗄튻룶쳵뿮뻍쫇쫚좨짌욷웚믵붻틗캯풱믡ꎨCommodities Futures Trading CommissionꎬCFTCꎩ퓚죏캪럻뫏릫릲샻틦쪱ꎬ뿉틔믭쏢뛔늿럖붻틗뫏춬뗄볠맜ꆣ웤뫳늻뻃ꎬ낲좻뫍웤쯻벸볒웳튵튻뗀ꎬ쿲CFTC짪쟫뛔쓜풴퇜짺욷뫏춬뗄볠맜믭쏢ꆣ떱쪱뗄CFTC훷쾯쫇뗃훝닎틩풱룱삭쒷ꎨPhil Grammꎩ뗄웞ퟓ컂뗏ꆤ룱삭쒷ꎨWendyGrammꎩꆣ퓚1993쓪1퓂킶죎CFTC훷쾯틔잰ꎬ쯽웴뚯쇋튻룶뿬쯙뗄짳엺돌탲ꎬ쪹헢쿮믭쏢뗃틔퓚1993쓪4퓂놻춨맽ꆣ룃램낸믭쏢쇋CFTC뛔맱첨붻틗랽쪽뗄쓜풴퇜짺욷뫏춬ꎬ냼삨뗴웚붻틗ꎨswapꎩ뗄볠맜ꆣ컂뗏퓚샫뾪CFTC뗄5훜뫳뻍돶죎ꋙ낲좻뗄뚭쫂ꎬ늢뢺퓰볠뚽릫쮾뗄짳볆ꆣ닎틩풱룱삭쒷춬쪱튲뗃떽쇋낲좻뻞뛮뗄헾훎뻨훺ꎬ쯹틔퓚맺믡늻틅폠솦뗘폎쮵틔춨맽폐샻폚낲좻릫쮾뗄솢램ꆣ2000쓪12퓂ꎬ퓚닎틩풱룱삭쒷뗄췆뚯쿂ꎬ맺믡춨맽쇋짌욷웚믵쿖듺뮯램ꎨCommodityFutures Modernization Actꎩ,뷸튻늽쏢돽CFTC뛔쓜풴퇜짺욷뗄볠맜ꎬ늢퓊탭낲ꋙꆰBlind faithꆱ, Public Citizen, 2001ꆣ99
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies좻늻쫜볠맜뗘샻폃틲쳘췸뷸탐쓜풴뗄퓚쿟붻틗ꎬ쟒퓚ퟮ뷼쏀맺닎풺쳖싛탂뗄쓜풴램낸쪱ꎬ죔좻벫솦랴뛔뛔쓜풴붻틗뷸탐퓙볠맜ꆣ퓚낲좻쫂볾틔뫳ꎬ볓훝쏱훷떳닎틩풱랶쮹첹쳡돶쇋놻돆캪ꆰ랶쮹첹탞헽낸(Feinstein Amendment)ꆱ뗄솢램쳡낸ꎬ튪쟳뢺퓰웚믵볠맜뗄짌욷웚믵붻틗캯풱믡ꎨCommodity Futures Trading Commission, CFTCꎩ뛔쓜풴뫍뷰쫴퇜짺욷맱첨붻틗쪵쪩탂뗄볠맜ꆣ평폚뛔쓜풴퇜짺욷맱첨붻틗쫨폚볠맜ꎬ틽웰쇋볓훝뗧솦쫐뎡훐뗄쓜풴쫐뎡닙ퟝꎬ떼훂쇋뗧솦볛룱뗄짽ꎬ뛔쿻럑헟퓬돉쇋뻞듳뗄쯰쪧ꎬ늢떼훂쇋볓훝ퟮ듳뗄뗧솦릩펦릫쮾뗄웆닺ꎬ쓰돉쇋볓훝뗧솦캣믺ꆣ랶쮹첹죏캪ꎬ듋뻙붫쏖늹쿖탐뗧솦뫍쳬좻웸뚨볛뗄볠맜뿲볜훐듦퓚슩뚴ꎬ퓶볓붻틗뗄춸쏷뛈ꆣ랶쮹첹탞헽낸뗃떽쇋퇜짺욷붻틗짌뫍쓜풴붻틗짌뗄잿쇒랴뛔ꎬ쏀솪뒢훷쾯룱쇖쮹엋뫍쏀맺닆헾늿뎤냂쓡뛻ꎨPaul O Neillꎩ뚼뇭쪾랴뛔퓚ꆰ짌욷웚믵쿖듺뮯램낸ꆱ춨맽뷶튻쓪뛠뫳훘탂탞룄램낸ꆣ3ꆢ퇸샏뷰볠맜쏀맺솪냮폐쿠맘램싉뛔퇸샏놣쿕뷰뗄돯듫ꆢ맜샭뫍쪹폃뷸탐퇏쏜뗄볠맜ꆣ뛔풱릤퇸샏놣쿕훆뛈뫍퇸샏믹뷰뗄볠맜럖뇰짦벰SEC뫍샍릤늿ꎬ헢쫇쯹폐릫쮾뚼뇘탫쏦쇙뗄뫡쿲볠맜믲돆캪짧믡탔볠맜ꆣ낲좻쫂볾놩슶돶ꎬ퓚쿖탐뗄쳥훆쳵볾쿂ꎬ뛔횰릤퇸샏믹뷰401(k)볆뮮뗄볠맜뮹듦퓚뷏듳뗄컊쳢ꆣ1974쓪쏀맺쯹춨맽뗄맍풱췋택쫕죫놣횤램낸ꎨEmployee Retirement IncomeꋙSecurity ACT, ERISAꎩ맦뚨퇸샏믹뷰퓚죎뫎튻횻막욱짏뗄춶늻쓜뎬맽닺뗄10ꎥꆣ뛸Erisa훐뗄401(k) 쳵뿮퓊탭퇸샏뷰춻웆헢튻쿞훆ꎬ헢튻ꆰ뒴탂ꆱ뗃떽맺믡뗄쫗뿏ꎬ떼훂쇋401ꎨkꎩ췋택볆뮮뗄톸쯙삩헅ꆣ401(k)쫇쏀맺췋택뷰듓만뚨쫕틦탍ꎨDefined Benefitꎩ쿲만뚨뷉뢶탍ꎨDefined Contributionꎩ룄룯뗄튻룶닺컯ꆣ쯹캽뗄401(k)볆뮮ꎬ뻍쫇맍풱붫내헕만뚨뷉뢶탍뗄랽쪽ꎬ내헕튻뚨뗄쫽뛮퓚쮰잰붫뷰듦죫튻룶쳘쫢뗄룶죋헊뮧훐ꎬ춬쪱맍훷튲붫내헕춬뗈뗄뇈샽캪풱릤뷉뢶퇸샏뷰ꆣ룃췋택볆뮮뗄뷰뗄춶쫕틦늻폃뷉쮰뛸폃폚퓙춶ꎬ튻횱떽맍풱췋택쪱룃뷰닅쓜놻쪹폃ꆣ401(k)볆뮮뗄뷰ꎬ폐쿠떱튻늿럖뚼릺싲쇋릫쮾ퟔ벺뗄막욱ꎬ튻랽쏦쫇풱릤춨맽퇸샏믹뷰돉캪ퟔ벺릫쮾뗄막뚫ꎬ뿉틔럖쿭릫쮾돉뎤뗄쫕틦ꎻ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ듳솿뷰춶폚튻볒릫쮾ꎬ웤춶뗄럧쿕ퟩ뫏쫜떽튻뚨뗄펰쿬ꆣꋙERISA뗄풭퓲쫇뛔퇸샏믹뷰쪵탐퇏룱뗄볠맜ꎬ냼삨튪쟳ퟣ뛮뷉뢶ꆢ럖즢뮯춶뫍뇘탫춶놣ꆣ100
낲좻웆닺뛔춶헟쯹듸살뗄쯰쪧쫇벫웤뻞듳뗄ꎬ릫쮾뗄횰릤퓚틲릫쮾닃풱뛸쪧좥릤ퟷ뗄춬쪱ꎬ튲틲캪퇸샏믹뷰쯹돖폐뗄릫쮾뗄막욱볛횵듳뗸뛸쪹췋택퇸샏뷰벸뫵즥쪧듹뺡ꆣ낲좻폐16000뛠쏻풱릤붫웤췋택뒢탮뗄듳늿럖뚼릺싲쇋낲좻뗄막욱ꆣ릫쮾캪풱릤쯹뷉뢶뗄쓇늿럖퇸샏뷰튲쫇폃릫쮾뗄막욱횧뢶뗄ꎬ릫쮾튪쟳맍풱퓚쯻쏇50쯪틔잰뚼늻퓊탭붫헢늿럖틔릫쮾막욱탎쪽쯹뷉뢶뗄췋택뷰뇤쿖ꆣ2001쓪ꎬ낲좻횰릤췋택믹뷰쯹릺싲뗄쓇늿럖낲좻막욱놻뚳뷡쇋3탇웚ꎬ뛸웤볤릫쮾막욱듳뗸35ꎥꆣ떱릫쮾뗄막욱듓90쏀풪뗸떽늻ퟣ1쏀풪쪱ꎬ풱릤뗄퇸샏믹뷰즥쪧10뛠틚쏀풪ꆣ헢캪웤쯻듳릫쮾뗄401(k)볆뮮뗄뾹럧쿕탔쟃쿬쇋뺯훓ꆣ룹뻝쏀맺믹뷰릤믡뗈뗄튻쿮퇐뺿ꎬ떽2001쓪11퓂ꎬ쏀맺펵폐401(k)볆뮮헊뮧뗄죋뎬맽4200췲죋ꎬퟜ닺뷼18000틚쏀풪ꎬ웤훐뗄20ꎥꎬ벴듳풼3400틚쏀풪뗄닺춶폚맍풱ퟔ짭쯹릤ퟷ뗄릫쮾ꆣ퓚쓇킩춶폚쫜맍릫쮾뗄췋택볆뮮훐ꎬ릫쮾막욱쯹햼뇈샽뗄욽뻹횵캪38ꎥꆣ평폚막욱뗄볛룱늨뚯듳ꎬ붫닺죧듋벯훐떽튻룶릫쮾쪹췋택볆뮮뗄닺쏦쇙뷏듳뗄늨뚯탔ꆣ쿂뇭쇐뻙쇋튻킩훸쏻릫쮾뗄맍풱401ꎨkꎩ볆뮮훐춶맍훷웳튵뗄뇈샽ꆣ뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ평폚쫜뗧탅쫐뎡춶엝쒭웆쏰뗄펰쿬ꎬ늿럖웳튵뗄막볛쿂뗸뎬맽50ꎥꎬ맍풱췋택뷰뺻횵쏦쇙뷏듳뗄쯵쮮ꆣ내헕믹뷰춶뗄럖즢뮯풭퓲ꎬ튵뮯맜샭퇸샏믹뷰뫍릲춬믹뷰퓚튻횻막욱짏춶튻냣늻믡뎬맽ퟜ닺뗄5ꎥꆣ쿔좻401ꎨkꎩ볆뮮퓚맍훷릫쮾짏뗄춶뇈샽첫룟ꎬ럧쿕첫듳ꆣ낲좻쫂볾뗄ퟮ듳ퟮ횱뷓뗄쫜몦헟뇣쫇낲좻뗄풱릤ꆣ뇭1듳릫쮾뗄401(k)볆뮮듳솿돖폐놾릫쮾뗄막욱ꎬ쫜쫐뎡늨뚯뗄럧쿕뷏듳릫쮾릺싲ퟔ벺릫쮾막욱볛룱튻쓪살뗄뇤뮯막욱뗄뇈샽2001쓪2퓂8죕2002쓪2퓂8죕 Motor + Communications Time 쇏살풴ꎺCongressional Research Service Report, ꆰThe Enron Bankruptcy and Employer Stockin Retirement Planesꆱetc., 틽ퟔIEEE Spectrum March 2002, ꆣ101
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies2002쓪ꎬ쏀맺맺믡뾪쪼뾼싇탞룄맍풱췋택쫕죫놣횤램ꎨEmployee Retir-ement Income Security Act, ERISAꎩꎬ뛔퇸샏믹뷰춶뗄럖즢뮯ꆢ401(k)볆뮮뗄맜샭뗈뷸탐짳닩ꆣ늼쪲헾뢮뛔401(k)볆뮮룄룯뗄훷튪쮼슷냼삨ꎺ럅뿭뛔맍풱춨맽401(k)볆뮮돖폐놾릫쮾막욱뗄쪱볤쯸뚨쿞훆ꎬ룄캪릤ퟷ3쓪뫳뻍뿉틔쫇맍풱붫돖폐뗄릫쮾막럝싴뗴뛸춶죫떽웤쯻뗄릫쮾훐ꎬ틔럖즢럧쿕ꆣ룟닣맜샭죋풱쯹돖폐뗄릫쮾뗄막욱ꎬ웤싲싴쫜떽풱릤401(k)볆뮮춬퇹뗄쿞훆ꆣ살ퟔ볓훝뗄닎틩풱늩뿋즪ꎨBarbara Boxerꎩ뫍살ퟔ탂퓳컷훝뗄닎틩풱John S. Corzine (잰룟쪢릫쮾ퟜ닃)쳡돶뗄튻쿮틩낸튪쟳붫401(k)볆뮮훐돖폐맍훷릫쮾뗄막욱뗄뇈샽쿞훆퓚20ꎥꎬ춬쪱퓊탭맍풱붫릫쮾쯹쳡릩뗄쓇늿럖욥엤뷰퓚90쳬틔뫳싴뗴ꆣ횵뗃맘힢뗄쇭튻룶컊쳢쫇ꎬ쏀맺뗄퇸샏믹뷰쟣쿲폚춶룟쫕틦떫럧쿕뷏듳뗄쇬폲ꆣ쏀맺뗄ERISA춶믹뷰뗄짳짷풭퓲ꎬ퓊탭퇸샏믹뷰붫짙폚ퟜ닺5ꎥ뗄늿럖춶폚럇짏쫐막좨믹뷰ꎨ냼몬쇋뒴튵춶믹뷰퓚쓚뗄닺튵춶믹뷰ꎩꎬ헢킩믹뷰뗄춶믘놨튻냣뷏룟ꆣ뇭2쿔쪾쏀맺뫍얷훞뗄췋택믹뷰춶폚뛔돥믹뷰뫍럇짏쫐막좨믹뷰뗄뇈샽ꆣ뇭2퇸샏믹뷰뗄뷰춶쿲ꎨ햼퇸샏믹뷰ퟜ춶뗄뇈샽ꎬꎥꎩ뗘쟸럇짏쫐막좨믹뷰뛔돥믹뷰쏀맺얷훞펢맺쇏살풴ꎺFT Survey on Pension Funds InvestmentꎬJune 5, 2002, ꆣ헢캪쏀맺뗄쮽폐막좨믹뷰뫍뛔돥믹뷰쳡릩쇋뷏듳뗄뷰살풴ꎬ춬쪱뛔퇸샏놣쿕믹뷰뗄컈붡뫍낲좫탔듸살쳴햽ꆣ쒿잰쏀맺폐듳풼2000떽6000횻뛔돥믹뷰ꎬ쫐뎡맦쒣퓚4500ꎭ5500틚쏀풪횮볤ꆣ2001쓪ꎬ뛔돥믹뷰뗄맦쒣퓶볓쇋320틚쏀풪ꆣCSFB뗄튻럝놨룦횸돶ꎬ2001쓪뇪ힼ웕뛻횸쫽쿂뗸쇋%ꎬ떫뛔돥믹뷰뗄쫕틦짏짽쇋%ꆣ평폚뛔돥믹뷰늻쫜SEC뗄퇏룱볠맜ꎬ쒿잰뛔돥믹뷰맦쒣뗄톸쯙퓶볓뫍잱퓚뗄엝쒭틲쯘ꎬ쪹볠맜믺릹뾪쪼맘힢뛔돥믹뷰ꆣ퓚뎤웚놾맜샭릫쮾캣믺놬랢틔뫳ꎬ쏀맺맺믡뫍SEC퓸뺭뛔뛔돥믹뷰ퟷ맽튻싖짮죫뗄뗷닩ꎬ떫뛔뛔돥믹뷰뗄볠맜늢캴쓉죫SEC뗄랶돫ꆣ죧맻뛔돥믹뷰뗄럧쿕퓶듳ꎬ튲탭탨튪뛔헢샠믹뷰뷸탐볠맜ꆣ4ꆢ믡볆뇪ힼ뫍탅쾢엻슶뗄볠맜퇏룱뗄믡볆뇪ힼ뫍ힼ좷췪헻뗄탅쾢엻슶쫇놾쫐뎡믹뒡ꆣ낲좻쫂볾쳘뇰쫇102
웤뫳뗄튻쾵쇐듳릫쮾뗄믡볆틉뗣믲돳컅ꎬ놩슶돶쏀맺믡볆훆뛈뗄훮뛠뇗뛋ꎬ헢쫇뛔쏀맺릫훚헰뚯ퟮ듳ꆢ쒿잰쳖싛ퟮ뛠뗄컊쳢ꆣ낲좻춨맽튻룶쏀맺믡볆ힼ퓲짏퓊탭뗄쫖뛎ꎬ샻폃튻룶쳘쫢쒿뗄쪵쳥ꎨSpe-cial Purpose Entityꎩ붫릫쮾뗄듳솿햮컱틾님웰살ꎬ쪹릫쮾뗄뢺햮싊쿂붵ꎬ쳡룟릫쮾뗄죚쓜솦뫍펯샻쓜솦ꆣ춬쪱룹뻝탨튪뗷헻릫쮾뫍SPE횮볤뗄쫕횧뫍햮컱췹살ꎬ틔벰폫웤쯻릫쮾뷸탐쎻폐쪵볊짌튵쒿뗄ꆢ뒿듢캪쇋탩퓶쫕죫뗄췹략붻틗ꎨround trippingꎩ틔탩퓶쫕죫ꆣퟮ뷼SEC뾪쪼뛔뛠볒릫쮾샠쯆뗄늻돏쪵뗄믡볆ퟷ램햹뾪뗷닩ꎬ웤릫쮾쏻떥냼삨볓훝뗧솦캣믺훐짦쿓닙ퟝ쫐뎡뗄쓜풴릫쮾DynegyꆢReliant Resources Inc뫍CMS Energy Corpꎬ뮥뮻맢쿋췸싧죝솿탩퓶쫕죫뗄뗧탅릫쮾뮷쟲뗧톶(Global Crossing Ltd.)뫍Qwest Communications International Inc.ꎬ뮹ꋙ폐샻폃싴랽죚쳡룟쿺쫛뛮뗄샊톶ꎨLucent Technologies Incꎩꆣ냼삨낲좻퓚쓚뗄튻쾵쇐릫쮾뗄믡볆ퟷ볙탐캪ꎬ쪹춶헟뛔쏀맺ퟔ뫀뗄횤좯쫐뎡돏탅솦믹뒡닺짺쇋뚯튡ꆣ맺믡ꆢSEC뫍탐튵ퟩ횯뛔믡볆탐튵뗄볠맜늻솦ꎬ믡볆릫쮾볈쳡릩짳볆럾컱폖쳡릩톯틔벰횱뷓춶쯹퓬돉뗄샻틦돥춻ꎬ막욱웚좨늻볆죫릫쮾돉놾틔쳡룟릫쮾쫕죫뫍룟뿆벼릫쮾늢릺훐컞탎닺뗄뒦샭뗈폐샻폚쳥쿖맜샭닣튵벨뗄뒦샭쫖뛎ꎬ쪹믡볆릫쮾풽살풽뛠뗘폫릫쮾뫏쒱ꎬ탎돉쇋뛔ꋚ춶죋뗄웛욭ꆣ횥볓룧듳톧믡볆톧뷌쫚ꆢFASB뗄닆컱믡볆뇪ힼ톯캯풱믡캯풱췾뛻ꎨR. L. Weilꎩ퓚맺믡ퟷ횤쪱죏캪ꎬ쏀맺믡볆쳥쾵훐잿뗷쿪쾸뗄맦퓲뛸늻힢훘튻냣풭퓲ꎬ쯹틔릫쮾내헕ꆰ횻튪쓣쎻폐룦쯟쪲쎴늻쓜ퟷꎬ쓇컒뚼뿉틔룉ꆱꋛ뗄풭퓲좥톰헒쳵뿮훐뗄좱쿝ꎬ헢쫇떼훂탭뛠ꆰ닆컱뒴탂ꆱ뗄훷튪풭틲횮튻ꆣ듓뛔릫쮾믡볆뫍짳볆뗄맜샭뫍볠뚽뗄훆뛈짏뾴ꎬSEC뻟폐훆뚨믡볆뗄믹놾풭퓲뗄램뚨퓰죎ꎬ떫맽좥60뛠쓪쏀맺뚼쫇틀뾿쫴폚쏱볤탔훊뗄닆컱믡볆뇪ힼ샭쫂믡ꎨFinancial Accounting Standard Board, FSABꎩ훆뚨릫쮾뗄닆믡뇪ힼꆣퟔ싉탔탐튵ퟩ횯쏀맺힢닡릫릲믡볆퇐뺿쯹ꎨAmerican Institute of Certificated PublicAccounts, AICPAꎩ뢺퓰붨솢짳볆뇪ힼ늢뛔웤돉풱캥맦쪱쪵쪩돍뒦ꆣ1998쓪ꎬ쪱죎쏀맺닆헾늿뎤뗄풭맾런듳톧뺭볃톧뷌쫚ꆢ쿖죎킣뎤죸쒪쮹ꎨLawrence Summersꎩ탻돆ꎬꆰ컒죏캪훷떼쇋쏀맺놾쫐뎡랢햹뗄ퟮퟮ훘튪뗄뒴탂뻍쫇춨폃믡볆풭퓲ꎨGAAPꎩ뗄쮼쿫ꆱꆣ뿋슳룱싼뗄헯뛏쫇ꎬꆰ헢킩훆뛈냼삨쿖듺믡볆ힼ퓲ꎬ뛀솢짳ꋙWall Street Journal, May 17, 2002ꆣꋚ볻. House of Representatives 2002 bꆣꋛWeil, 2002. Littan, 2002ꆣ103
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies볆죋ꎬ횤좯뫍뷰죚쫐뎡뗄볠맜ꎬ뷻횹쓚늿붻틗ꆣ뛸낲좻쫂볾뇭쏷쯹폐헢킩훆뛈낲업뚼뢯뮯쇋ꆣ캪럀횹쓚늿죋붻틗뗄훖훖럀랶듫쪩쎻폐쓄튻쳵맜폃ꆣ쓇킩놾펦룃뛀솢뗄뷇즫뚼놻쫕싲쇋ꆣꆱꆰ낲좻3000뛠볒ퟓ릫쮾뫍뫏믯릫쮾ꆪ욽첯쿂살쎿7룶맍ꋙ풱훐뻍폐튻룶쓚늿죋ꆪ놾짭뻍쫇뛔믡볆ힼ퓲뫍뇜쏢쓚늿붻틗ힼ퓲뗄뎰럭ꆣꆱ쇭췢뮹폐평믡볆릫쮾훺뗄릫훚볠뚽샭쫂믡ꎨPublic Oversight Board, POBꎩ뢺퓰볠뚽AICPA뗄돉풱ꆣ튻횱폐죋엺움헢킩쏱볤탔훊뗄ퟩ횯쓑틔떣떱뛔믡볆튵뷸탐폐킧볠맜뫍볠뚽뗄훘죎ꆣ낲좻쫂볾훐낲듯탅릫쮾폫낲좻뫏쒱퓬볙뗄쫂놩슶뫳ꎬ튪쟳룄룯뗄뫴짹죕룟ꆣ2002쓪1퓂ꎬSEC훷쾯욤쳘ꎨHarvey Pittꎩ쳡돶쇋룄뷸뛔믡볆탐튵볠맜뗄붨틩ꎬ냼삨삩듳FASB뫍SEC뗄횰퓰ꎬ붨솢튻룶평릫훚ퟩ돉ꋚ뗄볠맜믺릹ꎬ쏅뛔믡볆탐튵뷸탐볍싉볬닩뫍훊솿뿘훆ꆣ죽ꆢ쫐뎡뗄췘햹폫램싉뫍볠맜쳥쾵뗄퇝뇤20쫀볍뫁컞틉컊뗘뿉틔돆캪쫇쏀맺뗄쫀볍ꆣ뺭맽100뛠쓪뗄랢햹ꎬ쏀맺붨솢쇋튻쳗냼삨헾뢮늿쏅ꆢ램춥뫍볠맜믺릹퓚쓚뗄믹놾훆뛈쳥쾵ꎬ뷧뚨릫쮾ꆢ쫐뎡뫍헾뢮횮볤뗄맘쾵늢맦랶룷훷쳥뗄탐캪ꆣ듓ퟜ쳥짏뾴ꎬ헢쳗훆뛈뇈뷏폐킧뗘듙뷸쇋쏀맺뗄뺭볃랢햹ꎬ쪹쏀맺돉캪훷떼좫쟲뺭볃뗄잿맺ꆣ떫헽죧쏀맺뺭볃톧볒뫕쾣싼ꎨA. O. Hirschmanꎩ쯹쮵ꎬꆰ퓚죎뫎튻룶뺭볃ꆢ짧믡뫍헾훎쳥쾵훐ꎬ듓ퟜ쳥짏뾴ꎬ룶죋ꆢ웳튵ꆢퟩ횯뚼뻟폐듓뢻폐킧싊뗄ꆢ샭탔뗄ꆢ쫘램뗄ꆢ룟짐뗄탐캪쒣쪽뮬쿲쮥실뗄쟣쿲ꎬ믲헟쮵ꎬ퓋탐죧뎣뗄탐캪쒣쪽믡훰붥뗘돶쿖듃......듋ꋛ샠쇓벣죴싻퇓뾪살ꎬ퓲헻룶쾵춳뻍믡좫엌뢯탠ꆱꆣ낲좻쫂볾뇭쏷ꎬ쏀맺뗄튻킩뺭볃훆뛈탨튪쯦쫐뎡붻틗뗄뇤뮯뛸ퟷ돶쿠펦뗄뗷헻ꆪ쫊펦탔뗷헻ꆣ뾼달쏀맺뗄뺭볃훆뛈뇤잨뗄샺쪷ꎬ컒쏇뿉틔랢쿖ꎬ쿖듺뗄뺭볃훆뛈쫇쯦죋샠뗄붻틗믮뚯뗄췘햹뛸붨솢뫍퇝뷸뗄ꆣ쯦ퟅ벼쫵뗄늻뛏뷸늽ꎬ죋샠뗄짺닺믮뚯뗄랽쪽뫍쫖뛎늻뛏랢짺뇤뮯ꎬ짧믡럖릤늻뛏짮뮯ꎬ붻틗뗄뢴퓓돌뛈늻뛏퓶볓ꎬ틔복짙붻틗럑폃ꆢ듙뷸쫐뎡삩헅캪쒿뗄뗄뺭볃훆뛈낲업튲뇘탫ퟷ돶뗷헻뫍낲업ꆣ헽쫇퓚죋샠듓볲떥럖릤뫍뻍뷼붻틗뗄뷗뛎랢햹떽쿖퓚뗄럖릤짮뛈뫍붻틗맣뛈뗄맽돌훐ꎬ쫐뎡뺭볃뗄쳥쾵뷡릹튲랢짺쇋뇤뮯ꆣ뇭3랴펳쇋맽좥100뛠쓪볤쏀맺뗄훷튪뺭볃쫂볾뫍훷튪볠맜믺릹훆뛈뇤뮯뗄믹놾싖삪ꆣꋙKrugman, 2002a, fꆣꋚ맘폚쏀맺믡볆훆뛈룄룯쯹쳡돶뗄벸쳗랽낸뗄쿪쾸뷩짜ꎬ닎볻헅탂뗈ꎬ2002ꆣꋛA. O. Hirschman ꎬ2001쓪훐컄냦ꎬ뗚1튳ꆣ104
뇭3뺭볃믮뚯뗄췘햹폫헾뢮믺릹퓶잿뫍볠맜랶캧뗄삩듳훷튪쫂볾룄룯폫솢램ꆢ볠맜믺릹뗄돉솢1880ꎭ1910쓪ꎺ듳맦쒣닺튵헻뫏1887쓪ꎺ훝볊짌컱캯풱믡ICC1890쓪ꎺSherman 랴췐삭쮹램1907쓪ꎺ뮪뛻뷖듳뿖믅1911쓪ꎺ뇪ힼ쪯폍릫쮾ꎨStandard Oilꎩ뫍쏀맺퇌닝릫쮾(American Tobacco)놻럖닰1913쓪ꎺ솪냮뒢놸틸탐돉솢1914쓪ꎺ솪냮쎳틗캯풱믡ꎨFTCꎩ1920쓪ꎺ솪냮뚯솦캯풱믡(FPC)1929쓪ꎺ뮪뛻뷖막쫐뇀삣1930ꎭ33쓪ꎺ듳엺틸탐웆닺1931쓪ꎺ솪냮쪳욷폫튽튩맜샭뻖FDA돉솢1932쓪ꎺ릫폃쫂튵릫쮾뢴퓓뗄뿘막뷰ퟖ쯾첮쯺1933쓪ꎺ캪틸탐뒢뮧붨솢듦뿮놣쿕ꎻGlass-Steagall램럖샫춶틸탐뫍짌튵틸탐튵컱1934쓪ꎺ춨맽횤좯붻틗램ꎬ쏀맺횤좯붻틗캯풱믡ꎨSECꎩ돉솢ꎻ솪냮춨탅캯풱믡FCC돉솢1935쓪ꎺ릫폃쫂튵뿘막릫쮾램ꎨPUHCAꎩ1940쓪ꎺ춶릫쮾램ꆢ춶릫쮾맋컊램ꆣ1954쓪ꎺ뗧웸짨놸볛룱닙ퟝ돳컅1958쓪ꎺ뗧쫓컊듰뷚쒿닙ퟝ돳컅1960쓪ꎺ춨탅램탞헽낸1961쓪ꎺ춨폃뗧웸ꎨGEꎩ뫍컷컝뗧웸ꎨWestin-ghouseꎩ놻랣뿮1963쓪ꎺEtudebaker퇸샏뷰캣믺쪹4000릤죋쫜쯰1970쓪ꎺ뛔믡볆풭퓲뗄엺움1970쓪ꎺ뮷뺳놣뮤쫰돉솢(EPA)1973쓪ꎺ막좨죚돳컅1973쓪ꎺ닆컱믡볆뇪ힼ샭쫂믡돉솢ꎨFASBꎩꎨ평믡볆릫쮾돶뫍맜샭뗄탐튵킭믡ꎩ1974쓪ꎺ맍풱췋택쫕죫놣횤램낸ꎨERISAꎩ췆뚯퇸샏놣쿕룄룯1975쓪ꎺ짳볆쪦틲캴쓜놨룦릫쮾퓬볙뛸놻에죫폼1977쓪ꎺ솪냮뚯솦솦캯풱믡(FPC)룄캪솪냮쓜풴볠맜캯풱믡FERC1978쓪ꎺ릫폃쫂튵볠맜헾닟램ꎨPublic UtilitiesRegulatory Policies Act (PURPA) ꎩꎬ뷡쫸릫폃쫂튵릫쮾뛔랢뗧뎧슢뛏1985쓪ꎺ뒢듻ꎨS&Lꎩ캣믺105
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studiesꎨ탸뇭ꎩ훷튪쫂볾룄룯폫솢램ꆢ볠맜믺릹뗄돉솢1989쓪ꎺ뷰죚믺릹룄룯뢴탋폫횴탐램낸헼뻈뒢듻믺릹1992쓪ꎺ1992쓪웚믵붻틗쪵볹램ꎨFutures TradingPractices Act of 1992ꎩ퓊탭짌욷웚믵붻틗캯풱믡ꎨCFTCꎩ뻶뚨늿럖붻틗쫜떽짌욷붻틗램ꎨCEAꎩ뗄믭쏢ꆣ맱첨붻틗뗄뷰죚퇜짺욷ꆢ쓜풴퇜짺뫏춬붻틗쫜떽믭쏢ꋙ1995쓪ꎺ맺믡잿탐춨맽ꆶ횤좯쮽죋쯟쯏룄룯램낸ꆷꎨPrivate Securities Litigation reform Actꎩ1996쓪ꎺ솪냮쓜풴볠맜캯풱믡ꎨFERCꎩ랢늼888뫅쇮ꎨOrder 888ꎩꎬ뾪럅뗧솦뒫쫤췸ꎬ퓚엺랢닠틽죫뺺헹1998쓪ꎺ뎤웚놾맜샭릫쮾캣믺2000쓪ꎺ볓훝뗧솦캣믺2000쓪ꎺ짌욷웚믵쿖듺뮯램낸ꎨCommody FuturesModernization Actꎩꆣ뗧ퟓ쓜풴붻틗ꎨ죧낲좻뗄틲쳘췸붻틗쾵춳낲좻퓚쿟ꎩ뗃떽CFTC뗄볠맜믭쏢2001쓪ꎺ낲좻웆닺2002쓪ꎺ좫쟲뗧탅뇀삣쇏살풴ꎺ룹뻝FT Feb. 19, 2002, pp15벰. House of Representatives (2002)ꆣ늢럇쯹폐훷튪볠맜믺릹뗄돉솢뚼튻튻쇐돶ꆣ튪잿뗷뗄쫇쫐뎡삩헅뫳뗄붻틗믮뚯퓶볓ꎬ떼훂쇋탂뗄볠맜믺릹뗄돶쿖ꎬ틔놣횤쫐뎡맦퓲뗃떽ퟱ쫘ꎬ쫐뎡훈탲뗃떽캬돖ꎬ붻틗믮뚯뗃틔뷸탐ꎬ붻틗럑폃뫍짧믡뢣샻쯰쪧뗃틔복짙ꆣ쏀맺쯹붨솢뗄헢쳗쫐뎡쳥쾵ꎬ퓚횴탐맦퓲뗄랽쪽짏ꎬ볈폐틔웕춨램뫍램춥캪믹뒡춨맽쯟쯏랽쪽뷸탐뗄쫂뫳횴탐랽쪽ꎬ튲폐탐튵쏅뗄볠맜믺릹뛔쫐뎡훷쳥뗄탐캪뷸탐쫂잰맦랶뗄훆뛈낲업ꎬ죧FCCꆢSEC뗈볠맜믺릹뗄릦쓜ꆣ듓볠맜뗄쓚죝뾴ꎬ볈폐헫뛔탐튵뷸탐볛룱뫍럾컱볠맜뗄믺릹죧FERCꆢFCCꎬ튲폐헫뛔붡뾵ꆢ낲좫ꆢ욽뗈뗈쒿뇪뷸탐볠맜뗄믺릹죧FDAꆢEPAꎨ뮷놣쫰ꎩꎬ뮹폐쏅헫뛔뷰죚붻틗낲좫탔뗄볠맜믺릹죧SECꆢCFTCꆣ튲뿉틔붫헫뛔쳘쫢탐튵뗄뺭볃뫍럾컱볠맜뾴ퟷ쫇ퟝ쿲볠맜ꎬ웤쯻짧믡탔뗄볠맜캪뫡쿲볠맜ꆣ헢퇹ꎬ튻룶쓜폐킧퓋ퟷ뗄쫐뎡뺭볃뇘탫쫜떽짏쫶늻춬닣듎ꎨ램싉폫볠맜ꎩꆢ늻춬쇬폲뗄췸싧쪽훆뛈쳥쾵뗄풼쫸ꆣ죎뫎튻룶캳뛈뗄좱쪧ꎬ뚼붫떼훂쫐뎡퓋ퟷ훐뗄돶맬ꆣꋙ떱뷬ퟜ춳뿋쇖뛙럱뻶쇋헢튻램낸ꎬ뫳맺믡폖럱뻶쇋ퟜ춳뗄뻶뚨ꆣ볻. House of Repres-entatives, 2002aꆣ106
횵뗃힢틢뗄쫇ꎬ쯤좻낲좻쫂볾훁짙듓쒳훖돌뛈짏쮵쏷쇋볠맜믺훆뗄좱쪧뿉쓜듸살뗄캣몦ꎬ떫뛔폚웕춨램뫍램춥쯹릹돉뗄램싉쳥쾵폫쳘쫢뗄볠맜믺릹쓄튻훖뛔폚캬뮤쫐뎡훈탲룼폐킧뗄헹싛뮹붫믡튻횱돖탸늻뛏ꆣ탭뛠뺭볃톧볒ퟜ죏캪ꎬ램싉뇈볠맜룼훘튪ꎬ떫쪵볊짏솽헟뚼늻뿉욫럏ꆣퟮ뷼뗄뺭볃톧럖컶뇭쏷ꎬ틀뾿램싉뫍샻폃쯟쯏뗄돉놾뷏룟ꎬ램맙룼죝틗놻쫕싲뫍닙ퟝꆣ쳘뇰쫇퓚닆뢻뫍헾훎좨샻듦퓚뷏듳뗄닮틬뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ볠맜뇈쮾램쯟쯏룼폐킧ꆣ쏀맺퓚짏쫀볍20쓪듺ꋙ뾪쪼틔볠맜늹돤뫍듺쳦닺튵뗄볠맜ꎬ폐킧뗘뛴훆쇋짌튵듳뫠쏇뗄좨솦뫍펰쿬ꎨGlaeser 뫍Shleifer, 2001ꎩꆣ뿆벼뷸늽뫍좫쟲뮯쪹죋샠뗄튵럖릤듯떽쇋잰쯹캴폐뗄룟뛈ꎬ붻틗믮뚯뇤뗃벫웤뢴퓓뫍뛠퇹ꆣ뷶뷶틀뾿램싉뫍램춥쓑틔놣횤쫐뎡붻틗뗄폐킧뷸탐뫍짧믡뢣샻뗃떽돤럖놣헏ꆣ냼삨낲좻퓚쓚뗄뺭볃쫂볾뗄늻뛏돶쿖ꎬ뇭쏷뇘튪뗄볠맜쫇ꋚ놣횤쫐뎡폐킧퓋탐뗄훘튪훆뛈낲업ꆣ탂컷삼퓸뎢쫔퓚뗧탅탐튵틽죫뺺헹ꎬ틀뾿램춥쳥쾵뛸늻쫇쏅뗄볠맜믺릹놣횤쫐뎡폐킧뺺헹뗄닺짺뫍캬돖ꆣ떫20뛠쓪뗄쪵볹횤쏷ꎬ뛔폚쿳뗧탅탐튵헢퇹뗄뻟폐뢴퓓뗄벼쫵뺭볃쳘헷뗄췸싧탐튵살쮵ꎬ쏅뗄볠맜믺릹쫇놣헏쫐뎡폐킧퓋ퟷ뗄훘튪쫖뛎ꆣ2001쓪뗗ꎬ탂컷삼훘탂죎쏼ꋛ쇋뢺퓰뗧탅볠맜뗄맙풱늢돉솢쇋쿠펦뗄믺릹ꆣ낲좻쫂볾듓쇭튻룶닠쏦랴펳쇋ퟔ평쫐뎡훐뒦샭웳튵ꆢ헾뢮ꆢ쫐뎡맘쾵뗄뢴퓓탔ꆣ낲좻릫쮾춨맽폎쮵헾훎죋컯펮뗃쇋뛔ퟔ벺폐샻뗄볠맜닃뻶ꎨ뛔쓜풴퇜짺욷뗄뷢돽볠맜ꎩꎬ헢쫇죋쏇뛔볠맜럽믱떣탄뗄폐솦횤뻝ꆣ뛔볓훝뗧솦쫐뎡뗄닙ퟝ퓶볓쇋낲좻릫쮾뗄펯샻ꎬ떫좴떼훂쇋볓훝솽듳릩뗧릫쮾뫍볓훝훝헾뢮닆헾뗄웆닺ꎬ틔벰맣듳쿻럑헟뗄뢣샻뺻쯰쪧ꆣ맜샭닣틲캪웳튵ꆰ벨킧뫃ꆱ뛸믱뗃쇋뻞뛮붱짍늢퓚릫쮾떹뇕잰뛒쿖웚좨듯10뛠틚쏀풪ꎬ뛸퇸샏뷰놻쯸뚨퓚릫쮾막욱짏뗄웳튵풱릤좴컞쓎뗘뾴ퟅ릫쮾막볛듓90쏀풪쿂뗸떽늻횵쏀풪ꎬ10뛠틚쏀풪뗄퇸샏뷰쿻쪧ꆣ쯹폐뗄볠맜믺릹뫍쫖뛎뚼캴쓜벰쪱랢쿖낲좻뗄컊쳢뫍뇜쏢릫쮾뗄떹뇕ꎬ헢쫇평폚럅쯉볠맜듸살뗄뷡맻뮹쫇볠맜쳥훆쓚짺뗄쎤뗣ꎿ죧맻쮵낲좻퓚쏀맺맺쓚탅럮ퟔ평쫐뎡ꎬ퓲퓚웤맺볊삩헅맽돌훐ꎬ낲좻늢늻탟폚쿲릫릲ퟩ횯쯷좡냯훺ꆣ뻝튻쿮뗷닩뇭쏷ꎬퟔ1992쓪틔살ꎬ낲좻뗄좫쟲삩헅ꋙGlaeser & Shleifer, 2001ꆣꋚKuttner, 2002ꆣꋛ듋탅쾢뫍럖컶살풴폚탂컷삼튻톯릫쮾Network Strategies캪췢뺭쎳늿쳡릩뗄맘폚훐맺볓죫WTO뫳뗄뗧탅튵쯹쏦쇙뗄뗷헻뗄톯놨룦ꆣ107
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뗃떽쏀맺헾뢮믺릹뫍웤쯻맺볊ퟩ횯ꆢ뿧맺뷰죚벯췅뗄횧돖ꆣ낲좻10쓪훐릲뗃떽21룶ퟩ횯믺릹뗄횱뷓뗄뷰짏뗄횧돖ꎬ쪹낲좻퓚29룶맺볒뗄38룶쿮쒿훐믱뗃쇋ꋙ틚쏀풪뗄릫릲뷰횧돖ꆣ웤훐ꎬ쏀맺뗄믺릹ꎬ쳘뇰쫇돶뿚틸탐ꆢ몣췢쏱펪춶릫쮾ꎨOverseas Private Investment Company, OPICꎩꆢ쎳틗랢햹쫰ꎨTradeand Development Agencyꎩ뗈캪낲좻퓚25룶맺볒훐뗄쿮쒿쳡릩뷰ꎬOPIC튻볒뻍캪낲좻뗄14룶쿮쒿쳡릩쇋26틚쏀풪뗄떣놣횧돖ꆣ떫ퟷ캪쏀맺뗚7듳릫쮾뗄낲좻퓚맽좥5쓪늻떫쎻폐붻쓉튻룶쏀풪ꎬ랴뛸틲캪룷훖쮰쫕폅믝헾닟뛸믱뗃쇋짏틚풪뗄쮰쫕략뮹ꆣ뇭4낲좻릫쮾맽좥5쓪쯹붻쓉뗄솪냮쮰믲믱뗃뗄쮰쫕략뮹ꎨ냙췲쏀풪ꎩ200019991998199719961996-2000뿛복횧뢶솪냮쮰잰뗄샻죳618351189875401,785내35%쮰싊볆쯣쪱펦뢶쮰2161236630189625막좨뗄쮰쫕폅믝-390-134-43-12-19-597웤쯻쮰쫕슩뚴뫍쮰쫕뿛복-104-94-36-1-173-409붻쓉뗄솪냮쮰(+)믲믱뗃뗄-278 -105-1317-3-381쮰쫕략뮹(-)쇏살풴ꎺCitizen for tax justice, Jan. 17, 2002ꆣ낲좻쫂볾랢짺뫳ꎬ죋쏇뾪쪼뛔짌튵믮뚯뗄볠맜뷸탐랴쮼ꆣ폐죋죏캪ꎬ낲좻쫂볾뇭쏷탨튪볓잿뛔짌튵웳튵퓋탐뗄볠맜ꎻ춬퇹탭뛠죋죏캪ꎬ낲좻쫂볾늻펦룃ꋚ돉캪볓잿볠맜뗄뷨뿚ꆣ떫컣펹훃틉뗄튻뗣쫇ꎬ낲좻쫂볾죃컒쏇죏쪶떽ꎬ쫐뎡쳥쾵뗄폐킧퓋ퟷ뇘탫폐튻쳗췪헻뗄훆뛈뫍맦퓲틔벰횴탐맦퓲뗄쫖뛎ꎬ뛸헢킩훆뛈뫍맦퓲놾짭뇘탫쯦쫐뎡뗄삩헅뫍붻틗믮뚯뗄뢴퓓뮯뛸뇤뮯ꆣ쫐뎡랢햹뗄탂뗄뷗뛎뛔쫐뎡훆뛈쳡돶쇋탂뗄쳴햽ꆣ쯄ꆢ뛔훐맺볓잿쫐뎡볠맜뫍붨짨램훎뺭볃뗄웴쪾낲좻쫂볾룸컒쏇뗄훘튪웴쪾ꎬ뻍쫇룼ퟔ평뫍뾪럅뗄쫐뎡탨튪룼뛠뫍룼퇏룱뗄맦퓲ꆣ램싉뫍볠맜쳥쾵뇘탫쯦쫐뎡맦쒣뗄삩헅뫍붻틗뢴퓓탔뗄퓶볓뛸뇤뮯ꆣ훐맺쿖퓚헽뒦퓚짮뮯쫐뎡훆뛈룄룯뗄맘볼쪱웚ꎬ쿠펦뗄맦퓲쳥쾵뫍횴탐맦퓲뗄쫖뛎뇘탫폫횮쿠욥엤닅늻훁돶쿖듳뗄컊쳢ꆣퟔ2000쓪틔살ꎬ훐맺헾뢮뾪쪼듳솦헻뛙쫐뎡훈탲ꆢ볓잿쫐뎡볠맜ꎬ웤훘뗣ꋙ닎뾼쇏볻ꆰEnron s Prawn , Institute for Policy Studies, SEEN, 2002ꆣꋚKuttner, 2002; Schwarcz, 2002; . House of Representatives, 2002a, bꆣ108
퓚폚맦랶쫐뎡탐캪ꆢ듲웆뗘랽럢쯸뫍듲웆탐튵슢뛏ꎬ헢뛔폚붨솢춳튻뗄맺쓚쫐뎡ꎬ췪짆쫐뎡맦퓲쫇럇뎣훘튪뗄ꆣ볓죫WTO틔뫳ꎬ컒맺뷸죫쇋좫쏦붨솢쫐뎡뺭볃훆뛈뗄샺쪷뷗뛎ꎬ탨튪퓚뷱뫳10쓪쓚붨솢맦랶뗄쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆ꎬ쪹컒맺듓쫽잧쓪뗄킡얩뺭볃싵쿲쿖듺쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆ꆣ짺닺뫍붻틗믮뚯붫믡틔룼듳뗄맦쒣뫍룼뢴퓓뗄탎쪽햹뾪ꎬ쯹틔탨튪폐쿠맘뗄맦퓲놣횤붻틗쓜릻뗍돉놾뗘뷸탐ꆣ헽죧잮펱튻뷌쫚쯹죏캪뗄쓇퇹ꎬ쿖듺쫐뎡뺭볃뻍쫇램훎뺭볃ꎬ웤믹놾맦퓲뻍쫇믹폚램훎뗄맦퓲ꆣ틔램싉뗄랽쪽뷧뚨웳튵폫웳튵ꆢ웳튵폫헾뢮틔벰웳튵폫쫐뎡뗄맘ꋙ쾵ꎬ쪹훐맺ퟟ쿲램훎뺭볃붫쫇뷱뫳훆뛈룄룯뫍훆뛈붨짨뗄훘뗣뫍훐탄ꆣ훐맺쫐뎡뺭볃훆뛈붨짨뗄뎤웚쒿뇪ꎬ뻍쫇튪붨솢믹폚램훎뗄뺭볃훆뛈쳥쾵ꎬ웤훐냼삨틔쫊떱뗄램싉쳥쾵맦랶쫐뎡훐늻춬훷쳥뗄탐캪ꎬ춬쪱뇘탫붨솢튵뮯뗄볠맜믺릹ꎬ틔릲춬죏뿉뗄돌탲뫍맦퓲뛔쫐뎡훷쳥뗄탐캪뷸탐맜샭뫍볠뚽ꆣ쫜컒쏇뺭볃랢햹뗄샺쪷폫뷗뛎뗄쿞훆ꎬ컒쏇쯹펵폐뗄붨솢램훎뺭볃뗄훆뛈ꋚ튪쯘쿠뛔좱랦ꆣ쯦ퟅ쫐뎡뗄삩햹ꆢ짌튵붻틗뗄맦쒣뫍랶캧뗄퓶볓ꎬ좱랦쫐뎡맦퓲뫍좱랦횴탐맦퓲뗄풴뫍쫖뛎떼훂쇋퇏훘뗄뺭볃컞헾뢮훷틥ꎬ듓볙쎰캱쇓ꆢ뗘랽쫐뎡룮뻝ꆢ탐튵슢뛏떽탩볙맣룦뫍돠싣싣뗄뷰죚웛햩ꎬ틔벰웕뇩뗄쳓쮰탐캪뗈ꎬ퇏훘훆풼쇋뺭볃뗄랢햹ꎬ쪹훐맺뺭볃퓚쿖뷗뛎쯹뻟폐뗄잱솦뗃늻떽돤럖뗄랢믓ꆣ붨솢뫍캬뮤탂뗄쫐뎡훈탲튪쟳헾뢮폐췪좫늻춬뗄릦쓜뚨캻뫍쓜솦뷡릹ꎬ떫평폚뛠쓪탎돉뗄맟탔ꎬ헾뢮쓑틔췪돉듓횱뷓헆뿘웳튵뫍뺭볃쿲붨솢뫍캬뮤쫐뎡훈탲쯹탨뗄맛쓮뫍뷇즫뇤ꆣ폫듋춬쪱ꎬ훰늽춹쿖뗄늻춬샻틦훷쳥폫죔좻잿듳뗄탐헾좨솦뗄뷡뫏ꎬ짺쇋듳솿뗄뢯냜ꎬ얤쟺쇋헽퓚붨짨훐뗄쫐뎡맦퓲ꎬ룼뷸튻늽뗘볓훘쇋뺭볃컞헾뢮훷틥ꆣ2001쓪틔살ꎬ믹폚훐맺뺭볃뷸튻늽쫐뎡뮯뗄쓚퓚뚯솦뫍훐맺볓죫WTO뫳뾪럅쫐뎡뗄췢늿풼쫸ꎬ훐맺헾뢮튻랽쏦춨맽쟥샭탐헾짳엺ꆢ뇤헾뢮횰쓜톰헒퓚쫐뎡뺭볃훐뗄뚨캻ꎬ춬쪱춨맽헻뛙쫐뎡훈탲틔맦랶쫐뎡훐뗄훷쳥탐캪ꆣ솢램뗄뷸돌볓뿬ꎬ춬쪱붨솢쿖듺볠맜쳥쾵뾪쪼웴뚯ꆣ뛔폚뫡쿲뗄짧믡탔볠맜ꎬ볓듳쇋릤짌맜샭뻖ꆢ훊솿벼쫵볠뚽뻖ꆢ뮷놣뻖뗈뗄횴램좨쿞ꆣ퓚ퟝ쿲볠맜랽쏦ꎬ뻶뚨퓚뗧솦탐튵돉솢뛀솢뗄튵뮯뗄뗧솦볠맜캯풱믡ꎬ놣횤뛔쫐뎡뮯룄룯뫳뗄뗧솦쫐뎡뷸탐폐킧뗄맜샭ꆣ퓚뗧탅ꆢ횤좯뗈쇬폲뚼뾪쪼볓잿볠맜ꎬ헢컞틉쫇훐맺뗄ꋙ잮펱튻ꎬꆶ쫐뎡폫램훎ꆷꎬꆶ뺭볃짧믡쳥훆뇈뷏ꆷ2000쓪뗚3웚ꆣꋚJoskow, 1998; Laffont, 1998; World Bank, 1997ꆣ109
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies쫐뎡뺭볃룄룯쿲짮닣듎뫍램훎뮯랽쿲랢햹뗄뇪횾ꆣ떫컒쏇늻쓜뗍맀췪돉헢튻죎컱쯹쏦쇙뗄뷏듳삧쓑ꆣ램훎맛쓮뗄붨솢ꆢ램훎훆뛈뗄붨짨뫍횴램쓜솦뗄엠퇸늢럇뎯쾦횮볤쓜릻췪돉뗄ꎬ믡쫜떽짧믡뗄헻쳥탍뷸돌뗄훆풼ꆣ떫컒쏇뿉틔듓뺭볃쇬폲뗄폐킧볠맜웰늽ꆣ퓚릤짌ꆢ쮰쫕ꆢ뮷놣뗈뫡쿲쇬폲뗄볠맜믺릹뫍뗧솦ꆢ뗧탅ꆢ횤좯ꆢ틸탐뗈ퟝ쿲닺튵쇬폲뗄볠맜믺릹훐ꎬ싊쿈쪵쿖맛쓮뗄춻웆뫍횰쓜뗄뇤ꆣ듓램훎뗄뎤풶쒿뇪돶랢ꎬ춨맽럅뾪쫐뎡ힼ죫틔붨솢룼ퟔ평뗄쫐뎡ꎬ춨맽맄샸뛠훖탎쪽뗄뺺헹삩듳붻틗뗄쇬폲ꎬ춨맽췪짆쫐뎡볠맜틽죫룼뛠뗄쫐뎡맦퓲ꆣ퓚뾪럅쫐뎡ힼ죫뗄춬쪱ꎬ뇘탫춬쪱붨솢ퟱ듓릫뾪ꆢ춸쏷ꆢ튵ꆢ돏탅뗈훮쿮풭퓲뗄쿖듺볠맜쳥쾵ꎬ틽죫룼퇏룱ꆢ룼췪짆뗄쫐뎡맦퓲ꆣ퓚볠맜뗄쓚죝ꆢ돌탲뫍쪵쪩뗈훮뛠뮷뷚훐ꎬ쳥쿖춸쏷뗄맛쓮ꆢ튵뗄쯘훊ꆢ릫뾪뗄풭퓲뫍돏탅뗄ퟚ횼ꎬ췪돉헾뢮탐헾탐캪듓횱뷓뿘훆떽믹폚맦퓲뗄볠맜뗄뇤ꆣ쳘뇰훘튪뗄쫇ꎬ퓚볠맜돌탲뗄훆뛈낲업짏ꎬ튪쟳붫볠맜믺릹뗄탐캪쓉죫룼룟튻벶뗄헾뢮믲솢램믺릹뗄볠맜횮훐ꆣ훐맺뗄횤좯볠뚽믺릹뾪쪼쿲믹폚맦퓲ꆢ릫뾪ꆢ춸쏷뫍튵뮯뗄랽쿲랢햹ꎬ뛸웤돏탅ꎨcredibilityꎩ풭퓲헽뺭쫜훘듳뗄뾼퇩ꆣ맽좥솽쓪쯹뷒슶돶뗄틚낲뿆벼ꆢ틸맣쿄ꆢ삶쳯뗈뛱틢닙ퟝꆢ웛햩뗈훘듳캥맦낸볾ꎬ죧맻퓚쿖폐뗄볠맜뿲볜뫍램싉쳥쾵쿂쓜릻뗃떽퇏샷돍뒦늢웰떽췾짥잱퓚캥맦헟뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ퓲훐맺탂뗄볠맜믺릹퓚캬뮤쫐뎡맦퓲ꆢ췆뚯램훎뺭볃붨짨랽쏦뻍붨솢쇋탅폾ꎬ폐훺폚쯹폐쫐뎡닎폫헟뫍샻틦쿠맘헟붨솢뛔쫐뎡뗄탅탄ꆣ훐맺뗄쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆뻍붫훰늽ퟟ쿲췪짆ꆣ닎뾼컄쿗Acworth, Will (2002) Traders up in arms over Feinstein bill , Financial Times Survey:Energy & Utilities Review, , David (2002) Move towards deregulation comes slowly , Financial TimesSurvey: Energy & Utilities Review, , Ha-Joon (1997) The economics and politics of regulation , Cambridge Journalof Economics, , (1992) The institutional structure of production , American Economic Review,, , DeLong, J. Bradford (2002) The partnership dance between government and business ,
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뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies낲좻릫쮾뗄뇀삣뫍쫘쏅죋뗄퓰죎ꆪ쫘쏅죋캪쪲쎴놣돖돁쒬ꎿ킡풼몲ꆤCꆤ뿆럆낲좻릫쮾돶죋틢쇏뗄춻좻웆닺ퟔ좻쪹죋쏇뛔쏀맺뗄릫쮾훎샭쳥훆ꎬ폈웤쫇닆컱놨룦쳥훆뗄춳튻탔ꎨintergrityꎩ닺짺틉싇ꆣ뺡맜쏀맺뗄릫훚릫쮾뇘탫싄탐쫀뷧짏ퟮ캪퇏룱뗄탅쾢엻슶틥컱ꎬ떫낲좻릫쮾쫂볾뇭쏷ꎬ쏀맺튻쿲ퟔ?뗄횤좯쫐뎡뗄룟춸쏷뛈ꎬ췪좫쫇탩믃뗄ꎬ훘듳뗄탅쾢뺭뎣놻늻춸쏷뗄믡볆ퟶ램쯹퇚룇ꆣ떱헢튻쟐랢짺쪱ꎬ죋쏇뇘좻믡쳡돶헢퇹뗄컊쳢ꎺ캪쪲쎴ꆰ쫘쏅죋ꆱ쎻폐ퟨ횹쯻쏇ꎿ컒쯹쮵뗄ꆰ쫘쏅죋ꆱꎬ쫇횸쓇킩뛔릫훚릫쮾쯹ퟷ뗄탅쾢엻슶뷸탐닩횤뫍럖컶뗄뛀솢튵죋쪿ꎬ냼삨릫쮾뗄췢늿짳볆쪦ꎬ룺ퟙ릫쮾막욱뗄횤좯럖컶쪦ꎬ틔벰움맀릫쮾햮좯뗄햮좯움벶믺릹ꆣ평폚헢킩튵죋쪿뚼틀삵폚쏻폾놾ꎬ뛸튻떩뻭죫릫쮾돳컅ꎬ쯻쏇붫믡놻ힷ뺿횤좯웛햩뗄램싉퓰죎ꎬ웤쏻폾놾뻍믡쫜떽쯰몦ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ폫릫쮾뗄쓚늿죋풱쿠뇈ꎬ쯻쏇쮵볙뮰뫍쒬탭웛햩뗄뚯솦튪죵뗃뛠ꆣ틲듋ꎬ헢킩ꆰ쫘쏅죋ꆱ쫇춶헟쯹틀삵뗄뗚튻뗀럀쿟ꎬ쯻쏇펦떱좷놣쓜릻냑ힼ좷뛸폐폃뗄탅쾢뒫뗝떽쫐뎡ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ퓚낲좻릫쮾쫂볾훐ꎬ쯹폐헢킩럀랶믺훆뻹룦쪧쇩ꎺ믡볆쪦뻓좻뛔냑낲좻릫쮾뗄닆컱ힴ뿶뿤듳5틚뛠쏀풪뗄닆컱놨뇭룸* 놾컄쫇쏀맺훸쏻횤좯램볒킡풼몲ꆤ뿆럆폚2001쓪12퓂18죕퓚쏀맺닎틩풺ꆰ짌튵ꆢ뿆톧뫍붻춨캯풱믡ꆱ뻙탐뗄쳽횤믡짏쯹ퟶ뗄횤듊ꆣퟷ헟쿖죎쏀맺룧싗뇈퇇듳톧램톧풺낢뗀럲ꆤAꆤ늮샻죙폾램톧뷌쫚ꆣꆪ틫헟힢114
폨죏횤ꎻ횱떽낲좻릫쮾릫쮾쪵볊짏틑뺭짪쟫웆닺ꎬ횤좯럖컶쪦뮹퓚볌탸췆볶낲좻릫쮾뗄막욱ꎬ폐킩짵훁뮹퓚뫅헙춶헟ꆰ볓듳싲죫ꆱꎻ탅폃움벶믺릹튲쎻폐달뻵떽낲좻릫쮾뗄뇭췢죚뷡릹훐ꎨoff-balance sheet financingꎩ틾님ퟅ뫜룟뗄룜룋뇈싊ꆣ쮭펦룃쫜떽퓰놸ꎿ쿖퓚좥ힷ뺿퓰죎믲탭뮹캪쪱맽퓧ꆣ튲탭ꎬ낲좻릫쮾뗄짳볆쪦튲쫜떽쇋웛욭ꎬ튲탭ꎬ쯻쏇쫇쯉킸뫍쒬죏쇋ꆣ쒿잰ꎬ짐늻쓜볲떥뗘뻍쿖폐뗄횤뻝뗃돶죎뫎뷡싛ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ쪮럖쏷쿔뗄쫇ꎬ낲좻릫쮾쫂볾뻸늻쫇맂솢뗄ꆣ퓚맽좥뗄벸쓪샯짦벰믡볆캥맦뗄쫂볾뗄쫽솿벤퓶ꎬ웤훐튻킩쫂볾틑뺭짏쇋놨뾯짌튵냦뫍췭볤뗧쫓탂컅뗄춷쳵ꎬ죧Cendant, Sunbeam, HBOCꎬMcKesson, Livent,Mercury Finance, Waste Management, 틔벰Rite Aid뗈쫂볾ꆣ튻킩쫂볾훐뗄떱쫂죋틑뺭놻쳡웰탌쫂쯟쯏늢놻탌쫂뚨ퟯꎬ웤쯻튻킩쫂볾짐퓚횤좯붻틗캯풱믡뗄탐헾뒦랣돌탲훐ꆣ뛸쟒ꎬ벸뫵쯹폐쫂볾뚼붫퓚쮽죋벯췅쯟쯏훐듯돉뻞뛮뫍뷢ꆣ믡볆캥맦쫂볾뗄늻뛏퓶볓늢늻뷶뷶쫇튻훖볲떥뗄뇭쏦쿖쿳ꆣ낲듯탅릫쮾뗄튻쿮퇐뺿랢쿖ꎬ릫훚릫쮾탞룄펮샻볇슼뗄쫽솿ꎬ퓚맽좥뗄쯄쓪샯쏷쿔짏짽ꎬ듓1998쓪뗄158볾짏짽떽2000쓪뗄233볾ꎬ벴퓚뛌뛌뗄솽쓪샯퓶볓쇋47%ꆣ릫쮾쓚늿죋풱듓쫂웛햩탐캪늢쟒틾싷뛔릫쮾늻샻뗄탅쾢ꎬ헢늢늻쪮럖쇮죋뺪웦ꎬ뇏뺹쯻쏇쓜듓훐뗃떽뫃뒦ꆣ뛸헢킩횤좯웛햩탐캪쓜릻쳓맽튵쫘쏅죋뗄힢틢퓲쪹죋헰뺪ꎬ룼쇮죋뺯쪡ꆣ잰SEC훷쾯퇇즪ꆤ쇐캬쳘ꎨArthur Levittꎩ퓚1998쓪튻듎훸쏻뗄붲뮰훐횸돶ꎬꆰ펮샻뗄훊솿틑뺭쫜떽쟖쪴ꎬ뷸뛸ꎬ닆컱놨룦뗄훊솿쫜떽쟖쪴ꆱꆣ쇐캬쳘훷쾯쳘뇰맘힢룷훖룷퇹쯻돆횮캪ꆰ믡볆뮨헐ꆱ뗄쫖뛎ꆣ릫쮾돤럖샻폃믡볆맦퓲뗄쇩믮탔ꎬ샻폃헢킩쫖뛎ꎬ맊틢쒣뫽쪵볊뗄닆컱ힴ뿶뫍럧쿕ꆣퟔ쯻쓇듎붲뮰틔살ꎬ틑뺭슽탸랢뇭쇋튻킩폐맘ꆰ펮샻맜샭ꆱ쿖쿳뗄샭싛뫍쪵횤뗄퇐뺿ꎬ웤훐듳늿럖뚼횤쪵헢튻쿖쿳쫇웕뇩듦퓚뗄ꆣ쇐캬쳘훷쾯퓚죎쓚붫믡볆훆뛈룄룯ퟷ캪춷뗈듳쫂ꆣSEC퓚90쓪듺뗄뫳웚ꎬ냤늼쇋튻쾵쇐탂뗄믡볆맦퓲뫍뷢쫍ꎬ횼퓚쿞훆ꆰ펮샻맜샭ꆱ탐캪ꎻ뛸쟒ꎬSEC뮹붨솢쇋튻룶ꆰ삶듸킡ퟩꆱꎨblue ribbon panelꎩꎬ틔쳡룟짳볆캯풱믡뗄쪵킧ꎬ늢쟒쮵럾얦풼횤좯붻틗쯹뫍쓉쮹듯뿋붻틗쾵춳닉쓉웤붨틩ꆣퟮ훕ꎬ퓚뺭맽튻뎡춬믡볆탐튵뗄볨뿠늫뚷횮뫳ꎬSEC탞뚩쇋폐맘ꆰ짳볆쪦뛀솢탔ꆱ뗄훷튪맦퓲ꆣ쯹폐헢킩듫쪩뚼듦퓚룷훖룷퇹뗄헹틩ꎬ뛸ퟮ뫳닉쓉뗄듫쪩ꎬ벴SEC쯹쳡틩뗄짳볆쪦뛀솢탔뗄맦퓲ꎬ퓚헾훎짏좴쓑틔쪵쪩ꎬ틲캪ꎬSEC놻웈ퟷ돶쇋튻룶럇뎣훘듳뗄췗킭ꎬ죃짳볆쪦뿉틔볌탸늻쫜쿞훆뗘캪쯻쏇뗄짳볆뿍뮧듓쫂룷훖탎쪽뗄톯믮뚯ꆣ115
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies쯤좻죧듋ꎬ낲좻릫쮾쫂볾틔벰닆컱놨룦욵랱룼헽쿖쿳뗄퓶볓뇭쏷ꎬSEC늻뿉쓜펮뗃헢뎡횼퓚랴뛔믡볆캥맦탐캪뗄햽헹ꆣ뺿뺹쫇쪲쎴떼훂닆컱놨룦훊솿뗄쏷쿔쿂붵쓘ꎿ헢뿉틔듓솽랽쏦살뷢쫍ꎺ뗚튻ꎬ짳볆쪦쯹쏦뛔뗄램싉뗄췾짥솦ꎬ평폚뷼쓪살튻쾵쇐뗄쮾램뫍솢램랢햹뛸듳듳복쟡ꎻ뗚뛾ꎬ평폚탐튵탔훊랢짺쇋뇤뮯ꎬ짳볆쪦뛔폐컊쳢뗄믡볆ퟶ램닉좡쒬탭첬뛈뗄뚯솦짏짽쇋ꆣ컒늢늻쫇쮵ꎬ헢훖뷢쫍췪좫헽좷ꎬ늻죝훃틉ꎬ믲헟쮵쯼췪좫뷢쫍쇋낲좻릫쮾뇀삣뗄풭틲ꆣ컒쯹튪뇭듯뗄쫇ꎬ맺믡펦룃틢쪶떽헢킩랢햹ꎬ늢쟒ꎬ뻸늻쓜붫낲좻릫쮾쫓캪튻룶샽췢ꆣ낲좻릫쮾뗄늻춬횮뒦뷶뷶쫇쯼뗄맦쒣뇈뷏듳뛸틑ꆣ럱퓲뗄뮰ꎬ폈벪ꆤ놴삭ꎨYogi Berraꎩ뗄쓇뻤ꆰ쫂쟩믡퓙듎훘퇝ꆱꎨdeja vue all over againꎩ뗄늻탠쏻퇔붫틀좻펦퇩ꆣ튻ꆢ램싉뗄췾짥솦헽퓚즥쪧뎤웚틔살ꎬ짳볆쪦퓚짳뫋웤짳볆뿍뮧쯹쳡릩뗄닆컱놨룦쫇럱럻뫏튻냣뷓쫜뗄ꋙ믡볆ힼ퓲ꎨꆰGAAPꆱꎩ쪱ꎬ튻횱쏦쇙ퟅ뿉쓜놻내헕ꆰ맦퓲10b-5ꆱꎨRule 10b-5ꎩ쳡웰쯟쯏뗄췾짥ꆣ뗄좷ꎬ뷼쓪살ꎬ퓚듳뛠쫽횤좯벯췅쯟쯏훐ꎬ짳볆쪦뚼놻쇐캪놻룦ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ튪퓚헢퇹뗄쯟쯏훐쪤쯟ꎬ풭룦늻뷶뇘탫횤쏷짳볆쪦ퟷ돶쇋훘듳뗄탩볙돂쫶ꎬ뛸쟒뮹탨횤쏷짳볆쪦뻟폐훷맛ꆰ맊틢ꆱꎨscienterꎩꆣ쯹캽ꆰ맊틢ꆱ쫇횸ꎬ퓚쫂쪵뫍탅쾢엻슶뗄ힼ좷탔랽쏦듦퓚웛욭맊틢ꎬ믲헟듦퓚퇏훘쫨뫶뗄튻훖뺫짱ힴ첬ꆣꆰ맊틢ꆱ튻듊퓚늻춬뗄솪냮톲믘램풺폐늻춬뗄뚨틥ꎬ떫뇈뷏웕뇩뗄뚨틥쫇ꎺ쯼쫇ꆰ튻훖럇뎣쎻폐샭평뗄쫨뫶ꎬ냼삨떫늻쿞폚쏷쿔뗄ꎬ믲헟ꎬ짵훁쫇늻뿉풭쇂뗄쫨뫶ꎬ뛸쟒퇏훘놳샫쇋튻냣뗄힢틢뇪ힼꎬ틔벰ꎬ듦퓚컳떼릺싲죋뗄뿉쓜탔ꎬ뛸헢훖뿉쓜탔ꎬ놻룦쫇쏷횪뗄ꎬ믲헟쫇죧듋뗄쏷쿔틔훁폚탐캪죋튻뚨믡틢쪶떽쯼뗄듦퓚ꆱꏛSunstrand릫쮾쯟Sun Chem.릫쮾튻낸ꆣ553 1033, 1045 (7 th Cir. 1987 )ꏝꆣꆰ맊틢ꆱ헢튻훷맛튪볾뎤웚틔살튻횱쫇횤좯웛햩쯟쯏훐믡볆쪦뗄쫗튪뾹뇧샭ꋙSEC폚1942쓪룹뻝1934쓪횤좯붻틗램뗚16쳵훆뚨뗄튻쳵램맦ꎬ쓚죝쫇ꎺꆰ죎뫎죋횱뷓믲볤뷓뗘ꎬ샻폃죎뫎훝볊춨짌ꆢ폊헾랽쪽믲쫖뛎믲좫맺탔횤좯붻틗믺릹뷸탐쿂쇐탐캪뻹쫴캥램ꎺꎨ1ꎩ샻폃죎뫎릤뻟ꆢ틵쒱믲쫖뛎뷸탐웛햩ꎻꎨ2ꎩ뛔훘듳뗄쫂쪵ퟶ늻헦쪵뇭쫶ꎬ믲뛔폚폫틑뺭ퟷ돶뗄뇭쫶폐맘뗄훘듳쫂쪵폨틔틾싷ꎬ틔쪹죋컳뷢ꎻꎨ3ꎩ닎폫폫싲싴죎뫎횤좯폐맘뗄죎뫎릹돉믲뿉틔릹돉뛔죎뫎쯻죋웛햩믲웛욭뗄탐캪ꆢퟶ램믲짌튵믮뚯ꆱꆣ헢튻램맦퓚횤좯웛햩낸볾훐놻램풺맣랺쫊폃ꎬ훰붥돉캪듲믷횤좯웛햩뗄훷튪램싉커웷ꆣꆪꆪ틫헟힢116
평ꆣ죧맻쯻쏇쓜죃엣짳췅믲램맙쿠탅쯻쏇뷶뷶쫇랸폐맽쪧ꎬ벴쪹웤뷡맻뫜퇏훘ꎬ쯻쏇뻍쓜쳓췑램싉퓰죎ꆣ평폚뷼쓪살틔쿂램싉뗄랢햹ꎬ헢훖뾹뇧샭평뛔짳볆쪦쯹쳡릩뗄놣뮤놻듳듳뗘볓잿ꆣ1. 1995쓪ꆰ쮽죋횤좯쯟쯏룄룯램ꆱꎨPrivate Securities Litigation Reform Act,틔쿂볲돆ꆰPSLRAꆱꎩ쳡룟쇋웰쯟쳵볾1934쓪횤좯붻틗램뗚21쳵Dꎨbꎩꎨ2ꎩ쫇룹뻝PSLRA퓶볓뗄ꆣ룹뻝헢튻쳵뿮ꎬ튻쿮횤좯웛햩낸볾뗄웰쯟ꎬ뇘탫ꆰ돂쫶뻟쳥뗄쫂쪵ꎬ룹뻝헢킩쫂쪵쓜릻떼훂튻쿮뫜잿뗄췆싛ꎬ췆뚨놻룦쫇퓚램싉맦뚨뗄뺫짱ힴ첬쿂탐쫂ꆱꆣ퓚ꆰ맦퓲10b-5ꆱ쯟쯏훐ꎬ헢튻쳵뿮튪쟳풭룦뇘탫헫뛔쳘뚨뗄놻룦랽쳡돶튻쿮쓜릻떼훂ꆰ뫜잿뗄웛햩췆싛ꆱ뗄뻟쳥쫂쪵ꎬ뛸쟒뇘탫퓚쯟쯏뗄뾪쪼ꎬ벴퓚풭룦뷸탐죎뫎ꆰ횤뻝랢ꋙ쿖ꆱ횮잰뻍튪ퟷ돶ꆣ퓚쪵볹훐ꎬ헢튻쳵뿮뛔폚짳볆쪦뗄놣뮤튪풶풶듳폚웤쯻뗄놻룦ꆣ샽죧ꎬ퓚낲좻릫쮾뗄낸볾훐ꎬ풭룦뿉틔뛔낲좻릫쮾뗄맜샭죋풱웰쯟ꎬ횸뿘쯻쏇틾싷훘듳탅쾢ꎬ틔뇣쯻쏇퓚낲좻릫쮾뗄막볛놩뗸횮잰싴돶쯹돖폐뗄듳솿막욱ꆣ릫쮾쓚늿죋싴돶막욱헢퇹뗄횤뻝ꎬ죧맻쯼쏇퓚쫽솿짏쫇ퟣ릻듳ꎬ뻍뿉틔싺ퟣ풭룦헫뛔낲좻릫쮾쓚늿죋쳡돶웰쯟뗄쳵볾ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ뛔폚짳볆쪦뻍컞램쳡웰춬퇹뗄웰쯟ꎬ틲캪짳볆쪦늢늻돖폐웤쯹짳볆뗄뿍뮧뗄막욱ꆣ뺡맜짳볆쪦뿉쓜듦퓚샻틦돥춻ꎬ믲헟틑뺭웈폚톹솦뛸뷓쫜쇋늻쫊떱뗄믡볆뇭쫶ꎬ떫헢킩쫂쪵퓚낸볾뗄뾪쪼쪱췹췹쫇뫜늻쏷쿔뗄ꆣ틲듋ꎬ짳볆쪦듓헢쿮웰쯟쳵볾훐쯹뗃떽뗄뫃뒦튪풶풶뛠폚웤쯻뗄놻룦ꎬ틲캪ꎬ죧맻풭룦늻쓜퓚뷸죫ꆰ횤뻝랢쿖ꆱ돌탲횮잰뻍쳡돶헢킩쫂쪵ꎬ헢쿮웰쯟뻍믡놻램풺늵믘ꆣ2.ল진즡낰뒱죀ﶳ킵ꏔ캡뇔귔?1934쓪횤좯붻틗램뗚21쳵D(f)튲쫇룹뻝PSLRA퓶볓뗄ꆣ쯼맦뚨ꎬ횤좯쯟쯏훐놻룦횮볤뛔폚쯰몦엢뎥퓰죎뗄돐떣닉좡ꆰ내뇈샽돐떣퓰죎ꆱ뗄풭퓲ꎬ룄뇤쇋풭살뗄ꆰ솬듸퓰죎ꆱ풭퓲ꆣ헢쿮룄뇤폈웤폐샻폚짳볆쪦ꆣ뛔쯻쏇뛸퇔ꎬ벴쪹랸폐맽듭ꎬ웤돌뛈춨뎣튲뇈릫쮾맜샭닣튪쟡뗃뛠ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ믡볆쪦탐쿖퓚뚼쏷냗ꎬ횻튪늻쓜횤쏷쯼쪵볊횪뗀폐웛햩탐캪듦퓚ꎬ쯼쯹돐쫜뗄엢뎥뗄ퟮ듳럧쿕ꎬ늻퓙쫇틲돐떣솬듸퓰죎뛸뿉쓜엢뎥냙럖횮냙뗄쯰쪧ꎬ뛸횻쫇돐떣뫜뿉쓜럇뎣킡뗄뇈샽퓰죎ꎬ듓뛸붫쯰몦엢뎥뗄럧쿕붵뗍떽ퟮ킡ꆣꋙ쏀맺쯟쯏램훐튻훖쳘폐뗄횤뻝훆뛈ꎬ쫴폚짳샭잰돌탲ꎬ쒿뗄쫇쪹쮫랽떱쫂죋퓚램풺뾪쪼짳샭잰풤쿈톰헒ꆢ붻뮻뇘튪뗄탅쾢뫍횤뻝ꎬ돎쟥쫂쪵헹틩뗣ꆣꆪꆪ틫헟힢117
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studiesꋙ3.ৃﷁ쯖꿆?ꦵ쒡냇쏕꧀헋꿍얷룗ꢡꎨ?RICOꎩ퓰죎PSLRA튲좡쿻쇋횤좯웛햩낸훐뗄풭룦쫊폃쮽죋쏱쫂RICO램싉ퟷ캪쟫쟳놻룦횧뢶죽놶엢뎥뷰뗄좨샻ꆣ퓚틔췹뗄횤좯벯췅쯟쯏훐ꎬ틀뻝RICO램뛔놻룦쳡웰엢뎥쟫쟳퓸뺭쫇튻룶웕뇩뗄ퟶ램ꎬ틲캪폐맘죽놶엢뎥뷰뗄맦뚨퓶볓쇋놻룦잱퓚뗄엢뎥뷰쫽뛮ꆣPSLRA뷻횹풭룦퓚죎뫎틔횤좯웛햩캪샭평ꎬ뛔짦벰싲죫믲싴돶횤좯뗄쯟쯏훐훷헅쫊폃풭살뿉틔쫊폃뗄RICO램ꆣ4.হ??냐귖諸춽쳋캡ꎨ?Aiding and Abetting Liabilityꎩ짵훁퓚PSLRA춨맽횮잰ꎬ쏀맺ퟮ룟램풺퓚ꆰ떤런훐퇫틸탐쯟떤런뗚튻훝볊틸탐ꆱ낸ꎨCentral Bank of Denver, . v. First Interstate Bank of Denver, ., 511 (1994)ꎩ뗄에뻶훐ꎬ뻍틑뺭뷻횹틔ꆰ킭훺뫍뷌쯴ꆱ쯻죋캥랴횤좯램ퟷ캪쮽죋횤좯쯟쯏훐웰쯟짳볆쪦뗄쯟틲ꆣ헢훖ꆰ킭훺뫍뷌쯴ꆱ퓰죎샭싛맽좥튻횱쫇풭룦틀ꆰ맦퓲10b-5ꆱ웰쯟짳볆쪦뗄쫗톡커웷ꎬ틲캪짳볆쪦튻냣뚼킭훺랢탐죋ힼ놸닆컱놨뇭ꎬ쳘뇰쫇벾뛈놨뇭ꆣ뺡맜룹뻝PSLRAꎬSEC훘탂믱뗃쇋뛔쒳킩샠탍뗄ꆰ킭훺뫍뷌쯴ꆱ횤좯캥램뗄탐캪쳡웰쯟쯏뗄좨샻ꎬ뛸쮽죋떱쫂죋좴즥쪧쇋헢퇹뗄좨샻ꆣ5.??쿓엏죖욶좣?Preempting State Litigationꎩ뺡맜퓚90쓪듺뗄뫳웚ꎬ퓚훝램풺퓢쫜횤좯웛햩쯟쯏틑돉캪믡볆쪦쏇쯹늻뗃늻쏦뛔튻훖쪵훊럧쿕ꎬ떫퓚1998쓪ꎬ쯦ퟅꆰ춳튻뇪ힼ램낸ꆱꎨUniform StandardsActꎩ뗄춨맽ꎬ헢훖럧쿕쪵훊짏놻쿻돽쇋ꆣ룃램낸뛔믹폚룷훝램싉믲헟웕춨램뛸쳡웰뗄ꎬ헫뛔ꆰ쒳쿮폫싲죫믲싴돶쯹맦뚨횤좯폐맘뗄늻쪵돂쫶ꎬ믲뛔훘듳쫂쪵ꋚ뗄늻쪵돂쫶믲틅슩ꆱ뗄벯췅쯟쯏틔벰쒳킩훖샠뗄뫏늢쯟쯏룸폨훝램풺틔폅쿈좨ꆣ퓚1933쓪횤좯램뗄뗚16쳵ꎨbꎩ뿮훐튲퓶볓쇋샠쯆뗄쳵컄ꆣ떫쫇쎻폐죎뫎쳵뿮뢳폨훝램풺뛔ꆰ떥뛀쯟쯏ꆱꎨIndividual Suitꎩ쿭쫜폅쿈쫜샭좨ꎬ뛸ꆰ쯹맦뚨뗄벯췅쯟쯏ꆱ냼삨죎뫎ꆰꆭꆭ듺뇭50죋틔짏쟫쟳쯰몦엢뎥뗄떥뛀쯟쯏ꆱꆣ폚쫇ꎬ쿠떱뛠뗄뫏늢쯟쯏튲틲듋놻뷻횹쇋ꆣ룹놾뗄컊쳢뻍쫇ꎬ뺡맜헫뛔믡볆캥맦탐캪뗄쯟쯏죔뫜웕뇩ꎬ떫믡볆쪦탐놾짭뷶내튻훖쿳헷탔뗄뇈샽돐떣엢뎥퓰죎ꎬ돽럇쫇웤캥맦탐캪쪵퓚쫇맽럖늻떱쇋ꆣꋙ쏀맺맺믡폚1970쓪헫뛔폐ퟩ횯랸ퟯ믮뚯춨맽뗄램싉ꎬ웤훐볈폐탌램뗄쓚죝ꎬ튲폐쏱램뗄쓚죝ꆣ룹뻝룃램ꎬ볬달맙뿉틔튪쟳램풺뛔캥램헟뒦틔ퟮ룟캪20쓪뗄볠뷻뫍뻞뛮랣뿮ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ룃램퓊탭쪵볊쫜몦죋뛔놻룦쳡웰쏱쫂쯟쯏ꎬ튪쟳3놶폚웤쪵볊쯰쪧뗄엢뎥벰싉쪦럑ꆣ룃램뫳놻맣랺폃폚듲믷횤좯웛햩탐캪ꆣꆪꆪ틫헟힢ꋚ룹뻝쏀맺쏱쫂쯟쯏램ꎬ믹폚춬튻붻틗믲춬튻쫂볾뗄릲춬뗄쫂쪵믲램싉컊쳢ꎬ램풺뿉틔붫뛠룶떥뛀뗄쯟쯏뫏늢짳샭ꆣꆪꆪ틫헟힢118
뛾ꆢ짳볆탐튵쓚뗄ퟩ횯탔뇤뮯뎤웚틔살ꎬ짳볆쪦탐쿲쯻쏇뗄뿍뮧튻냣뚵쫛죽훖탎쪽뗄럾컱ꎺꎨ1ꎩ짳볆ꎻꎨ2ꎩ쮰컱럾컱ꎻꎨ3ꎩ맜샭톯럾컱ꆣퟮ뫳튻샠ꎬ벴맜샭톯럾컱ꎨ믲헟돆ꆰMASꆱꎩꎬ퓚ퟮ뷼뗄10쓪샯뗃떽벱쯙뗘삩헅ꎬ틑붫짳볆쪦탐듓뒫춳뗄믡볆튵죋쪿뗄웳튵뇤캪튻룶쳡릩뛠훖럾컱뗄웳튵ퟩ횯ꆣ퓚1981쓪ꎬ맜샭톯럾컱쫕죫뷶햼컥듳믡볆쪦탐ퟜ쳥쫕죫뗄30%ꎬ떫쫇떽쇋2000쓪ꎬ헢튻쫽ퟖ틑뺭퓶뎤떽50%틔짏ꆣ퓚1993ꆪ1999쓪헢뛎웚볤샯ꎬ맜샭톯벰샠쯆럾컱뗄쫕죫ꎬ욽뻹쓪퓶뎤싊듯떽쇋26%ꎬ뛸춬웚뛔펦뗄짳볆뫍쮰컱럾컱뗄퓶뎤싊럖뇰뷶캪9%뫍13%ꆣ뮻퇔횮ꎬ맜샭톯럾컱헽틔듳풼죽놶폚뒫춳짳볆럾컱뗄쯙뛈퓶뎤ꆣ퓚1999쓪ꎬ쏀맺뗄컥듳믡볆쪦탐퓚맜샭톯벰샠쯆럾컱랽쏦뗄쫕죫듯떽쇋150틚쏀풪틔짏ꆣ튻훖룼캪쪹죋늻낲뗄뇤뮯짦벰떽짳볆럑뫍맜샭톯럾컱럑뗄쿠뛔뇈훘ꆣ퓚1997쓪ꎬꆰ컥듳ꆱ떱훐쎻폐튻볒쓜뎬맽%ꆣ뛸퓚1999쓪ꎬ헢튻쫽ퟖ틑뺭짏짽떽쇋%ꎬ퓚뷶뷶솽쓪뗄쪱볤샯퓶볓쇋200%틔짏ꆣ뛸쟒ꎬ퓚1999쓪ꎬ컥듳탐욽뻹쎿볒쫕좡뗄맜샭톯럾컱럑듯떽쇋웤떱쓪좫늿쫕죫뗄10%ꆣ쒿잰ꎬ훁짙뛔튻킩짳볆뿍뮧뛸퇔ꎬ횧뢶룸웤짳볆쪦뗄럇짳볆럑폃틑뺭뎬맽쇋짳볆럑폃ꆣ뛔폚헢킩뿍뮧ꎬ죧맻짳볆쪦탐뛔쯻쏇쯹뷸탐뗄쒳킩ꆰ벤뷸ꆱ뗄믡볆뒦샭닉좡늻췗킭뗄첬뛈ꎬ뻍뿉쓜쪹룃짳볆쪦탐퓢쫜뷰뛮튪듳뗃뛠뗄럇짳볆쫕죫쯰쪧ꎬ쯻쏇뗄뿍뮧믲탭뿉틔쿲웤쯻뗘랽릺싲ꎨ믲췾킲좥릺싲ꎩ헢킩럇짳볆럾컱ꆣ헦헽뗄캣쿕퓚폚ꎬ짏쫶랢햹쟷쫆붫믡냑컒쏇듸쿲뫎뒦ꎿ늻뷶짳볆쪦쿲쯻쏇뗄뿍뮧쫕좡뗄럇짳볆럑폃헽퓚뎬맽뛔룃뿍뮧쯹쫕좡뗄짳볆럑폃ꎬ뛸쟒ꎬ퓚탂뷼뻍짳볆쪦뗄뛀솢탔컊쳢쯹랢늼뗄놨룦훐ꎬSEC틑뺭힢틢떽ꎬ짳볆쪦탐헽퓚췆탐헢퇹튻훖펪쿺닟싔ꎬ벴ꆰ맊틢뗍놨ꆱꎨꆰlow-ballsꆱꎩ짳볆럑ꎬ짵훁풸틢뿷놾좥ퟷ짳볆ꎬꆰ틔뇣쓜릻믱뗃믺믡춬웤잱퓚뗄뿍뮧붨솢맘쾵ꎬ듓뛸캪웤쳡릩럇짳볆럾컱ꆱꆣ튻떩짳볆튵컱뇤돉쳡릩뛠훖럾컱뗄톯탐뗄쪵볊짏ꆰ뿷쯰폕뛼ꆱꎨꆰloss leaderꆱꎩꎬ쓇쎴쯼뻍쎻폐샭평좥뗖훆쓇킩폐컊쳢뗄믡볆ퟷ램ꆣ떱좻ꎬ뛔뗚죽랽돐떣램싉퓰죎뗄럧쿕죔좻듦퓚ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ평폚떣탄놻뿍뮧뷢울ꎬ짳볆쪦탐쿖퓚뇘탫좥욽뫢ꎬ뺿뺹쫇뛔뗚죽랽돐떣램싉퓰죎ꎬ뮹쫇늻뷶튪퓢쫜짳볆럑쯰쪧ꎬ뛸쟒뿉쓜즥쪧쒿잰틔벰캴살붫튪듓룃뿍뮧쫕좡뗄럇짳볆럑폃ꆣ죧맻웤쯻쳵볾늻뇤ꎬ헢뻍틢캶ퟅ돐떣램싉퓰죎뗄췾킲풶풶늻ퟣ틔웰떽ퟨ쿅뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ낲좻릫쮾쫂볾퓙튻듎랴펳쇋헢훖뿍뮧쫕죫살풴뗄뇤ꆣ룹뻝쎽쳥뗄놨뗀ꎬ119
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies낲좻릫쮾퓚ퟮ뷼튻룶닆헾쓪뛈뢶룸낲듯탅뗄톯럑튪룟폚웤쯹횧뢶뗄짳볆럑ꆣ듋췢ꎬ좥쓪쯼횧뢶룸낲듯탅뗄ퟜ쳥럑폃뎬맽쇋5000췲쏀풪ꆣ볲떥뗘쮵ꎬ헢훖쟩뿶퓚뒫춳뗄짳볆쪦뫍뿍뮧횮볤뗄맘쾵훐쫇럇춬톰뎣뗄ꆣ듓샺쪷짏뾴ꎬ쎻폐쓄룶떥튻뗄뿍뮧믡퓚닆컱짏뛔짳볆쪦탐죧듋훁맘훘튪ꆣ뛸쟒ꎬ샭탔뗄짳볆쪦늻믡캪쇋퓚웤ퟜ쳥쫕죫짏횻햼뫜킡냙럖뇈뗄짳볆럑ꎬ뛸좥쎰쏻폾쫜쯰뗄럧쿕ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ죧맻쒳룶떥튻뿍뮧뛔폚짳볆쪦탐틑뺭뇤뗃훁맘훘튪ꎬ쓇쎴ꎬ럇뎣늻탒ꎬ짳볆쪦뛔웤뿍뮧뻍늻믡퓙폐뛀솢탔뛸퇔쇋ꆣ죽ꆢ벸뗣웴쪾뿉틔좷탅ꎬ뷱쳬뗄짳볆쪦쯹쏦쇙뗄램싉췾짥솦뇈10쓪틔잰튪죵뗃뛠ꆣ쿠펦뗘ꎬ쯻쏇쫜떽룼듳뗄폕믳좥쮳듓릫쮾맜샭닣뗄쓇킩폐컊쳢뗄믡볆ퟷ램ꆣ컞싛헢훖뷢쫍쫇럱헦쪵뗘뷢쫍쇋낲좻릫쮾뇀삣뗄풭틲ꎬ컒늢쎻폐쮵ꎬ컒쏇틑뺭횪뗀낲좻릫쮾뗄짳볆쪦쫇럱폐늻쫊떱뗘쒬탭쇋ꎬ믲헟쿠랴ꎬ쯻쏇쫇쫜낲좻릫쮾뗄웛욭ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ벴쪹짏쫶뷢쫍뿉틔뷢쫍낲좻릫쮾쫂볾뗄놾훊ꎬ톭듋뛸뾪돶뗄헾닟튩랽춬퇹쫇뿉틔헹뇧뗄ꆣPSLRA램낸쫇튻룶쫜떽룟뛈폎쮵뗄램낸ꎬ맺믡럏돽쯼믲뛔웤쳵컄ퟷ훘듳탞뚩뗄뿉쓜탔캢뫵웤캢ꆣ벴쪹SEC쒿잰쪵쪩폐맘짳볆쪦뛀솢탔뗄맦퓲늢늻돤럖ꎬ튲벸뫵늻뿉쓜죃SEC퓚폫믡볆탐튵듯돉볨뿠췗킭뫳뷶뷶튻쓪ꎬ뻍풸틢좥훘탂짳틩쯼ꆣퟮ뫳ꎬ틀삵벯췅쯟쯏훆풼짳볆쪦튲늻쫇ퟮ병뗄뻈훺쫖뛎ꆣ퓧퓚PSLRA춨맽횮잰ꎬ쒳킩짳볆쪦탐뗄쪵볊뎥뢶쓜솦뻍틑뺭쇮죋뮳틉쇋ꆣ쓇쎴웤쯻뿉릩톡퓱뗄룄룯랽낸폖쫇쪲쎴쓘ꎿ컒쏇뿉틔뇈뷏튻쿂믡볆탐튵뫍횤좯뺭볍-붻틗탐튵뗄늻춬ힴ뿶ꆣ횤좯뺭볍-붻틗탐튵쫜떽ꆰ횤좯붻틗짌킭믡ꆱꎨꆰNASDꆱꎩ뗄퇏룱맜훆ꆣ뛸퓚믡볆탐튵뗄뢴퓓맜훆뷡릹훐ꎬ늻듦퓚죎뫎뿉틔폫횮쿠쳡늢싛뗄믺훆ꎬ뛸쟒탐튵볍싉튲벸뫵뫜짙뗃떽횴탐ꆣ듓헢튻뗣뾴ꎬퟮ놣쫘뗄룄룯믲탭뻍쫇내헕NASD뗄쒣쪽뒴붨튻룶헦헽뛀솢뗄ퟔ싉췅쳥ꎬ늢울쟫살ퟔ폚룃탐튵틔췢뗄죋떣죎룃췅쳥뗄뛀솢뚭쫂ꎬ뛔믡볆탐튵뷸탐볠뚽ꎬ늢잿훆쪵쪩ퟔ싉맦퓲ꆣ뺡맜믡볆탐튵뿉쓜늢늻뮶펭헢퇹뗄룄룯ꎬ떫폫쓇킩쪹쯻쏇돐떣룼퇏샷램싉퓰죎뗄룄룯듫쪩쿠뇈ꎬ헢훖룄룯뛔쯻쏇쫂컱뗄횱뷓룉풤튪짙뗃뛠ꆣퟜ횮ꎬ믡볆캥맦쫂볾뗄죕틦퓶뛠붫쪹믡볆탐튵쏦뛔헢퇹튻훖늻폤뿬뗄톡퓱ꎺ튪늻훷뚯뗘횴탐튻쳗죏헦뛸뿉탅삵뗄ퟔ싉훆뛈뫍탐튵볍싉ꎻ튪늻뻍놻뚯뗘뗈듽램풺뫍/믲맺믡훘탂붨솢튻훖돍랣탔뗄램싉퓰죎쳥쾵ꆣꎨ뺭쎳듳톧램톧풺뛅뫪캰틫붹뷲뫩킣ꎩ120
헾뢮폫릤짌튵뗄쮫죋컨J.ল변궵슸ꏌ?꒵싁?맽좥뗄솽룶쫀볍틑뺭쟥돾뗘뇭쏷ꎬ쿖듺뺭볃횻폐퓚쯼쏇쫇믬뫏뺭볃뗄쪱뫲닅쓜좡뗃돉릦ꆣ릤짌튵폫헾뢮훁짙틑뺭튻웰쳸쇋솽룶쫀볍뗄쮫죋컨ꎬ헢쫇튻뎡뢴퓓뗄쮫죋컨ꎬ쯼쏇뗄뷇즫늻쪱랢짺뮻ꎬ늻쪱뾴ퟅ뛔랽뗄펰쿬랶캧퓚삩듳뫍쯵킡ꆣ쿖퓚ꎬ컒쏇튪뷸죫헢룶쮫죋컨뗄쿂튻룶뷗뛎쇋ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ폐튻뗣쫇쟥돾뗄ꎺ헢쫇튻룶믯냩맘쾵ꎬ쎻폐뛔랽뗄엤뫏ꎬ릤짌튵뫍헾뢮쮭튲늻뿉쓜탋췺랢듯ꆣ쎻폐쏱볤릤짌튵ꎬ헾뢮뻍뛒쿖늻쇋쯼뛔릫쏱쯹ퟷ뗄뒴퓬뫍캬뮤랱죙뗄돐억ꆣ쎻폐헾뢮ꎬ쎻폐헾뢮뗄맦훆ퟷ폃뫍볠뚽ퟷ폃ꎬ릤짌튵룹놾뻍늻뚯ꆣ뷱쳬ꎬ컒쏇횪뗀쿖듺릤튵뺭볃횻폐퓚쯼쫇믬뫏뺭볃뗄쳵볾쿂닅쓜좡뗃돉릦ꎬ헢쫇컒쏇퓸뺭짺믮뗄샺쪷룦쯟컒쏇뗄ꎬ헢룶샺쪷틑뺭횤쏷쇋벫뛋ힴ첬쫇뛠쎴쇮죋늻폤뿬ꆣ컒쏇쯹횪뗀뗄짧믡훷틥훆퓬쇋첫뛠뗄믡틩ꎬ첫짙뗄ퟔ평ꆣ쯦ퟅ쪱볤뗄췆틆ꎬ쯼퓬돉쇋벫뗍뗄킧싊ꎬ틲캪ꎬ짧믡훷틥쎻폐펲풤쯣풼쫸ꎬ헢틢캶ퟅꎬ쏦뛔맙쇅훷틥뗄춣훍쎻폐킧싊뗄랴쿲톹솦ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ쫂쪵횤쏷ꎬ튪복짙헾뢮* ퟷ헟캪쏀맺늮뿋샻볓훝듳톧뺭볃쾵뷌쫚ꆣ1987쓪뇏튵폚맾런듳톧뺭볃톧쾵ꎬ믱뗃늩쪿톧캻ꎬ뫳퓚쏀맺뫍얷훞뗄뛠볒쏻킣뫍퇐뺿쯹듓쫂뺭볃톧쇬폲뗄뷌톧뫍퇐뺿릤ퟷꆣ훷튪퇐뺿쇬폲캪뺭볃쪷ꎬ훸폐ꆶ20쫀볍뺭볃쪷ꆷꎬ맘폚쏀맺뺭볃쪷훐뗄믵뇒뫍닆헾헾닟뗄뛠욪싛컄쫜떽욵랱틽횤ꎬ1993-1995쓪퓸죎쏀맺헾뢮닆헾늿훷맜뺭볃헾닟뗄뢱늿뎤ꆣ1996쓪훁뷱볦죎쏀맺ꆶ뺭볃햹췻ꆷ퓓횾ꎨJournal ofEconomic Perspectiveꎩ뇠벭ꎬ2000쓪훁뷱볦죎ꆶ얦풼쪱놨ꆷ뗄ꆰ뺭볃탎쫆ꆱ삸ퟷ볒ꆣ놾컄뺭뇠캯췆볶틫ퟔ뗂쇺췸튳ꎨDeLongꆯs WebsiteꎩꎬWorld Link, The Magazine of the World Economic Forum,March/April 2002ꆣ121
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ붨솢튻룶ꆰ횻폐쫐뎡ꆱ뗄짧믡ꎬ헢뒿듢쫇튻훖믃쿫ꆣ튪쪹쿖듺뺭볃뚯웰살ꎬ웤믹놾쳵볾훐폐첫뛠뚫컷쫇ꆰ릫릲ꆱ욷쇋ꎬ뛸튻룶늻쫜풼쫸ꆢ쎻폐헾뢮뗄쫐뎡쫇룹놾늻뿉쓜쳡릩헢킩릫릲욷뗄ꆣ맘폚쮭펵폐쪲쎴틔벰쪲쎴쫇뫏춬틥컱뗄컊쳢ꎬ폐첫뛠뗄헹틩ꎬ헢킩헹틩뇘탫쳡붻뗚죽랽좥훙닃ꎬ뛸헢룶뗚죽랽뻍쫇헾뢮ꆣ죋쏇틑뺭첫뛠듎뗘뾴떽ꎬ평폚헾뢮쎻폐닉좡듫쪩ꎬ뫪맛뺭볃늻뺰웸퓬돉쇋벫룟뗄쪧튵싊ꆣ늻뷶죧듋ꎬ쫐뎡튲늻쓜놣횤닺짺헾훎짏뿉뷓쫜뗄쫕죫럖엤ꎬ돽럇헾뢮퓚쳬욽뗄튻뇟쪹킩솦웸ꆣ쫔춼붨솢튻룶헾뢮늻퓵쎴웰ퟷ폃뗄쫐뎡뺭볃ꎬ쓇쎴튻킩쪵쳥ꆪ췹췹쫇닐죌ꆢ뗍킧뫍뢯냜뗄쪵쳥ꆪ붫늻뿉뇜쏢뗘돶쿖ꎬ쯼쏇붫탐쪹뇘튪뗄헾뢮횰쓜ꆣ벴쪹쫇18쫀볍훐웚뿌쿂ꆰퟔ평럅죎ꆱ룱퇔뗄램맺뺭볃톧볒ꎬ퓚쫜떽헾뢮펦룃닉좡쪲쎴퇹뗄뺭볃헾닟뗄톯컊쪱ꎬ쯻쏇튲늻쫇헦헽죏캪펦룃죶쫖늻맜뗄ꆣ퓚쯻쏇튪쟳죃짌죋뫍짺닺헟뛔ퟔ벺뗄쫂컱ퟷ훷쪱ꎬ쯻쏇쫇퓚랴뛔튻냙뛠쓪살뛔쎳틗풽살풽퇏샷뗄쿞훆ꆣ쯻쏇늢늻쫇헦뗄튪쟳헾뢮듓짌튵뫍릤튵쇬폲췋돶살ꆣ쯻쏇죏캪뗄ꆰ쫘특죋ꆱ맺볒퓚튻뚨뗄틢틥짏쫇럇뎣잿듳뫍믽벫뗄맺볒ꆣ쯼놣뮤닺좨늻쫜춵뗁뫍놩솦뗄쟖몦ꆣ쯼놣헏뫏춬뗄횴탐ꆣ쯼뿘훆뗘랽짏뗄좨맳죋컯틔쏢쯻쏇폃ퟔ벺뗄뇪ힼ뫍풴좥향좡닆뢻ꆣ믲탭ퟮ훘튪뗄쫇ꎬ쯼뿘훆ퟔ벺뗄맙샴ꎬ쪹쯻쏇룹뻝램싉뛸늻쫇룹뻝쮭퓚ퟮ뫳쪱뿌룸쇋ퟮ뛠뗄믟슸살닃에뫍쪵쪩좨샻ꆣ샺쪷짏듳뛠쫽맺볒ꆪ뷱쳬뮹폐탭뛠맺볒ꆪ뚼늻릻잿듳ꎬ췪돉늻쇋쫘특죋뗄ꆰퟮ킡ꆱ맺볒펦룃췪돉뗄죎컱ꎬ캪듋ꎬ짌튵뫍릤튵뢶돶쇋돁훘뗄듺볛ꆣ떽19쫀볍릤튵룯쏼쒩웚뗄쪱뫲ꎬ튪쟳헾뢮닉좡룼뛠탐뚯뗄뫴짹풽살풽잿쇒ꆣ퓚쏀맺뿧듳슽뗄훐첫욽퇳쳺슷춶뗄펢맺춶헟랢쿖ꎬ훐첫욽퇳릫쮾뗄훷튪뺭샭ꆪ뿆샯쮹ꆤ뫠춢뛙ꎨColis Huntingtonꎩꆢ쟐쮹쳘ꆤ뿋싞뿋ꎨChester Crockerꎩꆢ십뿋ꆤ믴웕뷰쮹ꎨMark Hopkinsꎩ틔벰샗삼뗂ꆤ쮹첹뢣ꎨLeland Stanfordꎩꆪ샻폃쯻쏇쮽죋펵폐뗄붨훾릫쮾냑벸잧췲뗄19쫀볍쏀풪샌뷸ퟔ벺뗄퇼냼ꆣ헢킩쫂볾틔벰웤쯻듳탍춶돳컅듙쪹뢻죋쏇튪쟳헾뢮ꆪ웤떱듺뗄탎쪽쫇횤좯붻틗캯풱믡뫍쳘삭뮪뫢욽램풺ꆪ횴탐헢퇹뗄쳵뿮ꎬ벴ꎬ릫쮾뺭샭ꆢ훷맜ꆢ짳볆풱뫍웤쯻죋폫릫쮾막뚫횮볤쫇탅췐맘쾵ꎬ쯻쏇쫇막뚫뗄쫜췐죋ꆣ웤쯻뗄튪쟳살ퟔ뇰뗄랽쿲ꎺ릤죋튪쟳맦훆릤뫍릤ퟷ쪱볤ꎬ튪쟳헾뢮횧돖벯쳥첸에ꎻ쿻럑헟튪쟳헾뢮볠뚽뫍놣횤훊솿ꎻ듳탍짺닺짌죧뿬쯙죢욷볓릤릫쮾ꎨSwiftmeatpacking companyꎩ튪쟳헾뢮ꎬ늻맜튪쪵쪩쪲쎴퇹뗄붡뾵뫍낲좫맦훆ꎬ헢킩맦훆뚼펦룃춳튻맡뒩닙ퟷ뗄좫맽돌ꎬ틲캪뛔듳웳튵살쮵ꎬ죧맻쎿튻룶뗘랽뗄킡122
맜샭믺릹뚼짨뚨뫍쪵쪩ퟔ벺쳘폐뗄훊솿ꆢ붡뾵뫍낲좫뇪ힼꎬ쓇쎴듳웳튵쫇룹놾컞램퓋ퟷ뗄ꆣ20쫀볍뗄춷죽럖횮뛾쪱볤샯ꎬ컒쏇뾴떽ꎬ죋쏇뫍룷훖샻틦쫇죧뫎뷸튻늽튪쟳헾뢮펦퓵퇹퇏쏜뗘맦훆뫍뷩죫릤짌튵뗄ꆣ죋쏇튪쟳헾뢮컈뚨볛룱ꎬ튪쟳릫쮾돉캪맺볒쳡릩짧믡놣헏뗄뇛냲ꎬ캪릤죋벰웤볒춥쳡릩뢣샻ꆣ죋쏇튪쟳헾뢮헆컕뺭볃뗄ꆰ훆룟뗣ꆱꆪ웤쯻탐튵쯹퇏훘틀삵뗄듳탍뗄잱퓚슢뛏탐튵ꆣ죋쏇튪쟳헾뢮춨맽횸떼탔뗄볆뮮뫍릤튵맦훆쇬떼뺭볃랢햹ꎬ벴ꎬ튪쟳ꆰ랢햹탍뗄맺볒ꆱꆣ맽좥뗄20쓪볻횤쇋훓냚퓚췹믘냚ꆣ튻훂뗄맛뗣죏캪ꎬ믬뫏뺭볃뗄쫊떱욽뫢뗣틑뺭듓ꆰ짧믡쏱훷훷틥ꆱ냚쿲쇋ꆰ탂ퟔ평훷틥ꆱꆣ풽살풽뛠뗄죋쿠탅ꎬ퓚릤튵뗄뫋탄쇬폲ꎬ맦훆뺭뎣떼훂볠맜믺릹놻뻝슢뛏뗘캻뗄뎧짌쯹럽믱ꎻ죋쏇풽살풽쿠탅ꎬ릫폐훆캪쇋룸쓇킩헾훎짏폐솼뫃맘쾵뗄죋쳡릩죭탔뗄릤ퟷꎬ컾짼쇋뺭볃킧싊뫍쿻럑헟뗄뢣샻ꆣ죋쏇풽살풽쿠탅ꎬ퓚랢햹뗄뇟풵뗘듸ꎬ헾뢮튪틽떼릤튵뫍뺭볃랢햹뗄웳춼쫇늻웰ퟷ폃뗄ꎬ믲헟쫇웰쇋랴ퟷ폃ꎬ퓚듳뛠쫽뗄쟩뿶쿂뚼퓬돉쇋듳맦쒣뗄뢯냜뫍뗍퓶뎤ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ쫀뷧틸탐뺭볃톧볒삼쳘ꆤ웕샻쟐쳘ꎨLantPritchettꎩ폐헢퇹뗄쮵램ꎬꆰ쎻폐뇈맺볒쇬떼뗄랢햹헽퓚쫜떽튻룶랴랢햹탍뗄맺볒쇬떼룼퓣룢뗄쫂쟩쇋ꆱꆣ틲듋ꎬ맽좥뗄20쓪샯ꎬ죋쏇웈늻벰듽뗘붵뗍퓬돉뢯냜뗄쎳틗뇚생ꎬ복짙헾뢮뗄맦쒣ꎬ죃ꆰ늻쫜쫸뢿ꆱ뗄쫐뎡솦솿룼볓ퟔ평ꎬ벴ꎬ탂ퟔ평훷틥뗄죽볜십뎵ꎺ쿻돽맜훆ꆢ쮽폐뮯뫍ퟔ평뮯ꆣ떫컒쏇틑뺭떽듯맽좥20쓪냚쿲뗄훕뗣쇋ꆣ퇇훞뷰죚캣믺ꆢ뎤웚놾맜샭릫쮾쪵볊짏뗄웆닺ꆢ틔벰낲좻릫쮾뗄뿥첨틑뺭쪹쎿튻룶죋틢쪶떽ꎬ죧맻헾뢮뎷돶믲늻쓜탐쪹쫊떱뗄맦훆횰쓜ꎬ쓇쎴뷰죚쫐뎡룹놾뻍컞램솼뫃퓋ꆣ뷱쳬뇈듓잰룼쟥돾쇋ꎬ튻룶늻쫜맦훆뗄쫐뎡늻믡쳡릩풼즪럲ꆤ쮹뗙룱샻듄쯹쮵뗄ꆰ좫쟲릫릲욷ꆱꆪ좫쟲뮷뺳뿘훆ꆢ좫쟲뫪맛뺭볃컈뚨ꆢ쫀뷧쫕죫럖엤뗄룄짆ꆢ뛔훘튪좻뛸쎻폐ퟣ릻뷰횧돖뗄붡뾵컊쳢죧죈듸벲늡뗄퇐뺿ꎬ틔벰웤쯻횻폐춨맽헾뢮뗄듳솪쏋닅쓜쳡릩뛸떥룶헾뢮ퟔ짭좴컞램쳡릩뗄뚫컷ꆣ쿖퓚뇈20쓪잰룼쟥돾뗄쫇ꎬ뷶뷶쫇쮽죋탨쟳뗄퓶볓늢늻쓜떼훂릫릲샻틦쇬폲샯릩룸폫탨쟳뗄ퟜ욽뫢ꆣ퓚럇훞ꎬ훎쇆낮ퟌ늡뗄튩컯죧듋낺맳ꎬ헢폐쪲쎴뗀샭싰ꎿ캪쪲쎴뛔훎쇆죈듸벲늡뗄튩컯퇐뺿뫍뾪랢헢쎴짙ꎬ뛸뛔뾹쮥샏뗄튩컯퇐뺿뫍뾪랢쫇헢쎴뛠ꎿ퓚맽좥뗄20쓪샯ꎬ퓚훓냚냚쿲ꆰ쫐뎡ꆱ튻뇟쪱ꎬ쓇킩훃짭샺쪷뗄샋뎱훐몰ꆰ춣ꆱ뗄죋ꎬ쯻쏇뗄훷튪죎컱쫇뷟솦놣돖짧믡쏱훷훷틥뫍짧믡놣헏훐ퟮ폐볛횵뗄123
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies늿럖ꎬ쪹횮늻믡쯦쿷복헾뢮ퟷ폃뗄웕뇩쟷쫆뛸쿻췶ꆣ퓚뷓쿂살뗄20쓪샯ꎬ떱훓냚냚믘떽ꆰ헾뢮ꆱ튻뇟쪱ꎬ훷튪뗄죎컱뻍늻튻퇹쇋ꆣ쓇쪱뻍튪ퟨ횹헾뢮퓚삩듳ퟷ폃뫍맦쒣뗄쪱뫲훆퓬첫뛠뗄맙쇅쾰웸뫍첫뛠뗄맙쇅뛨탔ꆣ쓇쪱뻍튪캬뮤뺺헹뗄폅풽탔뗄뚴볻ꎬ캬뮤웳튵볒뺫짱뗄볛횵ꆣ쓇쪱뻍튪짨볆돶탂탍뗄헾뢮ꎬ헢훖헾뢮튪뇜쏢닺짺퓚맽좥뗄탭뛠쎳틗맦훆훐퓸뺭돶쿖뗄듳맦쒣뢯냜ꎬ믲헟튪뇜쏢맽좥뗄탭뛠맦훆캯풱믡훐돶쿖뗄쇭튻훖쟩뿶ꎬ벴ꎬ맦훆믺릹놻듳맦쒣뗘럽믱ꎬ듓뛸캪맑춷뗄샻틦럾컱ꎬ캪맑춷쏇쳡릩튻룶폆쿐춬쪱닆풴맶맶뗄짺믮ꆣ헾뢮ꆪ릤짌튵뗄헢킩탂탍뗄뮥뚯붫쫇퓵퇹뗄쓘ꎿ쫗쿈ꎬ튪훘ퟩ평맦훆캯풱믡맜샭뗄릤튵뫍평맺볒슢뛏뺭펪뗄탐튵ꎬ쪹쯼쏇돉캪뺺헹탔뗄쇬폲ꆣ1980쓪듺돵틔살ꎬ뗧탅탐튵뗄샺쪷뻍쫇튻룶샽ퟓꆣ헾뢮뛔뗧탅튵뷸탐쇋훘ퟩꎬ쪹웤훐뗄뎧짌퓚쿲쪹폃헟쳡릩럾컱뗄쇬폲햹뾪벤쇒뺺헹ꎬ뛸헾뢮놣횤췸싧믹뒡짨쪩뗄좫쏦탔뫍뿉뾿탔ꆣ횻튪헾뢮좷놣췸싧뗄컈뚨탔뫍킧싊ꎬ뺺헹뻍뿉틔퓚듓잰럇뺺헹뗄닺튵늿쏅뒴퓬돶살ꎬ헢룶맛뗣쫇잿폐솦뗄ꆣ늻맽ꎬ쯼퓚쪵볹훐쓜좡뗃쪲쎴퇹뗄돉릦ꎬ죋쏇뮹쫃쒿틔듽ꆣ웤듎ꎬ헾뢮튪퓚릫쮾탐캪늻떱뗄쪱뫲쿞훆릫쮾뗄탐뚯ퟔ평ꆣ낲좻뿥첨뗄튻룶뷌통쫇ꎬ횻튪튻룶죋퓚웰뛠훘ퟷ폃ꎬ샻틦돥춻뻍믡돶쿖ꆣ믡볆쪦늻쓜쫇맋컊ꎻ릫쮾뺭샭늻펦룃뿘훆쫕횧늻욽뫢뗄쪵쳥ꆣ튪뛔뺭샭쫜막뚫횮췐뗄퓰죎폐튻룶쟥돾뗄뷧뚨ꆣ뗚죽ꎬ캪쫊펦탅쾢쪱듺뗄붵쇙ꎬ쮽폐닺좨튪뷸탐뗷헻뫍훘ퟩꆣ뗚쯄ꎬ릤짌튵뫍헾뢮펦퓚퇐뺿뫍뾪랢쇬폲붨솢룼뷴쏜뗄믯냩맘쾵ꆣ헢붫볈쓜샻폃릤짌튵뗄웳튵볒뺫짱뫍춶믺뗄쓜솿ꎬ폖쓜춨맽헾뢮쿮쒿볓쯙횪쪶뗄맣랺뒫능ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ쯼튲뿉쓜틲캪릫쮾뛔놣뮤짌튵믺쏜뗄떣탄뫍헾뢮뛔랱컄뷚뫍맙쇅훷틥뗄췧만냑돖뛸듬짋뷸늽ꆣ캴살붫뾴떽릤짌튵폫헾뢮횮볤탂탍뗄믯냩맘쾵ꆣ쯤좻헢뛔놣횤맺볒좨솦폫릫쮾좨솦횮볤뗄쫊떱욽뫢쫇뇘튪뗄ꎬ떫쫇듯떽헢룶쒿뇪뗄랽램횻쓜쫇듳맦쒣뗄쫔듭램ꆣꎨ삵몣틫ꎩ124
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies톧뷧AcademicComparative
억놴뛻뺭볃톧붱쫀볍믘낢죸뛻ꆤ쇖뗂놴뿋튻ꆢ틽퇔1968쓪ꎬ퓚볍쓮죰뗤틸탐ꎨSveriges Riksbankꎩ돉솢죽냙훜쓪뗄볍쓮믡짏ꎬ캪쇋볍쓮낢뛻뢥샗뗂ꆤ억놴뛻쿈짺ꎬ쪵쿖억놴뛻쿈짺퓚뺭볃랽쏦뗄폀뻃돐억뫍횧돖ꎬ죰뗤훐퇫틸탐짨솢ꆰ억놴뛻뺭볃톧붱ꆱꆣ냤붱헟캪죰뗤믊볒뿆톧풺ꆣ쫚붱뗄풭퓲붫폫1901쓪짨솢억놴뛻붱쪱뗄돵훔췪좫튻퇹ꎬ벴억놴뛻뺭볃톧붱붫쫚폨쓇킩퓚뺭볃톧랽쏦ퟶ돶춻돶릱쿗뗄뺭볃톧볒ꆣ톡퓱믱붱헟쪱뗄돌탲튲붫폫풭쿈췪좫쿠춬ꆣ쎿쓪믊볒뿆톧풺붫듳풼뷓쫜250룶ퟳ폒뗄쳡쏻ꎬ듳풼100뛠룶놻쳡쏻죋ꎨ캴쫜퇻쟫뛸훷뚯쳡돶짪쟫뗄룶죋붫늻폨뾼싇ꎩꆣ죰뗤뿆톧풺뺭볃톧붱움톡캯풱믡ꎨ튻냣평5ꆪ8죋ퟩ돉ꎩ붫죎쏼퓚뺭볃랽쏦ힿ폐돉킧뗄볒떣죎움톡ퟩ돉풱ꎬ폐쪱헢킩돉풱살ퟔ죰뗤ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ룼뛠뗄쟩뿶쫇움톡캯풱믡뗄돉풱평살ퟔ쫀뷧웤쯻맺볒뗄볒ퟩ돉ꎬ쯻쏇튻냣퓚맺볊짏웄뢻짹폾ꆣ움톡캯풱믡쫗쿈쿲짧믡뿆톧캯풱믡틔놨룦탎쪽쳡돶웤쫚붱쳡틩ꎬ틔벰뛔쯻쏇죏캪쫇뫏쫊죋톡뗄맣랺뗄뗷닩닄쇏ꎬ듋췢ꎬ쳡붻뗄닄쇏뮹냼삨쯹폐쳡쟫짳엺뗄볒뗄폐맘뗷닩닄쇏ꆣퟮ뫳ꎬ헻룶뿆톧풺튪퓚10퓂헙뾪좫쳥듳믡살쳖싛ퟮ훕뗄쫚붱뻶틩ꆣ웹뷱캪횹ꎬ억놴뛻뺭볃톧붱움붱캯풱믡틀뻝쓄킩뇪ힼ뷸탐움톡ꎿ뮹폐ꎬ움* 놾컄톡ퟔꆶThe Nobel Prize: The First 100 Yearsꆷ튻쫩훐뗄튻헂, Agneta Wallin Levinovitzand Nils Ringertz, editors, Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 2001ꆣퟷ헟캪죰뗤쮹뗂룧뛻쒦듳톧맺볊뺭볃톧풺뷌쫚ꆣꆪꆪ틫헟힢127
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies붱캯풱믡움톡쪱폶떽뗄훷튪컊쳢폐쓄킩ꎿ쿔좻ꎬ캪쇋쳖싛헢킩컊쳢ꎬ쫗쿈뛔쯹폐틑믱뗃뺭볃톧붱쿮뷸탐훖샠짏듖싔뗄뮮럖붫쫇폐틦뗄ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ퓚ퟶ헢퇹뗄뮮럖쪱뇘탫뷷볇ꎬ평폚뿆톧릱쿗듳뛠뻟폐뛠캬탔ꎬ틲뛸ꎬ쫔춼뛔헢킩붱쿮뷸탐뫁컞훘뗾뗄ꆢ췪좫쟥컺뗄뮮럖쫇삧쓑뗄ꎬ폐쪱튲쫇웄폐헹틩뗄쫂ꆣ뛾ꆢ32쓪살믱붱뗄훷튪퇐뺿쇬폲ꎨ튻ꎩ튻냣뻹뫢샭싛퓚억붱훐ꎬ룸튻냣뻹뫢쇬폲뗄붱쿮뫜뛠ꎬퟮ쏷쿔뗄샽ퟓ폐ꎺ1970쓪믱붱뗄놣싞ꆤ죸뛻즭ꎨPaul Samuelsonꎩꎬ쯻믱붱뗄쇬폲쫇ꆰ랢햹쇋뺲첬뫍뚯첬뺭볃샭싛ꆱꎻ1972쓪믱붱뗄뿏쓡쮹ꆤ낢싞(Kenneth Arrow)뫍풼몲ꆤ쾣뿋쮹(JohnHicks)ꎬ쯻쏇믱붱뗄쇬폲쫇ꆰ튻냣뻹뫢뺭볃샭싛틔벰뢣샻뺭볃톧ꆱꎻ1983쓪믱붱뗄죈죴뛻ꆤ뗂늼슳(Gerard Debreu)ꎬ쯻믱붱뗄쇬폲쫇ꆰ쯻퓚튻냣뻹뫢샭싛뗄쒣탍뮯랽쏦뗄춻돶릱쿗ꆱꎻ1988쓪믱붱뗄쒪샯쮹ꆤ낢삳쮹(Maurice Allais)ꎬ쯻뗄릱쿗훷튪쫇ꆰ퓚쫐뎡샭싛뫍풴폐킧샻폃랽쏦뗄뷜돶릱쿗ꆱꆣ뺭볃톧볒쏇퓚튻냣뻹뫢샭싛랽쏦뗄릱쿗듳듳뗘췪짆쇋튻냣뻹뫢샭싛뺭볃쒣탍뗄뷡릹ꎬ쪹뗃헢킩쒣탍횮볤폐쇋뇈뷏헽쪽뗄쟸럖ꎬ튲쪹뗃뻶뚨뺭볃쳥쾵뗄컈뚨탔ꆢ킧싊ꆢ뻹뫢틔벰킭뗷탔뗄늻춬쳵볾랽쏦폐쇋쟸뇰ꆣ춨뎣ꎬ헢킩릱쿗튲냼삨쇋튻킩훘튪뗄뇈뷏뺲첬뗄쪵퇩ꎬ뇈죧ꎬ뻹뫢캻훃죧뫎뛔췢짺틲쯘ꎨ닎쫽ꎩ뗄뇤뮯ퟷ돶랴펦ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ뺭볃톧볒쏇뗄뷜돶릤ퟷ튲쪹뗃튻냣뻹뫢샭싛돉캪뺭볃샭싛럖컶뗄믹뒡탔랽램ꎬ뇈죧ꎬ쾣뿋쮹붫쫐뎡뗄뛠훘컈뚨탔뗄쳵볾쒣탍뮯ꎬ붫뺲첬럖컶뗄랽램삩햹떽뛠룶쪱웚ꆣ뮹폐ꎬ쯻튲뾪뒴쇋놾믽샛뚯첬럖컶뗄쿈뫓ꆣ틲캪룃랽램뗬뚨쇋떥룶쿻럑헟뫍떥룶뎧짌탐캪뗈캢맛뺭볃샭싛믹뒡ꎬ쾣뿋쮹쯹랢햹뗄쒣탍쳡릩쇋퇐뺿닎쫽뇤뮯펰쿬뺭볃벨킧뗄뫃냬램ꎬ룃냬램듳듳폅폚틔잰뗄튻냣뗄뺭볃뻹뫢쒣탍ꆣퟮ뫳ꎬ쾣뿋쮹뮹쳡돶쇋훸쏻뗄쯄쫐뎡ꎬ벴짌욷쫐뎡ꆢ샍뚯솦쫐뎡ꆢ탅듻쫐뎡뫍믵뇒쫐뎡뗄튻냣뻹뫢샭싛ꎬ튲뻍쫇쯹캽뗄IS-LM쒣탍ꆣ듓럖컶랽램살뾴ꎬ죸뛻즭늻뷶쫇볌돐쇋쾣뿋쮹뗄릤ퟷꎬ춬쪱튲쫇뛔쾣뿋쮹퇐뺿릤ퟷ뗄훕뷡ꎬ뇈죧ꎬ죸뛻즭퓚럖컶튻냣뻹뫢쾵춳뗄뢴퓓탔랽쏦뻍쫇뛔쾣뿋쮹릤ퟷ뗄튻룶춻웆ꆣ헢튻뗣퓚억놴뛻캯풱믡룸죸뛻즭뗄믱붱훂듇훐폐쯹랴펳ꎬꆰ죸뛻즭뗄릤ퟷ듳듳췆뚯쇋뺭볃톧뗄럖컶쮮욽ꆱꆣ죧맻쮵죸뛻즭튻룶죋뗄릤ퟷ뻍룄킴쇋뺭볃톧뗄훐탄샭싛ꆢ캢맛뺭볃샭싛ꆢ뺲첬뫍뚯첬샭싛ꆢ뻖늿뻹뫢뫍튻냣뻹뫢샭싛ꎬ헢볲횱폐뗣뿤헅ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ춨맽럖컶볲떥뗄쫽톧쒣탍ꎬ춨128
맽폐킧뗘샻폃ퟮ듳뮯돌탲뗄듎튪쳵볾ꎬ쮵죸뛻즭뗃돶뷡싛쫇웹뷱캪횹ퟮ뫃뗄뺭볃샭싛좴튻뗣튲늻맽럖ꆣ낢싞뫍뗂늼슳퓚튻냣뻹뫢샭싛랽쏦뗄훷튪릱쿗쫇ꎺ쯻쏇퓋폃룼폐킧뗄쫽톧랽램ꎬ뇈죧춹탔샭싛쪹튻냣뻹뫢샭싛뗄쫊폃탔룼볓맣랺ꆣ튻냣뻹뫢샭싛뗄맣랺탔쪹뗃쯻쏇듳듳삩햹쇋뛔짌욷쓚몭뗄죏쪶ꎬ헢퇹튻냣뻹뫢샭싛늻뷶뿉틔펦폃폚뺲첬뻹뫢샭싛뗄럖컶랽쏦ꎬ뛸쟒튲뿉틔폃폚럖컶짺닺뫍쿻럑믮뚯퓚뿕볤뗄늼뻖ꎬ틔벰퓚늻좷뚨쳵볾쿂뷸탐퓝쪱뗄럖컶뫍뻶닟ꆣ낢싞튲죏쪶떽쇋듓룶죋욫뫃췆떼돶짧믡뢣샻몯쫽뗄쓑뛈뫍늻뿉쓜탔ꎬ쪵볊짏헢뻍쫇낢싞쯹캽뗄ꆰ늻뿉쓜탔뚨샭ꆱꆣ쒪샯쮹ꆤ낢삳쮹뗄릱쿗훷튪쫇퓚20쫀볍40쓪듺ퟶ돶뗄ꎬ낢삳쮹뗄릱쿗폫죸뛻즭춬웚뗄릤ퟷꎬ틔벰뫳살낢싞뫍뗂늼슳뗄릱쿗횮볤폐ퟅ뫜뛠쿠쯆횮뒦ꆣ낢삳쮹릤ퟷ뗄쳘쫢횮뒦퓚폚ꎺ쯻붫뺭볃쟷쿲폚뻹뫢뗄슷뺶쏨쫶캪뎧짌횮볤뺺헹뎬뛮샻죳뗄맽돌ꆣ낢삳쮹뗄럖컶몭룇쇋짺닺뗄맦쒣뺭볃탔쯹떼훂뗄ퟔ좻슢뛏뗄뿉쓜탔ꆣ틲듋ꎬ낢삳쮹뗄릱쿗캪햽뫳램맺뺭볃톧엉럖컶릫릲쇬폲듳탍슢뛏웳튵ꎨ뇈죧램맺뗧솦릫쮾뫍램맺쳺슷릫쮾ꎩ풴뗄폐킧샻폃뗬뚨쇋믹뒡ꎬ춬쪱ꎬ낢삳쮹튲뛔쿖듺뺭볃퓶뎤샭싛뷸탐쇋폐틦뗄첽쯷ꆣꎨ뛾ꎩ뫪맛뺭볃톧듓1969쓪훁뷱32뷬억붱훐ꎬ폐뫜뛠쫇쫚폨뫪맛뺭볃쇬폲뗄ꆣ뫪맛뺭볃톧뻍쫇쫗쿈붫맺쏱뗄뺭볃탐캪쫓캪튻룶헻쳥ꎬ폃쏅뗄쫵폯살럖컶뫍뾼달ퟜ솿닺돶ꆢ쿻럑ꆢ춶ꆢ뷸돶뿚ꆢ헾뢮퓚믵컯뫍럾컱랽쏦뗄뾪횧뗈ꆣ쇭튻킩퓚뫪맛쇬폲뗄릱쿗훷튪짦벰맺쏱뺭볃뗄죴룉럖횧ꆣ퓚뫪맛쇬폲쯹쫚뗄붱쿮훐ꎬ폐튻룶붱쿮볈짦벰헻룶맺쏱뺭볃ꎬ폖짦벰떽맺쏱뺭볃쒳튻쇬폲ꎬ쯼뻍쫇1976쓪쫚폨쏗뛻뛙ꆤ뢥샯뗂싼ꎨMilton Friedmanꎩ억붱ꆣ떱쪱뗄쫚붱훂듇돆뢥샯뗂싼뗄릱쿗훷튪퓚폚ꎺ쯻ꆰ뛔쿻럑뗄럖컶ꆢ믵뇒샺쪷벰웤샭싛랽쏦뗄퇐뺿ꆱꆣ쏗뛻뛙ꆤ뢥샯뗂싼1957뗄ꆶ쿻럑몯쫽샭싛ꆷ튻쫩쫇튻룶돉릦뗄뎢쫔ꎬ틲캪룃쫩벯헽춳샭싛퇐뺿폫쒳튻쇬폲뗄펦폃뫍뺭퇩퇐뺿폚튻짭ꆣ쯻폫낲쓈ꆤ쪩췟듄ꎨAnna Schwartzꎩ뛔쏀맺믵뇒샺쪷뗄맣랺뗄뺭퇩퇐뺿뿉쓜놻뾴ퟷ쫇뒿듢뺭퇩퇐뺿뗄뗤랶ꎬ뺡맜룃퇐뺿쫇붨솢퓚튻룶뒿샭싛뗄뿲볜횮짏ꎬ뺡맜쯼잿뗷쇋듓믵뇒틲쯘뗄뷇뛈뛔뫪뺭볃맛늨뚯뷸탐뷢쫍ꆣ뢥샊룧ꆤ쒪뗏룱샯퇇쓡ꎨFranco Modiglianiꎩ쫇1985쓪뗄억붱뗃훷ꎬ쯻랢햹쇋솽룶훘튪뗄뫪맛뺭볃쒣탍ꎬ벴쮽죋쿻럑쒣탍뫍뷰죚쒣탍ꆣ퓚쯻뗄뒢탮뗄짺쏼129
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies훜웚샭싛훐ꎬ쯻퇐뺿쇋죋뿚틔벰뺭볃퓶뎤뗄뇤뮯뛔볒춥뒢탮뗄펰쿬ꆣ쯻폫쒪뛙ꆤ쏗샕ꎨMerton Millerꎩ뗄릤ퟷ뗬뚨쇋쿖듺릫쮾뷰죚샭싛ꆣ쒪뗏룱샯퇇쓡ꆪ쏗샕뚨샭ꎨMM theoremꎩ룸돶쇋죧쿂쳵볾ꎺ릫쮾퓚막쫐짏뗄볛횵쫜릫쮾뗄뫬샻헾닟펰쿬ꎨ믲늻쫜웤펰쿬ꎩ뗄쳵볾ꎬ틔벰릫쮾춨맽막좨놾믲헟뷨듻랽쪽캪웤춶믮뚯뷸탐죚뗄쳵볾ꆣ1981쓪억붱쫚폨햲쒷쮹ꆤ췐뇶ꎨJames Tobinꎩꎬ헢쫇억붱쫚폨맺쏱뺭볃쒳튻쇬폲뗄쇭튻룶샽ퟓꎬ억붱훂듇헢퇹돆퓞쯻ꆰ뛔뷰죚쫐뎡벰웤폫쿻럑뻶닟ꆢ뻍튵ꆢ짺닺뫍볛룱랽쏦뗄맘쾵뗄퇐뺿ꆱꆣ췐뇶붫뷰죚쫐뎡폫헦쪵뺭볃믮뚯뗄맘쾵쒣탍뮯ꎬ쯻뗄헢훖퇐뺿랽램뫜뿬돉캪럖컶맺쏱뺭볃뗄뫪맛뺭볃쒣탍뗄훘튪ퟩ돉늿럖ꆣ췐뇶Q횵돉캪뫢솿닺뗄쫐뎡볛횵폫훘훃돉놾횮볤맘쾵뗄뫃랽램ꆣ췐뇶뗄닺ퟩ뫏쒣탍퓚쳭볓쇋췁뗘ꆢ붨훾ꆢ듦믵뫍뛔풭닄쇏뗄쯷좡좨뗈헦쪵닺틔뫳ꎬ돉캪럖컶믵뇒릩룸솿뗄뇤뮯뛔닺욷볛룱쯹닺짺뗄횱뷓펰쿬뗄튻룶훘튪럖컶릤뻟ꆣ샍싗쮹ꆤ뿋삳틲ꎨLawrence Kleinꎩꎬ1980쓪억붱뗃훷ꎬ쯻튲뛔뫪맛뺭볃퇐뺿ퟶ돶쇋릱쿗ꆣ억붱훂듇훐잿뗷쮵ꎺ뿋삳틲ꆰ붨솢쇋볆솿뺭볃쒣탍늢붫쯼펦폃폚럖컶뺭볃늨뚯뫍뺭볃헾닟ꆱꆣ뿋삳틲뗄튻룶훘튪릱쿗퓚폚ꎺ쯻춨맽춳볆쒣탍쒣쓢뗄랽램럖컶뺭볃헾닟뗄펰쿬ퟷ폃ꆣ쇭췢ꎬ쯻튲퓚뺭볃풤닢벼쫵랽쏦ퟷ돶쇋훘튪릱쿗ꆣ쯤좻쯻뗄럖컶랽램풴ퟔ폚뾭뛷쮹뫪맛뺭볃샭싛럖컶뿲볜ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ쯻뗄쒣탍늢늻쿞폚듋ꎬ쯦ퟅ쪱볤뗄퇓탸ꎬ쯻뮹랢햹쇋뾭뛷쮹뗄뺭볃샭싛ꆣ뫳살ꎬ헢킩쒣탍풽살풽쿪뺡ꎬퟮ훕뿋삳틲뗄쒣탍돉캪쓒삨쇋튻냙뛠룶랽돌쪽뗄듳쾵춳ꆣ싞늮쳘ꆤ슬뾨쮹ꎨRobert Lucasꎩꎬ1995쓪억붱뗃훷ꎬ쯻닉폃튻훖룼캪믹놾뗄랽램ꎬ릹붨뫍랢햹쇋뫪맛뺭볃쒣탍ꎬ퓚뫪맛뺭볃럖컶훐ꎬ쯻쳘뇰잿뗷쇋풤웚뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ춬쪱쯻틲퓚뺭볃듺샭죋횮볤뚨틥쇋샭탔풤웚뗄룅쓮뛸훸돆폚쫀ꆣ샭탔풤웚샭싛죏캪ꎬ죋쏇뿉틔샻폃쯹폐뿉틔샻폃뗄탅쾢ꎬ뛸늻믡랸쾵춳탔듭컳ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ슬뾨쮹뮹럖컶쇋뫪맛뺭볃뗄뇤뮯뛔뺭볃헾닟쳥훆뗄펰쿬ퟷ폃ꎬ뇈죧ꎬ헾뢮믲훐퇫틸탐뗄헾닟죧뫎뛔뺭볃뇤뮯ퟷ돶랴펳ꆣ쳘뇰뗄쫇ꎬ쯻횤쏷쇋뒫춳뗄춳볆톧샭싛쫇퓵퇹뛔뫪맛뺭볃탐캪몯쫽ퟷ돶랴펳ꎬ틲캪퓚헾닟쳥훆랢짺뇤뮯뫳쮽죋쇬폲뗄뇤솿뎣뎣뇤뗃늢늻뿉뾿ꎬ헢뻍쫇슬뾨쮹뛔뒫춳뫪맛뺭볃풤닢쯹캽뗄ꆰ슬뾨쮹엺움ꆱꎨLucas Critiqueꎩꎬ폫듋춬쪱ꎬ쯻뮹붨틩뇜쏢쪹폃닺짺헢훖컊쳢뗄뺭볃럖컶랽램ꆣ1977쓪ꎬ햲쒷쮹ꆤ쏗뗂ꎨJames Meadeꎩ뫍늮뗙뛻ꆤ뛭쇖ꎨBertil Ohlinꎩ럖쿭쇋헢튻쓪뛈뗄뺭볃톧붱ꎬ쯻쏇뗄릱쿗퓚폚ꆰ맺볊쎳틗샭싛폫맺볊놾쇷뚯ꆱꎬ130
헢쫇뺭볃톧퇐뺿쇬폲퓙듎짦벰맺쏱뺭볃쒳튻쇬폲뗄쇭튻룶샽ퟓꆣ뛔뛭쇖살쮵ꎬ억붱쫚폨쯻뗄훷튪풭틲퓚폚쯻랢햹쇋맺볊쎳틗뫍쟸폲쎳틗샭싛ꎬ룃샭싛뿉틔뷢쫍쎳틗닺짺뗄풭틲벰쎳틗닺짺뗄뫳맻ꎬ벴쯹캽뗄뫕뿋쾣뛻ꆪ뛭쇖쒣탍ꎨHeckscher-Ohlin modelꎩꆣ뛭쇖뗄퇐뺿뇭쏷ꎺ쒳룶맺볒뗄쎳틗쒣쪽좡뻶폚쯼퓚짺닺튪쯘ꎨ놾믲샍뚯ꎩ훐쯹햼뗄럝뛮ꎬ맺볊쎳틗뗄뷡맻붫떼훂짺닺튪쯘쫕틦퓚맺볊볤뗄욽뻹뮯ꆣ햲쒷쮹ꆤ쏗뗂뮹럖컶쇋좫쟲쎳틗헾닟폫늻춬쫐뎡횮볤맘쾵뗄얤쟺ꎬ듓뛸쯻쳡돶쇋쯻쯹캽뗄풴럖엤ꆰ듎폅ꆱ샭싛ꎬ춬쪱쏗뗂뮹쫇뾪럅뺭볃쳵볾쿂뫪맛뺭볃샭싛뗄뎫떼헟ꆣퟮ캪훘튪뗄쫇ꎬ쏗뗂럖컶쇋쓚늿폫췢늿욽뫢뗄맘쾵ꎬ틔벰헾닟쒿뇪폫헾닟릤뻟횮볤뗄맘쾵ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ헦헽캪뾪럅뺭볃쳵볾쿂뗄뫪맛뺭볃샭싛뗬뚨믹뒡뗄뺭볃톧볒좴쫇싞늮쳘ꆤ쏉듺뛻(Robert Mundell)ꎬ쯻쫇1999쓪뛈뗄억붱뗃훷ꎬ쯻틔쯻뗄쏉듺뛻ꆪ뢥삳쏷쒣탍ꎨMundell-Fleming modelꎩ뛸훸돆폚쫀ꆣ쳘뇰쫇쯻랢햹쇋튻룶볲떥쪵폃뗄뺭볃쒣탍살럖컶뾪럅뺭볃쳵볾쿂뗄믵뇒뫍닆헾헾닟ꎬ뇈죧ꎬ뾪럅뺭볃쳵볾쿂죧뫎쪵탐컈뚨탔뗄헾닟ꆣ뻟쳥뛸퇔ꎬ쏉듺뛻붫췢쎳ꆢ놾쇷뚯틽뷸쇋쾣뿋쮹뗄IS-LM쒣탍훐ꎬ쯻뗄퇐뺿뇭쏷ꎺ헾뢮컈뚨탔헾닟뗄킧맻훷튪좡뻶폚맺볊놾쇷뚯뗄돌뛈ꎬ헢컞틉쫇잿뗷쇋믣싊훆뛈뗄훘튪탔ꎺ퓚뢡뚯믣싊쳥훆쿂ꎬ믵뇒헾닟뇈닆헾헾닟폐솦ꎬ좻뛸ꎬ퓚만뚨믣싊쳥훆쿂ꎬ닆헾헾닟뇈믵뇒헾닟폐솦ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ쏉듺뛻튲쫇럖컶ퟮ폅믵뇒쟸뗄쿈쟽ꎬ룃샭싛횸돶튻맺럅웺믵뇒훷좨ꎬힷ쟳릲춬믵뇒뗄폅뗣뫍좱뗣쯹퓚ꆣ틔짏쯹쳖싛뗄믱붱뗄뫪맛뺭볃컊쳢ꎬ믹놾짏쫇쳖싛뛌웚뗄뫪맛뺭볃뗄늨뚯컊쳢ꎬ뛸1987쓪믱붱뗄싞늮쳘ꆤ쯷싥(Robert Solow) 퓲쫇뾼달뎤웚뗄뫪맛뺭볃컊쳢ꎬ쯻쯹맘힢뗄쫇뎤웚뗄뫪맛뺭볃퓶뎤ꆣ쯷싥뗄훷튪릱쿗퓚폚쯻붨솢쇋볲떥뗄떫좴폫훚늻춬뗄쫽톧쒣탍폃틔럖컶놾믽샛뛔짺닺싊뗄듙뷸ퟷ폃ꆣ짺닺뗄놾쏜벯뛈ꎬ벴쎿룶릤죋쯹햼폃뗄놾솿쫇평놾뫍샍뚯뗄볛룱뻶뚨뗄ꆣ평폚놾뗄뇟볊쫕틦뗝복ꎬ룃쒣탍훐뗄뺭볃듓뎤웚뾴붫쟷쿲폚헢튻뗣ꎺ짺닺싊뗄퓶뎤붫캩튻좡뻶폚벼쫵뷸늽ꆣ쇭췢ꎬ쯷싥뮹붨솢쇋튻룶탂뗄뺭볃퓶뎤쒣탍ꎬ퓚웤훐ꎬ탂벼쫵잱님폚탂짺뗄놾믵컯훐ꎬ헢뻍쫇쯹캽뗄뺭볃퓶뎤뗄ꆰퟮ폅쒣탍ꆱꆣ퓚쯻뗄샭싛쒣탍뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ쯷싥뮹뷸탐쇋뺭볃퓶뎤뻶뚨틲쯘횮뺭퇩퇐뺿랽쏦뗄쿈쟽탔릤ퟷꎬ벴쯹캽뗄ꆰ퓶뎤뫋쯣ꆱ(growth accounting)ꆣ1979쓪뗄억붱평낢즪ꆤ쇵틗쮹ꎨArthur Lewisꎩ뫍컷냂뛠ꆤ쫦뛻듄(TheodoreSchultz)럖쿭ꎬ쯻쏇맘힢뗄죔좻쫇뺭볃퓶뎤ꎬ뺡맜쯻쏇쯹ퟶ뗄릤ퟷ뗄돩쿳탔뗍폚131
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies쯷싥ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ억붱캯풱믡뗄쫚붱훂듇훐헢퇹돆퓞ꎺ쯻쏇퓚ꆰ뺭볃랢햹벰웤뛔랢햹훐맺볒쏦쇙뗄컊쳢뗄쳘뇰맘힢ꆱꆣ룃붱쫚폨쇵틗쮹뗄풭틲퓚폚ꎺ쯻랢햹쇋잷랢듯맺볒뗄뎤웚뺭볃퓶뎤뗄쒣탍ꎬ퓚룃쒣탍훐ꎬ쇵틗쮹잿뗷샍뚯릩룸뗄떯탔퓶뎤뛔뺭볃퓶뎤뗄펰쿬ퟷ폃ꎬ틔벰펰쿬쓇킩돶뿚퇇죈듸닺욷뗄맺볒뗄쎳틗쳵볾뗄틲쯘ꆣ뛸쫦뛻듄횮쯹틔믱붱뗄풭틲퓲퓚폚쯻뛔뺭볃랢햹훐쳘뇰쫇얩튵쇬폲훐죋솦놾춶뗄훘튪탔뗄닻쫶ꆣ뺡맜쇵틗쮹뫍쫦뛻듄뚼횻퓋폃쇋뛔뺭볃쪷뗄뒫춳컄ퟖ싛쫶뗄퇐뺿랽램ꎬ뛸쎻폐퓋폃맙랽뗄춳볆쫽ퟖ틔벰볆솿뺭볃톧뗄볬퇩벼쫵ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ쯻쏇뗄퇐뺿릤ퟷ뚼붫샭싛풨풴폫뺭퇩쫽뻝쿠뷡뫏ꆣ쫦뛻듄잿뗷횸돶ꎺ퓚뾼싇헢킩맺볒쏦쇙뗄풴풼쫸틔벰횪쪶뗄뿉믱뗃탔헢솽룶쳵볾뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ잷랢듯맺볒뗄얩튵쇬폲듦퓚쏷쿔뗄킧싊ꆣ쇵틗쮹ퟅ솦퇐뺿쇋솽룶뒦폚늻춬쟩뿶뗄뺭볃쇬폲횮볤뗄쎬뛜ꎺ튻룶쫇맦쒣뻞듳떫웤랢햹좴뒦폚뺲횹ힴ첬뗄얩튵쇬폲ꎬ웤샍뚯뗄뇟볊닺돶뗍ꎻ쇭튻룶쫇뚯첬뗄폐믮솦뗄릤튵ꎨ놾훷틥ꎩ쇬폲ꎬ웤훷튪쫇평폚퓚튻맺랶캧쓚뿉쓜듦퓚뺭볃량뗘ꎨeconomic enclaveꎩ뗄풭틲ꆣꎨ죽ꎩ캢맛뺭볃톧퓚억붱훐ꎬ캪쫽늻짙뗄쫇쫚폨캢맛뺭볃쇬폲뗄ꎬ캢맛뺭볃톧퇐뺿룶죋볒춥ꆢ뎧짌뗄뻶닟탐캪ꎬ틔벰풴퓚늻춬폃춾뫍늻춬짺닺쇬폲횮볤뗄엤훃ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ1982쓪뗄억붱쫚폨쟇훎ꆤ쪩뗙룱샕ꎨGeorge Stiglerꎩꎬ쯻뗄릱쿗퓚폚ꆰ닺튵뷡릹ꆢ쫐뎡릦쓜ꎬ틔벰릫릲쇬폲맜훆뗄풭틲뫍킧맻ꆱꎬ춬쪱쯻뮹럖컶쇋뺭볃맜훆뗄춾뺶ꆣ쫂쪵짏ꎬ헢훖맜훆쫇평헾훎볒쏇뫍릫릲쇬폲뗄맜샭헟쯹뷸탐뗄ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ쪩뗙룱샕뗄퇐뺿랢쿖ꎬ맜훆헟뎣뎣튪쫜떽놻맜훆헟탐캪뗄펰쿬ꎬ벴쯹캽뗄ꆰ맜훆럽믱ꆱꎨregulatory captureꎩꆣ뫍뢥샯뗂싼튻퇹ꎬ쪩뗙룱샕튲쫇튻룶폐쏻뗄쪵횤헜톧쮼쿫볒ꎬ쯻잿뗷퓚럖컶랽쏦뗄볲뷠탔ꎬ틔벰뺭퇩퇐뺿뗄훘튪탔ꆣ쪩뗙룱샕튲쫇탅쾢뺭볃톧쇬폲뗄쿈쟽헟횮튻ꎬ퓚쯻뗄럖컶훐쏷좷쳡돶쇋탅쾢돉놾뗄룅쓮ꆣ억붱훐ꎬ튲폐웤쯻뗄붱쿮쫇쫚폨탅쾢뺭볃톧쇬폲뗄ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ1996쓪뗄억붱뗃훷햲쒷쮹ꆤ쏗뛻샻쮹ꎨJames Mirrleesꎩꆢ췾솮ꆤ캬뿋샯ꎨWilliam Vickreyꎩꎬ쯻쏇뻍퓚룶죋탅쾢뿉믱뗃탔랽쏦ퟷ돶쇋쿈쟽탔뗄릤ퟷꆣ쯻쏇뮹퓚뺭볃듺샭죋횮볤틽뷸쇋ꆰ탅쾢늻뛔돆ꆱ뗄룅쓮ꎬ쳘뇰쫇쯻쏇쳡돶쇋늻뛔돆탅쾢뗄뷢뻶듫쪩ꆣ쯻쏇뗄퇐뺿뇭쏷ꎬ헢킩탅쾢늻뛔돆뛔쫐뎡릦쓜뗄랢믓ퟷ폃훁맘훘튪ꆣ뇈죧놣쿕뫍탅듻뻍쫇헢퇹ꆣ쏗뛻샻쮹퓚헾뢮뫍쮽죋듺샭죋횮볤폐맘쮰쫕탅쾢늻뛔돆쯹듸살뗄뫳맻랽쏦ퟷ돶쇋믹뒡탔뗄퇐뺿ꆣ캬뿋샯돎쟥쇋늻춬훖샠엄싴닆닺횮볤뗄쟸뇰ꎬ쯻뗄뒴볻퓚폚폐킧뗘췆맣쇋엄싴좨ꆢ믺뎡탭뿉횤ꎬ틔132
벰맣능뗧쫓뒫능좨뫍헾뢮닺뗄쿺쫛ꎨꆰ쮽폐뮯ꆱꎩꆣ뺡맜뷰죚뺭볃톧튪틀뾿샠쯆폚뒫춳캢맛뺭볃톧쓇퇹뗄럖컶탔벼쟉ꎬ떫쫇퓚뎤웚살뾴ꎬ뷰죚뺭볃톧틑뺭랢햹늢펵폐쇋쯼ퟔ벺뗄럖컶탔벼쟉ꆣ퓚맽좥뗄20쓪샯ꎬ헢훖럖컶랽램폐쇋뫜듳돌뛈뗄삩햹ꆣ짏쏦쳡떽뗄췐뇶뫍쒪뗏룱샯퇇쓡뻍쫇퓚릹붨뫪맛뺭볃샭싛뗄쯘닄랽쏦ퟷ돶쇋춻돶뗄릱쿗ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ쿖듺뷰죚뺭볃톧쫇퓚20쫀볍50쓪듺뫍60쓪듺평맾샯ꆤ십뿋캬듄(Harry Markowitz)ꆢ뫍쒪뛙ꆤ쏗샕ꎨMerton Millerꎩ틔벰췾솮ꆤ쿄웕ꎨWilliam Sharpeꎩꎨ쯻쏇릲쿭쇋1990쓪억붱ꎩ뛸뗬뚨믹뒡뗄ꆣ십뿋캬듄뗄릱쿗퓚폚쯻캪룶죋닆뢻돖폐헟뗄닺ퟩ뫏쳡릩쇋캢맛믹뒡ꎬ쒪뛙뫍쿄웕뗄릱쿗퓚폚랢햹쇋뷰죚쫐뎡뗄뻹뫢럖컶ꆣ쳘뇰뗄쫇ꎬ쿄웕쳡돶쇋뷰죚닺뚨볛뗄튻냣샭싛ꎬ쏗샕뗄훘튪릱쿗쫇퓚릫쮾뷰죚랽쏦ꎨ룃릤ퟷ쫇평쏗샕뫍뢥샊룧ꆤ쒪뗏룱샯퇇쓡릲춬췪돉뗄ꎩꎬ쏗샕뮹쳘뇰횸돶쇋펰쿬막욱볛룱뫍릫쮾놾돉놾뗄뻶뚨탔틲쯘ꆣ웤뫳ꎬ1997쓪싞늮쳘ꆤ쒬뛙ꎨRobert Mertonꎩ뫍싵싗ꆤ쮹뿆뛻쮹ꎨMyronScholesꎩ믱뗃억붱ꎬ쯻쏇뗄릱쿗퓚폚럖컶쇋쯹캽뗄퇜짺릤뻟ꆪ웚좨뗄볛룱탎돉ꎬ웚좨듺뇭쇋뛔냼삨막욱ꆢ췢믣뗈뷰죚릤뻟뗄쯷좡좨ꎨ뫳살ꎬ럑쾣뛻ꆤ늼삳뿋튲캪듋ퟷ돶쇋릱쿗ꎩꆣ헢킩릱쿗뛔뫳살듳쫐뎡ꎨhuge marketsꎩ쳵볾쿂늻춬훖샠뗄퇜짺릤뻟뗄랢햹쳡릩쇋뇘튪뗄쳵볾ꎬ헢킩쫐뎡듙뷸쇋떥룶듺샭죋룹뻝쯻쏇ퟔ벺뗄욫뫃톡퓱뫏쫊뗄럧쿕쮮욽뗄뿉쓜탔ꎬ뛸늻맜쯻쏇뗄럧쿕돌뛈쫇뗍뮹쫇룟ꆣꎨ쯄ꎩ붻닦톧뿆퇐뺿퓚억붱훐ꎬ폐늻짙쫇쫚폨쓇킩붫뺭볃럖컶췘햹떽탂쇬폲뗄뺭볃톧볒ꎬ1980쓪뗄억붱뗃훷햲쒷쮹ꆤ늼뾲쓏ꎨJames Buchananꎩ뗄릱쿗퓚폚쯻퓚뺭볃톧뫍헾훎톧붻닦쇬폲뗄퇐뺿ꎬ믲헟룼뻟쳥뗘붲ꎬ쯻뗄릱쿗퓚폚ꆰ쯻캪뺭볃뫍헾훎뻶닟쳡릩쇋웵풼뫍훆뛈믹뒡ꆱꎬ쯻뗄릱쿗쪹뗃쯻돉캪릫릲톡퓱쇬폲톧엉뗄뗬믹헟ꆣ릫릲톡퓱톧엉럖컶쇋헾훎뻶닟놳뫳뗄뺭볃쟽뚯솦ꎬ웳춼퓚맺쏱뺭볃쒣탍훐붫헾훎탐캪쓚짺뮯ꆣ릫릲톡퓱톧엉늢늻쫇붫헾훎볒뾴ퟷ쫇횻캪쇋듳훚샻틦뗄룶죋ꎬ뛸쫇볙뚨붫헾훎볒뾴ퟷꆰ뺭볃죋ꆱꎬ쯻쏇늻뷶뾼싇룶죋뗄뗃틦ꎬ뛸쟒튲폐냑컕좨샻뗄폻췻ꎬ쯻쏇뫍웤쯻듺샭죋폐ퟅ쿠쯆뗄탐캪ꆣ1992쓪억붱뗃훷볓샯ꆤ놴뿋뛻ꎨGary Beckerꎩ뗄릱쿗퓚폚뺭볃뫍짧믡톧붻닦쇬폲ꎬ쳘뇰쫇쯻뛔볒춥뗄뺭볃퇐뺿ꎬ쯻늻뷶럖컶쇋볒춥뗄뺭볃탐캪ꆪ샍뚯릩룸ꆢ쿻럑ꆢ볒춥짺닺ꆢ볒춥뒢탳뗈ꎬ뛸쟒쯻뮹럖컶쇋웤쯻뺭볃톧볒듓캴럖컶맽뗄쇬폲ꆪ뷌폽ꆢ믩틶ꆢ퇸뛹폽얮ꆢ샫믩뗈탐캪ꆣ쯻뗄퇐뺿뇭쏷죋쏇퓚뺭볃133
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies짏뗄뾼싇죧뫎펰쿬헢킩탐캪ꎬ쯻뗄럖컶뮹뇭쏷쫐뎡쳥쾵횮췢룶죋횮볤뗄ꆰ쿠뮥탔뗄짧믡펰쿬ꆱꆣ헽죧억붱쫚붱훂듇훐쯹쮵뗄쓇퇹ꎬ놴뿋뛻ꆰ붫캢맛뺭볃럖컶췘햹떽쇋죋샠탐캪틔벰죋쏇탐캪횮볤뗄쿠뮥ퟷ폃ꎬ뇈죧럇쫐뎡탐캪뗄쇬폲ꆱꆣ뷱쳬ꎬ놴뿋뛻뗄펰쿬틑뺭듳듳뎬풽쇋뺭볃톧뗄쇬폲ꎬ쳘뇰쫇쯻퓚짧믡톧쇬폲틑탎돉쇋쯹캽뗄ꆰ샭탔톡퓱ꆱ톧엉ꆣ1991쓪억붱뗃훷싞쓉뗂ꆤ뿆쮹ꎨRonald Coaseꎩ뗄릱쿗퓚폚뺭볃톧ꆢ램톧뫍ퟩ횯톧붻닦쇬폲ꎬ쳘뇰쫇쯻뗄퇐뺿뇭쏷뎧짌뇟뷧뗄뻶뚨탔틲쯘ꎬ쯻뗄퇐뺿뮹뇭쏷떥룶듺샭죋횮볤뗄ퟔ풸탔웵풼쫇죧뫎뷢뻶짺닺뗄췢늿탔컊쳢ꎬ튻룶ퟮ쏷쿔뗄샽ퟓ뻍쫇컛좾ꆣ쯻뗄헢킩릱쿗퓚쯻뗄믱붱훂듇훐폐쯹쳥쿖ꆣ뿆쮹ꆰ틲쯻랢쿖뫍돎쟥쇋붻틗돉놾뫍닺좨퓚뻶뚨훆뛈뷡릹뫍뺭볃퓋탐랽쏦뗄ퟷ폃뛸믱억붱ꆱꆣ뿆쮹뗄붻틗돉놾뗄룅쓮죧뷱돉캪뫏춬샭싛뫍헻룶램싉뫍뺭볃톧뗄맣삫믹뒡ꆣ1978쓪억붱뗃훷뫕뛻늮쳘ꆤ컷쏉ꎨHerbert Simonꎩ뗄릱쿗튲쫇퓚붻닦톧뿆쇬폲ꆣ쯻뗃붱쪱뗄훂듇훐붫쯻뗄퇐뺿맩뷡캪ꆰ뺭볃ퟩ횯쓚뻶닟맽돌뗄퇐뺿ꆱꆣ쳘뇰쫇컷쏉뛔튻킩믹뒡뗄캢맛뺭볃샭싛ꎬ죧ퟮ듳뮯풭샭ꆢ췪좫샭탔ꎨ늻쫜풼쫸뗄ꎩ볙짨탎돉쳴햽ꆣ퓚뺭퇩퇐뺿뫍탄샭톧풭샭뗄믹뒡횮짏ꎬ컷쏉죏캪뻶닟늢늻쿳뒫춳캢맛뺭볃샭싛볙짨뗄쓇퇹쟷폚ퟮ폅ꎬ뛸잡잡쫇듯떽튻룶싺틢뗄뷡뻖ꎬ뇈죧듳볒뚼톰쟳튻룶뿉뷓쫜뗄뷢뻶랽낸ꎬ헢쪹뗃뫕뛻늮쳘ꆤ컷쏉돉캪탐헾ꎨ맜샭ꎩ뿆톧뗄훷튪뗬믹헟ꆣ1971쓪억붱뗃훷컷쏉ꆤ뿢듄쓹듄ꎨSimon Kuznetsꎩ뗄릱쿗퓚폚뺭볃톧뫍샺쪷톧붻닦쇬폲ꎬ퓚억붱훂듇훐헢퇹쳡떽ꎺ쯻ꆰ뛔뺭볃퓶뎤뗄샺쪷믹뒡뗄뷢쫍ꆱꆣ룃붱쫇맩쓉럖컶뛸늻쫇췆떼럖컶뗄샽ퟓꎬ뿢듄쓹듄뗄쿫램쫇퓚?쫍쇏ꆢ쫽뻝뗄믹뒡짏붫뺭퇩퇐뺿튻냣뮯ꎬ뛸짙폃튻킩헽쪽뗄쒣탍ꎬ쯻늢쎻폐틀뾿뢴퓓뗄춳볆벼쫵ꎬퟮ훘튪뗄튻룶샽ퟓ뻍쫇ꆰ뿢듄쓹듄쟺쿟ꆱꎨKuznetsꆯcurveꎩꎬ쯼뇭쏷GDP뫍쫕죫늻욽뗈횮볤뗄U탍맘쾵ꎬ헽죧쯻랢쿖뗄뎤웚뗄욽뻹쫕죫쿻럑쟣쿲퓚쪱볤탲쇐쫽뻝훐쫇늻뇤뗄ꎬ뛸룃쫕죫쿻럑쟣쿲퓚붻닦쇬폲뗄쫽뻝훐좴쫇쿂붵뗄튻퇹ꆣ믲헟룼튻냣뗄쮵ꎬ뿢듄쓹듄샻폃뎤웚쓚뗄쫽뻝살돩쿳돶튻냣맦싉ꎬ듓뛸쏨믦쇋뺭볃퓶뎤틔벰늻춬맺볒ꆢ늻춬쪱볤뗄쫕죫럖엤ꆣ1993쓪억붱뗃훷싞늮쳘ꆤ뢣룱뛻ꎨRobert Fogelꎩ뫍뗀룱삭쮹ꆤ억쮹ꎨDouglass Northꎩ뗄릱쿗튲퓚폚뺭볃톧뫍샺쪷톧붻닦쇬폲ꆣ억놴뛻움붱캯풱믡헢퇹쳡떽ꎬ쯻쏇ꆰ춨맽붫뺭볃샭싛뫍쫽솿랽램펦폃폚뺭볃쪷뗄럖컶ꎬ듓뛸뷢쫍쇋뺭볃뫍훆뛈뇤잨ꆱꆣ뢣룱뛻뗄훷튪릱쿗쫇쯻돎쟥쇋쏀맺샺쪷짏쳺슷뛔쏀맺뺭볃134
랢햹쯹웰떽뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ틔벰얫솥훆뛈뗄뺭볃ퟷ폃ꆣ춨맽뇈뷏뺭볃랢햹뗄쫂쪵폫캱쫂쪵뗄믹ힼꎬ뢣룱뛻뗃돶뷡싛ꎺ퓚틔잰쏀맺뺭볃퓶뎤뗄퇐뺿훐ꎬ뺭볃톧볒쏇듳듳룟맀쇋쳺슷뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ쯻뮹뗃돶뷡싛ꎬ얫솥훆뛈횮쯹틔놻럏돽ꎬ늢늻쫇평폚얫솥훆뛈듸살뗄틦뒦늻뛏쿂붵ꎬ뛸쫇돶폚죋뗀훷틥뗄뾼싇ꆣ뗀룱삭쮹캪릤튵룯쏼틔잰ꎨ냼삨몣퓋뗄ퟷ폃틔벰쟸폲튵뮯뫍뗘쟸볤쎳틗랽쪽뗄뇤뮯ꎩ얷훞뫍쏀맺뗄뺭볃랢햹횸쏷쇋랽쿲ꆣ쯻뮹쫇럖컶훆뛈ퟷ폃뗄쿈쟽ꎬ뇈죧ꎬ닺좨뛔뺭볃랢햹뗄ퟷ폃틔벰늻춬샠탍뗄붻틗돉놾퓚뺭볃랢햹훐뗄훘튪탔ꎬ퓚헢킩쇬폲쯻랢햹뫍펦폃쇋싞쓉뗂ꆤ뿆쮹쯹쳡돶뗄맛뗣ꆣ1998쓪억붱뗃훷낢싪뗙퇇ꆤ즭ꎨAmartya Senꎩ뗄릱쿗쫇퓚뺭볃톧뫍헜톧붻닦쇬폲ꎬ억놴뛻움붱캯풱믡헢퇹움볛뗀ꎺ쯻ꆰ퓚뢣샻뺭볃톧랽쏦뗄릱쿗ꆱ뛸믱억붱ꆣ즭쿪닩쇋벯쳥뻶닟뫍뢣샻움볛뗄헜톧믹뒡ꎬ냼삨쫕죫뫍닆뢻뗄움볛폫럖엤ꎬ쯻뮹릹붨쇋뫢솿쫕죫럖엤폫욶쟮ힴ뿶뗄펰쿬횸쫽ꆣ즭뮹럖컶쇋탭뛠잷랢듯맺볒벢뛶ힴ뿶뗄펰쿬틲쯘벰웤퓬돉뗄뫳맻ꆣ쯻뗄헢킩붨솢퓚쫂쪵믹뒡짏뗄뺭퇩퇐뺿뇭쏷ꎺ쪳컯ퟜ릩룸뗄복짙늢늻ퟜ쫇떼훂듳퓖믄뗄ퟮ훘튪뗄틲쯘ꎬ폐쪱듳퓖믄잡잡쫇쫕죫퓙럖엤듸룸쟮죋뗄뛱맻ꆣ1974쓪억붱뗃훷뢥샯뗂샯쾣ꆤ럫ꆤ맾튮뿋(Friedrich von Hayek)뫍룔쓉ꆤ뛻듯뛻ꎨGunnar Myrdalꎩ튲뛔붻닦톧뿆쇬폲룐탋좤ꆣ퓚20쫀볍30쓪듺ꎬ쯻쏇훷튪맘힢짌튵훜웚뫍믵뇒쿖쿳ꎬ냼삨돩쿳뺭볃샭싛뗄뷡릹ꎨ뺡맜쫇럇쫽톧탔뗄ꎩꎬ떫쫇듓40쓪듺퓧웚뾪쪼ꎬ쯻쏇뻍뾪쪼맘힢뺭볃짧믡뫍헾훎맽돌뗄쿠뮥펰쿬ꆣ맾튮뿋횮쯹틔폐쏻ꎬ튲탭뻍쫇틲캪쯻잿뗷쇋볛룱쳥쾵훐탅쾢폫벤샸뗄쓚죝ꆣ폫듋춬쪱ꎬ쯻튲룸폨훆뛈뿲볜쿂떥룶죋뗄탐캪퓚뺭볃뻶닟훐뗄훘튪탔틔쳘뇰뗄맘힢ꎬ냼삨폃살뷧뚨뫏춬뫍닺좨뗄램싉맦퓲ꎬ틔벰헾훎쿜램뛔뺭볃뻶닟훐뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ퓚헢룶쇬폲샯ꎬ맾튮뿋뗄릤ퟷ폫늼뾲쓏뫍뿆쮹뗄릤ퟷ뿉캽늢볝웫쟽ꆣ맾튮뿋뮹잿뗷쇋ퟔ랢탔뗄짧믡훈탲뇈볆뮮쳥훆뗄폅풽탔뫍훘튪탔ꆣ룔쓉ꆤ뛻듯뛻붫뺭볃럖컶폫맣틥뗄짧믡톧럖컶쿠뷡뫏ꎬ쯻뗄퇐뺿뇭쏷ꎺ짧믡ꆢ뺭볃뫍헾훎죽헟횮볤쫇쿠뮥ퟷ폃뗄ꎬ웤뷡맻쫇뺭볃돊쿖돶뛱탔뗄믲솼탔뗄뺭볃훜웚ꆣ쫂쪵짏ꎬ뛻듯뛻쏨쫶뗄ꆰ뮥캪틲맻ꆱ뗄럖컶랽램뻍쫇뿋얬쳘ꆤ췾뿋죻뛻ꎨKnut Wicksellꎩ뗄믵뇒샭싛훐뗄쯹캽ꆰ샛믽맽돌ꆱꎨcumulativeprocessꎩꆣ뛻듯뛻퇐뺿훐ퟮ훘튪뗄튻룶샽ퟓ뻍쫇ꎺ쯻뗄훸ퟷꆶ튻룶쏀맺죋뗄삧뺳ꆷꎨAn American Dilemma 1944ꎩ훐쯹쫶뗄쏀맺ꆰ뫚죋쿖쿳ꆱꆣ쯻뗄릤ퟷ늻뷶펰쿬쇋짧믡뿆톧퇐뺿ꎬ뛸쟒뮹뛔쳖싛훖ퟥ룴샫틔벰늻춬맺볒훖ퟥ벯췅뗄죚뫏랽135
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies쏦닺짺쇋펰쿬ꎬ쏀맺뗄ퟮ룟램풺퓚탻늼훖ퟥ룴샫쫇늻뫏램쪱퓸쳡떽뛻듯뛻뗄헢놾쫩ꆣ뛻듯뛻튲붫샠쯆뗄랽램퓋폃폚쯻죕뫳뛔쓏퇇뗄욶쟮뫍뺭볃랢햹뗄퇐뺿훐ꆣꎨ컥ꎩ뺭볃럖컶뗄탂랽램뺡맜틔짏쳖싛뗄붱쿮폐늻짙뿉틔놻뾴ퟷ쫇틲웤퓚랽램싛랽쏦뗄틢틥뛸믱붱ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ죔좻폐뫜뛠싖삪쟥컺뗄샽ퟓꆣ튻룶헢랽쏦뗄샽ퟓ쫇1969쓪삭룱쓉ꆤ뢥샯쪩ꎨRagnar Frischꎩ뫍퇯ꆤ춢놴뫠ꎨJan Tinbergen, 뻉틫볲ꆤ뚡늮룹믲햲뛷ꆤ뚡늮룹ꎩ쯹믱뗄붱쿮ꆣ쯻쏇뗄릱쿗퓚폚쯻쏇릹붨쇋볆솿뺭볃톧뗄쒣탍ꎬ벴쯻쏇붫뺭볃샭싛뫍춳볆벼쫵쿠뷡뫏ꆣ억붱움붱캯풱믡뗄쫚붱훂듇훐헢퇹킴떽ꎺ쯻쏇ꆰ랢햹뫍퓋폃쇋뚯첬뺭볃쒣탍ꎬ붫횮폃폚럖컶뺭볃맽돌ꆱꆣ뢥샯쪩랢햹쇋뚯첬뫍볆솿뺭볃톧뗄튻냣탔럖컶랽램ꎬ뛸춢놴뫠퓲붫헢킩훷튪뗄럖컶랽램퓋폃폚뺭퇩럖컶ꆣ춢놴뫠뗄훷튪릱쿗퓚폚캪훚뛠뗄짌튵훜웚샭싛뗄쿖쪵탔뷸탐쇋폐솦뗄춳볆볬퇩ꆣ뢥샯쪩뫍춢놴뫠춬쪱폖퓚뺭볃헾닟릤뻟뫍헾닟쒿뇪뗄맘쾵랽쏦릹붨쇋헽쪽뗄샭싛ꎬ쯻쏇솽죋뗄릱쿗폫쏗뗂뗄럖컶쿠쯆ꆣ쯻쏇룸쇋헢킩뺭볃샭싛틔쫊뫏폚뺭퇩퇐뺿뫍춳볆볬퇩뗄탎쪽ꆣ뢥샯쪩늿럖뗘붫ퟔ벺뗄럖컶붨솢퓚뛔얲췾맺쏱헊뮧뗄쳥쾵믹뒡횮짏ꎬ튲뻍쫇쯹캽뗄ꆰ얷뿉쮹뿆쳥쾵ꆱꎨoekosirk systemꎩꎨ쫕죫뫍횧돶쇷ꎩꎬ뛸춢놴뫠퓲붫쯻뗄뺭퇩탔헾닟퇐뺿쒣탍뮯캪볆솿뺭볃톧뗄뫪맛쒣탍ꎬ늢폃폚럖컶뫉삼뗄쟩뿶ꆣ1989쓪ꎬ억붱쫚폨룸뢥샯쪩뗄춬쿧쳘샯룱캬ꆤ맾췾뛻쒪ꎨTrygveHaavelmoꎩꎬ틔붱샸쯻퓚볆솿뺭볃톧랽쏦뗄릤ퟷꎬ맾췾뛻쒪뗄릤ퟷ짮뮯쇋뢥샯쪩뗄릤ퟷꆣ룼ힼ좷뗘붲ꎬ맾췾뛻쒪횮쯹틔믱붱뗄훷튪릱쿗퓚폚쯻ꆰ돎쟥쇋볆솿뺭볃톧뗄룅싊싛믹뒡ꎬ럖컶쇋뺭볃뷡릹뗄쟷춬쿖쿳ꆱꆣ맾췾뛻쒪뗄퇐뺿뇭쏷ꎺ퓚뺭퇩퇐뺿뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ죧뫎춨맽쫽톧뮯뗄춳볆톧랽램듓뢴퓓뗄뺭볃맘쾵훐살뗃돶퇐뺿뷡싛ꆣ헢킩랽램뿉놻폃폚움맀뺭볃샭싛쯹퇜짺돶뗄뺭볃맘쾵틔벰볬퇩헢킩샭싛ꆣ쯻뗄퇐뺿뮹뇭쏷ꎺ죧맻퓚뺭볃퇐뺿뗄춬쪱쓜헽좷뗘뛔헢킩뺭볃맘쾵뷸탐움볛ꎬ쓇쎴ꎬ뻍뿉틔뇜쏢평폚뺭볃뇤솿횮볤듦퓚쿠뮥틀삵탔뛸떼훂뗄뛔뺭볃맘쾵뗄컳떼ꆣ쇭췢튻룶퓚볆솿뺭볃톧랽쏦뗄훘튪춻웆쫇평햲쒷쮹ꆤ뫕뿋싼ꎨJamesHeckmanꎩ뫍떤쓡뛻ꆤ싵뿋램뗇ꎨDaniel McFaddenꎩ쯹좡뗃뗄ꎬ쯻쏇붫샭싛뫍뺭퇩퇐뺿폃폚럖컶룶죋뗄탐캪ꎬ벴캢맛볆솿뺭볃톧ꆣ쯻쏇쫇2000쓪뗄억붱뗃훷ꎬ쯻쏇뗄훷튪릱쿗퓚폚듳듳쳡룟쇋듳벯췅훐떥룶듺샭죋ꆢ뎧짌ꆢ볒춥쫽뻝뗄럖컶136
쓜솦ꆣ뫕뿋싼랢햹쇋튻훖럖컶랽램ꎬ떱럖컶뗄쫽뻝퇹놾쫇럇쯦믺춳볆퇹놾쪱ꎬ헢훖럖컶랽램뿉틔뇜쏢춳볆맀볆뗄욫닮ꎬ벴폐쏻뗄뫕뿋싼킣헽램ꎨ뫕뿋쳘랽램The Heckit method)ꆣ헢훖쟩뿶뎣뎣돶쿖퓚횻폐짙쫽듺샭죋뗄쟩탎훐ꎬ뛔퇐뺿헟살쮵ꎬ헢킩듺샭죋뗄탐캪쳘헷뎣뎣쓑틔캪퇐뺿헟쯹맛달떽ꎬ틲캪헢훖탐캪늢늻퓚퇹놾훐돶쿖ꆣ튻룶훘튪뗄샽ퟓ뻍쫇뛔릤릹돉뗄퇐뺿틔벰뷌폽믘놨뗄퇐뺿ꎬ평폚쓇킩캴쫜뷌폽뗄죋늢캴놻냼삨퓚퇹놾훐ꆣ싵뿋램뗇랢햹쇋튻훖럖컶떥룶듺샭죋퓚폐쿞뗄톡퓱횮볤ퟷ돶톡퓱뗄럖컶랽램ꎬ튲뻍쫇쯹캽뗄럖샫톡퓱ꎨdiscrete choiceꎩꆣ튻룶훘튪뗄샽ퟓ뻍쫇횰튵ꆢ퓱튵ꆢ뻓힡좨ꆢ붻춨랽쪽뗄톡퓱ꆣ싵뿋램뗇뗄춻돶탔릱쿗퓚폚쯻뗄싟벭럖컶램ꎬ룃랽램늻뷶퓋폃쇋튻킩폫듺샭죋탐캪쿠맘뗄뿉맛달뗄쫂쪵ꎬ뛸쟒튲퓋폃쇋폫룶죋톡퓱쿠맘뗄탅쾢ꆣ떥룶죋횮볤뫍뛠훖톡퓱횮볤뗄늻뿉맛달뗄닮틬튲뎣뎣놻뾼싇떽쇋ꎬ헢킩닮틬틔쯦믺듭컳뗄탎쪽돶쿖ꆣ쇭튻룶훘튪뗄랽램싛랽쏦뗄랢햹쫇1973쓪쫚폨췟컷샯ꆤ샯낺쳨럲ꎨWassilyLeontiefꎩ뗄붱쿮ꎬ억붱훂듇훐돆쯻ꆰ랢햹쇋춶죫뫍닺돶럖컶램ꆱꆣ룃럖컶랽램붫뺭볃훐늻춬쇬폲횮볤뗄쿠뮥틀삵맘쾵쫽솿뮯ꎬ헢훖랽램튲쫊뫏폚럖컶맺쏱뺭볃훐튻룶쇬폲뗄뛌웚돥믷뛔쇭튻룶쇬폲쯹퓬돉뗄펰쿬ꆣ샯낺쳨럲횮쯹틔믱붱쫇평폚쯻붫헢훖럖컶랽램폃폚뺭퇩퇐뺿ꆣ샯낺쳨럲뛔닺튵쓚뗄럖컶폫춢놴뫠퓚뫪맛뺭볃샭싛뗄뺭퇩퇐뺿랽쏦뗄릱쿗뿉틔쿠쳡늢싛ꆣ1984쓪억붱뗃훷샭닩뗂ꆤ쮹춨(Richard Stone)뗄릱쿗퓚폚쯻ꆰ캪맺쏱헊뮧쳥쾵뗄랢햹뗬뚨쇋볡쪵뗄믹뒡ꆱꎬ헢튲쫇랽램싛랽쏦쯹믱뗄훷튪붱쿮횮튻ꆣ뷱쳬ꎬ죧맻쎻폐뢴퓓뗄맺쏱헊뮧쳥쾵ꎬ뫜쓑쿫쿳뫪맛뺭볃쇬폲튪죧뫎닅쓜뷸탐뺭퇩퇐뺿ꆣ평낢싞-뗂늼슳튻냣뻹뫢샭싛탎돉뗄샭싛쳥쾵ꎬ폐훺폚컒쏇쇋뷢돉냙짏잧룶늻춬쫐뎡횮볤짏틚듎뺭볃붻틗맘쾵ꆣ뷱쳬ꎬ죧맻쎻폐쿖듺뗄맺쏱헊뮧쳥쾵ꎬ컒쏇뻶늻믡듓ퟜ솿짏믱뗃헢킩붻틗믮뚯뗄뗄죎뫎뺭퇩쪽뗄볇슼ꆣ맺쏱헊뮧뗄룅쓮뿉틔ힷ쯝떽벸룶쫀볍틔잰ꎬ좻뛸ꎬ뛔맺쏱헊뮧뗄샭싛뫍뺭퇩탔퇐뺿좴퓚20쫀볍30쓪듺뢴탋ꎬ헽죧삭룱쓉ꆤ뢥샯쪩ꆢ낣샯뿋ꆤ쇖듯뛻ꎨErik Lindahlꎩꆢ뿆쇖ꆤ뿋삭뿋ꎨColin Clarkꎩ뫍컷쏉ꆤ뿢듄쓹듄뗄훸ퟷ뇭쏷뗄쓇퇹ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ샭닩뗂ꆤ쮹춨좴쫇쿖듺맺쏱헊뮧쳥쾵ퟮ훷튪뗄뒴붨헟ꎬ룃맺쏱헊뮧쳥쾵붫뫪맛뺭볃톧뗄볇헊풭샭폫뫪맛뺭볃ퟜ솿쒣탍쿠뷡뫏ꆣ샯낺쳨럲뗄춶죫ꆪ닺돶뇭춬쪱튲돉캪뫢솿맺쏱헊뮧쳥쾵뗄튻룶폐폃뗄랽램ꆣ헢킩퓚랽램싛랽쏦쯹믱뗃뗄붱쿮ꎬ튪맩틲폚죋쏇퓚쪵횤퇐뺿랽쏦뗄뷸늽ꆣ137
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies퓚샭싛퇐뺿랽쏦뗄랽램싛릱쿗튲놻쫚폨쇋억붱ꎬ1975쓪억붱뗃훷쇐낺쓡뗂ꆤ뾵췐싥캬웦ꎨLeonid Kantorovichꎩ뫍잡쇖ꆤ뿆웕싼쮹ꎨTjalling Koopmansꎩ뻍쫇튻룶샽ퟓꆣ뾵췐싥캬웦퓧퓚1939쓪뻍뚨틥쇋떥룶웳튵풴폐킧샻폃뗄룅쓮ꎬ뫳살쯻붫헢튻룅쓮췆맣훁헻룶맺쏱뺭볃ꎬ춬쪱쯻뮹횸돶쇋풴럖엤폫볛룱쳥쾵횮볤퓝쪱탔뗄뫍뎤웚뗄샭싛솪쾵ꆣ뿆웕싼쮹쯹캽뗄믮뚯럖컶램ꎨactivity analysisꎩ튲ퟷ쇋춬퇹뗄릤ퟷꎬ헢훖럖컶램돎쟥쇋짺닺킧싊폫ꆰ뫋쯣볛룱ꆱꎨaccountingpricesꎩ횮볤뗄솪쾵ꆣ쯻쏇뗄퇐뺿뇭쏷쇋볆뮮뺭볃쳥쾵쿂럖즢뻶닟퓚샭싛짏뗄뿉쓜탔쫇폫폐킧싊뗄볛룱쳥쾵듦퓚폫럱쿠맘뗄ꎬ폐킧싊뗄볛룱쳥쾵냼삨놾뗄춳튻뫋쯣볛룱ꎬ쯼쫇춶뻶닟뗄믹뒡ꆣ헢훖럖컶램쪵볊짏폫퓧웚낢싞-뗂늼슳튻냣뻹뫢샭싛듦퓚쏜쟐뗄솪쾵ꆣ뺡맜솽캻억붱뗃훷뚼퓚쿟탔맦뮮헢훖쫽톧럖컶랽램랽쏦ퟷ돶쇋릱쿗ꎬ떫쫇헢늢늻쫇쯻쏇믱붱뗄훷튪풭틲ꎬ쿠랴쯻쏇횮쯹틔믱억붱뗄훷튪풭틲퓚폚ꎺ쯻쏇퓋폃탂뗄럖컶릤뻟뷸탐퇐뺿ꎬ럡뢻쇋죋쏇뛔맦랶뗄럖엤샭싛훐튻킩믹뒡뗄뺭볃컊쳢뗄죏쪶ꆣ퓚ퟮ뷼쪮쓪샯ꎬ뺭볃톧샭싛랽램랽쏦ퟮ훘튪뗄랢햹쫇늩?싛ꆣ퓧퓚20쫀볍40쓪듺ꎬ풼몲ꆤ럫ꆤ얦싼ꎨJohn von Neumannꎩ뫍냂쮹뾨ꆤ쒦룹쮹첹ꎨOskarMorgensternꎩ뻍퓚늩?싛랽쏦뷸탐쇋쿈쟽탔뗄퇐뺿ꆣ뫳살퓚헢훖럖컶랽램짏뗄춻웆쫇평풼몲ꆤ몣죸쓡ꎨJohn Harsanyiꎩꆢ풼몲ꆤ쓉쪲(John Nash)틔벰샗쓉뗂ꆤ퓳뛻쳚(Reinhard Selten)쯹ퟷ돶뗄ꎬ쯻쏇쫇1994쓪뗄억붱뗃훷ꎬ쯻쏇뗄훷튪릱쿗퓚폚ꆰ럇뫏ퟷ탔늩?샭싛뻹뫢럖컶랽쏦뗄쿈쟽탔릤ퟷꆱꆣ풼몲ꆤ쓉쪲퓚뫏ퟷ탔늩?랽쏦뷸탐쇋쟥돾뗄쟸럖ꎬ퓚뫏ퟷ탔늩?훐ꎬ폐풼쫸솦뗄킭틩퓚늩?쮫랽횮볤쫇폐뿉쓜듯돉뗄ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ퓚럇뫏ퟷ탔늩?훐ꎬ폐풼쫸솦뗄킭틩좴췹췹쫇늻쿖쪵뗄ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ쓉쪲뮹랢햹쇋풤닢럇뫏ퟷ늩?뷡뻖뗄뻹뫢룅쓮ꎬ룃룅쓮뻍쫇뫳살뗄ꆰ쓉쪲뻹뫢ꆱꆣ샗쓉뗂ꆤ퓳뛻쳚쫇뗚튻룶뛔쓉쪲뻹뫢룅쓮뷸탐훘탂뚨틥뗄죋ꎬ쯻붫룃룅쓮퓋폃폚럖컶늻춬듺샭죋횮볤뗄뚯첬햽싔탔쿠뮥ퟷ폃ꎬ늢붫헢훖뚨틥퓋폃폚횻짙쫽싴헟횮볤뗄뺺헹럖컶ꆣ헢훖훘탂뚨틥쪹뗃업돽쓇킩퓚샭싛짏쫇뿉탐뗄ꎬ떫좴늢늻컈뚨ꎬ믲헟늻쿠맘뗄뻹뫢뷡맻돉캪뿉쓜ꆣ풼몲ꆤ몣죸쓡뗄퇐뺿뇭쏷ꎺ늩?싛퓚럖컶늻췪좫탅쾢랽쏦쫇뛠쎴뗄폐솦ꆣ닉폃헢훖랽램ꎬ쯻캪풤닢듺샭죋횮볤퓚늻췪좫쇋뷢웤쯻듺샭죋뗄쒿뇪쳵볾쿂뗄햽싔탔쿠뮥ퟷ폃쳡릩쇋샭싛믹뒡ꆣ틲듋ꎬ퓚쪩뗙룱샕ꆢ캬뿋샯뫍쏗뛻샻쮹뗄쿈쟽탔릤ퟷ횮뫳ꎬ몣죸쓡퓚췆뚯탅쾢뺭볃톧뗄랢햹랽쏦튲ퟷ돶쇋훘튪릱쿗ꆣ138
죽ꆢ억놴뛻뺭볃톧붱쏦쇙뗄컊쳢뫍삧쓑퓚움톡억붱뗃훷쪱ꎬ춨뎣믡쏦쇙튻킩쪲쎴퇹컊쳢뫍삧쓑쓘ꎿ컒쿫쳖싛튻쿂쯄룶랽쏦뗄컊쳢ꎬ헢붫폐훺폚믘듰룃컊쳢ꆣ뗚튻ꎬ듓쫚붱뗄뷇뛈살뾴ꎬꆰ뺭볃톧ꆱ헢룶듊룃ퟷ죧뫎뷢쫍ꎿ뗚뛾ꎬ퓚움볛튻룶뫲톡죋쫇럱놻쫚붱쪱ꎬ룃퓋폃쪲쎴퇹뗄뇪ힼꎿ뗚죽ꎬ펦룃닉좡쪲쎴뗄돌탲살톡퓱뫲톡죋ꎿ뗚쯄ꎬ퓚쪲쎴퇹뗄쳵볾쿂돶폚쪲쎴샭평억붱뿉틔춬쪱쫚폨벸룶죋ꎿꎨ튻ꎩ뺭볃톧뗄랶캧억놴뛻움붱캯풱믡뫍죰뗤믊볒뿆톧풺틑뻶뚨룸ꆰ뺭볃톧ꆱ헢룶듊틔뿭랺뗄뷢쫍ꎬ틲듋억붱붫놻쫚폨쓇킩퓚쿠쇚톧뿆횮볤틔벰쿠맘뗄뺭볃컊쳢랽쏦ퟷ돶춻돶릱쿗뗄톧헟ꎬ믲헟뮻뻤뮰쮵ꎬ붻닦톧뿆쇬폲뗄퇐뺿놻죏캪쫇뫜훘튪뗄ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ헽쿱짏쏦뇭쏷뗄쓇퇹ꎬ억붱뛠듎쫚폨쓇킩퓚뺭볃톧ꆢ헾훎톧ꆢ짧믡톧ꆢ샺쪷톧붻닦쇬폲ퟷ돶춻돶릱쿗뗄톧헟ꆣ쓇킩뺭맽뒫춳뺭볃톧통솷뗄톧헟죧뷱틑풽살풽뛠뗄뷸죫쇋쿠뷼톧뿆횮볤뗄퇐뺿ꎬ쯻쏇붫뺭볃샭싛랽램뗄볆솿뺭볃톧펦폃폚럖컶틔잰뺭볃톧볒뫜짙럖컶맽뗄컊쳢ꆣ헢훖쿲웤쯻톧뿆퇓짬뗄쟷쫆듙쪹쇋쟇훎ꆤ쪩뗙룱샕ꎨ1982쓪ꎩ뫍웤쯻뺭볃톧볒붫뺭볃톧돆캪ꆰ뗛맺훷틥뗄뿆톧ꆱꎨThe Imperial Scienceꎩꆣ떱좻ꎬ쫂쪵짏ꎬ웤쯻짧믡뿆톧쇬폲뗄퇐뺿뷼살튲뛔뺭볃톧뗄퇐뺿닺짺쇋펰쿬ꆣ뺡맜죰뗤믊볒뿆톧풺뫍움붱캯풱믡ퟱ톭ퟅ폫웤쯻ퟔ좻뿆톧믹놾쿠춬뗄움붱풭퓲ꎬ벴ꎬ뚼붫붱쿮쫚폨퓚쒳튻랽쏦ퟷ돶춻돶릱쿗뗄톧헟ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ움붱폐쪱튲닉좡쿠떱ꆰ쳘쫢ꆱ뗄풭퓲ꎬ뇈죧ꎬ붫억붱쫚폨췟컷샯ꆤ샯낺쳨럲ꆢ삭룱쓉ꆤ뢥샯쪩ꆢ퇯ꆤ춢놴뫠ꆢ쳘샯룱캬ꆤ맾췾뛻쒪ꆢ햲쒷쮹ꆤ뫕뿋싼ꆢ떤쓡뛻ꆤ싵뿋램뗇ꆢ햲쒷쮹ꆤ쏗뛻샻쮹틔벰췾솮ꆤ캬뿋샯ꎬ뮹폐쫚폨늩?싛뫍뷰죚뺭볃톧쇬폲뗄붱쿮ꎬ뻍쫇룹뻝쳘쫢풭퓲움돶살뗄ꆣ뛸쫚폨놣싞ꆤ죸뛻즭ꆢ쏗뛻뛙ꆤ뢥샯뗂싼ꆢ뢥샯뗂샯쾣ꆤ럫ꆤ맾튮뿋ꆢ룔쓉ꆤ뛻듯뛻ꆢ낢싪뗙퇇ꆤ즭뗄붱쿮ꎬ뻍쫇룹뻝튻냣뗄풭퓲움돶살뗄ꆣ퓚죸뛻즭놻쫚폨억놴뛻붱쪱ꎬ움붱캯풱믡돆쯻ꆰ쳡룟쇋뺭볃뿆톧뗄럖컶쮮욽ꆱꆣ퓚쏗뛻뛙ꆤ뢥샯뗂싼믱붱쪱ꎬ움붱캯풱믡훂듇훐돆쯻ꆰ뛔쿻럑뗄럖컶ꆢ뛔믵뇒뗄샺쪷뫍샭싛뗄럖컶틔벰쯻쳡돶쇋컈뚨탔헾닟뗄뢴퓓탔ꆱꆣ맘폚컈뚨탔헾닟뗄뢴퓓탔ꎬ뢥샯뗂싼잿뗷쇋쪱볤훍뫳ꆢ쒿뇪횮볤뗄돥춻ꆢ늻좷뚨탔ꆢ틔벰뺭볃죋뗄쓚짺풤웚벫듳뗘퓶볓쇋컈뚨탔헾닟뗄뢴퓓탔ꆣ퓚뛻듯뛻틔벰맾튮뿋믱붱쪱ꎬ믊볒뿆톧풺쳡떽쇋쯻쏇ꆰ퓚믵뇒샭싛뫍뺭볃늨139
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뚯샭싛랽쏦뗄럖컶ꆱ뫍ꆰ퓚뺭볃톧ꆢ짧믡톧뫍훆뛈쿖쿳쿠뮥ퟷ폃랽쏦뗄뷜돶럖컶ꆱꆣ퓚낢싪뗙퇇ꆤ즭믱붱쪱ꎬ쯻뗄듳늿럖뗄릱쿗놻맩틲폚쯻돎쟥쇋뺭볃톧뗄헜톧믹뒡ꎬ틔벰쯻뛔잷랢듯맺볒뗄벢뛶쿖쿳뗄퇐뺿죚뫏쇋헾훎뗄ꆢ짧믡톧뗄틲쯘ꆣ컷쏉ꆤ뿢듄쓹듄횮쯹틔믱붱ꎬ놻돆캪쯻뇏짺뛔뺭볃랢햹뗄뺭퇩탔럖컶ꆣ헢퇹ꎬ듓쫚붱뗄랶캧살뾴ꎬ믊볒뿆톧풺늻뷶뛔쓇킩퓚튻룶뷏햭뗄뺭볃톧랶캧쓚ퟷ돶춻돶릱쿗뗄쇬폲쫚폨붱쿮ꎬ뛸쟒ꎬ튲뛔쓇킩ퟷ돶춻돶릱쿗뗄좺쳥쫚붱ꎬ죧맻헢킩뛔뺭볃톧뗄훷튪릱쿗쓜뗃떽맣랺뗄죏춬뗄ꎬ튲냼삨쓇킩훕짺뚼캪횮럜뚷뗄돉뻍ꆣꎨ뛾ꎩ쫚붱뗄뇪ힼ떱뾼싇쪲쎴펦룃쫇튻룶ꆰ횵뗃ꆱ믱붱뗄쇬폲뗄쪱뫲ꎬ캯풱믡쳘뇰뾴훘뗄쫇룃릱쿗뗄풭뒴탔ꎨoriginalityꎩꎬ틔벰퓚뿆톧뫍쪵폃랽쏦뗄훘튪탔뫍펰쿬솦ꆣ캪웤쯻톧헟뗬뚨쪲쎴퇹뗄믹뒡ꎬ웤쯻톧헟뿉틔퓚듋믹뒡짏퇐뺿뗄룼짮룼풶ꎬ튲쫇쫚붱쪱뗄튻룶훘튪뾼싇틲쯘ꆣ퓚쒳훖돌뛈짏쮵ꎬ움붱캯풱믡뾼싇뗄쫇룃릱쿗뛔짧믡뗄펰쿬ꎬ냼삨뛔릫릲헾닟뗄펰쿬ꆣ폐헢퇹튻룶컊쳢ꎬ퓵퇹에뛏톧헟쏇쯹ퟷ돶뗄릱쿗쫇믵헦볛쪵뗄쓘ꎿ뮹쫇쫴폚뷏뗍훊솿뗄튻샠ꎿ믲헟뮻뻤뮰쮵ꎬ억붱쫚폨캯풱믡쫇럱펦룃췆뛏돶룃퇐뺿뻍쫇뗍훊솿뗄ꎿ뫜쿔좻ꎬ쒿잰억붱캯풱믡뮹쎻폐ퟷ맽헢훖탎쪽뗄췆샭ꆣ뮹폐ꎬ억붱캯풱믡퓵퇹뛔듽쓇킩늻뷶퓚톧쫵랽쏦ퟷ돶쇋릱쿗ꎬ뛸쟒뮹닎폫쇋폫헾닟붨틩폐맘뗄헾훎뇧싛뗄뺭볃톧볒ꎿ헢킩뇧싛뎣뎣듸폐잿쇒뗄틢쪶탎첬즫닊ꆣ뢥샯뗂싼ꆢ맾튮뿋ꆢ뛻듯뛻ꆢ춢놴뫠ꆢ췐뇶ꆢ쒪뗏룱샻퇇쓡ꆢ쯷싥뗈뻍쫇쏷쿔뗄샽ퟓꆣ뾼싇떽쫚폨억붱뗄ퟮ믹놾뗄쿫램쫇뛔뿆톧폐쯹릱쿗ꎬ뛔폚뺭볃톧볒뗄헢킩믮뚯ꎬ억붱캯풱믡늻폨뾼싇ꆣ퓚뻶뚨쮭붫쫇ퟮ횵뗃믱붱뗄죋톡쪱ꎬ쪱볤짏뗄뾼퇩붫듳듳폐훺폚움붱캯풱믡뗄뻶닟ꆣ틲캪억놴뛻뺭볃톧붱쫇1969쓪쓪쒩닅짨솢뗄ꎬ쪱볤짏뗄뾼퇩붫믡톡퓱돶ퟮ횵뗃믱붱뗄죋톡ꎬ헢퇹ꎬ틲캪튻룶죋뗄퓧웚뗄쏻짹뛸믱붱뗄뿉쓜탔붫붵떽ퟮ뗍ꆣ퓚억붱뾪쪼냤랢뗄뗚튻룶쪮쓪샯ꎬ억붱움붱캯풱믡훷튪쫇퓚뫜뛠뇈뷏폐쏻뗄뫲톡죋횮볤뷸탐톡퓱ꆣ쫂쪵짏ꎬ뫜뛠춻돶뗄릱쿗쫇퓚움붱뫜뛠쓪틔잰뻍틑뺭ퟷ돶뗄ꆣ쪱볤ퟮ풶뗄폐30쓪횮뻃ꎬ죧ꎬ뢥샯쪩ꆢ춢놴뫠ꆢ쾣뿋쮹ꆢ뛭쇖틔벰뾵췐싥캬웦뻍쫇헢퇹뗄샽ퟓꆣ뮹폐ꎬ퓚뺭볃톧쇬폲믲헟짧믡뿆톧쇬폲랽쏦뗄릱쿗ꎬ튻냣튪뺭맽뫜뎤쪱볤닅쓜랢쿖쯼쫇튻쿮믵헦볛쪵뗄릱쿗ꎬ뮹쫇튻쪱뗄쇷탐쪹좻ꆣ뮻뻤뮰쮵ꎬ튻쿮릱쿗튪놻랴뢴퇩횤뫍뺭쫜엺움ꎬ쯼뗄뿉뾿탔뫍훐뿏돌뛈닅쓜뗃떽횤쏷ꎬ뛸헢췹췹140
탨튪뷏뎤쪱볤뗄뗈듽ꆣ풭틲폐뛾ꎺ튻쫇ꎬ튻냣뛸퇔ꎬ뺭볃탐캪뻍쿱죋샠뗄탐캪튻퇹ꎬ놾짭쫇뇈뷏뢴퓓뗄ꎻ뛾쫇죋쏇뗄뺭볃탐캪놾짭붫쯦ퟅ쪱볤뫍뗘뗣뗄퇝뇤뛸퇝뇤ꆣ헢튻랽쏦쫇틲캪죋쏇췹췹듓맽좥뗄뺭퇩훐톧쾰뚫컷ꎬ뛸헢훖뺭퇩붫쪹뗃죋쏇룹뻝뺭퇩뷸탐풤닢뗄탐캪랽쪽랢짺튻뚨뗄뇤뮯ꎬ뷡맻ꎬ탂뗄뷡맻붫뷶뷶폫퓝쪱랢짺뗄쒳킩쫂쟩쿠맘ꎬ뛸뷏짙폫죋쏇웰돵죏뚨뗄쓇킩쓚죝쿠튻훂ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ쫇틲캪쿠맘뗄뺭퇩볬퇩탨튪쪱볤ꎬ춬쪱뮹폐튻늿럖뗄볬퇩튲탭늢늻틀삵폚뺭퇩쫽뻝ꆣ퓚움톡ퟮ횵뗃믱붱뗄릱쿗랽쏦ꎬ움붱캯풱믡늢늻첫뛠뗘틀삵폚튻킩쫽솿탔뗄횸뇪ꎬ죧쳡쏻쫽솿뗄뛠짙ꎬ믲헟놻틽폃뗄듎쫽뫍욵싊ꎬ뺡맜죧듋ꎬ억붱뗃훷ꋙ뗄헢솽쿮횸뇪췹췹뚼뫜룟ꎨ닎볻Quandt 1976, Grubel 1979ꎩꆣ쫂쪵짏ꎬ억붱뗃훷훐ꎬ폐늻짙뗄샽췢쟩뿶ꎬ쯻쏇뗄쳡쏻쫽뫜짙ꎬ컄쿗틽폃듎쫽튲늢늻룟ꎬퟮ쏷쿔뗄샽ퟓ뻍쫇뾵췐싥캬웦ꆢ쮹춨ꆢ맾췾뛻쒪ꆢ낢삳쮹ꆢ쏗뗂ꆢ뛭쇖ꎨ뺡맜뫕뿋킪뛻ꆪ뛭쇖쒣탍퓚컄쿗훐뎣뎣놻쳡벰ꎩꆣ떱좻뮹폐뫜뛠뺭볃톧볒ꎬ쯻쏇뗄컄쿗놻틽폃뗄듎쫽튻횱뫜룟ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ쯻쏇좴늢쎻폐믱붱ꆣꎨ죽ꎩ쫚붱돌탲퓚톡퓱믱붱죋톡뗄업쏻뗄쪱뫲ꎬퟮ훷튪뗄뇪ힼ쫇쪲쎴ꎿ떱좻ꎬ헢뇜쏢늻쇋훷맛탔뫍쒳훖커뛏ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ솽룶ퟮ훷튪뗄뇪ힼ튲탭쫇ꎺ뗚튻ꎬ붱쿮붫놻쫚폨쓇킩뻟폐ퟮ춻돶릱쿗뗄쇬폲ꎻ뗚뛾ꎬ튪볡돖뺭볃퇐뺿쪱뗄뛠풪싛맛뗣ꎬ퓚맽좥뗄쯪퓂샯ꎬ믱붱뗄죋톡퓚늻춬쇬폲붫돶쿖싖믘랴뢴ꎻ볡돖닉폃늻춬뗄럖컶랽램럖컶뺭볃컊쳢ꎻ듓뛠뷇뛈랴펳쫀뷧뗄늻춬맛뗣ꆣ뗚죽ꎬ붫룹뻝튻쿮랢쿖놻랢쿖쪱뗄쪱볤쮳탲살쫚붱ꆣꎨ쯄ꎩ붱쿮뗄럖쿭쇭췢튻룶훘튪뗄컊쳢뻍쫇ꎺ퓚쪲쎴쟩뿶쿂붱쿮뿉틔퓚늻춬뗄뫲톡죋횮볤뷸탐럖쿭ꎿ틔벰퓵퇹뷸탐럖쿭ꎿ룹뻝억놴뛻붱맦뚨뗄움붱맦퓲ꎬ억붱붫ퟮ뛠평죽룶죋럖쿭ꆣ럖쿭뗄붱쿮붫놻떱ퟷ튻룶떥뛀뗄붱쿮ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ쎿룶뫲톡죋튲탭뚼횵뗃떥뛀쫚붱ꆣ뛔쓇킩럖쿭뗄붱쿮살쮵ꎬ폐늻짙붱쿮쫇쫚폨ꆰ릲춬럖쿭헟ꆱ뗄ꆣ퓚억놴뛻ꋙ뇈죧ꎬ샭닩뗂ꆤ뿯쳘ꎨ1976ꎩ춳볆쇋1960쓪냋룶훷튪뗄뺭볃톧웚뾯틽컄뗄쫽뻝ꎬ퓚듋믹뒡짏ꎬ쯻랢쿖ꎺ퓚21룶틽컄쫽솿ퟮ뛠뗄뺭볃톧볒훐ꎬ폐13캻쫇억놴뛻뺭볃톧붱뗃훷ꎨ뷘횹쒿잰ꎬ업쏻잰6캻뗄뺭볃톧볒뚼쫇억붱뗃훷ꎩꆣ뛸내헕1970쓪뗄춳볆쫽뻝ꎬ26캻업쏻ퟮ잰뗄뺭볃톧볒훐ꎬ폐11캻쫇억놴뛻뺭볃톧붱뗃훷ꎨ틽컄쫽솿업쏻잰5캻뗄죧뷱틑믱억놴뛻뺭볃톧붱ꎩꆣ141
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뺭볃톧붱훐ꎬ폫쯻죋럖쿭붱쿮튻냣돶폚헢퇹솽훖쟩뿶ꎺ튻쫇믱붱뗄릱쿗쫂쪵짏쫇평벸룶죋뫏ퟷ췪돉뗄뷡맻ꎻ뛾쫇믱붱뗄릱쿗폫쒳킩죋뗄릤ퟷ쏜쟐쿠맘ꎬ춨맽붫붱쿮럖쿭룸헢킩죋ꎬ뿉틔햹쪾돶룃쿮릱쿗뗄잰틲뫳맻ꎬ헢퇹ꎬ뛔ퟷ돶릱쿗뗄죋살쮵튲뇈뷏릫욽ꆣ훁뷱ꎬ퓚30뷬뺭볃톧붱훐ꎬ폐11룶붱쿮쫇평벸룶죋럖쿭뗄ꎬ헢뇈ퟔ좻뿆톧쇬폲뗄붱쿮럖쿭튪짙뗄뛠ꆣ뛔폚럖쿭붱쿮뗄쟩뿶ꎬ억붱움붱캯풱믡뗄뷢쫍뿉캽컥뮨냋쏅ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ쫚폨삭룱쓉ꆤ뢥샯쪩뫍퇯ꆤ춢놴뫠뗄붱쿮뻍폫룃릱쿗뛔횪쪶뫍훇솦쇬폲뗄펰쿬맘쾵쏜쟐ꎬ뛸쟒ꎬ쫚붱뗄쿈뫳쮳탲쫇듓샏떽쓪쟡ꎬ내쓪쇤업탲뗄ꆣ뛸쫚폨풼몲ꆤ쾣뿋쮹뫍뿏쓡쮹ꆤ낢싞뗄붱쿮퓲랴펳쇋솽듺죋퓚춬튻쇬폲ꎬ벴쯻쏇퓚튻냣뻹뫢뫍뢣샻뺭볃톧랽쏦쯹ퟷ돶뗄릱쿗ꆣ퓚억붱캯풱믡뗄탂컅랢늼믡짏ꎬ억붱캯풱믡헢퇹쮵ꎺ쾣뿋쮹퓚튻냣뻹뫢샭싛랽쏦ퟷ돶쇋ꆰ뾪췘탔ꆱ뗄릱쿗ꎬ뛸낢싞퓲뛔튻냣뻹뫢샭싛ꆰ퓶쳭쇋탂뗄쓚죝ꆱꆣ쫚룸늩?싛랽쏦뗄붱쿮춬퇹튲쫇쫚폨룸잰뫳솽듺뺭볃톧볒ꎬ쓉쪲퓚쿈ꎬ쯻퓚늩?싛뗄퇐뺿랽쏦뾪쇋쿈뫓ꎬ뛸몣죸쓡뫍퓳뛻퓚뫳ꎬ쯻쏇붫쓉쪲뗄럇뫏ퟷ늩?뗄룅쓮췆뷸쇋튻늽ꎬ쪹횮룼볓쪵폃ꆣ잡쇖ꆤ뿆웕싼쮹뫍쇐낺쓡뗂ꆤ뾵췐싥캬웦쯹믱뗄붱쿮퓲훷튪쫇틲캪쯻쏇럖뇰뛀솢뗘뷸탐쇋쪵횤뺭볃샭싛랽쏦뗄퇐뺿ꎬ믲헟룼뻟쳥뗘쮵ꎬ쯻쏇솩뚼뛔풴뗄ퟮ폅엤훃뷸탐쇋쪵횤퇐뺿ꆣ퓚탅쾢뺭볃톧쇬폲ꎬ쫚폨캬뿋샯뫍쏗뛻샻쮹뗄붱쿮뗄쟩뿶폫듋샠쯆ꆣ쫚폨맾튮뿋뫍뛻듯뛻뗄붱쿮퓲쫇쇭췢튻훖쟩뿶ꆣ퓚30쓪듺ꎬ쯻쏇솽죋뚼쫇뫪맛뫍믵뇒럖컶쇬폲뗄쿈쟽헟ꎬ튻룶쫴폚냂뗘샻톧엉ꎬ튻룶쫴폚쮹뗂룧뛻쒦톧엉ꎬ쯻쏇뚼퓋폃쇋ퟜ뒢탮뫍춶뷢쫍뫪맛뺭볃늨뚯ꆣ뫳살ꎬ쯻쏇솽죋뚼삩햹쇋뺭볃럖컶뗄랶캧ꎬ쯻쏇뚼춨맽잿뗷뺭볃뗄훆뛈ꆢ램싉ꆢ헾훎뫍틢쪶탎첬뿲볜폫짧믡맽돌ꆣ쫂쪵짏ꎬ퓚헾훎짏ꎬ쯻쏇솽죋뎣뎣놻떱ퟷ헽랴솽룶벫뛋ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ헢늢쎻폐죃억놴뛻움붱캯풱믡춷춴ꎬ뇏뺹억붱듺뇭뗄쫇뒿뿆톧탔뗄뚫컷ꎬ폫틢쪶탎첬컞짵맏룰ꆣ쇭튻킩억붱쫇쫚폨쓇킩ퟷ돶뮥늹탔릱쿗뗄톧헟ꆣ쫚폨늮뗙뛻ꆤ뛭쇖ꆢ햲쒷쮹ꆤ쏗뗂뗄붱쿮쫇틲캪쯻쏇퓚맺볊쎳틗뫍맺볊놾퓋뚯랽쏦뗄뮥늹탔릤ퟷꆣ쫚폨낢즪ꆤ쇵틗쮹뫍컷냂뛠ꆤ쫦뛻듄뗄붱쿮튲쫇틲캪쯻쏇솽죋뗄퇐뺿쫇쿠뮥늹돤뗄ꆣ틲캪쯻쏇솽죋뚼뛔잷랢듯맺볒뗄뎤웚뺭볃랢햹ퟷ돶쇋릱쿗ꆣ쇭튻룶샽ퟓ쫇뢣룱뛻뫍억쮹쯹믱뗄붱쿮ꎬ쯻쏇솽죋뚼퓚ꆰ탂ꆱ뺭볃쪷랽쏦ퟷ돶훘튪뗄릱쿗ꎬ쯻쏇뗄릤ퟷ뚼붫쿖듺뺭볃릤뻟폫춳볆럖컶쿠뷡뫏살럖컶뺭볃쪷ꆣ142
쫚폨십뿋캬듄ꆢ쏗샕뫍쿄웕죽캻뗄붱쿮튲쫇틲캪쯻쏇ퟷ돶뮥늹탔뗄릱쿗ꎬ십뿋캬듄퓚뷰죚뺭볃톧랽쏦ퟷ돶춻돶탔릱쿗ꎬ뫳솽헟퓲볌돐쇋십뿋캬웦뗄릤ퟷꆣ쫚폨쒬뛙뫍쮹뿆뛻쮹뗄붱쿮튲쫇헢랽쏦뗄샽ퟓꎬ틲캪쯻쏇ꎨ뫳살Fisher Black튲볓쇋뷸살ꎩ랢햹쇋튻훖훘튪뗄뷰죚닺뗄볛룱탎돉샭싛ꎬ튲뻍쫇ꆰ뷰죚퇜짺릤뻟ꆱꎬ죧웚좨뫍웚믵ꆣ룃붱쿮냤룸쯻쏇뗄뫏ퟷ탔퇐뺿벴쫇튻룶쏷쿔뗄샽ퟓꆣ퓚캢맛볆솿뺭볃톧랽쏦쫚폨룸뫕뿋싼뫍싵뿋램뗇뗄붱쿮폖쫇헢퇹뗄튻샽ꆣ쯄ꆢ억붱쫇럱랴펳쇋뺭볃럖컶랽쏦뗄탂쟷쫆퓚맽좥뗄냫룶쫀볍샯ꎬ쯹쫚폨뗄억놴뛻붱뚼쏷쿔뗘랴펳쇋뺭볃럖컶랽쏦뗄쒳훖쳘뗣뫍쟷쫆ꆣ뗚튻ꎬ쯹쫚폨뗄억붱쏷쿔뗘랴펳쇋쏀맺퓚뺭볃톧퇐뺿랽쏦뗄뻸뛔훷떼뗘캻ꆣ퓚43캻믱붱뗄뺭볃톧볒훐ꎬ폐30캻쫇쏀맺죋ꆣ뺡맜헢43캻뺭볃톧볒벸뫵뚼퓚쏀맺짺믮맽쿠떱뎤뗄쪱볤ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ뮹쫇폐뇘튪횸돶뗄쫇ꎺ틔쿂4캻뺭볃톧볒ꆪ샯낺쳨럲ꆢ뿆웕싼쮹ꆢ뗂늼슳뫍몣죸쓡좴퓚쏀맺횮췢돶짺늢쫜뷌폽ꆣ쇭췢벸룶믱붱ퟮ뛠뗄맺볒ꎨ내뻓쏱짭럝ꎩ럖뇰쫇펢맺ꎨ6캻ꎩꆢ죰뗤뫍얲췾ꎨ룷2캻ꎩꆢ램맺ꆢ볓쓃듳ꆢ펡뛈ꆢ뫉삼ꆢ잰쯕솪ꎨ룷1쏻ꎩꆣ믱붱뛠폚1쎶뗄듳톧럖뇰쫇횥볓룧듳톧ꎨ9쎶ꎩꆢ맾런듳톧ꎨ4쎶ꎩꆢ붣쟅듳톧ꎨ4쎶ꎩꆢ싩쪡샭릤톧풺ꎨ3쎶ꎩꆢ늮뿋샻ꎨ3쎶ꎩꆢ냂쮹슽듳톧ꆢ웕쇖쮹뛙듳톧ꆢ쮹첹뢣듳톧뫍튮슳듳톧ꋙꎨ룷2쎶ꎩꆣ뗚뛾ꎬ듓믱붱뗄훷튪릱쿗쯹퓋폃뗄럖컶랽램살뾴ꎬ퇝틯램뇈맩쓉램룼쫜떽뺭볃톧볒쏇뗄뒹쟠ꆣ쫽톧릫쪽퓚믱붱맽돌훐쯹냧퇝뗄ퟷ폃풽살풽듳ꎬ쫚룸죸뛻즭ꆢ쾣뿋쮹ꆢ낢싞ꆢ뿆웕싼쮹ꆢ뾵췐싥캬웦ꆢ뗂늼슳ꆢ낢삳쮹뗄붱쿮틔벰퓚늩?싛뫍뷰죚뺭볃톧쇬폲뗄붱쿮뚼쫇샽ퟓꆣ뗚죽ꎬ퓚20쫀볍뫳냫튶ꎬ뺭볃톧훐쇭튻룶쿔훸뗄쟷쫆쫇뻍쫇쫽솿랽램뗄쪹폃ꎬ냼삨ퟔ돉쳥쾵뗄춳볆볬퇩믲맀쯣랽램ꎬ볆솿뺭볃톧뗄훘튪탔풽살풽쏷쿔ꆣ쫚폨뢥샯쪩ꆢ춢놴뫠ꆢ샯낺쳨럲ꆢ뿋삳틲ꆢ쮹춨ꆢ맾췾뛻쒪ꆢ뫕뿋싼ꆢ싵뿋램뗇뗄붱쿮뻍쫇쏷횤ꆣ쫂쪵짏ꎬ퓚20쫀볍뗄ퟮ뫳10쓪샯ꎬ맦쒣뫪듳뗄쫽솿퇐뺿뎣뎣튪쟳듳솿뗄쫽뻝횧독ꎬ죧맻쎻폐훮죧볆솿뺭볃톧ꆢ춶죫-닺돶럖컶ꆢ뇠돌ꆢ듳쓜솿볆쯣믺뗄랢햹ꎬ뫜쓑쿫쿳ꎬ뺭볃톧붫퓵퇹뷸탐헢퇹뗄쫽솿퇐뺿ꆣ뗚쯄ꎬ억붱뮹뇭쏷ꎺ햽뫳뫪맛뺭볃톧뗄ퟷ폃뇤뗃죕틦훘튪ꎨ쳘뇰쫇뢥샯뗂ꋙ떱좻ꎬ퓚억놴뛻뺭볃톧붱뗃훷닎볓쇋쒳룶ퟩ횯횮잰ꎬ쯻쏇튲탭틑뺭ퟷ돶쇋훘튪뗄릱쿗ꎬ퓚쯻쏇믱억붱뗄쪱뫲ꎬ쯻뗄뗘캻튲탭늢늻쿔뫕ꆣ143
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies싼ꆢ뿋삳틲ꆢ췐뇶ꆢ쒪뗏룱샯샻퇇쓡ꆢ쯷싥ꆢ슬뾨쮹ꆢ쏉듺뛻ꎩꆣ듓탂뗄뷇뛈훘탂맛달뺭볃톧뗄쳥쾵뗄탂랽램틑뺭뗃떽쇋억놴뛻움붱캯풱믡뗄돐죏ꎬ헽죧뷼쓪살억놴뛻뺭볃톧붱쯹뇭쏷뗄쓇퇹ꎬ탅쾢뺭볃톧ꆢ죋솦놾ꆢ늩?싛틔벰훆뛈뺭볃톧헽쫇헢킩탂쟷쫆뗄듺뇭ꆣퟮ뫳튲쫇ퟮ쓑뗄튻룶컊쳢쫇ꎺ억놴뛻움붱캯풱믡죏캪억붱붫믡펰쿬뺭볃톧랢햹뗄탂쟷쫆싰ꎿ늻ꎬ움붱캯풱믡죏캪억놴뛻뺭볃톧붱듺뇭뗄펦룃쫇맣랺뗄뫍뛠풪탔뗄ꎬ틲듋듓뛠뷇뛈퇐뺿뺭볃컊쳢붫쫜떽억놴뛻움붱캯풱믡뗄훘쫓ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ쇮죋룐떽쯆쫇뛸럇뗄쫇헢훖헛훔훷틥뗄랽램붫춨맽펰쿬뺭볃퇐뺿뗄쇬폲뫍퇐뺿랽램뛸펰쿬뺭볃톧퇐뺿뗄뷸햹ꎬ헢킩퇐뺿쇬폲뫍퇐뺿랽램튲탭퓝쪱뾴살늢럇죋쏇맘힢뗄붹뗣ꆣ뿉틔헢퇹죏캪ꎬ억놴뛻움붱캯풱믡뗄움붱믮뚯틑뺭뇭쏷ꎺ쳡룟뺭볃톧뗄퇐뺿쮮욽폐뛠훖늻춬뗄랽램ꎬ뿉틔춨맽컄ퟖ폯퇔믲쫽톧벼쫵뷸탐퇏룱뗄샭싛퇝틯ꎻ뿉틔뒴붨뫍펦폃탂뗄룅쓮뫍럖컶랽램ꎻ뿉틔뛔틑폐뗄볙짨뷸탐퇏룱뗄쪵횤볬퇩ꎬ튲뿉틔폃쪵횤닄쇏뛔늻춬뗄볙짨뷸탐늻쓇쎴헽쪽뗄볬퇩ꎻ뮹뿉틔뷸탐볲떥좻뛸짮뿌뗄맛달ꎬ틔벰뛔뺭볃컊쳢뷸탐럇헽쪽좻뛸뢻폐뒴탂틢틥뗄쮼뾼ꆣꎨ뢴떩듳톧뺭볃톧풺헔뫬뻼틫ꎩ닎뾼쇏ꎺ[1]Stigler, George. ꆰEconomics --The Imperial Science?ꆱMimeo. April 1984.[2]Quandt, Richard. ꆰSome Quantitative Aspects of the Economic JournalLiterature,ꆱJournal of Political Economy, Aug. 1976, 84(4, Part 1), pp. 741-55.[3]Grubel, Herbert G. ꆰCitation Counts for Leading Economists,ꆱEconomic Notesby Monte Dei Paschi Di Siena, 1979, 2, pp. 134-45.[4]St hle, Nils, K. Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prizes, Stockholm: The NobelFoundation and The Swedish Institute,
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뇈뷏횮뒰ComparativeStudies Comparative
뛭싞쮹뷼웚뗄헾뢮볤닆헾맘쾵룄룯췵맰뻪뷼솽쓪살ꎬ뛭싞쮹뗄닆헾ힴ뿶쯦ퟅ웤뺭볃뗄뢴쯕뛸늻뛏뫃ꆣ솪냮풤쯣솬탸솽쓪펯폠ꎬ2002쓪죔붫놣돖욽뫢ꎨ쪯폍볛룱뗄쿂붵쪹뛭싞쮹퓚2001쓪11퓂뗷헻쇋2002쓪솪냮풤쯣닝낸ꎩꎻ뻓쏱릤뫍퇸샏뷰뻹듳럹쳡룟ꎬ믹놾쿻돽쇋닆헾탔릤췏잷쿖쿳ꎻ뎤웚삧죅뛭싞쮹뗄췢햮컊쳢튲틑뺭뗃떽뮺뷢ꎬ2001쓪뗗뛭췢햮햼GDP뗄뇈훘붵뗍떽쇋55%ퟳ폒ꎬ뢺햮쮮욽죕쟷헽뎣ꆣ뺡맜짏쫶쿖쿳폫맺볊쪯폍쫐뎡뗄뇤뮯뫍슬늼뇡횵뛔웤돶뿚뗄듌벤ퟷ폃쏜늻뿉럖ꎬ쟒뺭볃폫닆헾릤ퟷ죔쏦쇙탭뛠컊쳢ꎬ떫늻뿉럱죏뗄쫇ꎬ뛭싞쮹뗄닆헾쳥훆헽훰늽뷸죫솼탔랢햹뷗뛎ꆣ뷼쓪살뛭싞쮹뛔닆헾훆뛈붨짨뗄잿뗷ꎬ쳘뇰쫇헾뢮볤닆헾맘쾵랽쏦뗄룄룯릦늻뿉쎻ꆣ튻ꆢퟝ쿲좨솦쳥쾵ꎺ볓잿솪냮뗄좨췾탔1991쓪뗗쯕솪뷢쳥뫳돶쿖뗄좨솦헦뿕쪹탭뛠훝뺺쿠헹뛡냔훷뗘캻ꎬ뛸컞쫓뛭솪냮헾뢮뗄듦퓚ꎬ쾰맟탔캥랴솪냮솢램뫍램싉뗄쿖쿳럇뎣웕뇩ꎨ죧1993쓪30룶훝뗄솪뫏뾹쮰쫂볾ꎩꆣ룷훝쪵볊헆컕ퟅ쮰쫕맜쾽좨뫍쓚늿훎낲솦솿ꎬ헢돉캪폫솪냮헾뢮첸에뗄훘튪싫ꆣ듓1998쓪뾪쪼ꎬ뛭솪냮헾뢮틢쪶떽뇘탫뷢뻶ퟔ짭좱랦킧솦뫍뿉탅탔뗄컊쳢ꎬ뾪쪼닉좡뻟쳥듫쪩잿뮯ퟔ벺퓚ퟝ쿲좨솦쳥쾵훐뗄147
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뗘캻ꆣꎨ튻ꎩ캬뮤솪냮램싉뗄킧솦1999쓪6퓂짺킧뗄ꆶ쾽쟸뫍좨솦뮮럖풭퓲램ꆷ럖뇰맦뚨쇋솪냮뫍훝헾뢮뗄좨솦ꎬ훘짪쇋솪냮벶쿜램ꆢ램싉뫍램쇮쇨볝폚훝벶쿜램ꆢ램싉뫍램쇮횮짏뗄좨췾탔ꎬ헢놻쫓캪쿲솪냮쟣킱뗄맘볼솢램횮튻ꆣ2000쓪5퓂ꎬ벴웕뺩헽쪽놻톡캪ퟜ춳솽룶퓂뫳ꎬ쯻쿂쇮냑뛭싞쮹럖캪웟ퟩ훝ꎬ쎿ퟩ평튻쏻ퟜ춳죎쏼뗄쳘쪹뢺퓰볠맜룷훝ퟱ쫘솪냮램싉뗄쟩뿶ꆣ헢킩쳘쪹좡듺쇋1997쓪평튻쿮ퟜ춳램낸죎쏼늢틑뺭췪좫돉캪컞킧뗄뿾샜쇬탤뗄80캻ퟜ춳훝듺뇭ꆣ떱좻ꎬ뛔헢쿮램쇮뗄랴펦룷늻쿠춬ꎬ폐킩훝헾뢮떣탄즥쪧훝뗄좨솦ꎬ튲폐죋뮳틉헢튻램쇮횻믡퓶볓튻닣뛮췢뗄좱랦킧싊뗄솪냮믺릹ꆣ뺡맜쿖퓚뛔헢튻탂탍탐헾뿘훆뗄킧싊뷸탐ퟮ훕에뛏뮹캪쪱맽퓧ꎬ떫쯼뗄좷틑뺭퓶볓쇋훝폫솪냮램싉뗄튻훂탔ꆣꎨ뛾ꎩ복짙훝헾뢮뗄좨솦평폚훝탐헾뎤맙ퟔ뚯믱뗃솪냮캯풱믡ꆪ뛭싞쮹뗄짏틩풺ꆪ뗄쾯캻ꎬ쿭폐틩믡믭쏢좨ꎬ쯻쏇캪쇋췆뷸ퟔ짭뗄헾훎룄룯룼볓뫁컞맋벰뗘캥랴솪냮램싉뫍맦헂ꆣ뛭솪냮헾뢮퓚2000쓪쳡돶탞룄솪냮캯풱믡뗄ퟩ횯풭퓲ꎬ평훝솢램믺릹톡뻙뗄훝듺뇭쳦듺훝탐헾뎤맙퓚솪냮캯풱믡훐뗄캻훃ꆣ뺡맜ퟮ돵퓢떽솪냮캯풱믡뗄럱뻶ꎬ떫뺭맽맺볒뛅십뫍솪냮캯풱믡뗄쿠뮥췗킭폫킭뗷ꎬퟮ훕믱뗃쇋틩믡춨맽ꆣ헢튲캪솪냮쮾램쾵춳폐킧뗘뒦샭훝탐헾뎤맙뗄뢯냜컊쳢즨돽쇋램싉헏낭ꆣꎨ죽ꎩ룸폨ퟜ춳룼듳뗄좨솦웕뺩짏첨뫳잿뗷솪냮퓚헾뢮볤맘쾵훐뗄쫗튪뗘캻ꎬ솪냮헾뢮뛔훝헾닟뷸탐룼횱뷓뗄쿪쾸짳닩ꎻ떱훝컞쫓늢캥랴솪냮램싉쪱ꎬ솪냮헾뢮쿭폐뫏램뗄ힷ쯷쫖뛎ꆣ웕뺩틑뺭춨맽솢램룸폨뛭싞쮹ퟜ춳퓝춣쓇킩폫솪냮램싉쿠돥춻뗄훝램싉뗄좨솦뫍뷢돽쓇킩탐캪캣벰솪냮뗘캻뗄훝탐헾뎤맙뗄좨솦ꎬ듓뛸볓잿쇋솪냮뛔훝헾뢮뗄뿘훆ꆣ2000쓪5퓂ꎬ웕뺩쫗듎퓋폃헢튻좨솦ꎬ쿂쇮춣횹횴탐펡맅쪲릲뫍맺ꆢ냍쪲믹뛻릲뫍맺틔벰낢쓂뛻훝뗈솢램믺릹춨맽뗄램싉ꆣ떱좻ꎬ뛔뗘랽맙풱뗄쏢횰탨튪뇘튪뗄쮾램짳뫋돌탲ꎬ쟒횻폐떱훝컞램솪냮램맦뗄쪱뫲ꆣ듋췢ꎬ쒿잰헾뢮뗄쮰쫕룄룯튲벱뻧쿷죵훝뫍뗘랽헾뢮쫕죫뗄ퟔ훷좨ꆣ148
뛾ꆢ닆헾쫕죫룄룯ꎺ쮰훆뗄볲뮯폫릫릲닆솦뗄벯훐ꎨ튻ꎩ쮰훆룄룯퓧퓚1998쓪뛭싞쮹쮰쫕훆뛈뻍뾪쪼뷸탐룄룯ꎬ닻쫶솪냮쮰훆믹놾풭퓲뗄탂ꆶ쮰램ꆷ뗚튻늿럖폚1999쓪벴믱솢램믺맘춨맽ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ평폚컞램듯돉헾훎릲쪶ꎬꆶ쮰램ꆷ룼캪훘튪뗄뗚뛾늿럖ꆪ몭룇룷룶쮰훖뗄뻟쳥램싉맦뚨ꆪ좴동동쎻폐돶첨ꆣ웕뺩퓚웤짏첨뫳쫽퓂쓚ꎬ퓋폃쪷컞잰샽뗄횱뷓펰쿬퓚탐헾믺릹쓚늿뻍헾뢮쮰쫕룄룯뗄쾸뷚듯돉릲쪶ꎬ늢쪹몭룇룶죋쯹뗃쮰ꆢ퓶횵쮰ꆢ쿻럑쮰ꆢ짧믡놣헏쮰뗈뛠룶쮰훖뗄ꆶ쮰램ꆷ뗚뛾늿럖춨맽쇋틩믡뗄짳뫋ꆣ룃쮰훆룄룯ퟮ훷튪뗄쒿뇪쫇볲뮯늢룄짆쮰쫕뷡릹ꎬ붵뗍헻쳥쮰쫕뢺떣쮮욽ꆣ룄룯솦뛈튲쿠떱듳ꎬ쮰훖듓200뛠훖죱복캪28훖ꆣ솪냮샻죳쮰평35ꎥ붵캪30ꎥꎬ훝샻죳쮰듓22%쿂붵떽19%ꎬ퓶횵쮰평20ꎥ붵캪15ꎥꎬ춳튻짧믡쮰듓릤믹뷰뗄39ꎥ붵훁35ꎥꆣ룶죋쯹뗃쮰퓲놻좫쏦룯탂ꎬ듓ퟮ룟쮰싊캪30%뗄샛뷸쮰쮰싊뇤캪13%뗄뇈샽쮰싊ꎨ13ꎥꎩꎬ헢쫇헻룶얷훞ퟮ뗍뗄쮰싊쮮욽ꆣ뛭싞쮹뮹붫훰늽쿷복늢붫ퟮ훕좡쿻랿컝캬뮤쮰뫍뗀슷쪹폃쮰ꎬ볆뮮뾪헷늻뚯닺쮰ꆣ쮰훆뗄볲뮯랽뇣쇋쮰쫕뗄헷쫕폫맜샭ꎬ튲복짙쇋쓉쮰죋쳓쮰ꆢ슩쮰뗄믺믡ꆣ퓚붵뗍쮰싊ꎬ복쟡쮰뢺뗄춬쪱ꎬ뛭헾뢮힢틢삩듳쮰믹ꎬ쳡룟쮰쫕헷벯싊ꆣ2000쓪퓚솪냮쮰컱뺯달ퟜ뻖횮쿂돉솢쇋웟룶쮰뺯ퟜ뻖ꎬ럖뇰맜쾽웟ퟩ듳쟸뗄뗘랽쮰뺯뻖ꎬ퇏샷듲믷쮰쫕캥램랸ퟯ낸볾ꆣ뛭뮹뛔훷튪쓉쮰믺릹쪵탐벯훐맜샭ꎬ쏅돉솢쇋죽룶탐튵탔쮰컱믺릹ꎬ뢺퓰뛔쳬좻웸ꆢ쪯폍뫍뗧솦릫쮾뗄쮰쫕헷맜ꆣ2001쓪짏냫쓪ꎬ뷶뛭싞쮹쳬좻웸막럝릫쮾튻볒뗄쿺쫛쮰뻍퓶쫕173틚슬늼ꎬ돉킧쿔훸ꆣꎨ뛾ꎩ솪냮폫솪냮틔쿂벶헾뢮뗄쫕죫럖엤뛭싞쮹1994쓪떽1997쓪뗄쫕죫럖엤훆뛈튻횱쿠뛔컈뚨ꎬ냩쯦ퟅ1998쓪뗄쮰훆룄룯ꎬ솪냮폫훝헾뢮뗄쫕죫럖엤튲욵랱뇤뮯ꆣ듓뇭1뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ릫릲닆솦뗄벯훐쫇헢킩뇤뮯ퟮ쿔훸뗄쳘헷ꎬ춬쪱ꎬ쮰훆룄룯뛔솪냮틔쿂벶헾뢮쫕죫뗄펰쿬튲풶듳폚뛔솪냮헾뢮쫕죫뗄펰쿬ꎨ죧룶죋쯹뗃쮰뫍벴붫좡쿻뗄랿컝캬뮤뫍뗀슷쪹폃쮰뚼쫇솪냮틔쿂벶헾뢮훘튪뗄쫕죫살풴ꎩꆣ뇭2뗄쫽뻝쿔쪾ꎬ쮰쫕쫕죫뗄좷퓚평솪냮틔쿂벶헾뢮쿲솪냮헾뢮틆ꆣ149
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뇭1훷튪쮰훖뗄램뚨릲쿭뇈샽ꎬ1999-2001ꎨꎥꎩ1999쓪1벾뛈1999쓪2-4벾뛈2000쓪2001쓪ꎨ쳡틩ꎩ쮰훖솪냮훝솪냮훝솪냮훝솪냮훝퓶횵쮰a7525851585151000샻죳쮰b37-3463-6637-2963-7137-2963-7137-2963-71룶죋쯹뗃쮰c1090109016841684뻆뺫샠닺욷5050505050505050뗄쿻럑쮰쓜풴샠닺욷1000100010001000뗄쿻럑쮰맺쓚닺욷0100010001000100뗄쿻럑쮰힢ꎺa뛔뷸뿚닺욷ꆢ쾡폐뷰쫴뫍뿳쪯뾪헷뗄퓶횵쮰100ꎥ뮮맩훐퇫ꆣb1999쓪뗚뛾벾뛈ꎬ솪냮샻죳쮰뗄쮰싊붵떽11ꎥꎬ훝뛔듳뛠쫽웳튵뗄샻죳쮰쮰싊붵캪19ꎥꎬ뛔틸탐뫍놣쿕릫쮾뗄쮰싊붵캪27ꎥꆣc1999쓪ꎬ뾪헷쇋3ꎥ뗄솪냮룶죋쯹뗃쮰뢽볓쮰ꆣ뇭2쮰쫕ퟜ쫕죫훐솪냮뫍솪냮틔쿂벶쯹햼뗄럝뛮ꎬ1998-2001쓪ꎨ%ꎩ샠뇰1998쓪1999쓪2000쓪2001쓪2001쓪ꎨ풤쯣쫽ꎩꎨ풤쯣쫽ꎩaꎨ붨틩쫽ꎩa솪냮쯹햼럝뛮솪냮틔쿂벶쯹햼럝뛮ퟜ볆힢ꎺaꎮ2001쓪뗄쫽ퟖ랴펳쇋내2001쓪폐맘램맦뫍헾뢮풤쯣쳡낸뗄맀볆쫽ꆣ1ꎮ룶죋쯹뗃쮰뷼쓪살룶죋쯹뗃쮰뗄럖엤랽낸쓪쓪뚼퓚뇤뮯ꎬ헢헦쪵뗘랴펳쇋솪냮폫솪냮틔쿂벶헾뢮뛔닆솦헹뛡뗄벤쇒돌뛈ꆣퟔ맬돵웚ꎬ뛭싞쮹훝헾뢮벴믱뗃100ꎥ뗄룶죋쯹뗃쮰쫕죫ꎨ돽쇋1995-1996쓪웚볤솪냮헷쫕3ꎥ뗄뢽볓쮰ꎩꎬ떫1998쓪솪냮헾뢮냑ퟔ벺퓚룶죋쯹뗃쮰쫕죫훐쿭폐뗄럝뛮쳡룟떽40ꎥꆣ1999쓪룶죋쯹뗃쮰쫕죫퓸튻뛈훘탂좫늿럖엤룸훝ꎬ춬쪱훘탂뾪헷쇋솪냮3ꎥ뗄뢽볓쮰ꎬ훝쪵볊뗄럖쿭뇈샽룟듯90ꎥꆣ2000쓪풤쯣램낸좡쿻쇋헢튻뢽볓쮰ꎬ늢쪵쪩쇋튻룶탂뗄릲쿭랽쪽ꎬ벴냑84ꎥ뗄룶죋쯹뗃쮰쫕죫럖룸훝헾뢮ꎬ쪣폠16ꎥ뗄룶죋쯹뗃쮰쫕죫럖룸솪냮헾뢮ꆣ내헕2001쓪뛭솪냮헾뢮풤쯣닝낸ꎬ냩쯦탂탍뇈샽쮰싊훆뛈뗄틽죫ꎬ헢튻럖엤뇈샽붫놣돖늻뇤ꆣ평폚룶죋쯹뗃쮰탂탍뗄뷏뗍쮰싊쳥쾵ꎬ2001쓪솪냮틔쿂벶헾뢮뗄쫕죫컞틉붫볌탸쿂붵ꆣ150
2ꎮ퓶횵쮰돽쇋룶죋쯹뗃쮰쫕죫뗄벯훐췢ꎬ퓶횵쮰쫕죫뗄붥뷸쪽퓙럖엤튲퓚췆뷸릫릲닆솦뗄벯훐랽쏦랢믓쇋훘튪ퟷ폃ꆣ듓1994쓪떽1999쓪뗚튻벾뛈ꎬ퓶횵쮰내75ꎥ/25ꎥ뗄뇈샽퓚솪냮뫍훝헾뢮볤럖엤ꆣ퓚듋웚볤ꎬ훝쿭폐뗄퓶횵쮰럝뛮햼솪냮틔쿂벶헾뢮ퟔ폐벰릲쿭쫕죫ퟜ뛮뗄15ꎥ-20ꎥꆣ좻뛸ꎬ듓1999쓪뗚뛾벾뛈뾪쪼ꎬ훝헾뢮뗄퓶횵쮰럖쿭뇈샽쿂붵떽15ꎥꆣ2001쓪뗄풤쯣닝낸냑퓶횵쮰좫늿럖룸쇋솪냮헾뢮ꆣ헢튻뻙듫붫쿻돽쒿잰퓶횵쮰쫕죫퓚룷훝횮볤틽웰뗄럖엤컊쳢ꎬ떫퓶횵쮰쫕죫뗄벯훐퓚뫜듳돌뛈짏쿷죵쇋훝뗄쫕죫쓜솦ꆣ3ꎮ쓜풴닺욷뗄쿻럑쮰평폚쓜풴닺욷뗄쿻럑쮰100%맩솪냮헾뢮쯹폐ꎬ2000쓪맺볊쫐뎡쪯폍볛룱뗄짏헇ꎬ쪹솪냮헾뢮뗄쫕죫퓶뎤톸쏍ꎬ뛸솪냮틔쿂벶헾뢮좴쎻폐듓훐쫜틦뛠짙ꆣ1998쓪뫳쮰쫕룄룯뫍닆헾쫕죫럖엤랽낸뗄뇤뮯뛔ퟝ쿲닆헾욽뫢뗄펰쿬ꎬ뿉틔평룷벶헾뢮닆솦햼ퟜ닆솦뗄뇈훘뗄뇤뮯랴펳돶살ꆣ퓚맬뗄ퟮ돵벸쓪ꎬ솪냮헾뢮퓚좫늿쮰쫕쫕죫훐쯹햼뗄럝뛮컈늽쿂붵ꎬ듓1992쓪뗄60ꎥ떽1997쓪뗄ꎥꆣ떫퓚1998쓪헢튻쟷쫆랢짺쓦ꎻ듓1997쓪뗄뗍뗣뾪쪼ꎬ쮰쫕ퟜ쫕죫훐뗄솪냮럝뛮튻횱퓚컈늽쳡룟ꆣ떽2001쓪솪냮헾뢮퓚좫늿쮰쫕쫕죫훐쯹햼뗄뇈훘폐췻훘탂듯떽60ꎥꎨ볻뇭2ꎩꆣ죽ꆢ횧돶퓰죎뗄뮮럖ꎺ럖좨폫춸쏷ퟔ맬돵웚뾪쪼ꎬ뛭싞쮹횧돶퓰죎뮮럖뗄룄룯튻횱ퟱ톭뫏샭뗄닆헾럖좨풭퓲ꎬ벴냑릫릲럾컱릩펦뗄퓰죎뺡뿉쓜뗘럅떽믹닣헾뢮ꎬ틔쳡룟킧싊늢럻뫏쓉쮰죋뗄틢풸ꆣ룃쇬폲ퟮ듳뗄뇤룯랢짺퓚1992뫍1993쓪ꆣ떱쪱헾뢮듳맦쒣뗘췋돶쮽죋닺욷뗄짺닺폫릩펦ꎬ솪냮헾뢮튲냑듳솿뗄퓰죎틆룸솪냮틔쿂벶헾뢮돐떣ꆣ죧쿻럑늹훺ꆢ뛔죵쫆좺쳥뗄쿖뷰늹훺뫍볒춥뛹춯뷲쳹뗈짧믡뢣샻퓰죎ꎬ얩튵ꆢ붻춨뫍믹뒡짨쪩춶늹훺ꎬ틔벰뻼뛓뗄힡랿뚼뇤돉훝헾뢮뗄퓰죎ꆣ1994쓪뫳ꎬ탭뛠램싉횴탐믮뚯튲평훝헾뢮뢺퓰ꆣ솪냮틔쿂벶헾뢮횧돶햼닆헾ퟜ횧돶뗄뇈훘듓1992쓪뗄%쳡룟떽1997쓪뗄%ꆣ1998쓪틔살뗄횧돶룄룯벯훐폚뷸튻늽룄짆늢돎쟥룷벶헾뢮볤횧돶퓰죎뗄램싉뮮럖ꆣ샽죧ꎬ1998쓪뗄ꆶ풤쯣램ꆷ붫횧돶퓰죎뮮럖캪쯄듳샠ꎺ췪좫평솪냮풤쯣뢺퓰뗄횧돶ꎻ릲춬횧돶퓰죎ꎨ냼삨솪냮ꆢ훝뫍/믲뗘랽헾뢮ꎩꎻ췪좫평훝뢺퓰151
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies뗄횧돶뫍췪좫평뗘랽풤쯣뢺퓰뗄횧돶ꆣ1999쓪ꆶ쾽쟸뫍좨솦뮮럖풭퓲램ꆷ쏷좷붨솢쇋솪냮퓚솪냮뫍훝릲춬퓰죎랽쏦뗄솢램벰램쇮뗄좨췾탔ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ2000쓪탂탞뚩뗄ꆶ풤쯣램ꆷ뗚85뿮튪쟳퓚쓪뛈풤쯣램낸훐뇘탫내쎿샠믮뚯훖샠럖쇐돶솪냮뫍훝헾뢮릲춬뗄횧돶퓰죎ꆣ웤쯻탭뛠탞룄횼퓚췪짆풤쯣돌탲ꎬ쏷좷뛔캥랴솪냮풤쯣맦뚨뗄탐캪뗄훆닃뫍뛔솪냮틔쿂벶헾뢮뷨뿮뗄쿞훆뫍쿠맘맦뚨ꆣ퓚횧돶쇬폲뛭솪냮헾뢮뎤웚쏦쇙뗄튻룶쓑쳢쫇컞뺭럑쪽횸쇮컊쳢ꎬ쯼닺짺폚맬돵웚ꆣ떱쪱솪냮헾뢮쿲훝헾뢮틆쇋듳솿뗄횧돶퓰죎ꎬ춬쪱죏캪튻킩뢽볓퓰죎뗄돯펦평훝헾뢮풤쯣뷢뻶ꎬ틲듋쎻폐뢨횮틔쿠펦뗄닆솦ꆣ뛸훝헾뢮뛔듋잿쇒랴뛔ꆣ뛠쓪살쮫랽퓚듋컊쳢짏헹횴늻쿂ꎬ헢훖ퟷ램튲튻횱퇓탸쿂살ꆣ뷼쓪살ꎬ뛭솪냮헽퓚닉좡쟐쪵뗄듫쪩뷢뻶헢튻쓑쳢ꆣ2001쓪풤쯣닝낸훐냼삨쇋710틚슬늼ꎬ쏅폃폚뛔훝뗄틆횧뢶ꎬퟷ캪솪냮횸쇮탔쿮쒿뗄늹뎥ꆣ뛔폚쓇킩솪냮헾뢮컞솦믲늻풸틢쳡릩뷰뗄솪냮횸쇮탔쿮쒿ꎬꆶ풤쯣램ꆷ뗚83뿮ꆪ쯼붫폚2001풤쯣쓪뛈짺킧ꆪ튪쟳쓪뛈풤쯣램낸훐뇘탫냼삨쓇킩틲좱랦뷰뛸뿉쓜놻뾳뗴뗄횸쇮탔쿮쒿뗄쏻떥ꆣ뛔쓇킩좡뗃늿럖뷰뗄횸쇮탔쿮쒿ꎬ풤쯣램낸튪쳘뇰횸쏷쓄늿럖늻쫇평솪냮헾뢮돶뗄ꆣ떱좻ꎬ헢킩헾닟쫇럱폐쓜솦뷡쫸컞뺭럑쪽횸쇮뗄ퟷ램뮹폐듽폚맛달ꆣ헢킩맦뚨뗄돉냜폫럱ퟮ훕붫틀삵폚쯼쏇쪵볊횴탐뗄킧맻틔벰솪냮솢램뫍탐헾믺릹쫇럱ퟱ쫘헢킩맦뚨ꆣ쯄ꆢ헾뢮볤틆횧뢶훆뛈뗄룄룯ꎺ뻹뗈뮯폫릫쪽뮯틆횧뢶쇬폲ퟮ듳뗄룄룯떱쫴훝벶닆헾횧돖뷰ꎨFFSRꎩ쳥쾵뗄붨솢폫췪짆ꆣ헢훖틔뻹뗈뮯캪쒿뇪뗄틆횧뢶랽램폚1994쓪붨솢ꎬ쯼룄뇤쇋맽좥쳖볛뮹볛쪽늹훺랽램ꎬ틽죫쇋릫쪽ꎬ벫듳뗘쳡룟쇋틆횧뢶훆뛈뗄춸쏷뛈뫍좷뚨탔ꆣ1998쓪틔살ꎬ뛭솪냮뛠듎탞룄룃랽램ꎬ뇷웺쇋쪹폃믹웚쪵볊쫕죫뫍횧돶ퟷ캪뻹뗈뮯뇪ힼ뗄ퟶ램ꎬ룄폃룼볓쳹뷼쪵볊닆헾쓜솦뫍횧돶탨쟳뗄뫢솿횵ퟷ캪뇪ힼꎬ튲쪹릫쪽뗄볆쯣룼볓볲떥ꆣ죧2000쓪풤쯣훐ꎬ쪹폃탞헽쇋뗄듺뇭탔쫕죫쾵춳닢쯣훝뗄닆솦ꎬ뛸늻쫇룷훝뗄쫕죫헷쫕뛮ꎻ늢쪹폃탨쟳캪떼쿲뗄뫢솿뇪ힼ좷뚨훝뗄횧돶탨쟳ꎬ뛸늻쫇쪵컯ꎨ죧톧킣쫽솿ꆢ튽풺쫽솿ꎩ뗄풤쯣뚨뛮ꆣ훝벶닆헾횧돖뷰ꎨFFSRꎩ뗄ퟜ뷰뛮쎿쓪퓚풤쯣훐맦뚨ꎬ튻냣캪솪냮쮰쫕쫕죫ꎨ뷸뿚맘쮰돽췢ꎩ뗄튻뚨뇈샽ꎨ1997쓪캪15%ꎬ1998쓪캪14%ꎩꆣ솪냮헾뢮뮹믽벫뎫떼퓚훝ꎭ뗘랽닣듎짏쪹폃샠쯆뗄틔릫쪽캪믹뒡뗄뻹뗈뮯틆횧뢶ꎬ캪튻킩쫔뗣뗘쟸쳡릩벼쫵횧돖ꆣ떫쒿잰훝쓚틆횧뢶뗄랽쪽훷튪쫇152
쿮늹훺ꎬ뮥훺뷡쯣늹훺뫍ꆰ쏖늹좱뿚쪽ꆱ늹훺ꆣ붨솢뿍맛ꆢ춸쏷뗄훝틔쿂틆횧뢶훆뛈뮹탨튪ퟷ탭뛠릤ퟷꆣ뛭싞쮹틆횧뢶훆뛈뗄룄룯벫듳뗘듙뷸헾뢮볤뗄ퟝ쿲닆솦욽뫢ꎨ볻뇭3ꎩꆣퟜ쳥짏쮵ꎬ2001쓪풤쯣쯹붨틩뗄헾뢮볤틆횧뢶쮮욽쪹릫릲닆솦ꎨ쮰쫕쫕죫볓틆횧뢶ꎩ뗄럖엤폫횧돶퓰죎뗄럖엤룼캪욥엤ꆣ뇭32001쓪풤쯣닝낸ꎺퟜ쫕죫훐솪냮뫍훝쯹햼럝뛮ꎨ10틚슬늼ꎩ샠뇰솪냮솪냮틔쿂벶늹훺잰뗄쮰쫕쫕죫ꎨ햼ퟜ쫕죫뗄냙럖뇈ꎩꎨꎩꎨꎩ늹훺ퟜ뛮웤훐ꎬ훝벶닆헾횧돖뷰웤훐ꎬ횸쇮탔쿮쒿늹뎥늹훺뫳좫늿쫕죫ꎨ햼ퟜ쫕죫뗄뇈훘ꎩꎨꎩꎨꎩ뷼쓪뛭싞쮹헾뢮볤닆헾맘쾵랽쏦뗄룄룯뫍뗷헻늻뷶릮만쇋헾뻖ꎬ얤쇋솪냮헾뢮뗄놻뚯뻖쏦ꎬ뛸쟒듙뷸쇋뺭볃뗄뢴쯕뫍쿠맘랽쏦뗄룄룯ꎬ헢랴맽살폖뷸튻늽룄짆쇋닆헾쫕횧ힴ뿶ꆣ쫕죫뗄쿠뛔벯좨뫍횧돶뗄럖좨폐믺뷡뫏ꎬ쮰훆뗄볲뮯폫헷맜솦뛈뗄볓듳쏜쟐엤뫏ꎬ틔벰틆횧뢶훆뛈룼쟷뿍맛춸쏷ꎬ뚼쪹컒쏇폐샭평쿠탅뛭싞쮹릫릲닆헾훆뛈헽퓚죕쟷췪짆ꎬ튲횵뗃컒쏇톧쾰뷨본ꆣ닎뾼컄쿗ꎺꆶRussia s Transition to a New Federalismꆷ, World Bank, 2001ꆰ뺭볃맛달ꎺ뛭싞쮹뺭볃뫳뺢쪮ퟣꆱꎬꆶ훐맺뺭볃떼놨ꆷ2001-12-26ꆰ뛭싞쮹뺭볃ꎺ2001쓪퓚늨뚯훐믘짽ꆱꎬꆶ쫀뷧뺭볃폫헾훎ꆷ2001쓪뗚12웚ꆰ웕뺩쪱듺뛭싞쮹뺭볃ퟟ쫆돵첽ꆱꎬꆶ쫀뷧뺭볃톧ꆷ2001쓪뗚2웚153
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies릫쮾훎샭뷡릹훐뗄ꆰ쳇뿩ꆱ폫ꆰ뇞ퟓꆱ뫗맢첫색2002쓪틔살ꎬ쿠볌랢짺쇋훮죧쏀맺낲좻릫쮾떹뇕ꆢ죕놾톩펡릫쮾뚫뒰쫂랢뗈튻쾵쇐쫂볾ꎬ듙쪹죋쏇뾪쪼훘탂짳쫓릫쮾훎샭뷡릹뗄틢틥뫍훘튪탔ꆣ튪듳떨뗘뛔웳튵뫍틸탐뷸탐훘ퟩꎬ쪹죕놾뺭볃훘탂므랢짺믺ꎬ뻍컞램믘뇜뛔릫쮾훎샭뷡릹뗄맘힢ꆣ떱죋쏇쮼뾼죕놾뗄릫쮾훎샭뷡릹쪱ꎬ췹췹횻쫇잿뗷쯼폫낻룱슳-죶뿋톷탍뗄릫쮾훎샭뷡릹듦퓚닮틬ꎬ좻뛸ꎬ헢튻뾴램좴캴뇘헽좷ꆣ튪쮵닮틬ꎬ펦룃샭뷢캪뻍ꆰ죧뫎뛔웳튵뺭펪헟뷸탐풼쫸ꆱ헢튻쒿뇪짏ꎬ퓚퇐뺿랽쏦듦퓚늻춬ꆣ듓릫쮾훎샭뷡릹폐킧랢믓ퟷ폃뗄맺볒살뾴ꎬ뿉틔랢쿖퓚쯼쏇뗄릫쮾훎샭뷡릹훐ꎬ뛔뇭쿖늻병뗄뺭펪헟뷸탐룼뗼뗄ꆰ뇞ퟓꆱ뫍룸뺭펪헟틔맄뺢ꎨ벤샸ꎩ뗄ꆰ쳇뿩ꆱꎬ헢뛾헟뗄ퟷ폃놣돖ퟅ폐믺뗄욽뫢ꆣ퓚쏀맺ꎬꆰ뇞ퟓꆱ맽좥쫇웳튵쫕릺ꎨ췾킲ꎩꎬ뛸ퟮ뷼퓲쫇릫쮾췢늿뚭쫂뛓컩뗄듦퓚ꎬꆰ쳇뿩ꆱ뻍쫇폫튵벨쿠뛔펦뗄웚좨뗈놨돪쳥쾵ꆣ퓚웳튵쫕릺뗄뺭펪좨쫐뎡짐늻랢듯뗄죕놾ꎬ웹뷱캪횹ꎬꆰ뇞ퟓꆱퟷ폃뗄랢믓훷튪틀삵폚훷틸탐뗄볠뚽폫뺭펪룉풤ꆣ떱웳튵뺭펪튵벨뛱뮯뗄쪱뫲ꎬ훷틸탐뻍믡쿲웤엉잲뚭쫂ꎬ폐킧뗘쪵쪩뺭펪헟룼뮻믲헟웳튵훘ퟩꎬ폐맘헢튻뗣ꎬ뿉틔듓* ퟷ헟캪죕놾뺭볃닺튵퇐뺿쯹룟벶퇐뺿풱ꆣ154
뫃뛠룶쪵샽훐뗃떽좷죏ꆣ잿폐솦뗄ꆰ뇞ퟓꆱ늻뿉믲좱쮵웰살ꎬ죕쏀솽맺헫뛔ꆰ뇞ퟓꆱퟷ폃뗄움볛웤퇝뇤맽돌럇뎣폐좤ꆣ퓚20쫀볍80쓪듺뫳냫튶뗄쏀맺ꎬ맾런듳톧뗄죸쒪쮹뫍쪩삳뢥뷌쫚퓸잿뗷ꎬ웳튵쫕릺듲웆쇋웳튵폫룷룶돖막죋횮볤잱퓚뗄뫏춬맘쾵ꎬ훂쪹횻폐퓚캬돖돖헢튻맘쾵쳵볾닅뿉쓜랢짺뗄춶폻췻쿂붵ꎬ틽랢쏀맺웳튵뗄뺺헹솦쿂붵ꆣ쯻쏇죏캪샠쯆죕놾뗄훷틸탐뗄닎폫랽램쓜릻캬돖헢훖잱퓚뗄뫏춬ꎬ폐샻폚랢믓ꆰ뇞ퟓꆱ뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ믘맋헻룶90쓪듺ꎬ쏀맺듋잰쪵쪩뗄듳떨뗄웳튵쫕릺뫍훘ퟩ뎹뗗뗘쟥샭쇋60쓪듺ꆢ70쓪듺랢햹웰살뗄좱랦킧싊뗄듳탍솪뫏웳튵ꎬꆰ톡퓱폫벯훐ꆱ좡뗃뷸햹ꎬ폫IT룯쏼릲춬릹돉쇋쏀맺뺭볃뷡릹뇤뮯뗄믹뒡ꆣ폫듋탎돉쿊쏷뛔헕뗄쫇ꎬ평폚늻솼햮좨컊쳢ꎬ볓횮훷틸탐뗄훎샭뷡릹횰쓜쮥췋ꎬ쪧좥쇋ꆰ뇞ퟓꆱퟷ폃뗄죕놾웳튵퓚훘ퟩ랽쏦럑뺡쇋훜헛ꆣ헢튻쿖쿳쮵쏷쇋쪲쎴컊쳢쓘ꎿ죧춬80쓪듺틔잰뗄죕놾ꎬ퓚뺭볃뫍벼쫵뮷뺳쿠뛔컈뚨ꆢ늻좷뚨탔뫜킡ꆢ뺭볃퓶뎤풤웚뷏룟뗄쪱뫲ꎬ웳튵캬돖폫훷틸탐뗈쿠맘늿쏅뎤웚뛸솬탸뗄맘쾵믲탭폐뫜뛠뫃뒦ꎬ떫쫇퓚뮷뺳랢짺훘듳뇤뮯뗄쪱뫲ꎬ웳튵튪쿫톸쯙볓틔뛔펦ꎬ퓚캬돖헢튻맘쾵뗄잰쳡쿂ꎬ퓙뷸탐훘ퟩ틑뺭캪쪱틑췭ꆣ뮻퇔횮ꎬ뷱쳬뗄죕놾웳튵탨튪튻훖샠쯆떱돵쏀맺쓇퇹뗄샷몦뗄ꆰ뇞ퟓꆱꆣ뻟쳥살쮵ꎬ뻍쫇쿳퓚ꆰ뺭펪좨쫐뎡ꆱ짏쯹뾴떽뗄쓇퇹ꎬ튪붫웳튵뗄뿘훆좨평쿖퓚뗄뺭펪맜샭닣붻룸ꆰ췢늿죋풱ꆱꆣ훘튪뗄쫇늢럇볲떥뗘룼뗼맜샭닣뻍췲쫂듳벪쇋ꆣ퓚죕놾ꎬ뚭쫂듓쓚늿뷺짽뗄뇈샽뫜룟ꎬ벴쪹뺭펪헟돶쿖룼뮻ꎬ췹췹웤뫳죎뺭펪헟튲쫴폚쓚늿뷺짽짏살뗄춬튻샠탍ꎬ잡쯆퇘쾮쇋뒫춳뗄ꆰ킡죋쳇ꆱꎨ횻쫇췢탎뇤뮯뛸틑ꎩꆣ헢퇹뗄뺭펪헟뿏뚨컞램쪵쪩듳떨뗄웳튵룄룯ꆣ헢늢늻쫇틲캪쯻쏇늻쇋뷢뺭펪짏듦퓚뗄컊쳢믲헟룄룯뗄훘튪탔ꆣ웤풭틲퓚폚ꎬ풽쫇쓇킩내헕헽춳쒣쪽돉뎤캪뺭펪헟뗄죋풽폫맽좥뗄뺭펪뻶닟폐ퟅ잧쮿췲싆뗄솪쾵ꎬ쯹틔웤룄룯놾짭늻뷶뷶짦벰떽럱뚨ퟔ벺ꎨ틔벰죃ퟔ벺뷺짽뗄쿈놲쏇ꎩ뗄컊쳢ꎬ춬쪱쯻뮹믡떣탄샻틦릲춬쳥쏍쇒엺에ퟔ벺뗄탐캪쫇ꆰ놳엑ꆱꆣ퓚틢뇰죋죧뫎ꆰ움에ꆱퟔ벺뗄뺭펪헟췹췹뚼퓚룄룯쏦잰맼ퟣ늻잰ꆣ헢튲뇭쏷횻폐쓇킩뛔살쇺좥싶튻컞쯹횪ꆢ늢폫ퟨ낭룄룯뗄솦솿쎻폐죎뫎맘쾵뗄ꆰ췢늿죋풱ꆱ닅쓜쪵탐듳떨뗄훘ퟩꆣ뇈죧ꎬ뾴튻쿂죕닺릫쮾뗄릱뛷닉좡뗄155
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies튻쾵쇐듫쪩ꎬ뇣뿉튻쒿쇋좻ꆣ떱좻ꎬ릱뛷뗄뺭펪쫖램폐웤뛀떽횮뒦ꎬ좻뛸훘튪뗄쫇횻폐ꆰ췢늿죋풱ꆱ닅쓜ퟶ떽ꆰ떱좻뗄쫂쟩ꎬ뎬좻뗘ퟶꆱꆣ릫쮾췢늿뚭쫂뻍쫇뫃ꆰ뇞ퟓꆱ싰ꎿ쓇쎴ꎬ죕놾웳튵튪뷸탐뇤룯ꎬ쫇늻쫇횻쓜쟌쫗틔듽ꆰ뫚뒬ꆱꎨ췢맺웳튵뫍뺭펪헟ꎩ뗄떽살ꎿ떱좻ꎬꆰ릫쮾췢늿뚭쫂ꆱ늢늻뷶뷶뻖쿞폚살ퟔ몣췢ꆣ볓잿틽뷸릫쮾췢늿뚭쫂뗄쳵뿮틑뺭킴뷸쇋듋듎뗄짌램탞룄램낸ꎨ폫럏돽볠뚽맙풱쿠뛔펦ꎩꎬ틲뛸릫쮾췢늿뚭쫂튲쓜릻돐떣훘튪뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ잧췲늻뿉맽럖횸췻릫쮾췢늿뚭쫂쓜릻캪릫쮾훎샭뷡릹듸살뻶뚨탔뗄뇤뮯ꆣ틲캪듓뛔쏀맺뗄쪵샽럖컶살뾴ꎬ릫쮾췢늿뚭쫂햼냫쫽뗄웳튵폫웤쯻웳튵횮볤늢쎻폐쏷쿔뗄뺭펪뇭쿖닮틬ꆣ쇭췢ꎬ늻뷢뻶틽뷸릫쮾췢늿뚭쫂뗄붱샸컊쳢뛸튻캶뗘잿탐틽뷸훆뛈ꎬ랴뛸뮹폐튻훖캣쿕탔ꎬ쯼폐뿉쓜놻훮죧쿠뮥돖막뗈쿠뮥맘솪뗄웳튵폃ퟷ틔붻뮻뛀솢뚭쫂살럀횹췢늿톹솦뗄릤뻟ꆣ죧맻탎돉뛀솢뗄릫쮾췢늿뚭쫂ꆰ쫐뎡ꆱꎬ쓇쎴춨맽쿲뺭펪헟뷸?늢퓚훘붨짏좡뗃돉맻ꎬꆰ쫐뎡ꆱ탎돉뛔릫쮾췢늿뚭쫂뗄움볛믺훆ꎬ짦ퟣ룷훖룷퇹뗄웳튵늢좡뗃돉맻튲뻍돉캪뿉쓜ꆣ뛸쟒ꎬ죧맻컼쫕뛀솢뛸퇏룱뗄릫쮾췢늿뚭쫂쫜떽막뚫쏇뗄룟뛈움볛ꎬ쓇쎴ꎬ웳튵튲뻍믡믽벫뗘컼쫕헢퇹뗄릫쮾췢늿뚭쫂닎폫뺭펪ꆣ뮻퇔횮ꎬ릫쮾췢늿뚭쫂튪폐킧뗘랢믓ퟷ폃ꎬ헢훖ꆰ쫐뎡ꆱ뗄탎돉늻뿉좱짙ꎬ좻뛸헢폖늻쫇튻뎯튻쾦쓜릻뷢뻶뗄컊쳢ꆣ늻튪뫶쫓뛔ꆰ쳇뿩ꆱ뗄퓋폃퓚뾼싇ꆰ뇞ퟓꆱ뗄ퟷ폃횮폠ꎬ튲늻쓜췼볇뛔ꆰ쳇뿩ꆱ뗄폐킧퓋폃ꆣ퓚죕놾듳웳튵뇈뷏뗤탍뗄쓚늿뷺짽쳥쾵쿂ꎬ퓚뷸죫뺭펪맜샭닣횮잰ꎬ폐튻쳗뺺헹뷺짽뗄맦싉ꆣ떫쫇튻떩돉캪짧뎤틔뫳ꎬ횻튪ퟶ떽웳튵짏쿂탎돉릲쪶늢퓚뺭펪맽돌훐늻돶쿖듳듭ꎬ듋뫳뻍믡뗃떽튻뚨뗄믘놨ꎬ쯻쓜ퟷ캪릫쮾뗄뚭쫂뎤믲헟맋컊솬탸늻뛏뗘탐쪹웤펰쿬솦ꎨ쇭췢뮹폐닆뷧췅쳥뗄맙횰믲헟톫헂뗈ꎩꎬ죧듋뛸틑ꎬꆰ쳇뿩ꆱ뗄붱샸믺훆늢늻돤럖ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ퓚뺭볃ퟟ쫆짐늻쏷샊뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ튪쪹쇬떼닣룒폚돐떣럧쿕ꎬ뷸탐뎢쫔뫍쳴햽ꎬ뮻퇔횮ꎬ튪쪹쇬떼닣돤럖랢믓웤ퟷ폃ꎬ닉좡늻춬폚웤쯻웳튵뗄뺭펪햽싔ꎬ늻쫇뾿ꆰ뿛럖ꆱ쪽뗄돍랣ꎬ뛸쫇퓚웤좡뗃돉릦쪱ꎬ죃웤믱뗃뫜뛠놨돪ꎬ헢퇹뗄ꆰ쳇뿩ꆱퟷ폃늻뿉좱짙ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뛔릫쮾훎샭뷡릹쓚퓚뗄ꆰ뇞ퟓꆱ뫍ꆰ쳇뿩ꆱ펦폃죧뫎ꎬ붫ퟳ폒죕놾웳튵캴살뗄랢햹ꆣ❏156
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죕놾뛀솢탐헾램죋ퟩ횯쳙놾닽듺죕놾뗄뛀솢탐헾램죋춨퓲램쪵쪩틑뺭폐튻쓪쇋ꆣ룹뻝뛀솢탐헾램죋춨퓲램뗚2쳵뗚1쿮뗄맦뚨ꎬ뛀솢탐헾램죋쫇틔ꆰ퓚맺볒쎻폐뇘튪쟗ퟔퟷ캪훷쳥횱뷓볓펪퓋뗄ퟩ횯횮훐ꎬ뛔쓇킩벴쪹캯췐룸쏱볤뗄훷쳥튲캴뇘쓜릻뷸탐펪퓋ꎬ믲헟뇘탫죃튻룶훷쳥슢뛏닅쓜펪퓋뗄ퟩ횯ꎬ뷸탐ힿ폐돉킧뗄펪퓋맜샭ꆱ캪쒿뗄뛸돉솢뗄ퟩ횯ꎬ쯼쫇쓑틔폃맙랽믲헟쏱볤뗄탎쪽볓틔뇭듯뗄ퟩ횯ꆣ헢킩ퟩ횯듦퓚ퟅ맺볒릫컱풱탍뫍럇맺볒릫컱풱탍솽훖탎쪽ꎬ떫쫇벴쪹닉폃맺볒릫컱풱탍뗄탎쪽ꎬꆰ쏱볤ꆱ뗄램싉뛔쒳킩쫂쿮튲춬퇹쫊폃ꆣ늻뷶죧듋ꎬ룃훆뛈ꆰ틔룄뇤웹뷱캪횹쓇훖짵훁솬ꆮ뿪ퟓ뗄짏쿂뚯ퟷꆯ뚼튪잿탐맜샭뗄탐헾ퟩ횯펪퓋랽쪽ꆢ믽벫쳡룟킧싊뫍ퟩ횯쯘훊캪쒿뗄ꆱ(헾닟움맀뫍뛀솢탐헾램죋움맀캯풱믡)ꎬ틔ퟔ훷펪퓋ퟷ캪믹놾ퟚ횼ꆣ퓚뻶뚨붫맺솢듳톧룄뇤캪뛀솢탐헾램죋뗄뷱쳬ꎬ싊쿈쪵탐쇋뛀솢탐헾램죋뮯뗄풭맺솢퇐뺿쯹뗄펪퓋쟩뿶쫜떽쇋죋쏇뗄맘힢ꆣ뷱뫳ꎬ뛔헢튻탂뗄뎢쫔탨튪닉좡룷훖듫쪩ꎬ샽죧ꎬ헫뛔죧뫎쪹헢킩ퟩ횯ꆰ냚췑뛔맺볒뗄틀삵ꆱꆢ탐헾랽쏦죧뫎ퟶ떽ꆰ럅쫖ꆱ틔벰ꆰ맙랽ꆱ폫ꆰ쏱볤ꆱ뗄쮫훘맜훆뗈컊쳢튪쳡돶뷢뻶뗄랽램ꆣ놾컄틔맺솢퇐뺿쯹뗄뛀솢탐헾램죋뮯쯹듦퓚뗄룷훖컊쳢캪훘뗣ꎬ헽쪽ퟷ캪튻훖돵늽뗄뎢쫔ꎬ뛔뷩폚ꆰ맙랽ꆱ폫ꆰ쏱볤ꆱ뗄뛀솢탐헾램죋뷱뫳뗄뿎쳢ퟷ튻첽쳖ꆣꇶ웚듽뿆톧벼쫵닺짺뺭볃킧틦룹뻝IMD(International Institute for Management Development)뗄뗷닩ꎬ1991157
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies쓪훁1993쓪웚볤ꎬ죕놾뗄맺볊뺺헹쓜솦캪쫀뷧뗚튻ꎬ뛸퓚2001쓪퓲듳럹뛈뗘쿂붵훁뗚26캻ꆣ헾뢮퓚1995쓪뗄ꆰ뿆톧벼쫵믹놾램ꆱ샯쏷좷뗘쿲맺볒뗄뿆톧벼쫵퇐뺿믺릹쳡돶쇋탂뗄죎컱ꎬ튪쟳쯼쏇룄뇤ힷ쯦얷쏀뗄ퟷ럧ꎬ퓚뿆톧벼쫵쇬폲샯뒦폚쇬쿈뗘캻늢쳡룟뿆톧벼쫵뗄뺭볃킧틦ꆣ뻝듋ꎬ뻍튪뛔퇐뺿믺릹뗄퇐뺿춶쫇럱믡닺짺돉맻뷸탐뾼뫋ꆣ퓚헢퇹뗄쟩뿶횮쿂ꎬ퓚탐헾룄룯뗄춬쪱ꎬ뷸탐쇋횼퓚폐킧뗘닺짺퇐뺿돉맻뗄쾵춳짨볆ꎬ퓚2001쓪4퓂ꎬ탭뛠맺솢퇐뺿쯹쪵쿖쇋뛀솢탐헾램죋뮯ꆣꇶ뛔맺솢퇐뺿쯹뗄엺에룹뻝60쓪듺뗄뿆톧벼쫵믡틩쳡돶뗄톯놨룦ꎬ맦뚨맺솢퇐뺿쯹뗄뗘캻캪ꆰ맺솢쫔퇩퇐뺿믺릹쫇훘뗣췆탐쏱볤쓑틔쪵쪩쫔퇩퇐뺿쿮쒿뗄믺릹ꆱꎬ쏷좷뇭쪾죃쯼쏇랢믓쫔퇩퇐뺿믺릹뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ떫쫇퓚80쓪듺뗄톯놨룦훐ꎬ쳡돶쇋뾪햹ꆰ쓜릻뾪췘뿆톧벼쫵탂쇬폲뗄믹뒡뫍쿈떼탔퇐뺿ꆱ뗄랽쿲ꎬ붫헢샠퇐뺿쯹뚨캻캪ꆰ쪵쪩뻟폐룟럧쿕ꆢ룟뢺떣뫍뎤웚탔맛뗣뗈탔훊뗄퇐뺿뗄믺릹ꆱꆣ뛸퓚90쓪듺뗄톯놨룦훐ꎬ쳡돶쇋ꆰ믽벫춶짭폚맺볊릲춬퇐뺿ꆱ뗄랽쿲ꎬ웚듽헢샠믺릹랢믓ퟷ폃ꎬꆰ삩듳컒맺맺솢맙랽믺릹퓚틔믹뒡퇐뺿캪믹뒡뗄횪쪶닆닺(맺볊릫릲닆닺)랽쏦뗄쯹ퟶ뗄릱쿗ꆣꆱ좻뛸ꎬ뷼쓪살캴뇘쓜릻쮵뛔맺솢퇐뺿믺릹듦퓚ퟅ뫜룟뗄웚듽ꎬ죋쏇뛔훮죧샗춬뗄퇐뺿랺샄ꎬ늻뇤뗄풤쯣떼훂뺺헹틢쪶뗄쮥췋ꎬ맺솢퇐뺿쯹뗄듳톧뮯쯹틽웰뗄폫짧믡탨쟳췑뷚뗈컊쳢쳡돶쇋듳솿뗄엺움틢볻ꆣꇶ웚듽쓜릻뷸탐뛀솢ퟔ훷뗄펪퓋맺솢퇐뺿쯹듦퓚뗄컊쳢ꎬ뾼싇쿂살폐벸랽쏦뗄풭틲ꆣ웤튻쫇탐헾랽쏦뗄맜훆냾뛡쇋퇐뺿죋풱뗄믽벫탔ꎬ즥쪧쇋뛔퇐뺿믺릹뗄맜샭랽램뗄퓰죎룐ꎬ헢쫇튻룶뫜듳뗄컊쳢ꆣ틲듋ꎬ헽캪쇋쪹퇐뺿믺릹쪵쿖쇩믮ퟔ훷뗄맜샭랽램ꎬ닅훆뚩쇋뛀솢탐헾램죋램ꎬ틔쪹횴탐퇐뺿죎컱뗄늿쏅쓜릻췑샫탐헾믺릹ꆣ뛀솢탐헾램죋ꎬ웤훷튪펪퓋럑폃평탐헾랽쏦쳡릩늢ퟷ캪폫탐헾믺릹폐ퟅ쏜쟐맘쾵뗄퇐뺿믺릹ꎬ엤놸쇋탐헾맙풱뛔ퟩ횯뷸탐맜샭ꆣ뛔룃ퟩ횯튪쟳쓜릻쟗ퟔ쳡돶믹놾랽낸늢뷸탐ퟔ훷펪퓋ꎬ떫쫇탐헾믺릹뫍룃ퟩ횯퓚룷ퟔ뗄틢쪶뫍탐뚯랽쏦늻훘쫓ퟔ훷탔뗄뮰ꎬ쪵탐뛀솢탐헾램죋뗄훆뛈튲뻍쪧좥쇋틢틥ꆣ맀볆헢튻훆뛈쪹솽헟뗄틢쪶뫍탐뚯뛔ꆰ룼뮻헐없ꆱ횮샠쯹닺짺뗄펰쿬쫇뫜킡뗄ꎬ뛸퓚듳맦쒣뗘뷸탐ퟩ횯룄룯랽쏦158
퓲믡닺짺뫜듳뗄펰쿬ꆣ뷸탐쇋듳맦쒣룄룯뗄ퟩ횯ꎬ퓚듦퓚ퟅ뷏뛠늻좷뚨틲쯘뗄쫊펦쪱웚ꎬ죧맻몦엂쪧냜뛸틲쾮쇋잰짭믺릹뗄쾰맟맜샭랽램ꎬ쓇쎴퓚뷸죫릮만쪱웚뫳ꎬ뻍폐뿉쓜돉캪샠쯆폚탂훆뛈떼죫횮잰뗄ퟩ횯ꎻ늻뷶죧듋ꎬ퓚ퟩ횯뷡릹뇤뮯맽돌훐틲쾮틔췹뗄쾰맟ퟶ램ꎬ뮹폐뿉쓜떼훂ퟩ횯킧싊뗄쿂붵ꆣ룃ퟩ횯퓚튻룶죋뛀ퟔ탐ퟟ쪱틲캪뻵뗃폐럧쿕ꎬ쪼훕튪ꆰ뢸쒸ꆱ퓚짭뫳뷸탐뚽듙ꎬ헢퇹뻍늻쓜릻쮵쫇ퟶ떽쇋ꆰ췑샫뢸쒸쪵쿖ퟔ솢ꆱꆣ듋췢ꎬ뛔폚룃ퟩ횯쯹뷸탐뗄쳴햽뫍뎢쫔탔탐캪ꎬퟷ캪ꆰퟓ얮룕룕샫뾪짭뇟ꆱ뗄쪱웚ꎬ탐헾랽쏦펦닉좡뿭죝뗄ퟋ첬ꎬ헢튻뗣튲뫜훘튪ꆣ퓚좷솢쟠쓪쪱웚뗄쳘헷쪱ꎬꆰ췑샫뢸쒸쪵쿖ퟔ솢ꆱ뫍ꆰ죃ퟓ얮샫뾪뢸쒸짭뇟ꆱ헢솽뗣뛔좷솢룶죋뗄ퟔ솢탔뻟폐뫜듳뗄펰쿬ꆣ뛔헢쓪쟡뗄ퟩ횯살쮵ꎬ튲뿉틔쮵쫇춬퇹뗄쟩뿶냉ꆣ뛀솢탐헾램죋춨퓲램늻뷶뷶쫇룸폨퇐뺿죋풱틔듌벤ꎬ뛸쟒퓚뿆톧벼쫵퇐뺿믺릹뗄맜샭랽램랽쏦ꎬ쯼뛔퇐뺿믺릹ퟔ짭뗄랢햹튲믡닺짺뫜듳뗄펰쿬ꆣ룄룯닺짺쇋킧맻ꎬ뮹쫇쏻듦쪵췶ꎬ헢뿉쓜튪듓믹놾뺫짱뗄짮닣뫍뷢쫍살볓틔뻶뚨냉ꆣꇶ풭맺솢퇐뺿쯹듦퓚뗄틢틥맺솢퇐뺿쯹쫇펵폐맺쓚튻쇷퇐뺿죋풱뗄쿈뷸뗄퇐뺿죋풱ퟩ횯ꎬ퓚믹뒡랢짺뇤뮯횮뫳ꎬ쯼쏇듦퓚ퟅ잿쇒뗄틢쿲튪쪹퇐뺿돉맻뗃떽톧쫵뷧뗄돐죏ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ퓚뷱쳬잿쇒튪쟳닺튵뷧뫍톧쫵뷧킯쫖뫏ퟷ뗄탎쫆쿂ꎬ닺튵뷧웚듽ퟅ쓜릻뷸탐뫏ퟷ뗄퇐뺿믺릹뗄컊쫀ꆣ풭맺솢퇐뺿쯹뗄퇐뺿죋풱풼폐1췲쏻ꎬ듳톧뗄퇐뺿죋풱풼폐25췲쏻ꆣ퓚믽벫탻뒫닺튵뷧뫍듳톧뷸탐뫏ퟷ뗄맽돌훐ꎬ캪쇋쳥쿖쪵탐쇋뛀솢탐헾램죋뮯뗄풭맺솢퇐뺿쯹뗄듦퓚틢틥ꎬ튪쟳쯼쏇퓚쫊펦짧믡탨쟳랽쏦뛔ퟩ횯돉풱ꆢ맜샭죋풱뗄틢쪶뫍탐뚯쪵탐룄룯ꆣ뻝쮵퇐뺿죋풱닎헕쫇췢늿튵췅쳥뛸늻쫇쯹쫴ퟩ횯뗄뇪ힼꎬ쯻쏇틗폚뛔퇐뺿믺릹놣돖뷏뗍뗄돐억돌뛈ꆣ뿉틔쮵ꎬ쏷좷쳡쪾릲쿭뗄믹놾랽낸뫍쓜릻ퟷ캪퇐뺿죋풱ퟩ횯랢믓ퟷ폃뗄잿폐솦뗄쇬떼쓜솦ꎬ뛔폚죧뫎놣횤폐뷏뛠헢샠돉풱뗄ퟩ횯퓚랢믓ퟔ훷탔뗄춬쪱쳡룟퇐뺿돉맻ꎬ붫쫇뫜맘볼뗄ꆣꇶ퓚ꆰ맙랽ꆱ뫍ꆰ쏱볤ꆱ뗄볐러횮훐퓚헢튻쓪웚볤샯ꎬ퇐뺿쿖뎡캪뷢뻶탂훆뛈쯹닺짺뗄룷훖컊쳢뛸놼쎦ꆣ쯹돶쿖뗄컊쳢ꎬ늻뷶폐룃ퟩ횯퓚뗃떽ꆰퟔ평ꆱ뗄춬쪱죧뫎돐떣ꆰ퓰죎ꆱꎬ뛸쟒뮹폐헢퇹튻룶뷸췋솽쓑뗄컊쳢:퓚뛔웤ퟷ캪ꆰ맙랽ꆱ뫍ꆰ쏱볤ꆱ뗄믺릹럖뇰볓틔맜훆뗄159
뇈뷏ꎨ뗚튻벭ꎩComparative Studies춬쪱ꎬ죧뫎웚듽쯼랢믓ퟷ폃ꆣ샽죧ꎬ퓚풤쯣뗄컊쳢짏ꎬ삩듳ퟔ평뛈ꎬ쪹ퟷ캪떥튻쓪뛈뗄풤쯣늿럖쓜릻뷓떽쿂튻룶쓪뛈ꆣ떫쫇뛔폚듓틀삵폚맺볒뗷늦펪퓋뺭럑뇤캪춨맽쏱볤튲쓜닎볓뗄릫뾪벯살돯벯퇐뺿뷰뗄뛀솢탐헾램죋살쮵ꎬ죴맺볒ퟷ캪캯췐퇐뺿뗄돶헟ꎬ뻍쫜떽쇋떥튻쓪뛈풤쯣뗄쿞훆ꆣ춨맽쏱볤퓶볓쇋돯벯췢늿뷰뗄믺믡ꎬ뛔믡쪹풤쯣뷓떽쿂튻쓪뛈뗄ퟔ평뛈뗄훰쓪복짙ꆣ듋췢ꎬ듳솿뷓쫜살ퟔ늻쫜떥튻쓪뛈풤쯣쿞훆뗄쏱볤웳튵뗄돶뷰ꎬ헢튻뗣틢캶ퟅ퇐뺿믺릹퓶볓쇋풤쯣짏뗄ퟔ평뛈늢좡뗃쇋웳튵뗄탅죎ꎬ떫춬쪱튲닺짺쇋붥붥뗘늻쿱맺볒릫컱풱탍뗄뮰ꎬ퓲믡쫜떽ퟜ뚨풱램뗄맦뚨ꎬ듓뛸쿝죫쓑틔좷놣죋솦풴뗄ힴ뿶횮훐ꆣ듋췢ꎬ평폚늻쫇췪좫뗄맺볒믺릹ꎬ쯹틔튪쟳룃ퟩ횯닉좡춬퇹뗄듫쪩살쫊펦ꆰ쏱볤ꆱ믺릹쯹뷓쫜뗄맜훆(샽죧낲좫맜샭램뫍샍뚯램뗈)ꆣ헢샯듦퓚ퟅ쇭췢튻룶컊쳢ꎺ퓚횴탐춬튻튵컱뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ뷶뷶헫뛔ꆰ쏱볤ꆱ믺릹쪵쪩뗄탐헾맜훆ꎬ뛔맺볒믺릹살쮵ꎬ샺살ퟷ캪뛔쿳횮췢뛸늻쫊폃ꆣ폐맘헢랽쏦뗄쳖싛뷱뫳붫퓚웤쯻뎡뫏볓틔닻쫶ꆣꇶ뿆톧퇐뺿믺릹뗄뛀솢탐헾램죋ퟩ횯쳘헷컒쏇죏캪ꎬퟩ횯뗄쳘헷횻폐뗃떽짧믡뗄돐죏ꎬ쳘뇰쫇쓇킩뻟폐쿠춬탔훊믲헟ퟷ캪닎헕뇪ힼ뗄ퟩ횯뗄돐죏ꎬ닅쓜릻뗃틔좷솢ꆣퟩ횯뗄뷢쳥믡떼훂훈탲뗄뇀삣ꎬ믡냩쯦ퟩ횯쳘헷뗄삩즢뫍뗘캻늻춳튻뗈쟩뿶틽웰ퟩ횯쳘헷뗄뺺헹ꆣ쓇쎴ꎬ펦룃뗃떽쮭뗄돐죏닅쓜릻탎돉ퟩ횯쳘헷쓘?뛔풭맺솢퇐뺿쯹살쮵뻟폐훘튪틢틥뗄움에뛔쫖ꎬ쫇쓇킩틔쳡룟맺볊뺺헹쓜솦캪ퟮ훕쒿뗄뗄쏱볤뗄쇺춷웳튵ꆢ뛀솢탐헾램죋뗄췢늿움맀믺릹ꆢ죏뿉퇐뺿돉맻뗄톧쫵뷧뫍탐헾늿쏅ꆣ쯼쏇뗄돐죏ꎬ뛔튡냚폚ꆰ맙랽ꆱ뫍ꆰ쏱볤ꆱ볐러횮훐뗄ퟩ횯좷솢웤쳘헷붫닺짺뫜듳뗄펰쿬ꆣ풭맺솢퇐뺿쯹쫇럱쓜릻ퟷ캪죋쏇쯹웚듽뗄믺릹뷸탐펪퓋ꎬ뿉쓜좡뻶폚죎컱뗄좡뗃ꆢ쳡릩횰럾컱뗄뚨캻ꆢ움맀뇪ힼ뗈틲쯘ꆣ춶죫뻞뛮뗄퇐뺿뺭럑횼퓚ꆰ뿆벼솢맺ꆱ뗄죕놾ꎬ뇘탫좫솦틔뢰뗘룄뷸퇐뺿믺릹뗄맜샭랽램ꆣ헾닟쪵쪩횮뫳ꎬ뛔쪵탐쇋뛀솢탐헾램죋뮯뗄퇐뺿믺릹쯹뒦뗄뮷뺳ꎬ늻펦룃퓚ퟔ훷뗄쏻틥횮쿂럅죎ퟔ쇷ꎬ뛸쾣췻퓚뷱뫳튲쓜볌탸볓틔룄짆ꆣ❏160
