H O W T O R E G E N E R A T E T H E L O C A L E C O N O M Y W I T H N E W
I N D U S T R I E S W H E N T H E M I N E S C L O S E D O W N
关闭矿井后，如何通过新行业振兴当地经济
TRANSFORMATION OF HEAVY
INDUSTRIES TOWARDS MODERN
SERVICE INDUSTRY
重工业向现代服务业的转变
Changshang, China 中国，长沙
CONTENTS 目录
1. HEAVY INDUSTRIES 重工业
2. DEFINITIONS 定义
3. MINE CLOSURE 关闭矿井
4. POST MINING LAND USE 原采矿土地的利用
5. INVESTMENT PROMOTION IN MINING AREAS 促进
采矿区的投资
6. COAL INDUSTRY RESTRUCTURING: EUROPEAN
EXPERIENCE 重组煤炭行业：欧洲经验
7. CASE STUDY: ASTURIAS, SPAIN 案例研究：西班牙
阿斯图里亚斯
8. GUIDELINES指导方针
9. CONCLUSIONS结论
HEAVY INDUSTRIES重工业
HEAVY INDUSTRIES: PRIMARY SECTOR (STEEL MAKING, MINING, SHIPBUILDING,…)
重工业：主要行业（炼钢、采矿、造船……）
BLAMED FOR POLLUTION 造成污染
LARGE FACILITIES, . LARGE INDUSTRIAL GROUNDS 大型设施，例如占用大量工业用地
BIG EMPLOYERS, MANY UNSKILLED WORKERS 企业规模庞大，许多工人缺乏技术
MAIN ECONOMICAL ACTIVITY IN THE AREA 当地主要的经济活动
Düsseldorf, 1953
DEFINITIONS定义
RESTRUCTURING 重组
PROCESS OF FINANCIAL RECOVERY, REORGANISATION AND REORIENTATION OF AN
INDUSTRIAL SECTOR OR ENTERPRISE. IT AIMS TO REDUCE COST AND REDEPLOY CAPACITY
IN THE SHORT TERM TO ENABLE CORPORATE VIABILITY OVER THE MEDIUM TERM. IN SOME
CASES, THE ONLY REALISTIC OUTPUT OF RESTRUCTURING IS CLOSURE
工业部门或企业经济复苏、重组和重新定位的过程。其目的是短期内降低企业成本并重新部署资源，以提
高企业长期发展的生命力。在某些情况下，重组唯一的现实出路就是停业关闭。
REGENERATION 重建
PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE ECONOMIC RENEWAL OF AREAS, PARTICULARLY THOSE
AFFECTED BY THE LOSS OF JOBS THROUGH THE RESTRUCTURING OR CLOSURE OF FORMER
EMPLOYERS
重建地区经济的过程，特别是受企业重组或关闭影响而造成严重失业现象的地区的经济重建。
RECONVERSION 复原
ADAPTING AN AREA TO EXISTING AND FUTURE ECONOMIC FORCES, SO THAT OVER THE
LONG TERM, THE INHABITANTS AND COMMUNITIES CAN EXPECT LASTING AND EQUITABLY
DISTRIBUTED JOB OPPORTUNITIES
调整地区适应现有或未来的经济力量，使居民和社区能长期地获得持续、公平的就业机会
MINE CLOSURE 关闭矿井
• MINE CLOSURE IS THE PERMANENT
CESSATION OF MINING OPERATIONS AND ALL
SUBSEQUENT ACTIVITIES RELATED TO
DECOMMISSIONING AND SITE REHABILITATION
OR MONITORING
关闭矿井指永久性停止采矿作业以及与停运、场地复原
或监控相关的一切后续活动。
• MINE CLOSURE IS A GROWING PROBLEM
关闭矿井是一个日益严重的问题
• MINE CLOSURE DUE TO
• DEPLETION OF MINEABLE RESERVES
• ECONOMIC REASONS
• SAFETY REASON
关闭矿井的原因
可开采的资源枯竭
经济因素
安全因素
• MAIN IMPACTS OF MINE CLOSURE
•关闭矿井的主要影响
• TECHNICAL/ENVIRONMENTAL
• SOCIOECONOMICAL
•技术影响/环境影响
•社会经济影响
Hitura mine, Nivala, Finland
MINE CLOSURE关闭矿井
MINE CLOSURE关闭矿井
From “Mine Closure Handbook”, by PM Heikkinen et al., Espoo 2008
TECHNICAL/ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
技术/环境影响
• PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STABILITY OF FORMER MINE SITE AND REMAINS
原采矿地点及残留物的物理、化学及生物稳定性
• SAFETY HAZARDS
• MINE OPENINGS
• SURFACE FACILITIES
安全风险
矿井缺口
地表设施
• REHABILITATION OF MINE SITE
• MINE SITE
• SPOIL HEAPS
• TAILING PONDS
矿址复原
采矿地点
废石堆
尾矿池
• ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
• DEGRADED ENVIRONMENT
• ACID MINE DRAINAGE
• SUBSIDENCE
• SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION
环境问题
环境恶化
排泄酸性矿水
地表塌陷
自燃 Sandaoling mine, PRC
SOCIOECONOMICAL ASPECTS
社会经济影响
• MINING COMPANIES USUALLY ARE THE MAIN EMPLOYERS IN THE AREA
煤矿企业通常是当地主要企业
• MINING GENERATES MANY INDIRECT JOBS
采矿业提供很多间接的就业机会
• COMPARATIVELY HIGH SALARIES PROVIDE FOR HIGH LIVING STANDARD
提供相对较高的薪水，有利于提高生活水平
• LARGE LAND SURFACES THAT BECOME IDLE
大面积地表土地闲置
• SUDDEN DECREASE OF ECONONIC ACTIVITY MEANS WORSENING OF LIVING
CONDITIONS
经济活动的突然减少意味着生活条件的恶化
• POSSIBLE RUPTURE OF THE COMMUNITY LINK
企业联系可能中断
•LACK OF JOBS COULD LEAD TO EMIGRATION
缺乏就业机会可能导致移民
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的利用
WHEN A MINE CLOSES DOWN, DIFFERENT TYPES OF REMAINS ARE LEFT BEHIND: 煤矿关闭后，残留物有所不同：
• QUARRIES AND OPENCAST MINING: EXCAVATIONS AND LAND MOVEMENTS
• MOUNTAIN MINING: SPOIL TIPS, TRANSPORT FACILITIES AND ADITS
• UNDERGROUND MINING: BUILDINGS AND INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
•采石场和露天开采：挖掘和地面活动
•山区采矿：弃渣堆积，交通设施和平硐
•地下采矿：建筑物和工业设施
AFTER CESSATION OF MINING ACTIVITIES:
• LARGE LAND SURFACES BECOME AVAILABLE
• INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE BECOMES AVAILABLE
采矿活动停止后：
可利用的大面积地表土地
可利用的工业设施
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的利用
SCENARIOS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING LAND采矿土地开发场景
ORIGINAL USE
原始用途
MINE CLOSURE
矿井关闭
REHABILITATION复原 NEW USE新用途
MINING
采矿
Economical
经济的
Active主动 Passive被动
Ecological
生态的
TEMPORARY USE
临时使用
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的利用
MAIN GOAL IN MINING LAND USE AFTER MINE CLOSURE MUST BE THE DESIGN OF A STRATEGY IN ORDER TO
REUSE MINING LAND IN ORDER TO CREATE:
• NEW ECONOMICAL ACTIVITIES (NEW INDUSTRIES, AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE,…)
• ENVIRONMENTALLY RESTORED AREAS
• USE OF MINING HERITAGE (MUSEUMS, THEME PARKS,…)
矿井关闭后，重新利用原采矿土地的主要目标是设计一个策略使采矿土地重新创造：
新的经济活动（新的工业、农业、商业……）
环境复原地区
采矿遗留物的利用（博物馆、主题公园……）
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的利用
MINING HERITAGE 采矿业遗产
• MINING IS ONE OF THE OLDEST ACTIVITIES IN THE HISTORY OF MANKIND
采矿是人类历史上最古老的活动之一
• ALMOST EVERY STEP OF TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION HAS HAD AN EFFECT ON MINING
几乎每一次技术发展都对采矿业有所影响
• MINING COVERS A WIDE GROUP OF TECHNICAL SUBJECTS, BEING AT THE SAME TIME ATTRACTIVE TO THE
LAYMAN
采矿业涉及大量技术，吸引外来者
• SEVERAL AREAS IN THE WORLD SHOW A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF MINING HERITAGE ELEMENTS
• THE MIDLANDS, WALES AND CORNWALL, GREAT BRITAIN
• RUHR VALLEY, SOUTH BAVARIA AND LAUSATIA, GERMANY
• NORD-PAS DE CALAIS, ALSACE AND LORRAINE, FRANCE
• ASTURIAS, SPAIN
• SILESIA, POLAND
• THE APPALACHIANS, USA
• ZACATECAS, MEXICO
世界许多地区都存在大量的矿业遗留物
英国的中部地区、威尔士和康沃尔
德国鲁尔山谷、巴伐利亚南部和LAUSATIA
西班牙阿斯图里亚斯
波兰西里西亚
美国阿巴拉契亚山脉
墨西哥萨卡特卡斯
• MINING MUSEUMS AND GUIDE ROUTES THROUGH MINING HERITAGE HAVE BECOME A NEW INCOME
SOURCE FOR FORMER MINING AREAS
建立采矿博物馆、开辟穿越采矿遗留物的旅游路线已经成为原采矿地区新的收入来源
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的利用
MINING HERITAGE 采矿业遗产
National Coal Mining Museum for England
65 MINING MUSEUMS IN GREAT BRITAIN
英国有65家采矿博物馆
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的利用
MINING HERITAGE 采矿业遗产
120 MINING MUSEUMS IN GERMANY
德国有120家采矿博物馆
Deutsches Bergbaumuseum Bochum
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的利用
MINING HERITAGE 采矿业遗产
20 MINING MUSEUMS IN FRANCE
法国有20家采矿博物馆
Centre Historique Minier Lewarde
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的利用
MINING HERITAGE 采矿业遗产
15 MINING MUSEUMS IN SPAIN
西班牙有15家采矿博物馆
Museo de la Minería y de la Industria, Asturias
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的利用
REHABILITATED AREAS 复原地区
• QUARRIES AND OPENCAST MINES MUST BE RESTORED AND INTEGRATED INTO THEIR
SURROUNDINGS, MINIMIZING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
•采石场和露天矿必须重建，使其融入周边环境，尽量减少对环境的影响
• SPOIL HEAPS CAN ALSO BE PROCESSED AND/OR RESTORED
•废石堆也可以得到处理和/或重建
• THE FINAL RESTORATION PROJECT MUST TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE INTENDED LAND USE
最终的修复计划必须考虑到土地的使用意图
• MAIN USES FOR RESTORED AREAS:
• FOREST
• WETLANDS
• CROPLAND/FARMING
• RECREATION
•复原地区的主要用途：
•森林
•湿地
•农田耕地/畜牧地
•休闲娱乐
• FINAL GOAL: REUSE THE LAND
•最终目标：土地的重新利用
Former lignite opencast mines, Lausatia, Germany
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的利用
REHABILITATED AREAS 复原地区
AESTHETIC AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE RESTORATION OF SPOIL HEAPS OF
HAZARDOUS WASTE 从审美和保护环境双重角度，安全处理含有危险废物的废石堆
ALMADEN MERCURY MINE, SPAIN 西班牙阿拉马登銾矿
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的使用
REHABILITATED AREAS 复原地区
REPROCESSING OF COAL SPOIL HEAP
• INCOME SOURCE BY SELLING THE COAL CONTAINED IN IT
• AVAILABILITY OF REUSABLE GROUND
• DISPARITION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
煤矿废渣回收利用
销售矿渣中的煤以获得收入
获得可重复使用的土地
消除对环境的负面作用
Reicastro coal spoil heap, Asturias, Spain
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的利用
REHABILITATED AREAS 复原地区
USE OF RESTORED MINE SITES IN AGRICULTURE 重建采矿土地，用于发展农业
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的使用
REHABILITATED AREAS 复原地区
GENERATION OF INDUSTRIAL GROUND FROM RESTORED MINING LAND
复原采矿土地，变成工业用地
Rioglass factory, Sovilla, Asturias, Spain
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的利用
REHABILITATED AREAS 复原地区
GENERATION OF INDUSTRIAL GROUND FROM RESTORED MINING LAND 复原采矿土地，变成工业
用地
Maria Luisa colliery, Asturias, Spain
POSTMINING LAND USE 原采矿土地的利用
REHABILITATED AREAS 复原地区
RECREATIONAL USE 用于休闲娱乐
OPEN AIR ANIMAL PARK IN A FORMER OPENCAST MINE
在原露天煤矿内建立露天动物公园
CABARCENO, SPAIN 西班牙桑坦德
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的利用
REHABILITATED AREAS 复原地区
ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION FOR RECREATIONAL USE 重建环境，用于休闲娱乐
SAND AND GRAVEL OPERATION, VIRGINIA, USA 美国弗吉尼亚州，治理沙砾
POSTMINING LAND USE原采矿土地的利用
REHABILITATED AREAS 复原地区
NEWLY PLANTED TREES AS A PART OF A REFORESTATION PLAN IN AN OPENCAST MINE
种植树木是对该露天采矿场进行复原的一部分
INVESTMENT PROMOTION 促进投资
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 总则
• INVESTMENT PROMOTION:
ALL THE TASKS PERFORMED IN ORDER TO ATTRACT NEW INVESTMENTS TO A
CERTAIN GEOGRAPHICAL AREA IN ORDER TO GENERATE NEW JOBS AND
RICHNESS AND TO FOSTER ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
促进投资：
在一定地理区域内，所有为吸引投资采取的举措都是为了创造新的就业机会和财富以及促进经济活动。
• IN TODAY’S GLOBALIZED WORLD, ALMOST EVERY REGION HAS SET UP AN
INVESTMENT PROMOTION BUREAU
•在当前全球化的趋势下，几乎所有地区都成立了招商引资局。
• GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION (NORMALLY AT REGIONAL/LOCAL LEVEL) IS
REQUIRED
•需要政府干预（通常是地区/当地政府的干预）
• EXCESS OFFERS LEADS TO FIERCE COMPETITION, THUS MAKING IT NECESSARY
TO DEVELOP IMAGINATIVE AND ATTRACTIVE ADVANTAGE PACKAGES
•供过于求导致了激烈的竞争，因此有必要开发有创造性和吸引力的产品组合。
• A SUCCESSFUL INDUSTRIAL PROMOTION POLICY GUARANTEES THE FUTURE OF
A COMMUNITY
•成功的招商引资政策可以保证社区未来的发展
• INVESTMENT PROMOTION IS THE KEY TO FUTURE PROSPERITY
促进投资是未来经济繁荣的关键
INVESTMENT PROMOTION促进投资
MAIN ADVANTAGES OF MINING AREAS AFTER MINE CLOSURE
INDUSTRIAL GROUND AVAILABLE
RICH INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE
NEED FOR NEW EMPLOYERS
AVAILABILITY OF WORKERS
INDUSTRIAL CULTURE AND TRADITION
矿井关闭后，原采矿区的主要优势
获得工业用地
丰富的行业遗产
对新企业的需求
获得劳动力
工业文化和传统
Hambach opencast mine, Germany
INVESTMENT PROMOTION促进投资
• INSTRUMENTS:
MUST BE CARRIED OUT BY A SPECIFIC ORGANISM CREATED TO FULFIL THIS TASK
IN MOST CASES IT IS A VENTURE CAPITAL SOCIETY
文书：
必须成立一个专门的组织来完成这项任务。大多数情况，这是一个风险投资团体。
• GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE: NOT TOO BIG, NOT TOO SMALL, AT LEAST SUPRACOMUNAL
•地理范围：不能太大，不能太小，至少是一个大社区
• WHO MUST BE REPRESENTED IN THIS BODY?
EVERY CASE IS SPECIAL, BUT AT LEAST SOME OF THE FOLLOWING SOCIAL AGENTS:
REGIONAL GOVERNMENT
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
UNIONS
BUSINESSMEN’S ASSOCIATIONS
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
MINING COMPANIES
这个机构必须包括哪些主体？
每个案例都不完全相同，但至少应具备下列社会因素：
地区政府
当地政府
工会
商人协会
金融机构
采矿公司
• WHO SHOULD PROVIDE THE FUNDS?
NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
MINING COMPANIES
PRIVATE INVESTORS
由谁提供基金？
国家/地区/当地政府
采矿公司
个体投资者
COAL INDUSTRY RESTRUCTURING煤炭业重组
EUROPEAN EXPERIENCES欧洲经验
• COAL INDUSTRY
RESTRUCTURING HAS BEEN AN
ONGOING PROCESS FOR THE LAST
50 YEARS IN DIFFERENT
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
•过去的50年中，欧洲的很多国家都在对
煤炭业进行重组
• EACH COUNTRY HAS HAD A
DIFFERENT APPROACH TO THIS
PROBLEM
•每个国家采取的方式有所不同
COAL INDUSTRY RESTRUCTURING
煤炭行业重组
EUROPEAN EXPERIENCES欧洲的经验
BELGIUM比利时
• INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PLAN
THAT INCORPORATED BOTH MINE
CLOSURES AND THE CREATION OF
ALTERNATIVE EMPLOYMENT
•将关闭矿井和创造新的就业机会相结合，纳入综合管
理计划之中
• TRAINING PROGRAMS TAILORED
TO INDIVIDUAL NEEDS
•根据个体需要调整培训方案
• PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON
INMIGRANT COMMUNITIES IN THE
COAL MINING AREAS
•特别需要注意采矿地区的移民区
FRANCE法国
• STRONGLY STRUCTURED APPROACH
•强有力的管理方式
• THE STATE OWNED COAL PRODUCING
COMPANY HAD A RESPONSIBILITY TO
FIND ALTERNATIVE JOBS FOR ITS
EMPLOYEES
•国有煤炭生产企业有责任为其员工找到新的
工作
COAL INDUSTRY RESTRUCTURING煤炭业重组
EUROPEAN EXPERIENCES欧洲经验
GERMANY德国
• DIFFERENT SITUATIONS IN EAST
AND WEST GERMANY
•东德和西德情况不同
• EAST GERMANY: RAPID
CONTRACTION OF EMPLOYMENT IN
LIGNITE MINES
•东德：褐煤业的就业率急速萎缩
• WEST GERMANY: LONG TERM
PLANNED DECLINE IN HARD COAL
MINING EMPLOYMENT
•西德：无烟煤开采业的就业长期按计划减
少
• “SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE”
APPROACH TO MINE CLOSURES AND
THE IMPACT ON MINING
COMMUNITIES
•以“社会上可接受的”方式关闭煤矿并减
小对采矿区的影响
THE NETHERLANDS荷兰
• TOTAL COAL MINING CLOSURE IN
THE EARLY 1970s
•早在20世纪70年代就关闭了所有的煤矿
• IT IS POSSIBLE TO STUDY THE
LONG TERM SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF COAL
INDUSTRY RESTRUCTURING
•无法研究煤炭业重组对社会和经济的长
期影响
COAL INDUSTRY RESTRUCTURING煤炭业重组
EUROPEAN EXPERIENCES欧洲经验
SPAIN西班牙
• CONSIDERATION OF SOCIAL
CONSEQUENCES ON
GEOGRAPHICALLY ISOLATED
COMMUNITIES
•考虑地理上隔离的社区的社会影响
• HIGH COST SUPPORT MEASURES
高成本的支持措施
• NO RADICAL RESTRUCTURING OF
HARD COAL MINING INDUSTRY HAS
TAKEN PLACE
•没有发生对无烟煤开采业的激进重组
UNITED KINGDOM英国
• MASSIVE SHORT-TERM
RESTRUCTURING
•大量的短期重组
• SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN MINING
COMMUNITIES WITHIN WHICH
ALTERNATIVE EMPLOYMENT WAS
LIMITED
•采矿区内其他工作机会有限，因此出现
严重的社会和经济问题
CASE STUDY: ASTURIAS, SPAIN 案例研究：西班牙阿斯图里亚斯
AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY OF THE PRINCIPALITY OF ASTURIAS
阿斯图里亚斯公国的自治社区
• LOCATED IN NORTHERN SPAIN位于西班牙北部
• SURFACE: SQUARE KILOMETRES面积：平方公里
• POPULATION: INHABITANTS人口： 居民
• TRADITIONAL MAIN ACTIVITIES: COAL MINING AND STEEL MAKING (PUBLIC
COMPANIES) 传统的主要经济活动：开采煤矿和炼钢（上市公司）
CASE STUDY: ASTURIAS, SPAIN 案例研究：西班牙阿斯图里亚斯
COAL MINING AREA
(CENTRAL ASTURIAN MINING BASIN)
煤矿开采区域（阿斯图里亚斯中部煤矿区）
• VALLEYS OF THE RIVERS NALON AND
CAUDAL NALON和CAUDAL河的山谷
• 11 MUNICIPALITIES
•11个自治市
• 25% OF ASTURIAS POPULATION
•占阿斯图里亚斯人口的25%
• MAIN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: COAL MINING
•主要经济活动：煤矿开采
• COMPANY: HUNOSA (STATE OWNED)
•公司：HUNOSA（国有）
Siero
Langreo
SMRA
LavianaMieres
Aller
Morcin
Riosa
CASE STUDY: ASTURIAS, SPAIN 案例研究：西班牙阿斯图里亚斯
NUMBER OF WORKERS
PEAK (1969):
TODAY (2008):
NUMBER OF COLLIERIES
1967: 29 2008: 8
工人数量
顶峰时期（1969年）：26，590
目前（2008）：3，500
煤矿数量
1967: 29 2008: 8
CASE STUDY: ASTURIAS, SPAIN 案例研究：西班牙阿斯图里亚斯
TO CREATE AN INDUSTRIAL
NETWORK ALTERNATIVE TO
MINING
TO GENERATE JOBS AND
RICHNESS IN THE COAL
MINING BASIN
TO REINFORCE THE
ECONOMIC STRUCTURE IN
THE COAL MINING BASIN
TO COMPENSATE FOR THE
LOSS OF MINING
EMPLOYMENT
TO REUSE HUNOSA’S IDLE
GROUND
GOALS OF THE ASTURIAN
REGENERATION PROCESS
CASE STUDY: ASTURIAS, SPAIN 案例研究：西班牙阿斯图里亚斯
EDUCATION
AND TRAINING
INVESTMENT PROMOTION
INFRASTRUCTURE
S
MAIN FIELDS OF ACTIVITY
PLAN FOR COAL MINING AND THE ALTERNATIVE
DEVELOPMENT OF COAL MINING AREAS
CASE STUDY: ASTURIAS, SPAIN 案例研究：西班牙阿斯图里亚斯
SOCIEDAD REGIONAL DE PROMOC ION
• 100% REGIONAL GOVERNMENT
SOCIEDAD PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LAS
COMARCAS MINERAS
• 50% REGIONAL GOVERNMENT
• 50% HUNOSA
SADIM INVERSIONES
• 100% HUNOSA
VENTURE CAPITAL
SOCIETIES
CASE STUDY: ASTURIAS, SPAIN
TOTAL
INVESTMENT SUBSIDIES JOBS CREATED
TOTAL
INVESTMENT SUBSIDIES JOBS CREATED TOTAL
INFRASTRUCTU
RE 1160,69 287,32 1448,01
INVESTMENT
PROMOTION 1179,09 214,22 4973 40,72 9,34 119 1219,81
EDUCATION
& TRAINING 115,75 39 144,75
TOTAL 2455,53 214,22 4973 367,04 9,34 119
RESULTS ACHIEVED
1998-2005 2006 - 2012
Data in million €
GUIDELINES指导方针
OVERALL RESTRUCTURING STRATEGY整体重组战略
• LONG-TERM PLANNING OF RESTRUCTURING ALLOWS FOR EARLY ACTION MEASURES
•重组的长远规划要考虑到早期行动举措
• NEED FOR A HIGH LEVEL OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ALL PARTIES INVOLVED
•需要涉及方的高度沟通和交流
• ESTABLISHMENT OF A GUIDING MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
•建立一个指导性的管理机构
• REGENERATION STRATEGIES MUST ADDRESS THE NEEDS OF DIRECTLY AFFECTED
WORKFORCE AND OF THE COMING GENERATION
•重建战略必须解决受到直接影响的劳动力以及未来劳动力的需求
• EARLY RETIREMENT SCHEMES HAVE BEEN WIDELY USED
MAIN PROBLEMS: LONG-TERM LIABILITY TO SUPPORT RETIRED PEOPLE
LOSS OF SKILLS
提前退休计划已得到了广泛的应用
主要问题：为保障退休人员的生活，企业长期负债
缺乏技术熟练工人
• EDUCATION AND TRAINING ARE VITAL COMPONENTS OF THE REGENERATION PROCESS
•教育和培训是重建进程中必不可少的重要组成部分
• SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED ENTERPRISES OFFER GREATER EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL
•中小型企业具有提供更多工作机会的潜力
• NEED FOR “MENTAL ADJUSTMENT”
•需要“心理顺应”
GUIDELINES指导方针
AFFECTED COMMUNITIES受到影响的社区
• NEED TO PUBLICLY DEMONSTRATE A COMMITMENT TO MAINTAINING ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY IN THE AFFECTED COMMUNITIES
•需要公开承诺维护受影响社区的经济活动
• RECOGNISE THE SENSE OF LOSS WHEN A HEAVY INDUSTRY CLOSES DOWN
•一项重工业关闭时，承认其损失
•MAINTAINING THE IDENTITY SIGNS LINKED TO FORMER ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
•保持与先前经济活动相关的标志
• MAINTAIN CONTINUITY OF COMMUNITY SERVICES
•保持社区服务的连续性
• CARE FOR THE HOUSING REQUIREMENTS (IF HOUSING WAS LINKED TO JOBS)
•关注住房需求（如果住房与原工作挂钩）
•COLLABORATION FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF “SELF-HELP” ORGANISATIONS
•合作成立“自助”组织
• EVALUATE RESETTLEMENT WHEN THERE ARE NO FUTURE PROSPECTS
•如果没有未来发展前景，评估重新安置
GUIDELINES指导方针
AFFECTED INDIVIDUAL受到影响的个人
• NEED FOR INDIVIDUAL SUPPORT FROM ORGANISATIONS THEY CAN TRUST
•需要由个体信任的组织向个体提供支持
• RETRAINING APPROPRIATE TO THE NEEDS OF POTENTIAL FUTURE EMPLOYERS
•根据未来潜在工作机会的需要进行再培训
• ADVICE ON JOB SEARCHING AND TRAINING MUST BE PROVIDED ON AN
INDIVIDUAL BASIS
•必须向个体提供就业咨询和培训
• INDEPENDENT FINANCIAL ADVICE IS IMPORTANT
•独立的财务咨询很重要
• TRANSITIONAL INCOME SUPPORT WHEN MINERS TAKE LOWER-PAID WORK
•当矿工从事低收入工作时，必须提供过渡性的收入支持
• VERY LOW ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS AMONG AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS
•受到影响的个人非常缺乏创业技能
GUIDELINES指导方针
COST IMPLICATIONS 成本问题
AUTHORITIES MUST MAKE BUDGET PROVISIONS FOR:当局必须为下列情况提供预算拨款：
• THE PHYSICAL RESTRUCTURING OR CLOSURE PROCESS
•SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION
• CONSTRUCTION OF NEW INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMERCIAL FACILITIES
• ATTRACTION OF NEW EMPLOYMENT (PROMOTION AND FISCAL INCENTIVES)
• ASSISTANCE TO FORMER WORKERS WHO REMAIN IN THE WORK MARKET
• IMPROVED EDUCATION FACILITIES
• LONG-TERM FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR THE EARLY RETIRED
• SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS
• LONG-TERM PENSION SUPPORT FOR THE RETIRED
• CONTINUING SUPPORT FOR COMMUNITY BASED SERVICES
•实体重组或关闭
•矿址环境复原
•新基础设施或商业设施建设
•吸引新的就业机会（促进投资和财政鼓励）
•对仍在寻找就业机会的前煤矿工人提供援助
•改善教育设施
•对提前退休人员的长期财政支持
•社会保障福利
•长期为退休人员提供养老金
•继续支持社区服务
CONCLUSIONS结论
•RESTRUCTURING OR CLOSURE OF ANY MAJOR INDUSTRY IS AN EMOTIVE AND
STRESSFUL EVENT FOR EVERYONE INVOLVED
•任何主要行业的重组或关闭都容易引起涉及方的情绪波动并造成压力
• RESPONSES OF MAJOR PLAYERS INVOLVED (LOCAL/REGIONAL/NATIONAL
GOVERNMENTS, MINING COMPANIES, TRADES UNIONS AND FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS) ARE FUNDAMENTAL FOR SUCCESS OR FAILURE OF THE PROCESS
IN TERMS OF SECURING SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FUTURE OF THE PEOPLE
AFFECTED
•主要参与者（地方/地区/国家政府，矿业公司，贸易联盟和金融机构）的响应对能否成功保障
未来社会、经济安全至关重要
• GOOD LIAISON BETWEEN THEM PROVIDES THE FOUNDATION FOR FUTURE
ECONOMIC REGENERATION
•各方的良好沟通为重建经济打下基础
• POOR COMMUNICATION AND LACK OF AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO
REGENERATION ARE KEY FACTORS FOR LONG-TERM SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
DEPRIVATION
•沟通不足，缺少重建的完整方案是造成社会和经济长期衰退的主要原因
• INVESTMENT PROMOTION IS THE KEY TO A PROMISING FUTURE
•促进投资是未来经济繁荣的关键
