ᇏݓ୪ըࣜ࠶ ॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇ᇏ֥ཌྷࡓࠏᇅ ᅦफ৵ ଽಸิေğЧ໓๙ݖؓۅസᅦျ൧ൌീॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇֥טҰؿགྷđᄝ၂ק่ࡱ༯đႨඣᆭࡗିܔྙӮ၂ᇕཌྷࡓࠏᇅđՖطႵֹིࢆ֮ࢌၞӮЧđॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇ᄝ၂קٓຶଽ౼֤ޓݺ֥ᆳྛིݔbࣉ၂҄ٳ༅Ⴕֹ༯ඣބીႵֹ༯ඣၛࠣႵֹ༯ඣըሌ่ࡱ҂֥౦ྙ༯ॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇ᇏ֥ཌྷࡓࠏᇅđॖၛؿགྷđᆺေડቀၛ༯่ࡱđંᄝႵߎ൞ીႵֹ༯ඣ֥౦ঃ༯ିྙӮᆃ၂ࠏᇅğæٳุࠩܵᇅ֥ᄳಃૼಒĠçඣಃބႨඣحࢸקౢ༉Ġèഈ၂ࠩܵ҆۬॥ᇅ༯၂֥ࠩܵ҆ඣჷሹਈđఃࢤ࣍čമᇀېݺ֩ႿĎႨඣحሹਈđൈཬႿႨඣླሹਈb ܱՍğॖࢌၞඣಃ Ⴈඣح ཌྷࡓࠏᇅ ൗࢸഈޓ؟ݓࡅ֥ඣ܂۳൞Ⴎᆟک॥ᇅ֥bᆟک๙ݖྛᆟ൭؍ᇂඣሧჷൈđ၂Ϯ҂ሔࣜ࠶ིੱđطҐႨఃѓሙđ২ೂ܄ᆞࠇ܄֩bᄝᆃᇕ౦ঃ༯đ୪ြႨඣ൬ٮࡎ۬ສສཬႿఃш࠽܂۳ӮЧđਆᆀ֥ҵحႮᆟکҀ์đᆃᇕቓمᄝЌਔ୪ြ֥ൈđ္֝ᇁ୪ြႨඣི֥֮ੱၛࠣؓߌ֥҂ਅ႕ཙbႮႿಪ്֞ᆃུ໙ี֥թᄝđྸ؟ݓࡅᇯࡶטᆜඣࡎđѩषႄೆ൧ӆᄎቔb ଢభđॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇Ӯູඣሧჷᇂᇶေ֥൧ӆᄎቔ൭؍čRosegrantđ1997Ďbᆃ၂ᇅ؇ቋ༵ᄝૅݓ༆҆ൌྛđᆭުФᄀটᄀ؟֥ಌඣݓࡅބֹҐႨđགྷᄝ,ᇆ০ބ༆ۢ൞ඣ൧ӆቋؿղ֥ਆ۱ֹčݽ֩đ2004Ďb1981୍đuᇆ০ඣمvڮჍඣಃࢌၞᇅ؇مੰֹ໊đ๙ݖॖࢌၞඣಃ൧ӆൌགྷඣᄝ҆ଽބ҂҆ࡗ֥ᇂބሇ၍čGazmuri Schleyer & Rosegrantđ1996Ďb൞đؓޅ၂۱ݓࡅࠇֹটඪđࡹ৫ඣಃࢌၞ൧ӆ҂൞၂ࡱಸၞ֥൙đჰၹ൞թᄝ؟ᇕᅰθބࢌၞӮЧbᇅ؇ᅰθЇওᆟᇍaمੰaྛᆟa໓߄aྏaඌބֹ֩ٚ૫֥ᅰθčBauerđ1997Ďb֒ૼ༉֥ԚҍӁಃބਬࢌၞӮЧԛགྷൈđ൧ӆٳࣼ߶э֤ႵིੱčCoaseđ1960Ďb൞đؓႿඣ൧ӆđਬࢌၞӮЧ֥ࡌഡѩ҂թᄝb൙ൌഈđࢌၞӮЧᄝޓ؟౦ঃ༯ॖၛն֞ቀၛٞθ൧ӆקࡎބॖࢌၞඣಃ֥ႄೆčHellegers & Perryđ2006ĎbࢌၞӮЧॖٳູభᇂčex antiĎބުᇂčex postĎӮЧčWilliamsonđ1975Ďb֒၂۱ᇅ؇ࡹ৫ުđ֥ࢌၞӮЧ൞ުᇂӮЧđᇶေЇওࡓٮႨބൌീٮႨ֩b 2002୍Ԛđᇏݓ൮ࢫඣഠ߶ࡹഡ൫ׄཛଢᆭ၂oᅦျ൧ࢫඣഠ߶ࡹഡཛଢpᄝޑފੀთఓbଢభđᅦျ൧ၘԚ҄ࡹ৫ਔඣಃᇅ؇ބඣಃ൧ӆđѩ౼֤ਔ၂ק֥ࢫඣིݔbཌྷܱ࣮ؿགྷđֹ࣐ܵaඌaൎބ໓߄֩ٚ૫֥ᅰθᄝᅦျ൧ѩ҂ૼཁđഠ߶ބܵ֩ٚ૫֥ᅰθಏбࢠᇗđ֝ᇁॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇֥ܺӞބൌീིݔѩ҂མčZhangđ2007Ďb۴ऌྍᇅ؇ࣜ࠶࿐ંđഠ߶ބܵٚ૫֥ᅰθॖၛ๙ݖᇅ؇νஆބᇅ؇ൌീ֤ၛक़ڛđᆺ൞ླေᇅ؇νஆބᇅ؇ൌീ֥ࢌ *Ч໓ູ࢝ტ҆ದ໓ഠ߶॓࿐oඣሧჷ൧ӆᇂଆ࣮pཛଢčщݼğ05JA790076ĎބEEPSEA / IDRC ሧᇹ࣮ཛଢčщݼğ3591-0075Ď֥҆ٳӮݔb - 53 -
ॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇ᇏ֥ཌྷࡓࠏᇅ ၞӮЧཬႿః൬ၭb๙ݖࣉ၂֥҄ൌᆣ࣮ؿགྷđཌྷࡓࠏᇅॖၛႵིࡨഒࡓٮႨބൌീٮႨ֩ࢌၞӮЧđՖطॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇֤ၛൌീĠൈđཌྷࡓࠏᇅ൞ॖၛ๙ݖᇅ؇֥ᇗྍνஆطྙӮ֥bཌྷࡓࠏᇅ൞ᆷᄝກiսܱ༢ᇏսದࠇቆჴཌྷࡓط҂ླေກದࡓ֥၂ᇕࠏᇅbFama and Jensenč1983ĎಪູđႮႿսದࠇቆჴᆭࡗ֥ཌྷਔࢳބ০ݝܱ༢đཌྷࡓିܔႵི০Ⴈ၂ུກದمࠆ֤֥ྐ༏ࠇ၂ུ֮ӮЧྐ༏đՖطିܔࢆ֮ࢌၞӮЧbKandel and Lazearč1992Ďิԛਔൌགྷཌྷࡓ֥ਆ۱భิ่ࡱğૄ၂۱ቆჴ֥ྛູ߶႕ཙఃቆჴ֥০ၭđቆჴႵཌྷࡓ֥ࠒࠞྟĠቆჴ֥ྛູିܔؓᆜ۱ุ֥০ၭӁള႕ཙbTowryč2003Ďؿགྷđཌྷࡓི֥ݔ౼थႿቆჴᆭࡗ൞ڎႵޓ఼֥ྏ၇ڸčpsychological attachmentĎࠇؒଁۋčteam identityĎbᄝᅦျ൧đඣܵ҆ބႨඣᆭࡗྙӮ၂ᇕກiսܱ༢đطૄ၂۱Ⴈඣ֥ྛູؓఃႨඣ֥০ၭၛࠣᆜ۱თ֥ඣሧჷॖӻ࿃০ႨӁള႕ཙđऎႵྙӮཌྷࡓࠏᇅ่֥ࡱbЧ໓๙ݖൌᆣ࣮đٳ༅ᅦျ൧ॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇ᇏ֥ཌྷࡓࠏᇅđѩ൫࿙ᅳࡹ৫ࠇປᆃ၂ࠏᇅ֥ࣥb 一、张掖市的水权制度 ۴ऌuᇏದ܋ބݓඣمvđඣሧჷ݂ݓࡅ෮Ⴕđᆟکսіݓࡅቔູ෮Ⴕಃದđ๙ݖྛᆟଁބႨඣحϜඣሧჷٳ۳Ⴈඣb2006୍đݓༀჽԛਔu౼ඣྸॖބඣሧჷٮᆘ൬่ܵ২vđܿק౼Ⴈඣሧჷ֥ֆ໊ႋ֒ണ౨ਵ౼౼ඣྸॖᆣđཅࠩၛഈದᆟکඣྛᆟᇶܵ҆οᅶٳࠩܵಃཋđڵᄳ౼ඣྸॖᇅ؇֥ቆᆮൌീބࡓܵđڵᄳؓႨඣಒಪ౼ඣಃđؿ٢Ⴈඣحb၇مࠆ֤౼ඣಃ֥ֆ໊ࠇᆀ۱ದđᄝ౼ඣྸॖ֥Ⴕི௹ބ౼ඣཋحଽđࣜཅࠩၛഈದᆟکඣྛᆟᇶܵ҆ሙđॖၛ၇مႵӊሇಞఃࢫჿ֥ඣሧჷbᆃ൞ᇏݓمੰֻ၂ՑૼಒႨඣح൞ॖၛሇಞ֥đູࡹ৫ඣಃࢌၞ൧ӆaປඣಃሇಞᇅ؇קਔمੰࠎԤb ᅦျ൧൞ൗࢸഈቋۄݬֹ֥ᆭ၂đ୍नࢆਈᆺႵ89j293ݸđ୍नᆕؿਈղ֞1700ݸbᅦျ൧֥ඣሧჷᇶေটჷႿ৵֥Ѣ࿒ವඣb৵ӈ୍ФѢ࿒෮ڭۂđѢ࿒ವඣ๙ݖޑފࠣః26่ފੀੀೆࠇੀࣜᅦျ൧đྙӮߙੳᇝbᅦျ൧୍ሹඣਈູၡ৫ٚđЇওၡ৫ֹٚіඣބၡ৫ֹٚ༯ඣbႮႿࠞ؊ۄݬđᅦျ൧֥୪ြປಆ၇ঠܹۃđႵܹۃᄵູੳᇝđીႵܹۃᄵູߙb֞ଢభູᆸđᅦျ൧ၘࣜࡹ৫ਔбࢠປ֥ܹۃ༢đಆ൧܋Ⴕ43ቖཬބᇏඣ९ၛࠣ35۱ดϞđඣಸਈղၡ৫ٚĠ܋Ⴕ814่ۄ౻ބᆦ౻đ4489१ܹۃࣝđႵ24۱ֆ۱૫ࠒӑݖ667܄౧č10000ଙĎ֥նܹbᆃུܹۃ༢Ⴕ၂ק֥Ⴈඣ࠹ਈഡീđିܔο࠹ਈ۳ૄ۱Ⴈඣෂඣđᆃູॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇֥ࡹ৫յ༯ਔޓݺ֥ࠎԤb ᄝᅦျ൧đႨඣحᇅ؇Ⴎটၘࣲbౢ႟ᆞඹ୍č܄ჭ1726୍Ďđᄝඣ൙؛ರၭࡕೌ֥Мࣟ༯đۅሹ୍۹ဩ൮༵ᇅקਔoनඣᇅpčഫડޠaޅਲెđ2004Ďbᆃ၂ᇅ؇ࣜݖ؟୍֥ဆэđၘࣜರປđࠎЧഈྙӮਔoᆟک॥ᇅބٳඣحđႨඣοᅶඣحႨඣp֥Ⴈඣحᇅ؇bᆃ၂ᇅ؇֥ൌീđಒЌਔޑފੀთඣሧჷ֥Ⴕ০Ⴈđఃಌׄ൞ປಆ၇ौᆟکܵᇅႨඣđᄝ၂ק౦ঃ༯ॖି֝ᇁඣི֥֮০Ⴈb২ೂđႨඣحཌྷؓࢠ؟֥Ⴈඣđఃඣ֥ш࠽൬ၭ֮đطႨඣحཌྷؓࢠഒ֥Ⴈඣđఃඣ֥ш࠽൬ၭّطۚbູਔक़ڛඣш࠽൬ၭ֥֮ႨඣႨඣ؟aඣш࠽൬ၭ֥ۚႨඣಏીႵቀܔ֥ඣট০Ⴈ֥ಌཊđᅦျ൧ᄝoࢫඣഠ߶ࡹഡཛଢpᇏࡹ৫ਔॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇bൌ࠽ഈđᆃ۱ᇅ؇ބၛభ֥Ⴈඣحᇅ؇൞ٳཌྷ֥࣍đື၂֥љࣼ൞གྷᄝ֥Ⴈඣಃ০൞ॖၛࢌၞ֥đطၛభ֥Ⴈඣح൞҂ॖၛࢌၞ֥bၹՎđᄝЧ໓ᇏॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇္ФӫቔॖࢌၞႨඣحᇅ؇b 54
ॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇ᇏ֥ཌྷࡓࠏᇅ ᄝᅦျ൧đႨඣح൞ҪҪܵބ॥ᇅ֥b൮༵đݓༀჽބۅസᆟکಒקᅦျ൧֥Ⴈඣሹحbᅦျ൧໊ႿޑފᇏႳđഈႳ൞ౝݚസđ༯Ⴓ൞ଽܞđޑފੀთ֥ඣሧჷᇂടࠣᆃ۱സčሱᇍĎ֥০ၭđླေႮݓༀჽটٳᆃ۱സčሱᇍĎ֥ඣಃb২ೂđ2003୍đݓༀჽಒקਔޑފੀთ֥ሸކᆜᇍٚσބٳඣٚσğ֒ഈႳᑆઋ༬୍টඣղ֞ၡ৫ٚൈđᆞၬ༬୍ཟ༯ྍᄹ༯྅ਈၡ৫ٚđၛسᇅ༯Ⴓളذ߄֥൝bఃՑđᅦျ൧ᆟکಒק۲ཅčĎ୍֥ႨඣሹਈđࠧႨඣحሹਈđ۲ཅčĎ֥Ⴈඣحᆭބ֩Ⴟᅦျ൧֥Ⴈඣحሹਈbቋުđ۲ཅčĎࠩᆟکࡼఃႨඣحᆷѓҪҪٳ۳ܹaᆓaըބႨඣb ᅦျ൧๙ݖႨඣحᆷѓ֥ҪҪٳࢳđᇯ҄ૼಒ۲Ⴈඣֆ໊ބႨඣ֥ಃ০ބၬༀđൌགྷԚඣಃ֥ٳbԚඣಃ֥ٳ൞ሼཟඣಃ֥ܵѓᆽbაၛສ֥ඣሧჷྛᆟٳุ༢҂đඣಃܵᄝщᇅඣሧჷᇂٚσٳඣਈ֥ࠎԤഈđ๙ݖ۲ᇕ൭؍҂؎ิۚٳඣਈ֥໗קྟđݖಀ؋௹߄ބЌᅰӱ؇҂֥ۚႨඣحᇯࡶӮູႨඣֆ໊໗ק֥ބॖყ௹֥ಃ০čޱλۑađ2004Ďb 二、数据及方法 Ч໓ҐႨ֥ඔऌЇওֻ၂൭ބֻؽ൭ሧਘbֻ၂൭ሧਘᇶေ൞๙ݖൌֹטҰࠆ֤b2004୍5ᄅđгᆀࣉྛਔ၂ՑყטҰđטҰᇏؿགྷᅦျ൧֥ܹۃႨඣൈЇওֹіඣބֹ༯ඣb҂ܹ֥ܹۃႨඣটჷႵ෮҂đႵ֥ܹၛֹіඣູᇶđ২ೂޠඣފܹđႵ֥ܹၛֹ༯ඣູᇶđ২ೂઍຆӬܹđն҆ٳܹൈႵֹіඣބֹ༯ඣbၹՎđ၂۱თࠇ၂۱Ⴈඣ֥Ⴈඣحॖି࠻Їওֹіඣحđ္Їওֹ༯ඣحđ္Ⴕॖିᆺ൞ఃᇏ֥၂ᇕb۴ऌყטҰࢲݔđഡ࠹ਔטҰٚσބטҰ໙जbᆞൔטҰൈࡗູ2004୍7ᄅđטҰֹູׄᅦျ൧֥ᇶေܹbטҰҐႨٳҪෛࠏԎဢٚمট࿊ᄴФטҰᆀbᄝᅦျ൧đնჿႵ25۱ᇶေܹބ20ຣ۱ႨඣđЧ࣮ԎဢטҰਔ5۱ܹđૄ۱ܹԎ౼10۱ըđૄ۱ըԎ౼10۱Ⴈඣđ܋Ԏ౼ਔ50۱ըሌބ500۱Ⴈඣđቋᇔࠆ֤֥ႵིဢЧඔਈ൞50۱ըሌބ483۱ႨඣbטҰၛഡ࠹ປ֥טҰ໙जູࠎԤđҐႨ૫ؓ૫֥٠ซٚൔᅚषbטҰ໙ज֥ᇶေଽಸЇওܹaըሌބႨඣࡅ๖֥ᇶေႨඣหᆘđ২ೂğܹۃႨඣটჷđ൞ֹіඣߎ൞ֹ༯ඣčࠏ֥ࣝඔਈބႨሑঃ֩ĎĠႨඣحđЇওႨඣحሹਈđֹіඣބֹ༯ඣحĠൌ࠽ႨඣਈđЇওൌ࠽Ⴈඣሹਈđֹіඣބֹ༯ඣൌ࠽ႨਈĠႨඣླđᇶေטҰ୪ಪູԉٳડቀఃቔളӉླေൈ֥ႨඣླĠ୪โ૫ࠒބܹۃ૫ࠒ֩bֻؽ൭ሧਘᇶေЇওഠ߶ބࣜ࠶ඔऌၛࠣᆟکܱႿႨඣܿ߃aඣಃ֥ܵᆟҦaܿᅣބمੰ֩ܲٚ໓ࡱb Ч໓ႋႨກiսંaࢌၞӮЧં֩ࣜ࠶࿐ંđؓ෮൬֥ࠢඔऌࣉྛ࠹ٳ༅ބбࢠٳ༅b 三、实证结果分析 טҰඔऌཁൕđᅦျ൧ൌ࠽ႨඣሹਈӑݖਔႨඣحሹਈ֥%čі1Ďđඪૼᅦျ൧֥ॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇ીႵ֤֞ޓݺ֥ઋൌbі1ඔऌߎཁൕđֹіඣބֹ༯ඣ֥౦ঃթᄝޓն֥ҵၳbؓႿֹіඣđൌ࠽ႨඣਈაႨඣح൞ٳࢤ֥࣍đطؓႿֹ༯ඣđൌ࠽ႨඣਈჹჹӑݖਔႨඣحđᆃඪૼđֹіඣحᇅ؇ᆳྛ֤ࢠݺđطֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇ᄵᆳྛ֤ޓҵbࣉ၂֥࣮҄مؿགྷđֹ༯ඣ֥حᇅ؇္ѩ҂൞ᄝޅ౦ঃ༯ીႵ֤֞ޓݺ֥ઋൌđטҰඔऌཁൕđႵ֥ըሌֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇္֤֞ਔޓݺ֥ઋൌbູહֹіඣحᇅ؇бֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇ಸၞᆳྛĤູહႵ֥ըሌֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇҂ಸၞઋൌطႵ֥ըሌᄵಸၞઋൌĤᄝٳ༅ᆃུ໙ี֥ݖӱᇏؿགྷđ႕ཙॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇ᆳྛིݔݺߊ֥ܱၹ൞ཌྷࡓࠏᇅđೂݔᆃ၂ࠏᇅթᄝđॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇ᆳྛིݔࣼ 55
ॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇ᇏ֥ཌྷࡓࠏᇅ ݺđڎᄵđᆳྛིݔࣼҵb і1 2003୍҂ܹႨඣحაൌ࠽Ⴈඣਈбࢠ ޠඣފ նડ ჳފ ઔႏ ઍຆӬ ކ࠹ ႨඣဢЧ 95 99 98 93 98 483 ሹਈč৫ٚĎ 524650 613800 539800 558060 539400 2775710 ֹіඣč৫ٚĎ 503140 398970 409170 439710 87380 1837850 Ⴈඣ б২č%Ď 96 65 ح ֹ༯ඣč৫ٚĎ 21510 214830 1306030 118870 452020 937860 б২č%Ď 4 35 ሹਈč৫ٚĎ 533795 831330 658750 642250 909836 3575961 ൌ࠽Ⴈӑحč৫ٚĎ 9145 217530 118950 84190 370436 800251 ඣਈ б২č%Ď 22 ൌ࠽Ⴈඣਈč৫ٚĎ 507165 405752 414080 443143 88516 1858656 ֹіඣ ӑحč৫ٚĎ 4025 6782 4910 3953 1136 20806 б২č%Ď ൌ࠽Ⴈඣਈč৫ٚĎ 26630 425578 244670 199107 821320 1717305 ֹ༯ඣ ӑحč৫ٚĎ 5120 210748 114040 80237 369300 779445 б২č%Ď 24 č၂Ď ֹіඣބֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇ᆳྛᇏཌྷࡓࠏᇅ֥бࢠٳ༅ ބᅦျ൧ཌྷරđൗࢸఃݓࡅބֹč২ೂႆ؇ބଉઌۢĎ္թᄝֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇бֹіඣحᇅ؇ၛᆳྛ֥གྷའb၂ུ࣮ᆀಪູđఃᇶေჰၹ൞ֹ༯ඣ֥ӁಃၛࢸקౢԣčHellegers & Perryđ2006Ďb൞đᆃᄝᅦျ൧ѩ҂൞ᇶေჰၹđၹູሱՖᅦျ൧ൌീoࢫඣഠ߶ࡹഡཛଢpၛটđၘࣜؓԚඣಃࣉྛਔౢԣ֥ࢸקđૄ۱Ⴈඣ֤֞ਔඔਈౢԣ֥Ⴈඣحđطᆃ၂حᇅ؇ൈЇওֹіඣحބֹ༯ඣحđૌ֥ౢ༉ӱ؇൞၂ဢ֥b࠻ಖֹіඣحᇅ؇ၘ֤ࣜ֞ਔޓݺ֥ܺӞބઋൌđඪૼӁಃࢸק൞ીႵ໙ี֥bгᆀಪູđቋᇶေ֥ჰၹ൞ᆳྛֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇֥ࢌၞӮЧေбᆳྛֹіඣحᇅ؇ۚb ࢌၞӮЧᇶေथקႿᇅ؇֥ྟᇉࠇหᆘbֹіඣބֹ༯ඣ֥حᇅ؇ᄝၛ༯ਆ۱ٚ૫թᄝޓն֥љđՖط֝ᇁਔఃࢌၞӮЧ֥҂bæႨඣ֥ܵ॥ᇅࠩљ҂bᄝႨඣحᇅ؇ᇏđႨඣحčЇওֹіඣحބֹ༯ඣحĎ൞ᇯࠩٳࢳބ॥ᇅ֥b൞đᄝൌ࠽Ⴈඣࠇ܂ඣܵᇏđః॥ᇅࠩљ൞҂၂ဢ֥bֹіඣ֥܂ႋ൞ၛູܹֆ໊ট॥ᇅ֥đૄ၂۱ܹᆺႵ၂۱ඣჷĠطؓႿֹ༯ඣđૄ۱ࠏࣝࣼ൞၂۱ඣჷđࠏ֥ࣝႨ၂ϮႮըࠩֆ໊ࣉྛ॥ᇅbçֹ༯ඣ০ႨऎႵཁᇷ֥ڵຓ҆ྟđطֹіඣᄵીႵbऌטҰđෙಖুཅ০Ⴈֹ༯ඣ֥ඔਈࢠഒđ୍࣍ࠫఃֹ༯ඣ໊༯ࢆಏޓॹđᆃᇶေ൞ႮႿఃֹ২ೂۅᇜބਢᄶཅֹ༯ඣႨਈᄹࡆط֝ᇁ֥b ႮႿၛഈ֥ҵљđൌീֹіඣحᇅ؇֥ࢌၞӮЧޓ֮đطൌീֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇֥ࢌၞӮЧࣼޓۚbؓႿֹіඣটඪđޅ၂۱ܹૄ୍ֹіඣሹਈ൞၂ק֥đطᆺႵ၂۱ඣჷčбೂඣ९Ďbᄝᆃᇕ౦ঃ༯đᅦျ൧ᆟکေ॥ᇅܹ֥Ⴈඣحሹਈބඣ܂ႋሹਈ൞ޓಸၞ֥bؓႿܹ༯૫۲۱ࠩљ֥Ⴈඣֆ໊টඪđ֒ᅦျ൧ᆟکӮۿֹ॥ᇅਔႨඣحሹਈބඣ܂ႋሹਈ֥ൈީđཌྷࡓࠏᇅࣼ߶ᄝ၂ࠩљଽ෮Ⴕ֥ႨඣᇏሱྙӮb၂۱Ⴈඣ֥ႨඣਈӑݖحđࣼၩሢᇀഒႵਸ਼၂۱Ⴈඣ֥ႨඣਈсಖഒႿحbޅ၂۱ႨඣೂݔႨֹіඣݖ؟đࣼ߶ޓಸၞФః56
ॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇ᇏ֥ཌྷࡓࠏᇅ ದؿགྷđѩᄥ൳ఱᄳbᄝᆃᇕ౦ঃ༯đ෮Ⴕ֥Ⴈඣ߶ၩ്֞đఃದބᆟکࣉྛษࡎߎࡎটᄹࡆሱ֥࠭ႨඣحބႨඣਈ൞٤ӈ֥ମᇀ൞҂ॖି֥b ಖطđؓႿֹ༯ඣটඪđޅ၂۱ܹૄ୍ॖ০Ⴈ֥ඣሧჷሹਈ൞҂ಒק֥đࠇᆀࠧ൞ಒק֥đႨඣॖၛݖਈषҐbؓႿᅦျ൧ᆟکটඪđ॥ᇅֹ༯ඣ֥܂۳ሹਈބࡓֹ༯ඣ֥Ⴈਈ൞ޓ֥đჰၹ൞ପུቔູඣჷ֥ࠏࣝٳ҃ᄝૄ၂۱ըሌbՎຓđؓႿޅႨඣটඪđೂݔૌ֥Ⴈඣਈӑݖحđෙಖ߶֝ᇁఃֹֹ֥༯ඣ໊༯ࢆ֩ڵຓ҆ྟđᄝఃըሌࠣఃڸֹ࣍đᄝ؋௹ଽ൞ु҂ԛૼཁэ߄֥bᄝᆃᇕ౦ঃ༯đᆃུႨඣᆭࡗࣼીႵཞֹؓіඣପဢ֥ཌྷࡓࠏᇅਔb ֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇ᇏཌྷࡓࠏᇅၛྙӮ֥ਸ਼ຓ၂۱ჰၹ൞đڵຓ҆ྟ֝ᇁֹٚЌᇶၬbଢభđඣಃܵൌീ֥൞ٳࠩܵᇅ؇đᄝഈ༯ࠩܵᇏđྙӮກiսܱ༢đഈࠩᆟک൞ກٚđ༯ࠩᆟک൞սٚđഈࠩླေࡓ༯ࠩᆳྛႨඣحᇅ؇bᅦျ൧ᆟکቔູ൧ࠩᆟکđ၂ٚ૫đླေປӮഈࠩᆟکಒק֥ᅦျ൧Ⴈඣحሹਈđਸ਼၂ٚ૫đູਔٝᆸЧֹֹ༯ඣ༯ࢆ֝ᇁളߌߊބࣜ࠶ാđླေࡓཅčĎࠩᆟک۬ᆳྛఃحᆷѓb൞đؓႿཅčĎࠩᆟکࠣఃၛ༯ࠩљ֥ᆟکࠇඣܵ҆টඪđఃඣ֥ܵଢѓᆺ൞ࣜ࠶ིၭ֥ቋն߄đطޓഒܤࠣളߌ֩໙ีbႮႿթᄝֹ༯ඣ০Ⴈ֥ڵຓ҆ྟđᆃུࠩљ֥ܵ҆҂ࣇ҂ିՖ۬ࡓֹ༯ඣႨ֥ྛູᇏࠆ֤൬ၭđཌྷّđֹ֒୪ݖ؟ֹႨֹ༯ඣđߎႵ০Ⴟֹٚࣜ࠶֥ؿᅚބ֥ܵ҆൬ၭčֹ༯ඣႨਈ؟đඣ֥ܵ҆ඣٮ൬ೆ߶ิۚĎbᄝᆃᇕ౦ঃ༯đૌીႵࠒࠞྟࡓބ॥ᇅԎ౼ֹ༯ඣđᄝࠞ؊֥౦ঃ༯đ၂ུඣܵ҆മᇀϺᇹ୪٤مյࣝbᆃၩሢᅦျ൧ᆟکၛ༯ࠩљ֥ᆟکđႵሔঔնֹ༯ඣႨਈၛࠆ֤ቋն൬ၭ֥ࠏđ֤ᅦျ൧ᆟکޓ॥ᇅః༯ࠩᆟکބႵܱ֥҆ྛູđཌྷࡓࠏᇅ္ޓྙӮb čؽĎႵֹ༯ඣըሌႨඣحᇅ؇ᆳྛᇏཌྷࡓࠏᇅ֥бࢠٳ༅ ູਔ۷ധೆٳ༅ֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇ᆳྛᇏ֥ཌྷࡓࠏᇅđгᆀؓטҰဢЧᇏႵֹ༯ඣ֥ըሌࣉྛਔࣉ၂֥҄ٳ༅b۴ऌטҰđᄝ50۱ըሌᇏđႵ23۱ըሌႵֹ༯ඣحbඔऌٳ༅ؿགྷđѩ҂൞෮ႵႵֹ༯ඣ֥ըሌӑحႨඣđطᄝႨඣބըሌᆭࡗթᄝ၂ᇕޓૼཁ֥ܱ༢ğᄝ၂۱ըሌଽ҆đೂݔըሌൌ࠽ֹ֥༯ඣႨሹਈӑݖਔఃֹ༯ඣحሹਈđପહđ෮ႵႨඣ֥Ⴈඣਈ߶ӑݖఃحĠཌྷّđೂݔըሌሹุഈીႵӑحႨඣđପહđࠫެીႵႨඣ߶ӑحႨඣčі2Ďbᆃࣼၩሢᄝֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇ᆳྛݖӱᇏđըሌ၂֥ࠩܵ٤ӈܱbೂݔըሌ၂ࠩޓݺֹᆳྛֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇đପહđࣼॖၛЌᆣըሌଽ֥҆Ⴈඣ္ିޓݺֹᆳྛᆃ၂ᇅ؇b і2 2003୍۲ܹႨඣაըሌິМֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇౦ঃؓб ႨඣҪՑ ըሌҪՑ ؓб ႵֹఃᇏđႨඣఃᇏđܹ ༯ඣӑحըሌဢႵֹ༯ဢۀੱ1ӑحႨۀੱ2 ۀੱ3 ۀੱ4ႨඣႨඣЧඔ ඣըሌЧඔ ඣըሌ ޠඣފ 95 10 10 1 10 1 1 1 1 i նડ 99 60 60 1 10 6 6 1 1 i ჳފ 98 29 29 1 10 3 3 1 1 i ઔႏ 93 30 11 10 3 1 1 57
ॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇ᇏ֥ཌྷࡓࠏᇅ č࿃і2Ď ઍຆӬ 98 98 73 10 10 7 1 ሹඔ 483 227 183 50 23 18 1 ᇿğۀੱ1ູႵֹ༯ඣح֥ႨඣӑحႨֹ༯ඣ֥ۀੱĠۀੱ2ູႵֹ༯ඣح֥ըሌӑحႨֹ༯ඣ֥ۀੱĠۀੱ3ູӑحႨֹ༯ඣ֥ըሌᇏႨඣӑحႨֹ༯ඣ֥ۀੱĠۀੱ4ູ҂ӑحႨֹ༯ඣ֥ըሌᇏႨඣӑحႨֹ༯ඣ֥ۀੱb ູਔࢳႵ֥ըሌິМֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇طႵ֥ըሌಏ҂ິМᆃ၂གྷའđгᆀؓႵֹ༯ඣըሌ֥หᆘࣉྛਔбࢠٳ༅b၂۱ըሌᄝֹ༯ඣ০Ⴈٚ૫Ⴕ۱ᇗေหᆘğæԎඣି৯đᆷᄝܹۃ࠱ࢫᆃ۱ըሌ෮Ⴕࠏࣝॖၛ৵࿃Ԏ౼ֹ༯ඣ֥ሹਈĠçֹ༯ඣحđᆷᆃ۱ըሌֹ༯ඣحሹਈĠèֹ༯ඣླđᆷᆃ۱ըሌડቀ෮Ⴕܹۃֹܹۃ෮ླေ֥ሹඣਈbըሌοᆃ۱หᆘ֥ཌྷܱ༢ॖၛٳູᇕোđᆃᇕো֥ըሌᄝֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇ൌീᇏ֥іགྷປಆ҂၂ဢčі3Ďb і3 ըሌোބֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇ൌീіགྷ ো AB CԎඣି৯ֹ༯ඣح Ԏඣି৯ֹ༯ඣح Ԏඣି৯ֹ༯ඣح หᆘ Ԏඣି৯ֹ༯ඣླ Ԏඣି৯ֹ༯ඣླ Ԏඣି৯ֹ༯ඣླ ըሌඔ 7133іགྷ ીႵႨඣິֹّ༯ඣحᇅ؇Ġ෮ႵႨඣິֹّ༯ඣحᇅ෮ႵႨඣິֹّ༯ඣحᇅ ၂ըሌ֥෮ႵႨඣٳཚཌྷ֥࣍؇Ġ၂ըሌ֥෮ႵႨඣٳ؇Ġ၂ըሌ֥෮ႵႨඣٳཚ б২ ཚཌྷ֥࣍б২ ປಆ҂֥б২ ᇿğб২൞ᆷֹ༯ඣൌ࠽Ⴈਈაح֥б২b ۴ऌі3đॖၛ֤ԛ۱ࢲંb൮༵đཌྷࡓࠏᇅ҂ࣇॖၛᄝֹіඣحᇅ؇ᇏྙӮđ္ॖၛᄝֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇ᇏྙӮbᄝAোըሌđᆃᇕࠏᇅᄎྛི֥ݔޓݺbᄝBোըሌđෙಖֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇ીႵޓݺֹФ൯đཌྷࡓࠏᇅಯಖթᄝđၹູ෮ႵႨඣοᅶཌྷ֥࣍б২ӑحႨඣđીႵႨඣିܔбఃႨඣႨ۷؟֥ඣđᆃіૼđႨඣᆭࡗթᄝཌྷࡓbູહᄝAোބBোըሌđཌྷࡓࠏᇅթᄝѩؿߨਔޓݺ֥ቔႨĤᆃ൞ၹູૄ۱Ⴈඣٳཚཌྷ֥б২đᆃၩሢᄝཌྷࡓ༯đીႵႨඣॖၛбఃႨඣႨ۷؟֥ඣbᆺႵᄝCোըሌđᆃᇕࠏᇅѩ҂թᄝbᄝᆃᇕ౦ঃ༯đၘ֤ࣜ֞ቀܔඣ֥ႨඣؓఃႨඣ֥Ⴈඣ౦ঃܱᇿࣼбࢠഒđ؟Ⴈඣ҂߶ᄥ൳ఱᄳđ၂ུႨඣьႵࠏ߶؟Ⴈඣb ఃՑđཌྷࡓࠏᇅିڎྙӮđ౼थႿԎඣି৯ބֹ༯ඣླ֥ܱ༢b֒Ԏඣି৯նႿֹ༯ඣླ֥ൈީđࣼཞCোըሌđႨඣીႵ৯ಀࡓఃႨඣႨඣbၹູࠧఃႨඣӑحႨඣđૌ္ॖၛ֤֞ቀܔ֥ඣটܹۃb֒Ԏඣି৯֩ႿࠇཬႿֹ༯ඣླൈđࣼཞAোބBোըሌđႨඣࣼႵޓ఼֥৯ಀࡓఃႨඣđၹູೂݔఃႨඣ؟Ⴈඣđૌࣼ߶Ф௧ഒႨඣb ቋުđཌྷࡓࠏᇅᆺႵᄝ၂ק่֥ࡱ༯Ҍିֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇֤֞ޓݺ֥ᆳྛbᄝAোըሌđෙಖཌྷࡓࠏᇅթᄝđѩ҂൞ཌྷࡓࠏᇅ֤Ⴈඣ൯ֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇đૌ֥ൌ࠽ႨඣਈીႵӑݖحᆺ൞ၹູૌ҂ିܔ֤֞۷؟֥ඣbטҰඔऌཁൕđᄝAোըሌđ91Ċ֥ದಪູૌླေ۷؟֥ඣđطೂݔૌିܔႵ۷ն֥Ԏඣି৯đૌࣼ߶Ԏ౼۷؟ֹ֥༯ඣbᄝBোըሌđཌྷࡓࠏᇅ္թᄝđ෮ႵႨඣ֥Ⴈඣਈбఃحေ؟đඪૼ܂ඣਈ҂ܔൈđཌྷࡓࠏᇅᆺି௧ႨඣܱᇿႨඣ֥֩໙ีđಒЌඣᄝႨඣᆭࡗିܔनᄋٳbཁಖđཌྷࡓࠏᇅ֥58
ॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇ᇏ֥ཌྷࡓࠏᇅ ᆰࢤቔႨᆺ൞ॖၛ၂۱ըሌ֥ႨඣनᄋٳႨඣđطمႨඣಀཌྷࡓႨඣح֥ᆳྛ౦ঃbᆃ൞ၹູđႨඣૌᆺܱᇿૌିڎ֤֞ቀܔ֥ܹۃႨඣđൌགྷӁਈቋն߄đؓႿֹ༯ඣӑҐࠣఃջট֥ުݔđૌѩ҂൞ᄝၩbପહđೂޅ০ႨཌྷࡓࠏᇅҌିܔఃᄝᆳྛֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇ᇏؿߨቔႨĤ๙ݖؓAোބBোըሌіགྷ֥бࢠđॖၛुԛđೂݔିܔ॥ᇅ၂۱ըሌ֥Ԏඣି৯đطఃېݺ֩Ⴟֹ༯ඣحđൈཬႿֹ༯ඣླđପહđཌྷࡓࠏᇅ҂ࣇିܔؿߨቔႨđطିܔૄ۱Ⴈඣ֥ൌ࠽Ⴈඣਈ֩Ⴟఃحb 四、结论 ෛሢᅦျ൧oࢫඣഠ߶ࡹഡཛଢp֥ൌീđԚඣಃၘࣜࢸקౢԣđଢభᆞᄝྛॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇b൞đൌᆣٳ༅ཁൕđॖࢌၞඣಃᇅ؇֥ᆳྛིݔѩ҂མđෙಖֹіඣحᇅ؇၂Ϯᆳྛིݔࢠݺđ൞đֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇ીႵޓݺֹФൌീbఃᇶေჰၹ൞ֹ༯ඣܵᇏ֥၂ུหᆘđ২ೂඣჷčࠧࠏࣝĎٳၛ॥ᇅaຓ҆҂ࣜ࠶ྟ֩đ֝ᇁᆳྛֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇֥ࢌၞӮЧࢠۚb ࣮ؿགྷđཌྷࡓࠏᇅିܔႵིࢆ֮ࡓٮႨބൌീٮႨ֩ᇶေ֥ࢌၞӮЧđ֤Ⴈඣحᇅ؇֤ၛઋൌđطཌྷࡓࠏᇅ҂ࣇॖၛᄝֹіඣحᇅ؇ᇏྙӮđ္ॖၛᄝֹ༯ඣحᇅ؇ᇏྙӮb۴ऌֹؓ༯ඣބֹіඣحᇅ؇֥ٳ༅đॖၛ֤ԛྙӮཌྷࡓࠏᇅ่֥ࡱğæٳุࠩܵᇅ֥ᄳಃૼಒĠçඣಃބႨඣحࢸקౢ༉Ġèഈ၂ࠩܵ҆۬॥ᇅ༯၂֥ࠩܵ҆ඣჷሹਈčࠇሹ౼ඣaԎඣି৯Ďđఃࢤ࣍čമᇀېݺ֩ႿĎႨඣحሹਈđൈཬႿႨඣླሹਈb ҕॉ໓ང , M. W.: Food, Agriculture and the Environment Discussion, IFPRI, Water Resources in the Twenty-first Century: Challenges and Implications for Action, 1997. Schleyer, R. and Rosegrant, M. W.: Chilean Water Policy: the Role of Water Rights, Institutions and Markets, Int. J. Water Resour. Develop, (12): 33-48, 1996. , Carl J.: Bringing Water Markets Down to Earth: The Political Economy of Water Rights in Chile, World Development, 25(5): 639-656, 1997. , R.: The Problem of Social Cost, Journal of Law and Economics, (3):1-44, 1960. , P. and Perry, .: Can Irrigation Water Use Be Guided by Market Forces? Theory and Practice, Water Resources Development, 22(1): 79–86, 2006. , O. E.: Market and Hierarchies: Managerial Objectives in a Theory of the Firm, Free Press, 1975. , Junlian: Barriers to Water Markets in Heihe River Basin in Northwest China, Agricultural Water Management, :32-40, 2007. , . and Jensen, .: Separation of Ownership and Control, Journal of Law and Economics, 26: 301-325, 1983. , E. and Lazear, .: Peer Pressure and Partnership, Journal of Political Economy, (100):801-817, 1992. , K. L.: Control in a Teamwork EnvironmentiiThe Impact of Social Ties on the Effectiveness of Mutual Monitoring Contracts, The Accounting Review, , : 1069–1095, 2003. 11.ݽaࡹaౕն႞ğuੀთඣሧჷކᇂ֥࣮ࣉᅚაؿᅚٚཟvđuඣ॓࿐ࣉᅚv2004ֻ1௹b 12.ഫડޠaޅਲెğuޑފੀთྍࣸoनඣᇅp֥бࢠvđuದߛފv2004୍ֻ2௹b 13.ޱλۑağuಆݓࢫඣഠ߶ࡹഡ൫ׄࣜဒሧਘ߸щvđᇏݓඣ০ඣԛϱഠđ2004୍b čቔᆀֆ໊ğᇏݓ୪ြն࿐ሧჷაߌ࿐ჽĎčᄳщࠠğᅦݚவĎ 59
