實驗動物使用者職業健康與安全
Occupational Health and Safety
in the Care and Use Laboratory Animals
黃彥智
國家實驗動物中心
Email: evan@
演講目的
1. 讓學員瞭解人員使用實驗動物之
職業健康與安全的風險評估
2. 職業健康與安全應注意事項及適
當的防護方法
職業健康與安全之定義
(Occupational Health and Safety)
uInstitutional employees, fellows, students and
visitors who in the course of their work with
research animals might be exposed to hazards that
could adversely affect their health and safety.
uAll individuals have direct contact with animals,
living tissues, body fluids, wastes……
從事動物實驗者可能遭遇到的工作傷害
1. Allergens
2. Biological hazards--Zoonotic diseases
3. Physical and chemical hazards
4. Protocol related hazards
職業健康與安全
(Occupational Health and Safety)
計畫設計及管理 (Program design and management)
計畫 (Programs):
1. Knowing the hazard
2. Avoiding and controlling exposures
3. Training and education
4. Rules and guidelines
5. Consistency
6. Record keeping and monitoring
7. Commitment and coordination
職業健康與安全
(Occupational Health and Safety)
管理 (Management):
1. Animal care and use
2. Research
3. Environmental health and safety
4. Occupational health
5. Administration and management
6. IACUC provide links among the five above
institutional functions.
動物房過敏原
(Allergens in the Animal Facility)
動物房過敏原
(Allergens in the Animal Facility)
主要過敏原
uRats and Mice: urine protein, rat n 1A (pre-
albumin), rat n 1B (a2-euglobulin), Mus m 1
(produced in liver and saliva and secreted in urine,
100 times in serum, male 4 times >female)
uRabbits: Ag-1, fur (glycoprotein, major) ；
Ag-2, saliva、urine (minor)
uCats: Fel d 1, produced in sebaceous glands of
the skin and coats of the hair shafts
動物房過敏原
(Allergens in the Animal Facility)
預防 (Prevention):
1. Facility design: HEPA filter, filter top, air changes and
HVAC etc., (RH: 54~77%)
2. Work practices (Workers should be made aware of the
risks and avoid exposure as much as possible)
3. Personal protective equipment (Once a person develops
allergic symptoms, surgical disposable masks are
usually not effective)
4. Evaluation of the allergic workers (medicines or avoid
exposure completely)
減少暴露於動物性過敏原的方法
u Ventilated hood, biosafety cabinet, dust/ surgical mask
u Animal rooms should deliver at least 10 air changes per hour
u Don’t wear your street clothes when working with animals.
Wear protective clothing. Reduce your skin contact with
animals by wearing gloves and long-sleeved lab coats
u Wash your hands frequently. Wash hands, face and neck
before leaving the work area
u Avoid touching your hands to your face while working with
animals and animal equipment
u Keep cages and your work area clean
人畜共通疾病的防治
(Control of zoonotic diseases in the
animal facility)
1. Engineering control (facility design)
2. Animal quarantine and stabilization
3. Work practices and procedures
4. Personal protective equipment
5. Training and education
6. Role of the facility director and IACUC
7. Institutional policies and rules
實驗動物病原分類
A: 人畜共通傳染病
B: 實驗動物致死病原
C: 非致死但可引起實驗
動物發生疾病或生理功
能改變
D: 實驗動物機緣性病原
E: 非病原但可為實驗動
物微生物條件的指標
各種動物實驗可能風險(Risks by animal species)
Rodent Wild
rodent
Wild
Mammal
Dog &
Cat
Ruminant Pig Primate
Allergy O O X O O X O
Campylo-
bacter
X O O O O X O
Crypto-
spridiossis
X O O O O O O
Enteric
Bacteria
X O O O O O O
Physical
injury
X X O O O O O
Rabies X X O O O X O
specific X Hanta X Toxopl-asmosis Q Fever JE TB
人畜共通傳染疾病—囓齒類
病原 媒介動物 人類症狀 傳染途徑
Hantavirus 大鼠 肌痛、頭痛 吸入、咬傷
LCMV 小鼠、倉鼠 似流行性感冒 接觸糞尿咬傷
Sendai virus 小鼠、大鼠、
倉鼠
呼吸道症狀 空氣
鼠咬熱 囓齒類 肌痛、頭痛 咬傷
Salmonella 囓齒類 急性胃腸炎 食物飲水
錢癬 囓齒類 皮屑、掉毛髮 接觸
肺囊虫 囓齒類、兔 咳嗽、呼吸難 空氣
Hantavirus (漢他病毒)
如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染(I)
u Hantaviruses are a genus in the family Bunyaviridae, which are
lipid- enveloped viruses with a negative-stranded RNA genome.
u They are susceptible to most disinfectants (., dilute
hypochlorite solutions, 70% alcohol, or most general-purpose
household disinfectants). Limited studies with Hantaan virus
have shown sensitivity to a pH of less than or equal to 5.
u Infectivity has been reported to persist in neutral solutions for
several hours at 37 C and for several days at lower
temperatures, as well as in dried cell-culture medium for up to 2
days
u That is why one of the most important ways to prevent
transmitting HPS is to carefully wet down dead rodents and
areas where rodents have been with disinfectant and/or bleach.
如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染(II)
uLaboratory transmission of hantaviruses from rodents to
humans via the aerosol route is well documented.
Exposures to rodent excreta, fresh necropsy material, and
animal bedding are presumed to be associated with risk.
Other potential routes of laboratory infection include
ingestion, contact of infectious materials with mucous
membranes or broken skin, and, in particular, animal
bites.
u Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) facilities and BSL-2 practices
are recommended for laboratory handling of sera from
persons potentially infected with the agents of HPS.
如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染(III)
uPotentially infected tissue samples should be handled in
BSL-2 facilities
uCell-culture virus propagation should be carried out in
BSL-3 containment facilities
uLarge-scale growth of the virus, including preparing and
handling viral concentrates, should be performed in BSL
-4 containment facilities
LCMV(淋巴球性腦膜脈絡膜炎病毒)
u Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a member of the
family Arenaviridae. It is another RNA virus.
u Wild mice, laboratory mice and Syrian hamsters serve as
important natural transmitters to several species, including
humans.
u The virus is shed in urine, saliva, and milk during chronic,
asymptomatic infections. In infected mice, vertical transmission,
the direct transmission of the virus from parent to offspring, is
considered 100% efficient.
u Two forms of natural LCM infection in mice- 1. asymptomatic,
viremia with viral shedding. -2. animals appear normal until 7-10
months of age when an immune complex glomerulonephritis
develops. Then the mice become emaciated, with rough hair coat
and hunched posture, and die.
如何在實驗室預防LCMV病毒感染
u The IFA and ELISA are the serologic tests most practical for
routine screening. Because of the possibility of viremia and
inadvertent human exposure to LCMV, an often used safety
measure is to heat the serum sample to 56C for 30 minutes
prior to testing. After this heat inactivation procedure, an
ELISA can be done safely in a routine manner.
u If LCMV infection is detected in a colony, the colony should
be destroyed immediately for public health considerations.
Cesarean rederivation is not an option because of the potential
for in utero transmission.
人員醫療評估及預防醫學
What immunizations or screening
programs should be included?
uTetanus (NLAC)
uRabies?
uHepatitis B? (Anti-HBs)
uOther immunizations?
uTB testing?
uSerum banking?
動物感染實驗使用規範
Animal biosafety level 1~4
u一般標準操作程序
– 工作人員設限並遵守生物安全性手冊
– 洗手
– 禁食
– 個人防護設備並且不要穿戴到別的區域
– 去污及高壓滅菌
– 動物房舍門需往內開且能自動關閉
– 虫害防制
動物感染實驗使用規範
u二級以上需求
– 人員接受處理病原訓練
– 進出實驗室需管制
– 受污尖銳物品需特別處理
– 操作過程需有防護櫃
– 動物房外張貼警告標誌
– 人員接種疫苗及收集血清樣品
– 任何程序或政策改變時之額外訓練
– 空氣循環不能至其他動物房
– 動物房須有去污滅菌鍋
動物感染實驗使用規範
u三級以上需求
– 所有操作程序都必須在生物安全櫃或其它防護裝置下執行
– 動物籠在清洗前須滅菌處理
– 所有廢棄物丟棄前必須高壓滅菌處理
– 背扣式實驗衣
– 鞋套或消毒池
– 動物籠具有過濾網
– 雙門走道或氣室
– 自動式洗手台或腳控制
– 動物房門自動關閉且密封
– 非再循環空調系統
動物感染實驗使用規範
u四級以上需求
– 完全隔離之建築物
– 滅菌後拋棄式動物籠
– 門上鎖須主管或授權人員管制進出
– 工作人員只能由更衣室及淋浴室進出該設施並穿著類似太空
裝之安全防護
– 所有實驗衣物須高壓滅菌處理
– 雙門滅菌鍋煙薰室或氣室
– 門窗防碎且密封
– 專用的非再循環空調系統，廢氣需經HEPA過濾及去污或燒
燬處理
物理性、化學性及研發時相關危害
(Physical, Chemical and Protocol –
related hazards)
物理性危害 (Physical
hazards):
1. Animal bites, scratches,
kicks and related
hazards
2. Sharp objects: needles,
broken glass etc.,
3. Flammable materials
4. Pressure vessels
5. Lighting
6. Electricity
7. UV radiation
8. Lasers
9. Ionizing radiation
10. Noise
11. Machinery
放射性動物試驗-依原委會規範
u動物房設計及使用(獨立、不滲透材質、鉛版…)
u動物飼養管理(SOP、器具清洗、廢棄物、動物組織
或屍體、工作人員保護)
u建立可接受之污染程度範圍(實驗室、動物房、相關
器材…)並例行監測實驗區域及器材(< 2millirem/hr)
u使用隔絕板以減少放射線物質暴露、監測工作人員
暴露劑量
u正確處置放射線廢棄物
u安全訓練及再教育
物理性、化學性及研發時相關危害
(Physical, Chemical and Protocol –
related hazards)
化學性危害 (Chemical hazards):
1. Disinfectants, Pesticides, detergents
2. Anesthetic gas and chemicals
3. Chemical for preserving tissues, formaldehyde
4. Pharmaceutics
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
物理性、化學性及研發時相關危害
(Physical, Chemical and Protocol –
related hazards)
研發時相關危害 (Protocol – related hazards):
1. Involving chemicals of unknown hazards
2. Involving chemicals: carcinogens, mutagens and
potential hazards
3. Involving infectious agents: Levels 1, 2, 3, and 4
4. Procedures and manipulation
危害物質使用申請程序
PI 送繳使用申請表給 IACUC
申請使用危害物質
於動物實驗之程序
申請使用危害物質
於動物實驗之程序
IACUC 審核通過
實驗動物中心
安全計劃書 安委會
動物飼養管理
注意事項
員工安全訓練 PI 動物實驗 實驗動物中心
實驗動物相關之環保管理
u臭氣：氨氣、體臭。隔離動物室、壓差、換氣次
數、飼養密度、更換墊料
u噪音：機器、大型動物。工作分區、隔音建材、
減少發音裝置、防撞片
u污水：糞尿、清潔消毒劑。截流設備、廢水處理
u墊料：最大量廢棄物。每日清運、堆肥、掩埋、
焚化
u動物屍體：無害性、冷凍；感染性、滅菌後冷凍。
掩埋、焚化
u微生物病原：封閉式房舍、空氣過濾、滅菌處理
結論—職業健康與人員安全之要件
u危險物品標示及危險性評估
u人員訓練
u個人衛生及個人防護
u設施及操作程序之監控(permissible exposure limits)
u牽涉危險性物品之動物實驗
u人員醫療評估及預防醫學
u動物廢棄物之處理
u危機處理(意外、天災、人為) 、緊急通知系統
參考資料
u 洪昭竹，實驗動物中心職業健康與安全，92年度實驗動物飼
養管理專題講座暨訓練課程講義，台北，2003。
u 實驗動物管理與使用指南，中華實驗動物學會，2004。
u Animal Hazard Program Risk Assessment Questionnaire.
Campus Health Service. The University of Arizona, 2002.
u Johns Hopkins Animal Care and Use Training：
Occupational Health and Safety. The Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, MD, 2001.
u Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of
Research Animals. National Research Council, National
Academic Press, Washington, DC 1997.
u Occupational Health and Safety Programs: AAALAC
National Meeting, Seattle, WA, Oct 12-16, 2003
