收稿日期:20100524;改回日期:20101031
基金项目:CNPC －阿尔及利亚公司“438b油田清防盐技术研究”项目(KJ20080907 － 1)
作者简介:靳海鹏(1970 －) ，男，高级工程师，1994 年毕业于江汉石油学院采油工程专业，长期从事油气田开发工作，现为中国地质大学(北京)油气田开发
专业在读博士。
文章编号:1006 － 6535(2011)02 － 0117 － 03
高含盐油田掺水工艺
靳海鹏1，2，田世澄1，周 勇3
(1. 中国地质大学，北京 100083;2. 中油海外勘探开发公司，北京 100034;
3. 北京油气调控中心，北京 100007)
摘要:针对缺水沙漠地区高气油比、高含盐油井以及螺杆泵防卡、防气特性，研制了空心螺杆泵掺水
新工艺:井下工艺包括特殊的定位短节、掺水喷嘴、加长转子、加深的油管及喇叭口技术;地面配套
了掺水流程，包括储水罐、加药泵、流量计、单流阀以及旋转接头;配套定期泵车洗井和清防盐药剂
处理地层，保证了沙漠缺水地区高含盐油井的正常生产。同时，井口分离器分离出天然气为加药泵
和螺杆泵提供了动力，节约了电力投资。该工艺保证了沙漠地区高含盐油井的高效开采。
关键词:高饱和盐油田;补水;空心螺杆泵;井下工艺;配套技术
中图分类号:TE358 文献标识码:A
1 空心螺杆泵连续补水新工艺设计
1. 1 工艺流程
井下连续补充淡水是解决高含盐油井盐结晶
析出的有效手段之一［1 － 2］，有时在淡水中加入清防
盐剂，可防止盐结晶析出［3 － 5］。主要工艺流程包括
井下管柱和地面配套流程。地面水罐中的淡水
(清防盐剂溶液)通过气动泵加压、流量计计量，经
过空心抽油杆、螺杆泵空心转子，在喷嘴处将淡水
和进入泵的原油充分混合。
1. 2 井下管柱
井下管柱主要由油管、空心抽油杆、空心螺杆
泵、定位短节及油管锚等组成。
1. 2. 1 杆柱组合
34 mm空心抽油杆 +空心防倒转短接 +空心
杆定位短节 +空心转子 +喷嘴。空心螺杆泵转子
长度 = 空心螺杆泵定子长度 +防冲距。
1. 2. 2 定位短节
常规螺杆泵的定位短节在泵的下端，下杆柱过
程中易造成下端喷嘴碰弯，对此进行了相应的改
造。定位短节主要由抽油杆上定位短节和油管下
定位短节组成，分别通过丝扣连接在抽油杆和油管
上。油管下定位短节紧接在泵的上部，其内径等于
螺杆泵的内径加上偏心距的和。抽油杆上定位短
节下端和油管下定位短节上端均加工成锥形，方便
作业时起下杆柱。下杆柱过程中，抽油杆上定位短
节和油管下定位短节坐在一起，杆柱靠自身的重力
坐在油管下定位短节上，然后上提合适的防冲距。
1. 2. 3 喷嘴
喷嘴用丝扣连接在转子的下端，提防冲距后，
紧邻泵的入口。喷嘴上钻 6 个 60°的径向孔，在正
常生产时，6 条高压水线旋转喷出，在泵口与原油
充分混合。
1. 2. 4 管柱组合
管柱组合:89 mm 油管 +油管下定位短节 +
螺杆泵定子 +油管锚 + 62 mm油管 +喇叭口。油
管锚是由 Y211 封隔器去掉胶皮的密封部分改造
制成，主要包括卡瓦和换向机构。油管锚下井时，
轨道销钉处在短轨道的上死点，卡瓦被锁球锁在中
心管上，使油管锚顺利下行。当油管锚下至预定位
置时，上提管柱到一定高度，轨道销钉滑至下死点，
同时下放管柱，轨道销钉滑入长轨道，顶套推动档
球套上移，使锁球脱离中心管，卡瓦与锥体产生相
对运动，卡瓦沿锥体上移，张开卡在套管上，完成锚
118 特 种 油 气 藏 第 18 卷
定。管柱组合解决了部分井因油管锚长期浸泡在
井液中，结盐造成解封困难，需要大修的难题。
62 mm油管下深至油层中部，油管末端接喇
叭口。该工艺减缓原油脱气对水的蒸腾作用，可有
效防止原油中盐的加速结晶析出。同时，喇叭口代
替常规筛管，解决了筛管容易被盐堵塞的难
题［6 － 9］。
1. 3 地面配套流程
地面配套流程［10］主要由水罐、燃气发动机、气
动泵、单流阀、流量计及生产分离器等组成。水罐
中的淡水经过气动泵、流量计、单流阀、旋转接头及
空心杆输送到螺杆泵入口。水罐的容积一般为 3
～ 7 d的用水量即可。流量计用来计量掺入的淡
水。单流阀防止井中的高压流体通过掺水流程返
回到地面。生产分离器分离出天然气，为气动泵提
供动力;为燃气发动机提供燃料，燃气发动机驱动
螺杆泵的地面驱动头。剩余的天然气和原油通过
集油管线输送到计量站。
1. 3. 1 配套技术措施
为了提高清防盐效果，根据油井的特性研制了
合适的清防盐药剂。掺入淡水配制成一定比例的
清防盐药剂溶液，增加了盐的溶解度，减少了用水
量;定期用罐车为单井水罐送水;配合定期泵车油
套环空淡水洗井除盐;定期将转子起出泵筒，向地
层挤注清防盐药剂溶液，解决近井地带地层盐结晶
析出快，容易堵塞地层的问题［11 － 12］。
1. 3. 2 关键技术参数的确定
(1)补水量计算。补水量计算公式为:
Qc =(Co1 /Co2 － 1)Qo +(Cw1 /Cw2 － 1)Qw (1)
式中:Qc 为单井日补水量，m
3 /d;Qw 为单井日产水
量，m3 /d;Qo 为单井日产油量，m
3 /d;Cw1为油层中
部水相中盐的溶解度，g /m3;Cw2为井口水相中盐的
溶解度，g /m3;Co1为油层中部油相中盐的溶解度，
g /m3;Co2为井口油相中盐的溶解度，g /m
3。
如果使用水有一定的矿化度，在加水量计算时
要考虑矿化度的影响;对于掺清防盐溶液的油井，井
口水相的盐溶解度是加入清防盐剂后的溶解度;气
油比大的油井，适当考虑伴生气带走的水蒸汽影响。
(2)地层挤注清防盐药剂溶液量的计算。地
层挤注清防盐药剂溶液量为:
V = π(R2 － r2)h (2)
式中:V为挤注药剂溶液体积，m3;R 为处理地层半
径，m;r为井眼半径，m;h为地层有效厚度，m;为
地层有效孔隙度。
2 实施效果和推广应用前景
以撒哈拉沙漠北部 OUED MYA盆地某油田为
例。该油田储层主要是三叠系、泥盆系和奥陶系，
地层水矿化度为 290 ～ 380 g /L。该油田的开发历
史表明，结盐是影响油井生产的主要因素。从
1975 年至 2008 年共投产 20 口井，15 口井废弃或
停产，其中盐堵 11 口，占停产井的 73. 3%，占全部
油井的 55%。统计数据表明，当油井含水达到 2%
～5%时，油井结盐严重，无法正常生产。
根据试井结果，该区块的地层结盐半径约为 5
m。随着地层压力下降，地层的结盐半径逐渐变
大，处理半径根据结盐半径的变化而变化。对于动
液面深的井，挤注的药剂溶液体积要考虑动液面到
井口的体积。
HE － A －3 井是 1 口新钻井，射孔段层位为
3 646. 2 ～ 3 836. 9 m。根据试油和数值模拟结果，
确定该井日产油为 70 m3 /d，含水为 1. 6%，液面为
380 m，气油比为 180 m3 /m3。试油管柱曾被盐垢
堵塞。盐垢取样分析表明:NaCl 含量为 89%，
BaSO4 含量为 5%，SiO2 含量为 5%，CaCO3 含量为
1%。地层水含盐浓度为 380 g /L，达到过饱和状
态，为 CaCl2 水型。常规生产工艺投产不成功。
2009 年 2 月在该井上应用空心螺杆泵补水采油配
套技术，泵深为 1 020 m，泵定子下面接 62 mm 油
管 2 600 m，直至油层中部，油管末端接喇叭口。日
产液为 63 m3 /d，日补充 2%的防盐剂水溶液 1. 5
m3 /d，配套每月泵车淡水洗井 1 次，每 3 个月向地
层挤注 20%的清防盐剂 50 m3，目前生产正常。
EH01 井 2006 年 12 月 21 日抽油机投产，日产
液为 38 m3 /d，含水为 2. 5%，气油比为 120 m3 /m3。
平均检泵周期为 64 d，主要原因是泵凡尔盐卡，气
锚结盐堵塞。2009 年 3 月应用螺杆泵补水采油工
艺，泵深为 1 227 m，泵定子下面接 62 mm 油管
3 100 m至油层中部，油管末端接喇叭口。日产液
为 34 m3 /d，日补充 1. 4%的防盐剂水溶液 2 m3 /d，
配套每月泵车淡水洗井 1 次，每 2 个月向地层挤注
20%的清防盐剂 55 m3。
第 2 期 靳海鹏等:高含盐油田掺水工艺 119
截至 2010 年 4 月底在 5 口井上应用了螺杆泵
补水生产工艺，目前均在正常生产。该工艺比常规
油套环空补水工艺平均节约淡水(清防盐剂溶液)
20%(表 1)。
表 1 应用螺杆泵补水工艺前后生产状况对比
井号
实施
日期
应用前
日产油量
/(m3 /d)
日产液量
/(m3 /d) 清防盐措施
平均免修
期 /d
应用后
日产油量
/(m3 /d)
日产液量
/(m3 /d) 清防盐措施
HE － A －3 200902 新井
投产
试油管柱堵 58. 5 63
日补 2%防盐剂溶液 1. 5m3，1
个月洗井 1 次，每 3 个月地层
挤注 20%清防盐剂 50m3
EH01 200903 37 38 10d洗井 1 次 64 31. 4 34
日补 1. 4%防盐剂溶液 2m3，月
洗井 1 次，每 2 个月地层挤注
20%清防盐剂 55m3
EH02 200903 106 114
3d加防盐剂
50kg、5d洗
井 1 次
121 117. 0 127
日补 2%防盐剂溶液 5m3，每月
洗井 1 次，每 4 个月地层挤注
20%清防盐剂 70m3
KZ1 200904 老井
复产
90. 4 96
日补 1. 5% 防盐剂溶液 3m3，
40d洗井 1 次，每 2 月地层挤注
20%清防盐剂 80m3
KG6 200903 113 132
3d加防盐剂
70kg、5d洗
井 1 次
95 115. 0 137
日补 5%防盐剂溶液 4m3，每月
洗井 1 次，每 2 个月地层挤注
20%清防盐剂 100m3
3 结 论
(1)伴生气为气动泵和燃气发动机提供了动
力，有效利用了天然气资源，节约了电力投资。
(2)单流阀和流量计安装在井口，便于根据油
井产量和原油含水及时调整掺水量。
(3)特殊的定位短节、掺水喷嘴、喇叭口、加长
转子，在泵的入口掺水，加深油管到油层中部等特
色工艺设计，有效减缓了盐的结晶析出。
(4)螺杆泵运动部件少、螺杆泵防卡以及防气
特性，适合高气油比和高含盐油田。
(5)定期向地层挤注清防盐药剂溶液，有效解
决了近井地带的盐结晶析出、堵塞地层的难题。
(6)螺杆泵补水采油工艺技术的成功应用，很
好地解决了沙漠地区高含盐油井掺水生产难题，有
很好的推广前景，同时对其他举升方式掺水生产有
可供借鉴的意义。
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编辑 王 昱
voir development． The conventional method uses a large amount of cores，takes longer time，and is not applicable to production．
Based on full analysis of the mechanism and influencing factors of water lock，a model of information fusion is built up by using three
－ layer feedforward neural network system，with 11 influencing factors of water lock including porosity as input nodes to identify，di-
agnose，evaluate and predict water lock in gas reservoirs． Meanwhile，related software has been developed． This method can fast
predict the degree of water lock in a gas reservoir，and the prediction result highly coincides with the measured result．
Key words:formation damage;water lock effect;simulation;neural network information fusion;diagnosis and prediction
Pilot test of nitrogen flooding to improve oil recovery from thick low permeability reservoirs in the Daluhu oilfield
DONG Ping － zhi
(Shengli Oilfield Company，SINOPEC，Zibo，Shandong 256303，China)
Abstract:Most of the low permeability reservoirs in the Shengli oilfield have entered the middle or late life of water flooding，the
production effect is getting worse，and it is urgent to convert development scheme． Based on fine laboratory study，a pilot test of ni-
trogen flooding has been conducted for thick low permeability reservoirs with the Fan 29 block in the Daluhu oilfield as test area．
The advantages of nitrogen are easy access，low density，good compressibility，and small corrosion，etc． It is concluded through test
program optimization，field operation and in － depth analysis that nitrogen flooding can better improve the development result of thick
low permeability reservoirs，and is worth spreading．
Key words:thick low permeability reservoir;nitrogen flooding;recovery factor;pilot test;Daluhu Oilfield
Research on reducing fracturing fluid loss in fissured formation
QU Zhan － qing，YUE Yan － ru，LUO Ming － liang，WEN Qing － zhi，LU Hui
(China University of Petroleum，Dongying，Shandong 257061，China)
Abstract:This paper investigates the mechanism of fracturing fluid loss in fissured reservoirs，analyzes relevant sensitivities，and
determines a method of fluid loss control by adding silt into prepad fluid． Parameters are optimized to reduce fluid loss，including
prepad fluid volume，silt dosage，silt concentration，silt grain size，displacement and fracturing fluid viscosity． Well ST70 was
taken as an example to optimize operation parameters and compare fluid loss and filtration velocity before and after adding silt． The
result shows evident reduction in fluid loss and filtration velocity，thus verified the effectiveness of fluid loss control by adding silt．
This research is helpful to improving the success ratio of fracturing operations in fissured reservoirs．
Key words:natural fracture;fluid loss;silt;sand fracturing;optimization
Preliminary application of conventional PCP lifting technology in thermal recovery wells
ZHANG Xiao － bo1，2，XU Jian － min2，LIU Mo － ran2，GAO Jian2，WANG Jian3
(1． China University of Petroleum，Beijing 102249，China;
2． Great Wall Drilling Company，PetroChina，Beijing 100011，China;
3． Liaohe Oilfield Company，PetroChina，Panjin，Liaoning 124010，China)
Abstract:Progressive cavity pump (PCP)as a mechanical lifting technology has advantages of saving energy，less investment，and
easy management，etc．，but is limited by temperature resistance of rubber stator and not suitable for cyclic steam stimulation wells
with high bottom hole temperature． Experimental study has been carried out for the temperature resistance property of normal temper-
ature PCP． In Well FNE38 of the Block 6 of Sudan，PCP from PCM was used straight after steam injection and had achieved initial
success． The test has proved that conventional PCPs can be applied in CSS wells by controlling temperature，especially in sand －
prone blocks to eliminate sand control measures，save sand control expenses and maximize oil well productivity． The application of
conventional PCPs in high temperature heavy oil wells has broadened the scope of its application．
Key words:conventional PCP;cyclic steam stimulation;high temperature well;application;Well FNE38
Supporting techniques of developing deep super heavy oil in the Cheng 91 block
ZHUANG Dong，QIN Yan － cai，ZHAO De － lin，LI Da － wei，CHENG Yong － hong
(Shengli Oilfield Company，SINOPEC，Dongying，Shandong 257200，China)
Abstract:This paper explores supporting techniques of producing deep super heavy oil from the Cheng 91 block which has problems
of high oil viscosity，deep burial depth，and strong reservoir sensitivity． The study indicates that openhole completion with large di-
ameter micro － mesh sand screen pipe can effectively increase flow area and reduce oil flow resistance;slurry displacing，well drif-
ting and acid cleaning can remove filter cake blocking along the whole well length to open oil flowing channel;the interaction of oil
－ soluble viscosity reducer，carbon dioxide and injected steam is crucial to the development of super heavy oil with HDCS (horizon-
tal well，dissolver，carbon dioxide，steam)technology;integral injection － production string and electric heating sucker rod can re-
duce cold damage in oil wells and improve HDCS effect，thus solved wellbore lifting problem． These techniques are economically
feasible for developing deep super heavy oil reservoirs．
Key words:super heavy oil;HDCS enhanced thermal recovery technology;integral injection － production string;electric heating
sucker rod;Cheng 91 block
Water － blending technology for high salinity oilfield
JIN Hai － peng1，2，TIAN Shi － cheng1，ZHOU Yong3
(1． China University of Geosciences，Beijing 100083，China;
2． Overseas Exploration ＆ Development Company，PetroChina，Beijing 100034，China;
3． Beijing Oil ＆ Gas Pipeline Control Center，Beijing 100007，China)
Abstract:The technology of water － blending with hollow progressive cavity pump (PCP)has been developed in accordance with
the characteristics of water － deficient desert area where gas /oil ratio and salinity are high and the PCP pump needs to be sticking －
and gas － prevention． The downhole technology includes special landing nipple，water － blending blower，lengthened rotator，deep-
ened tubing and bellmouth;the assisted surface water － blending process includes water tank，chemical feed pump，flowmeter，non
－ return valve and rotary adapter． The wells are regularly flushed with pump truck and the formation is regularly treated with salt －
removal and – prevention agent to ensure normal production of the high salinity oil wells in desert area． Meanwhile，the nature gas
separated at wellhead separator can be used to drive the chemical feed pump and PCP，thus saved power cost． This technology is a
guarantee of efficient recovery of high salinity oil wells in desert area．
Key words:high salinity oilfield;replenishing water;hollow PCP;downhole technology;supporting technique
Research on well cementing with 88. 9mm tubing in the Sulige gas field
WEI Zhou － sheng，LIU Xiao － li，WANG Wen － bin，LUO Li － xia
(Chuanqing Drilling Company，PetroChina，Xi’an，Shaanxi 710018，China)
Abstract:Well completion with 88． 9 mm tubing in 215． 9 mm wellbore in the southern Sulige gas field has problems of low dis-
placing efficiency，difficult penetration at late stage and high cementing pressure． To solve these problems，systems of quality ce-
menting prepad fluid，leak － prevention slurry and overflush fluid have been developed based on the principle of balance pressure ce-
menting;moreover，the matching techniques of small size casing cementing have been optimized including additives and cementing
tools． The application of this technology in 6 wells of the field has shown reliable performance of cementing tools，satisfactory cement
top，no leakage，no cement plug，thus meeting the need of reservoir stimulation in the future and providing technical support for e-
conomical and efficient development of the Sulige gas field．
Key words:southern Sulige gas field;88. 9mm tubing cementing;leak － prevention slurry;prepad fluid;overflush fluid;well
completion technique
Application of acoustic oscillation deplugging in horizontal wells of the Gaoshangpu shallow reservoir
LI Guo － yong，YE Sheng － jun，PEI Su － an，YANG Xiao － liang，MENG Wei － long
(Jidong Oilfield Company，PetroChina，Tangshan，Hebei 063200，China)
Abstract:Horizontal wells are predominantly applied to produce the Gaoshangpu shallow reservoir． The productivity of the wells has
been adversely affected by sand control pipe plugging caused by formation sand production． Plugging removal by conventional acidi-
zing was not satisfactory，so that the technology of acoustic oscillation deplugging has been introduced． The technical principle of a-
coustic oscillation deplugging is discussed in terms of particle removal，improving formation permeability and reducing fluid viscosi-
ty． Analysis of the types of plugging in sand control pipe string and near wellbore zones indicates that sand grain moving in the
process of oil recovery is the main cause of horizontal well plugging． The application in 7 horizontal wells in the Gaoshangpu shallow
reservoir indicate that this technology is simple in operation，low cost，effective，and can be popularized for deplugging in horizontal
wells．
Key words:acoustic oscillation;deplugging;horizontal well;Gaoshangpu shallow reservoir
Research on fracturing technique for the extra － deep igneous rock in the Huanghua depression
CHEN Tian － yong，ZHOU Cheng － fu，LV Xuan － peng，LIU De － zheng，WANG Yu － zhong
(Bohai Drilling Company，PetroChina，Tianjin 300283，China)
Abstract:The Nanpu oilfield in the Huanghua depression is featured by tight igneous rock，developed natural fractures，small initi-
ated width of artificial fractures，high fluid loss and high fracture kick － off pressure． Delayed cross － link fracturing fluid with tem-
perature resistance up to 180℃ has been developed，fracturing string has been optimized，and the technique of fluid loss reduction
by multi － slug fine ceramic prepad fluids and the technique of combination of prepad fluids with different ceramic grain sizes have
been developed． The fracturing operation has been conducted 4 times in the Nanpu 5 structure by injecting liquid nitrogen with step
displacement pump as well as using special efficiency technique for cleanup． The result shows that fluid flow back rate has been im-
proved，formation damage due to fracturing fluid has been reduced，and postfracture response has been improved．
Key words:Huanghua depression;deep igneous rock reservoir;fracturing;high temperature fracturing fluid;Nanpu oilfield
Application of CPR logging while drilling in thin reservoirs
YANG Xiao － feng
(Great Wall Drilling Company，PetroChina，Panjin，Liaoning 124010，China)
Abstract:Conventional logging while drilling (LWD)system has technical limitations． This paper compares the CPR logging while
drilling system with the conventional LWD and demonstrates the superior and unique advantages of CPR． Successful application of
the CPR system in Well Xi3 － Ping3 of the Daqing Oilfield，Well Wa60 － H127 and Du84 － Xing H3009 of the Liaohe Oilfield has
proved that the CPR logging while drilling system can timely identify formation lithology changes，and perform precise geosteering．
This technology can effectively control wellbore trajectory in thin formations，and is of great significance to substantial improvement
of reservoir encountering rate and ultimate recovery．
Key words:logging while drilling;resistivity;compensation theory;depth of investigation;transmitter － receiver spacing;thin res-
ervoir
Discussion on influencing factors of reserves value and depreciation in dynamic reserves estimation
ZHAO Qing － hui1，2，CHEN Shu － feng2，CHEN Chao2，WANG Fei － yu2，HUANG Xiang － guang2
(1． China University of Mining and Technology，Beijing 100083，China;
2． Liaohe Oilfield Company，PetroChina，Panjin，Liaoning 124010，China)
Abstract:This paper addresses the relationship between hydrocarbon asset and reserves by starting with category analysis of proved
reserves． Proved developed reserves are estimated using decline curve and water drive characteristic curve along with rational divi-
sion of evaluation units，scientific selection of decline type and rate，selection of oil prices based on the type of oils，and cost break-
down etc．，in order to scientifically and rationally estimate listed reserves and hydrocarbon asset value and to avert asset risk caused
by big fluctuation of listed reserves．
Key words:proved reserve;value evaluation;unit production method;economic factor;economic limit production
