No. C2005005 2005-05 Լᆰህ߄aӁြଽસၞაᇏૅસၞܱ༢ 1Кࣘն࿐ᇏݓࣜ࠶࣮ᇏྏज़ีቆ No. C2005005 2005୍5ᄅ25ರ 1 ज़ีቆڵᄳದğྍౄđКࣘն࿐ᇏݓࣜ࠶࣮ᇏྏ࢝൱bE-mail: xqping@ ज़ีቆӮჴğྍౄaݹӔဇaરਊa߄aᅦᡊaޱཟឝb ज़ีቆۋ྆ؿڿݓ࠽ࣜ࠶࣮෮֥ሧᇹაᅦဉള෮ӉაਾྼѰൖ֥ᆷ֝აϺᇹbۋ྆Кࣘն࿐211۽ӱoWTOაᇏݓࣜ࠶p࣮ཛଢ֥ሧᇹb
Լᆰህ߄aӁြଽસၞაᇏૅસၞܱ༢ 2Кࣘն࿐ᇏݓࣜ࠶࣮ᇏྏज़ีቆ No. C2005005 2005୍5ᄅ25ರ 2 ज़ีቆڵᄳದğྍౄđКࣘն࿐ᇏݓࣜ࠶࣮ᇏྏ࢝൱bE-mail: xqping@ ज़ีቆӮჴğྍౄaݹӔဇaરਊa߄aᅦᡊaޱཟឝb ज़ีቆۋ྆ؿڿݓ࠽ࣜ࠶࣮෮֥ሧᇹაᅦဉള෮ӉაਾྼѰൖ֥ᆷ֝აϺᇹbۋ྆Кࣘն࿐211۽ӱoWTOაᇏݓࣜ࠶p࣮ཛଢ֥ሧᇹb 1
Լᆰህ߄aӁြଽસၞაᇏૅસၞܱ༢ ᅋေğ ૌҐႨਔHummels֩ದܙෘԼᆰህ߄čVSĎбੱ֥ٚمđᄎႨᇏݓ1992୍đ1997୍đ2000୍֥ೆĒӁԛіđ۴ऌ৳ކݓࣉԛ१સၞඔऌđؓᇏݓ1992Ē2003୍܋12୍֥ሹԛ१સၞაؓૅԛ१સၞᇏ֥oটਘࡆ۽pӱ؇ቔਔٳ୍؇aٳӁြ֥࠹ෘbૌ֥࠹ෘࢲݔཁൕğᄝᆃ12୍ᇏđᇏݓ֥ԛ१સၞᇏoটਘࡆ۽p֥ࡎᆴбੱၘՖ1992୍֥14ĊഈശᇀĊđࠧഈശਔ၂϶bᇏݓؓૅԛ१સၞᇏ֥oটਘࡆ۽pӱ؇۷ۚղĊĠٳӁြ֥࠹ෘࢲݔඪૼđ၎ఖaሰ֩Ӂြԛ१સၞᇏ֥Ӂြଽસၞӱ؇ቋۚđႵ֥ࢤ࣍40ĊĠটሱರЧ֥ᇏࡗᄝᇏݓཟૅݓ֥ԛ१֥VSб২ᇏ෮ᅝбᇗնჿູٳᆭ၂đೂݔࡆഈটሱႿݢݓ֥ᇏࡗࣉ१đପહರݢؓᇏݓ֥ᇏࡗԛ१ᄝᇏݓཟૅݓԛ१֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇ᇏჿᅝٳᆭ၂đඪૼᇏݓؓૅԛ१સၞّ႘ਔתؓૅ֥Ӂြ৽ིႋbᇏݓݓଽੀྛ֥ࡆ۽સၞᅝಆ҆ԛ१સၞ࣍50Ċ֥ඪمॱնਔࡆ۽સၞᄝԛ१ࡎᆴحᇏ֥бᇗb ܱՍğ ຓЇčoutsourcingĎaԼᆰህ߄čvertical specializationĎaoӁଽٳ۽pčintra-product specializationĎ 2
Լᆰህ߄aӁြଽસၞაᇏૅસၞܱ༢ ଢ ၂a֝..........................................................................................................................................4 ؽaٚم..........................................................................................................................................8 aඔऌ........................................................................................................................................11 ඹaᇏݓሹԛ१ᇏԼᆰህ߄ӱ؇ࠣఃഈശ൝.....................................................................14 aᇏݓؓૅԛ१ᇏԼᆰህ߄бੱࠣః൝.........................................................................16 ੂaᇏݓԛ१ٳྛြ֥Լᆰህ߄൝.....................................................................................19 aᇏݓؓૅԛ१ٳྛြ֥Լᆰህ߄൝.............................................................................24 ϖaᇏݓԛ१સၞᇏoটਘࡆ۽pӱ؇აᇏૅસၞܱ༢.........................................................30 ࣴaࢲં........................................................................................................................................32 ҕॉ໓ང........................................................................................................................................34 3
၂a֝ ᄝݖಀ϶۱ൗࡀđݓ࠽સၞčࣉ१აԛ१ĎਈᅝӁԛ֥бੱ֥ࠤखഈശđၘӮູૌᆃ۱ൈսࣜ࠶ಆ౯߄֥ቋཁᇷ֥หᆘᆭ၂bFeenstrač1998୍Ďᆷԛđ1970୍ᇀ1990୍ᆃ20୍đᄝૅݓაࣜ࠶ކቔؿᅚቆᆮčOECDĎݓࡅđݓ࠽સၞᅝGDP֥бᇗيਔ၂ىbᆃၩሢસၞ֥ᄹӉ؇ჹჹӑݖಆൗࢸGDP֥ᄹӉੱb ݓ࠽સၞᄝݖಀ50୍ᇏ֥ᄹӉđؓѓሙ֥ݓ࠽સၞંิԛਔभ֥็ᅞbοѓሙ֥ંđસၞᄝಆൗࢸٓຶଽ֥ঔᅦᇶေ൞ܱඥуৈࢆ֥֮ࢲݔbᆞೂKei-Mu Yči2003୍Ď෮ᆷԛ֥đᆃᇕԮ֥ࢳمඪૼਆ۱൙ൌğֻ၂đՖഈൗࡀ60୍սᇀൗࡀᆭࢌ֥1999୍đಆൗࢸ֥ܱඥनඥੱնᇁࢆ֮ਔ11%đᄝᆃ40୍đൗࢸસၞಏᄹӉਔПĆᇶေၛܱඥඥੱ֥༯ࢆটࢳݓ࠽સၞ֥ؿᅚđᄵૌཁಖᆺିࢤ൳સၞܱؓඥ֥ྟေӑݖ20ᆃ۱ࢲંbطᄝѓሙ֥ݓ࠽સၞંॿࡏᇏđྟնႿ20ᆃၘࣜᄝඔਈࠩഈܒӮ၂۱ඔਈᙣંčquantitative puzzleĎਔbֻؽđՖഈൗࡀ60୍ս֞1999୍ᆃ40୍đಆൗࢸܱඥඥੱ֥༯טᇶေؿളႿ1962୍ᇀ1985୍ࡗđᆃ24୍ᇏൗࢸनܱඥੱ༯ࢆਔ9%čՖ1962୍֥14%ࢆᇀ1986୍֥5%҂֞Ďđطಆൗࢸ֥ݓ࠽સၞᄝᆃ؍ൈ௹ᇏᄹӉѩ҂ॹđݓ࠽સၞܱؓඥ༯ט֥ྟᆺႵ7Ġॖ൞đՖ1986୍ᇀ1999୍ᆃ14୍đൗࢸनܱඥࣇ༯ט҂֞2۱Ϥٳׄđݓ࠽સၞಏႵਔऍحᄹӉđસၞܱؓඥ༯ט֥ྟնႿ50Ćᆃࣼ൞ඪđݖಀ40୍ᇏؿളਔݓ࠽સၞؓႿܱඥ༯ט֥o٤ཌྟྟpbᆃਆᇕགྷའمᄝׅ֥ࣜތक़྆غĒجਟଆᇏ֤֞ં֥ࢳb Feenstrač1998୍ĎđKei-Mu Yič2003୍Ď, GrossmanაHelpmanč2002୍đ2004୍đ2005୍Ď֩࿐ᆀϜݓ࠽સၞᄝݖಀ20؟୍֥٦ᄹӉ݂ၹႿoԼᆰህ߄pčvertical specializationĎbᆃᇕԼᆰህ߄֥ളӁაࢌၞđൌᇉഈ൞ࣜ࠶ಆ౯߄Мࣟ༯o֥൧ӆ၂ุ߄pაoളӁݖӱٳ߄pᆃਆ۱ݖӱ֥၂bFeenstraྙའֹႨϐбຏຏ֥ളӁაཧ൲ݖӱູ২đؓԼᆰህ߄ቓਔඪૼğ၂۱ϐбຏຏᄝᇏݓaࠇႆୄaࠇઔট༆ᆃུস৯ӮЧ֮৷֥ݓࡅളӁđطϐбຏຏ֥ଆ൞Ⴎૅݓ֥ଛ܄ඳഡ࠹֥đૅݓ֥ളӁֆ໊Ⴛڵᄳؓຏຏ֥ሢაյϲb၂۱ϐбຏຏᄝૅݓ൧ӆ֥൲ࡎູ10ૅჭđఃᇏᇏݓ֥স৯ӮЧᆺᅝ35ૅٳđᇏݓ֥҃ਘӮЧჿູ65ૅٳb๙ݖཐۖሇ१સၞđ၂۱ϐбຏຏᄝཐ֥ۖρࡎູ۬2ૅჭđࠧՖᇏݓଽֹ֞ཐ֥ۖᄎൻӮЧaҝԥٮaཐۖԛ१അ֥၂ϮܵٮႨčoverheadĎ 4
ა০ሹބնჿູ1ૅჭbᄝૅݓđളӁϐбຏຏ֥ଛ܄ඳMattel܄ඳᄝૄ۱ϐбຏຏഈሉ1ૅჭ০đᆃඪૼđ၂۱ϐбຏຏ֥ᇶေࡎᆴ৽൞ٳ҃Ⴟૅݓ֥ࣉ१aᄎൻaa९թაႏཧߌࢫഈđᆃٚ૫֥ࡎᆴሹބჿູ7ૅჭb1995୍đMattel܄ඳᆃᇕളӁࠃಆ౯߄֥Լᆰٳ۽ุ༢đᄝૄ૰ᇒॖളӁ2۱ϐбຏຏđಆ୍֥ႏཧحղ14ၡૅჭb GrossmanაHelpmanč2005୍Ď۴ऌൗࢸસၞቆᆮčWTOĎ1998୍୍֥؇Бۡđ۳ԛਔਸ਼၂۱oԼᆰህ߄p֥২ሰiiૅݓཬచӚğ oᄝ၂ਇૅݓ࢟Ӛ֥ࡎᆴᇏđჿ30%൞Ⴎݢݓ֥ልཌളӁ֥đರЧ֥҆ࡱა༵ࣉඌᅝࡎᆴ֥%đ֣ݓ֥ഡ࠹ᅝࡎᆴ֥%đຖაྍࡆ֥ਬࡱᅝࡎᆴ֥4%đႇݓ֥ܼۡა൧ӆႏཧڛༀᅝࡎᆴ֥%đطιغধაϘϘ؟ථ֥ඔऌԩᄵิ܂ਔࡎᆴ֥%bᆃࣼ൞ඪđૅݓݓଽ෮Էᄯ֥Ӂᆴᆺᅝ37%bp ᆃᇕԼᆰህ߄֥ളӁٚൔა၂ุ߄֥൧ӆႏཧᆭ෮ၛॖၛࢳൗࢸસၞᄝݖಀ30୍ଽ֥٦ؿᅚđѩࢳݓ࠽સၞؓႿಆൗࢸनܱඥ༯ט֥٤ཌྟྟđఃധख़֥ჰၹᄝႿđ֒၂۱ປᆜ֥ളӁݖӱٳູn۱ߌࢫᄝಆ౯۲ֹປӮൈđቔູቋᇔӁ֥ቆӮ҆ٳ֥ჰҋਘaᇏࡗӁa϶Ӯაਬ҆ࡱࣼ߶၇Ցࣜݖn۱ݓ֥ݚܱđФّگֹࣉ१aࡆ۽aᄜԛ१allđႮႿݓ࠽સၞ֥ܿଆ൞ႮБܱ֥ࣉԛ१ਈࡆሹطӮ֥đᆃဢđᄝસၞ/GDPᆃ၂бੱܱ༢ᇏđٳሰ҂؎ֹؿളࡎᆴᄹᆴđطٳଛᄵ൞҂э֥đࢲݔ൝сԛགྷݓ࠽સၞؓGDP֥бੱࠤखഈശb҂ࣇೂՎđoԼᆰህ߄pߎॖၛࢳభඍਆ۱ᙣંğ൮༵đ၂֊ಆൗࢸ֥नܱඥ༯ט၂۱Ϥٳׄđ৫ࠧ߶ԛaೆݚܱ֥nՑ֥၂ቋᇔӁ֥҂ࡎᆴᄛุᄝn֡ݓཌഈཚ൳֞સၞሱႮ߄֥০ၭđસၞؓनܱඥט֥֮ྟჹჹۚႿ϶ൗࡀၛభ֥ྟbఃՑđႮႿൗࢸनܱඥᄝषč1960୍սĎ൞ԩႿ໊֥ۚđ֒नܱඥ༯טൈđఃؓݓ࠽સၞ֥՜ࣉቔႨॖିࢠཬđ၂֊ݖਔଖ۱ਢࢸᆴđԼᆰህ߄གྷའ֤ࣼၛؿളਔđસၞܱؓඥࢆ֥֮ྟෛሢԼᆰህ߄֥ԛགྷطؿളਔ٤ཌྟ֥э߄bčKei-Mu Yič2003୍ĎĎb ᄝࣜ࠶ંࢸđؓԼᆰህ߄ၛࠣཌྷႋ֥સၞࡎᆴ৽్ோൔֹٳ҃Ⴟۄ۱ളӁߌࢫ֥གྷའđᄪᄝ19ൗࡀ60i70୍սࣼषႵದᇿၩčBalassač1967୍ĎაFindlayč1978୍ĎĎb֞ഈൗࡀ90୍սđ࿐ᆀૌٳљၛ҂֥Սটۀওᆃ၂ᅙྍ֥ࣜ࠶གྷའđбೂoؓࡎᆴ৽్֥ோ߄pčKrugmanđ1996୍ĎaoຓЇpčoutsourcingĎčGrossmanაHelpmanđ2002୍ĎaoളӁݖӱ֥ٳ߄paoളӁݖӱ֥ٳਚ߄pčfragmentationĎčArndtაKierzkowskiđ2001୍Ďao؟ࢨ؍ളӁpčAntweilierაTreflerđ1997୍ĎaoӁଽٳ۽pčintra-product specializationĎაӁြଽસၞčDavisđ1995୍Ďđ֩֩bBhagwatiაDehejiač1994୍Ďࠎ 5
Ⴟॴݓ܄ඳڿэӁളӁӁֹ֥ܴҳđӫᆃᇕԼᆰٳ۽ࣜႏٚൔoູຣൔ֥бࢠႪ൝pĠLeamerč1996୍ĎӫᆭູളӁ֥o٤ֹٚ߄pčdelocalizationĎđ֩֩bંӫ۲Ⴕత౬đЧᇉഈಯ൞ᆷളӁߌࢫᄝሺཟ֥Լᆰٳ҃bॖၛඪđؓԼᆰህ߄აӁြଽસၞ֥࣮đၘࣜ་ႄਔ֒భቋࢭԛ֥ݓ࠽સၞં۽ቔᆀ֥ᇿၩ৯b ᇏݓᄝݖಀ20؟୍ݓ࠽સၞሹਈࠣఃᅝGDPбੱ֥նږ؇ഈശაಆ౯ٓຶଽ֥Լᆰህြ߄aຓЇčoutsourcingĎݖӱૡ్ཌྷܱbᆃᇕܱ৳նᇁॖٳਆ۱ٚ૫ğ၂ٚ૫đႮႿؿղ֥൧ӆࣜ࠶ݓࡅࡼఃളӁݖӱoຓЇpčoutsourcingĎԛটđՖطࡼԚࠩӁളӁaᇏࡗิ܂aമᇀቆልݖӱoຓЇp۳འᇏݓᆃဢ֥স৯ӮЧбࢠ֥֮ݓࡅđՖطᄝݖಀ20୍ᇏؿളਔၛoটਘࡆ۽pູห֥સၞٚൔĠਸ਼၂ٚ૫đᇏݓЧദ֥ԛ१ӁᇏđႻေၛљݓ֥ჰҋਘaᇏࡗࠇ϶Ӯູoটਘpđ္ࣼ൞ඪđᇏݓࣉ१ᇏႵཌྷ֒҆ٳၛުႻ߶ԛ१֥đᆃ൞ၛᇏݓູЧ໊oຓЇp۳љݓbᆃဢࣼؿളਔਆ۱໙ีğč1Ďᄝؿղ֥൧ӆࣜ࠶ݓࡅđೂૅݓ֥ളӁაԛ१֥ቋᇔᇏđႵ؟նб২֥ࡎᆴԷᄯݖӱoຓЇp۳ਔݓĤč2Ďᄝᇏݓ֥ԛ१સၞᇏđႵ؟նбੱ൞oຓЇp۳ຓݓ֥ᇏࡗิ܂അ֥Ĥ ၛഈਆো໙ีᄝ࣍টႄఏਔૅݓაᇏݓ܄ᇙ֥ܱᇿđѩӮູࣜ࠶࿐ࡅაᆟکܲჴ࣮აษં֥ज़ีbܱႿֻ၂ো໙ีđૅݓࣼႵದಪູؓႿᇏݓ֥oຓЇpࠪוਔૅݓݓଽ֥স۽ࣼြە໊b2004୍đૅݓস৳ĒӁ৳ߎህࣼૅᇏસၞҵؓૅݓݓଽࣼြ֥႕ཙཟݓ߶ീࡆ৯đაՎൈđૅݓݓ߶ᇏ၂ུದ၂ᄜ๙ݖ၂ུၰσđֆٚ૫ཋᇅᇏݓؓૅݓ֥ԛ१đᄝૅᇏસၞܱ༢ᇏᇅᄯਔ၂༢ਙ࣯ٴაᆚ؊bؓՎđ֥ࣜ࠶࿐၂ᆰ൞Ґ౼҂֥؇֥bFeestrač1998୍Ďࣼᆷԛđૅݓ֥oຓЇpݖӱఞఞ൞ૅݓؿߨбࢠႪ൝֥ൌགྷٚൔđط߶Ⴕ০Ⴟૅݓඌݣਈ֥ۚӁြؿᅚđ္Ⴕ০Ⴟิۚૅݓඃ۽ದ֥۽ሧඣbᇀႿoຓЇp߶Ӂളඃ۽ದა٤ඃ۽ದᆭࡗ֥൬ೆҵएđᄵေૅݓᆟکᄝoຓЇp֥ࠆ০ᇏఞ֒ᇿᇗ൬ೆᄜٳbطFeenstra֥ഽđᇷࣜ࠶࿐ࡅBhagwatčiაਸ਼ਆ໊ࣜ࠶࿐ࡅĎᄝ2004୍ህิԛ۱ଆčBhagwatiđPanagariaაSrinivasanđ2004୍ĎđᆷԛđຓЇѩ҂сಖؓૅݓ۽ದ֥ࣼြა۽ሧӁളڵ૫႕ཙbૌᆣૼਔđᄝ၂ᇕӁԛđਆᇕေ֥ଆđຓЇ߶ႵၭႿૅݓഠ߶đൈϴෛሢሧЧ߭Б֥ഈശა۽ದ۽ሧ֥༯יĠᄝਆᇕӁԛiiᇕေ֥ଆđຓЇ߶ૅݓഠ߶ሹڞ০ᄹࡆđᇀႿ۽ದ۽ሧđᄵ߶ԛགྷ҆ٳದ۽ሧᄹࡆđਸ਼၂҆ٳ۽ದ۽ሧ༯יĠᄝᇕӁԛĒਆᇕေ֥ଆđຓЇ๙ݖૅݓ۽ದࣼြథ၍߶ಞ෮Ⴕૅݓଽ۽ದิۚ۽ሧඣb ܱႿֻؽো໙ีđࠧᇏݓؓຓԛ१aႭః൞ؓૅԛ१સၞᇏđ࣮ࣨႵ؟նбᇗඋႿoটਘࡆ۽p֥ྟᇉĤᆃဢ൞ᇏݓݓଽᇙa࿐ࢸაᆟکܲჴษં֥ಣׄ໙ีbଢభݓଽႵ၂ 6
ᇕඪمđಪູᇏݓؓຓԛ१સၞᇏႵնჿ47ĊඋႿটਘࡆ۽bᆃႄؿਔؓݖಀ20୍ᇏݓؓຓસၞӮࣼა႕ཙ֥ᇗྍܙb ૌᆃཛ࣮đࣼ൞ေؓᇏݓԛ१aႭః൞ᇏݓؓૅԛ१ᇏ֥oটਘࡆ۽бᇗpቔ၂۱бࢠग़ܴ֥ҩෘbᆃᇕҩෘđ၂ٚ૫ॖၛౢԣֹࢣൕᇏݓֹԛ१સၞᄝൗࢸٳ۽֥Ӂြ৽ᇏ෮ԩ֥ཌྷֹ໊ؓđؓૅݓ֥ଖུದၛᇏૅસၞඨҵູႮؿ۳Ⴭग़ܴ֥߭ႋđਸ਼၂ٚ૫đሙಒܙෘᇏݓԛ१સၞᇏoটਘࡆ۽pбᇗđࠧཌྷؓႿᇏݓ֥oຓЇpӱ؇đ္ॖၛؓᇏݓݓଽؓ oࡆ۽સၞp֥ᇕᇕቔԛ၂۱߭ႋđᆺႵग़ܴܙݖಀ20؟୍ᇏݓԛ१સၞؓᇏݓࣜ࠶ؿᅚაᇏݓದڞ০ڿ֥܊ངđૌҌି۷ݺֹࡔӻoؓຓष٢p֥ݓҦb ೂޅҩෘԛᇏݓԛ१ᇏটሱຓݓᇏࡗࡎᆴ֥бᇗĤᄝݓ࠽ഈႵਆোٚمb၂൞č2000୍đ2001୍đ2001୍čaĎĎิԛ֥oಆ౯ေpસၞoᅬpٚمbᆃᇕٚمᆌؓTreflerč1995୍Ďิԛ֥oસၞཨാᆭpčࠧ๙ӈ֥ݓ࠽સၞᅬ෮࠺֥સၞੀਈჹཬႿൌ࠽ؿള֥ݓ࠽સၞੀਈĎđᇶေܙෘགྷྛ֥ݓ࠽સၞ࠹ᇏ၌ו֥ളӁေસၞđᆻᄝᆷԛགྷྛݓ࠽સၞ࠹༂ҵ֥նཬbбೂđDavisᆷԛđࣇOECDݓࡅ֥ݓ࠽સၞ࠹đοo࣪ေસၞᅬمpটܙෘđ༂ҵࣼႵ20ĊቐႷbਸ਼၂ᇕҩෘoຓЇpࠇᇏࡗࡎᆴᄝԛ१ᇏ֥бᇗ֥ٚم൞ႮHummenls, IshiiđKei-Mu Yič2001୍Ďิԛট֥đૌᄎႨೆӁԛمđࡼ၂ݓࣉ१ٳູႨႿݓଽቋᇔཨٮაႨႿԛ१ളӁᆃਆ҆ٳđಖުοࣉ१ႨႿԛ१֥ࡎᆴؓԛ१ح֥бੱটקၬoӁြଽસၞpࠇoԼᆰህ߄бੱpčvertical specializationčVSĎshareĎႨᆃᇕٚمđHummels֩ದؓഈൗࡀ60୍սᇀ90୍սOECDݓࡅაఃݓࡅ֥VSбੱቔਔ၂ىܙෘb ૌҐႨਔHummels֩ದܙෘԼᆰህ߄čVSĎбੱ֥ٚمđᄎႨᇏݓ1992୍đ1997୍đ2000୍֥ೆĒӁԛіđ۴ऌ৳ކݓࣉԛ१સၞඔऌđؓᇏݓ1992Ē2003୍܋12୍֥ሹԛ१સၞაؓૅԛ१સၞᇏ֥oটਘࡆ۽pӱ؇ቔਔٳ୍؇aٳӁြ֥࠹ෘbૌ֥࠹ෘࢲݔཁൕğᄝᆃ12୍ᇏđᇏݓ֥ԛ१સၞᇏoটਘࡆ۽p֥ࡎᆴбੱၘՖ1992୍֥14ĊഈശᇀĊđࠧഈശਔ၂϶bᇏݓؓૅԛ१સၞᇏ֥oটਘࡆ۽pӱ؇۷ۚđղĊĠٳӁြ֥࠹ෘࢲݔඪૼđ၎ఖaሰ֩Ӂြԛ१સၞᇏ֥Ӂြଽસၞӱ؇ቋۚđႵ֥ࢤ࣍40ĊbটሱರЧ֥ᇏࡗᄝᇏݓཟૅݓ֥ԛ१֥VSб২ᇏ෮ᅝбᇗնჿູٳᆭ၂bೂݔࡆഈটሱႿݢݓ֥ᇏࡗࣉ१đପહರݢؓᇏݓ֥ᇏࡗԛ१ᄝᇏݓཟૅݓԛ१֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇ᇏჿᅝٳᆭ၂đඪૼᇏݓؓૅԛ१સၞّ႘ਔתؓૅ֥Ӂြ৽ིႋbᇏݓݓଽੀྛ֥ࡆ۽સၞᅝಆ҆ԛ१સၞ࣍50Ċ֥ඪمॱնਔࡆ۽સၞᄝԛ१ࡎᆴحᇏ֥бᇗb ᄝЧ໓ၛ༯ࠫࢫᇏđֻؽࢫህࢺകૌᄝHummels֩ದࠎԤഈ֥ྩᆞު֥࠹ෘٚمĠ 7
ֻࢫࢺകඔऌĠֻඹaaੂaࢫᇯ၂ྻඍૌ֥࠹ෘࢲݔĠֻϖࢫඪૼ࠹ෘࢲݔ֥ᆟҦݣၬĠቋުđᄝֻࣴࢫ۳ԛࢲંb ؽaٚم ૌ۴ऌDavid Hummels֩ದč2001Ď֥ٚمđ࠹ෘᇏݓؓૅݓԛ१સၞᇏ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇čVSđvertical specializationĎb 1aԛ१ᇏ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇֥ҩ؇ğ Iࡌഡࣜ࠶ᇏႵn۱҆/ྛြđૌႨMіൕi҆ࣉ१֥ᇏࡗӁđYіൕi֥҆iiሹӁԛđXіൕi֥҆ሹԛ१b۴ऌHummels֩ದč2001୍Ď֥ൔሰđૌ֤֞ğ iI⎛M⎞⎛X⎞IiiVS=⋅X=⋅M č1Ď ⎜⎟⎜⎟iiiYY⎝⎠⎝⎠nIIIIླေඪૼ֥൞ğMіൕi҆ࣉ१֥ᇏࡗӁđࠧğM=MđM൞i҆ࣉ१∑iijijij=1֥j҆ิ܂֥ᇏࡗӁbط๙ӈ֥ࣉ१ඔऌ۳ԛ֥൞၂ݓؓଖᇕഅ֥ሹ֥ࣉ१ਈđбnnIIೂğࣉ१֥i֥҆ᇏࡗӁሹਈ൞Mđط҂൞Mb ∑∑iljil=1j=1nIMᆃ۱ᆷѓ֥ݣၬ൞іൕ၂ݓčᇏݓĎᄝԛ१ᇏ֥Ֆљݓࣉ१֥ೆ֥Ӯٳb∑ill=1ࠇᆀඪđุູགྷᄝԛ१ᇏ֥ݓຓڸࡆ֥ࡎᆴbၹՎđ۴ऌૌ֥ଢ֥đؓč1Ďൔࣉྛਔ၂ུྩڿbᆃ֥ԛ१đૌᇶေॉ੮ᇏݓؓૅݓ֥ԛ१đطࣉ१္ॖၛοݓљটٳљ࠹ෘሹࣉ१bбೂՖರЧaݢݓaתૐaૅݓ֥ࣉ१b ૌေ࠹ෘ֥൞ᇏݓؓૅݓԛ१ᇏ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇ğ ૌקၬğ VS⎛⎞i⋅X⎜⎟∑iVSi⎡⎤X⎛⎞⎛⎞VSXVS∑i⎝i⎠iԛ१ᇏ֥VSбᇗ≡=== č2Ď ∑⎢⎥⎜⎟⎜⎟iXXXXX∑⎝k⎠⎝i⎠⎣⎦Ϝč1ĎൔᇏVS֥קၬսೆč2Ďൔđॖ֤ğ i 8
VS∑iiԛ१ᇏ֥VSбᇗ=XkInnnn⎛M⎞XXIIii=⋅X=(M)=M č3Ď ∑⎜⎟∑∑∑ijijiXYXYXYi=1=1=1i=1j⎝⎠nnX1jI=M∑∑ijXYj=1i=1jIMija=đࠧളӁ၂ֆ໊jྛြӁđླေՖi҆ࣉ१aֆ໊֥ᇏࡗӁb ijijYjႿ൞đč3ĎൔॖၛཿӮğ ԛ१ᇏ֥VSбᇗ aKaX⎛⎞⎛⎞111n1 1⎜⎟⎜⎟MV=1,1,L,1MOMM=uAX()⎜⎟X⎜⎟aLaX⎝n1n⎠⎝n⎠aKa⎛⎞111nM⎜⎟ఃᇏđu=(1,1,L,1)đA=MOM൞ؓࣉ१֥ᇏࡗӁ֥၇թ༢ඔइᆔđaLa⎝n1n⎠X⎛⎞1⎜⎟VႻӫࣉ१༢ඔइᆔĠX=Mູԛ१ཟਈb ⎜⎟⎜⎟X⎝n⎠ᄎႨປಆ༢ඔइᆔđᄵ −11MDVԛ१ᇏ֥VSбᇗ=uAI−AX č4Ď ()XbKb⎛⎞111nD⎜⎟ఃᇏđA=MOMູݓଽཨݻ༢ඔइᆔđ bLb⎝n1n⎠IDjྛြളӁᇏႨ֥֞ݓଽളӁ֥iྛြ ᇏࡗ
Ӂijb= ijYYjjDMA+A=Abൌ࠽ഈđA൞ೆӁԛі֥ᆰࢤཨݻ༢ඔइᆔb Iૌ൮༵ေᅳ֥ඔऌ൞ğMđࠧ i҆ཟљݓj҆ࣉ१֥ᇏࡗӁb ji I2aM֥ಒק jiᄝᆃૌсྶࢹᇹೆӁԛіđၹູᆺႵೆӁԛіิ܂ਔ၂۱҆ႨᇏࡗӁ֥ 9
ඔਈb ૌၛ97୍֥ೆӁԛіູ২b ൮༵ေಒק97୍֥ೆӁԛіᇏ֥ᆰࢤཨݻ༢ඔइᆔ൞ࡼࣉ१֥ᇏࡗӁ࠹ෘᄝଽ֥bૌՖZhi Wang, Fan Zhai, and Dianqing XučGloble TradeđAssistance, and Production, the GTAT 5 Databaseđֻ11ᅣđC҆ٳĎิࢌGTAP֥ೆӁԛі࠹ෘඪૼᇏ֤֞ᆣൌ97୍֥ೆӁԛі൞ॉ੮ਔࣉ१ᇏࡗӁ֥b Iູਔ֤֞Mđૌླေਆׄࡌഡğ jiֻ၂đ ݓࣜ࠶෮Ⴕ҆Ⴈ֥i֥҆ᇏࡗೆᇏđࣉ१֥ೆ֥б২ᄝ۲۱҆ࡗ൞၂ဢ֥ĠčOECD֥oࣉ१֥ᇏࡗੀਈइᆔpᇏđᄝඔऌಌാ֥౦ঃ3༯đࡼࣉ१ᇏࡗٳ֥Ϸمࣼ൞ᆃᇕoοб২ࣉ१ࡌഡpbĎ ֻؽđ ೂݔؓႿଖྛြ֥ӁđॖၛٳࢳູᇏࡗӁބቋᇔӁđପહॖၛࡌഡđᇏࡗӁᇏࣉ१აݓଽളӁ֥б২֩ႿቋᇔӁᇏࣉ१აݓଽളӁ֥б২bᆃ္൞Zhi Wang, Fan Zhai, and Dianqing Xuᇏࡼࣉ१ҷٳູᇏࡗӁބቋᇔӁ֥ٚمb MDM္ࣼ൞đೂݔૌႨCބCіൕiྛြ֥ቋᇔӁᇏࣉ१ބݓଽളӁ֥ඔਈĠႨIiiiMMCIDiiބIіൕiྛြ֥ᇏࡗӁᇏࣉ१ބݓଽളӁ֥ඔਈbࡌഡؽࣼ൞=bՖطૌiDDCIiiMMMMCII+Ciiii==DDDDCII+Ciiiiॖၛԛğđ č5Ď MMMI+Ci⇒=DMDDMMI+II+CI+Ciiiiiiࠧđࣉ१֥iྛြӁᇏᇏࡗӁ֥б২֩Ⴟiྛြ֥ሹࣉ१čؓሹӁᆴĐࣉ१ཨٮĒԛ१)ᆭбbčᇿğᆃoሹӁᆴpЇওਔᇗگ࠹ෘđ҂൞GDPbᆃ֥oሹӁᆴpЇওਔࣉ१֥ᇏࡗӁbؓб༯໓ᇏೆӁԛі֥oሹӁpđପ֥oሹӁp൞҂Їওࣉ१֥ᇏࡗӁ֥Ďb ܱႿVS֥קၬđႵਆᇕٚൔđֻ၂൞܄ൔč1Ďđᆃ൞ؓVSᆴ֥קၬđఃၩၬ൞ࣉ१֥ᇏࡗೆᇏႨႿളӁԛ१֥ᇏࡗೆ֥ඔਈĠਸ਼၂ᇕ൞ႮՎܼট֥Լᆰህ߄бᇗčVS ShareĎ֥קၬđࠧ܄ൔč2Ďač3Ďა܄ൔč4Ďb ೂݔေ൞ुֆ၂۱ྛြ֥VSбᇗđପહՖ܄ൔč1Ďač2Ď֥ٳ༅ॖၛᆩ֡đః 3 ࡌഡoAn industry uses an import of a particular product in proportion to its total use of that productpb 10
ၩၬ൞ᆃ۱ྛြ֥ࣉ१֥ᇏࡗೆሹӁԛ֥б২bሹೆ၂ק߶ཬႿሹӁԛđڎᄵ߶đॖၛᆩ֡đᆃ۱б২ड़ק߶ཬႿ1b ೂݔေ൞ु෮Ⴕྛြ֥VSбᇗđପહ۴ऌ܄ൔč1Ďࠇč2Ď֥קၬđٳሰ൞۲۱ྛြ֥VSᆴᆭބđၩၬ൞۲ྛြႨႿളӁԛ१֥ࣉ१ᇏࡗೆ֥ඔਈሹބbٳଛ൞۲ྛြ֥ԛ१֥ඔਈሹބđପહᆃਆ۱ਈбఏটđࢲݔ֥ၩၬೂč2Ďൔ෮ൕđ൞۲ྛြ֥VSбᇗ֥ࡆಃनᆴb ᄝЧ໓ᇏđૌൌ࠽ഈ࠹ෘ֥൞VSбᇗđط҂൞VS ᆴbVSбᇗᆃ۱ᆷѓႋھ۷ିّ႘સၞࢲܒބളӁࢲܒb aඔऌ Ⴕোඔऌॖ܂ૌ֥࣮ğ č၂Ď ೆӁԛіඔऌ 1a ૌགྷᄝႵ1992୍a1997୍ބ2000୍֥ೆӁԛіbఃᇏđ1992୍ٳљႵ119a33ބ6۱֥҆ඔऌĠ1997୍൞124҆Ġ2000୍൞40҆bૌ࠹ෘਔ1997୍ބ2000୍֥VSč࠹ෘࢲݔ҆ٳĎbູਔьႿбࢠđૌϜ1997୍֥124҆ކѩູਔ40҆čؓႋႿ2000୍֥ྛြٳোĎb ೆӁԛіčੀਈіĎ֥ࢲܒೂ༯ğ Ӂԛ ᇏࡗӁ ቋᇔӁ ࣉሹ ҆ նࠒཨԛཬ१ Ӂ ೆ ll ྩٮ१࠹ ၂ ᇏ҆1 ࡗ҆2 č1Ď č2Ď č5Ď ll ೆ 11
Ԛᅼࣸ সБԏ č3Ď ഠ߶Ղ൬ೆ ೆ ሹೆ č4Ď ࡌഡႵn۱҆đіᇏč1Ď҆ٳ֥ଽಸ൞ğေളӁֻjਙ֥҆ᇏࡗӁđླေֻiྛ֥҆ೆ൞؟ഒbč1Ď҆ٳႋھ൞၂۱n×n֥इᆔbૌϜᆃ၂इᆔ࠺ູ′Ab oࣉ१pਙЇওਔ෮ႵᇏࡗӁ֥ࣉ१ބቋᇔཨٮ֥ࣉ१đ࠺ູڵඔbᆃဢđሹӁ֥ݣၬູԢಀਔࣉ१֥ᇏࡗބࣉ१ཨٮᆭު֥Чݓ֥ӁਈbൈႮݓ൬ೆޚ֩ൔđӁԛ֩ႿՂ൬ೆࡆഈളӁݖӱ֥ೆđֻč4Ď҆ٳႋھ൞၂۱n×1֥ཟਈđֻ҆ٳሇᇂᆭު္൞၂۱n×1֥ཟਈđᆃਆ۱ཟਈႋھཌྷ֩b ਸ਼ຓđೆӁԛі֥ᆰࢤཨݻ༢ඔіࢲܒაၛഈੀਈіোරđࡼ′Aइᆔᇏ֥၂۱ѓਈ࠺ູxđֻč4Ď҆ٳ֥ჭ࠺ູxđֻč5Ď҆ٳჭ࠺ູxđᆰࢤཨݻ༢ඔіؓႋႿၛijjiഈੀਈі′Aइᆔ֥इᆔ࠺ູAđAᇏ֥ჭ࠺ູcđᄵႵğ ijxijc= ijxjఃݣၬູğളӁ၂ֆ໊֥Ӂԛjđླေ֥ೆi֥ඔਈbᆃ֥ೆЇݣਔࣉ१֥ᇏࡗೆބЧݓളӁ֥ᇏࡗೆb MDؓᅶభ૫֥ඪૼđૌॖၛؿགྷA=A+Aᆃ၂ܱ༢b ෮ၛđႨೆӁԛі֥ඔऌđč5Ďൔ֥б২ࣼॖၛཿູğሹࣉ१/(ሹӁԛĒ࣪ԛ१)b M࠹ෘૄ۱ྛြ֥ᆃ۱б২đᄝೆӁԛі֥Aइᆔ֥ૄྛӰၛཌྷ֥б২֤ࣼ֞ਔAइMᆔb֒ಖđؓႋႿૄ۱ࣉ१টჷݓđA൞҂֥đၹູᆃ၂б২֥ٳሰiiࣉ१൞҂֥b čؽĎ ࣉԛ१ඔऌ ૌିܔ֤֥֞ඔऌğ 1a ݚܱ࠹ᄅБඔऌğč1997୍1ᄅii2004୍5ᄅĎ Ⴎݚܱሹඇܱඥᆘܵඳࢲކݚܱކቔ൙߶ᇅקu֥അӫࠣщླྀטᇅ؇vބݓ 12
ൌ࠽ࣉԛ१સၞ౦ঃщᇅطӮb܋98ᅣ22োbૌᆺႵᅣোඔऌđીႵ۷ऎุ֥༥ٳཬোބऎุഅඔऌbၹՎႨᆃ۱ඔऌ֥ࠢ໙ี൞đࡼഅ߃݂֞40۱ऎุྛြ༂ҵնđѩᆺିა40۱ྛြᇏ֥12a3۱ྛြؓႋఏটb 2a ݚܱ࠹୍ඔऌğč1992୍ii2002୍Ď Ⴎݚܱሹඇܱඥᆘܵඳࢲކݚܱކቔ൙߶ᇅקu֥അӫࠣщླྀטᇅ؇vބݓൌ࠽ࣉԛ१સၞ౦ঃщᇅطӮ֥ህြ۽ऎđ൞ݓࡅಃຯ֥ؓຓસၞഅ࠹ଢb܋98ᅣ22োbႵૄᇕഅ֥ࣉԛ१ඔऌđ൞ીႵᅣো֥߸ሹඔऌbၹՎđೂݔࡼऎุഅٳো۽ቔਈնb 3a ᇏݓБۡ۳৳ކݓ֥ࣉԛ१સၞඔऌčUnited Nations Statistics Division - Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE)č1992ii2003୍đ୍؇ඔऌĎĎğ ᆃ൞ο৳ކݓuݓ࠽સၞѓሙٳোvčSITCĎ࠹֥đѩႵሰϱđႵ۲۱ࠩљ֥ཬোކ࠹ඔऌb ૌႨ֥൞৳ކݓ֥ࣉԛ१ඔऌbഅٳোᄵ൞οھඔऌֻ֥ϱ֥അଢࣉྛ֥b Mູਔ࠹ෘԛč1Ďൔބč3Ďൔđૌླေࠆ֤۲୍֥ᆰࢤཨݻ༢ඔइᆔAĠ۲୍֥ADMMބAđᆃ࠻ေሹࣉ१֥Ađ္ေՖ۲ࣉ१ݓࣉ१֥AbႮႿૌ൭ᆺႵ1992a1997a2000୍֥ೆӁԛіđૌ္ࣼᆺႵᆃ୍֥ᆰࢤཨݻ༢ඔđࠧᆺႵ۱AĠਸ਼၂ٚ૫đૌ္ᆺႵᆃ୍֥40۱ྛြ֥ሹӁԛ֥ඔऌb Mၹູ࠹ෘ၂୍֥ሹࣉ१֥AइᆔൈđေႨ֞ݓଽ෮Ⴈ֥40ᇕӁᇏࣉ१Ӂބ෮Ⴈ֥ሹӁ֥б২đб২=ࣉ१/čሹӁ=ሹӁԛ+ࣉ१iԛ१Ďđ֥࠹ෘૌҐႨ֥ඔऌྙൔೂ༯đሹӁԛඔऌҐႨೆӁԛіᇏ֥ሹӁԛඔऌđࣉ१ބԛ१ҐႨ֥൞৳ކݓ֥COMTRADEඔऌ९ᇏ֥۲ྛြ֥ࣉ१ބԛ१֥ඔऌđླေᆷԛ֥൞đ৳ކݓ֥ඔऌ९ᇏીႵགྷӮ֥40۱ྛြ֥ࣉԛ१֥ඔऌđᆃ൞ૌሱ࠭ٳো݂ବ֤ট֥b MႨᆃ۱б২টӰၛAइᆔᇕᆃᇕӁᄝ۲ྛြ֥ೆ༢ඔđ ֤ࣼ֞ਔሹࣉ१֥AइMᆔbطሹӁ=ሹӁԛ+ࣉ१iԛ१bഈ૫֥ඔऌཋᇅ֤ૌم࠹ෘః୍ٺ֥AइᆔbMႿ൞ૌҐႨูս֥ٚمğႨ92୍֥ሹࣉ१֥Aइᆔটսู93i96୍֥đႨ97୍֥ট 13
սู98i99୍֥đႨ2000୍֥টսู01i03୍֥b MDႵਔሹࣉ१֥Aइᆔđૌॖၛ࠹ෘAइᆔđࡆഈԛ१ཟਈđࣼॖၛ࠹ෘሹ֥VS бੱਔb ဢđૌߎླေ࠹ෘა۲۱ࣉ१ݓؓႋ֥VSбੱđପહૌࣼླေࠆ֤۲۱ࣉ१ݓMMM֥Aइᆔb۲ࣉ१ݓ֥Aइᆔ֥קၬބሹࣉ१֥Aइᆔ֥קၬ൞၂ဢ֥đପહᄝ࠹ෘൈđॖၛ๙ݖ࠹ෘԛ۲۱ࣉ१ݓ֥۲ᇕࣉ१Ӂ֥ඔਈᄝ۲۱Ӂሹࣉ१ඔਈᇏ෮ᅝ֥бMD−1ᇗđᄜٳљӰၛሹࣉ१֥AइᆔđᄜӰၛ(I−A)ࣼॖၛ֤֞ა۲۱ࣉ१ݓཌྷؓႋ֥VSбੱb ႮႿૌ๙ݖ৳ކݓ֥COMTRADEඔऌ९đ֤֞ਔ92i03۲୍40۱ྛြՖ۲۱ࣉ१ݓ֥ࣉ१ඔਈđૌࣼॖၛԛ۲ྛြ֥ࣉ१ᇏ۲ࣉ१ݓ෮ᅝ֥б২đࣼॖၛԛ۱ࣉ१Mݓ෮ؓႋ֥AइᆔbൈՖᆃ۱ඔऌ९္ॖ֤֞۲୍۲ྛြؓૅݓބൗࢸ֥ԛ१ਈXbႿ൞ૌࣼॖၛԛč1Ďđč2Ďđč3Ďđč4Ďൔđѩ֤֞ၛ༯ඹᇕVSбੱ֥࠹ࢲݔğ ܱႿVSбੱ֥࠹ෘݖӱđૌൌ࠽࠹ෘਔ4ᇕVSбੱđ 1Ď აᇏݓؓૅݓ֥ሹԛ१෮ؓႋ֥۲ೆࣉ१ݓ֥VSбੱĠ 2Ď აᇏݓ40۱ྛြؓૅݓԛ१෮ؓႋ֥۲ೆࣉ१ݓ֥VSбੱĠ 3Ď აᇏݓؓൗࢸ֥ሹԛ१෮ؓႋ֥۲ೆࣉ१ݓ֥VSбੱĠ 4Ď აᇏݓ40۱ྛြؓൗࢸԛ१෮ؓႋ֥۲ೆࣉ१ݓ֥VSбੱb Ֆֻඹࢫᇀֻࢫđૌٳљ۳ԛၛഈඹᇕVSбੱ֥࠹ෘࢲݔđѩᆷԛఃࣜ࠶ݣၬb ඹaᇏݓሹԛ१ᇏԼᆰህ߄ӱ؇ࠣఃഈശ൝ ૌ༵ुՖ1992୍ᇀ2003୍ᆃ12୍ଽᇏݓԛ१સၞᇏটሱљݓ֥ᇏࡗӁ֥бᇗэ߄đࠧᇏݓԛ१ᇏ֥Լᆰህ߄čVSĎбᇗbᆃ۱VSбᇗđೂభ෮ඍđ߶ّ႘ԛᇏݓԛ१ᇏটሱݓଽളӁ֥ࡎᆴაটሱљݓิ܂֥ࡎᆴ֥ཌྷؓбᇗbі1ა1ٳљ۳ԛਔᇏݓሹԛ१ᇏ֥Լᆰህ߄бᇗࠣఃэ߄b 14
і1 ᇏݓሹԛ१ᇏVS֥бੱࠣఃэ߄ ୍ٺ ሹބ ರЧ ݢݓ ರݢ ૅݓ תૐ תૐರݢ ఃݓࡅ 1ğ1992Ē2003୍ᇏݓሹԛ१ᇏVSбੱэ߄ Ֆі1ა1ॖၛౢԣֹुԛđᄝ1992୍ၛު֥12୍ᇏđᇏݓԛ१સၞᇏটሱຓݓิ܂֥ᇏࡗӁ֥ࡎᆴбੱၘࣜഈശਔ50%đՖ1992୍֥%ഈശູ2003୍֥࣍22%bᆃ۱ഈശࣉӱđOECDݓࡅਔ20୍ቐႷҌປӮčD. Hummels֩ದ֥ં໓đ2001୍ĎđࠧՖഈൗࡀ70୍սԚᇀ90୍սԚđOECD֥ᇶေݓࡅ֥ԛ१સၞᇏ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇Ֆ10%ቐႷഈശ֞20%ቐႷbطᇏݓđᄵᄝ10୍ଽॴਔᆃ၂ն҄bᆃԉٳඪૼđᇏݓᆞᄝoൗࢸ۽ӌp֥ࣉӱᇏb ߎႋु֞č1Ďđᄝᇏݓԛ१ᇏđԼᆰህ߄ӱ؇֥նږ؇ิۚ൞ൗࡀᆭࢌၛট֥ᆃ4Ē5୍ଽؿള֥bᆜ۱90୍սđVSбੱ౷ཌࠎЧഈ൞ߏ֥b 15
ೂݔૌٳݓљሔිᇏݓԛ१સၞᇏটሱљݓ֥ᇏࡗ֥ࡎᆴбੱđᄵՖі1ა2ᇏॖၛुԛđᄝԼᆰህ߄ӱ؇֥ิۚږ؇č7۱ϤٳׄĎᇏđնჿႵٳᆭؽđࠧ5۱Ϥٳׄ൞টሱႿರЧaݢݓaתૐఃݓࡅཟᇏݓิ܂֥ᇏࡗ֥ᄹࡆđఃᇏರЧᅝ۱Ϥٳׄđݢݓᅝ2۱Ϥٳׄđתૐఃݓࡅᅝ۱Ϥٳׄbᆃࣼ൞ඪđೂݔᇏݓ֥ԛ१સၞऎႵoࡆ۽સၞp֥ྟᇉđପહᆃᇏࡗoࡆ۽ӱ؇֥ഈശpႵ၂϶ჰၹ൞টሱႿರaݢؓᇏݓ֥টਘᄹࡆđႵ2/3൞টሱႿת֥টਘᄹࡆbطটሱႿൗࢸљݓ֥টਘᄹࡆđᄝᇏݓԛ१VSбੱഈശ֥ჰၹᇏᆺཌྷ֒Ⴟ1/3bၹՎđೂݔඪᇏݓᄝݖಀ10؟୍֥ԛ१સၞऎႵoটਘࡆ۽સၞp֥หᆘđପહđᆃ۱oটਘp֥ࠎֹऎႵૼཁֹ֥თྟđପࣼ൞ರaݢb2003୍đᄝᇏݓಆ҆ԛ१ࡎᆴᇏđࣇರaݢਆݓิ܂֥ᇏࡗࡎᆴࣼᅝ%đཌྷ֒Ⴟᇏݓԛ१֥Լᆰህ߄бੱ֥1/3b 2ğᇏݓՖ۲ݓࣉ१֥ᇏࡗࡎᆴᄝᇏݓሹԛ१ᇏ֥VSбੱ ರЧݢݓૅݓתૐఃݓࡅ aᇏݓؓૅԛ१ᇏԼᆰህ߄бੱࠣః൝ భ၂ࢫૌؓᇏݓݖಀ12୍ᇏ֥ሹԛ१֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇ቔਔٳ༅bႮႿૌ֥ᇶေଢ֥൞࣮ᇏૅસၞᇏ֥Ӂြ৽ིႋაӁြଽસၞэ߄൝đၹՎđᄝᆃ၂ࢫđૌህٳ༅ᇏݓؓૅԛ१સၞᇏটሱຓݓ֥ᇏࡗ֥ࡎᆴбᇗb і2۳ԛਔᆃ۱бᇗčࠧVSбੱĎ֥э߄൝bაі1ཌྷбđૌॖၛुԛđᇏݓؓૅԛ१સၞᇏ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇აэ߄൝đሹุটඪđაᇏݓؓൗࢸ֥ሹԛ१֥Լᆰህ߄൝൞၂ᇁ֥đࠧᄝݖಀ12୍ଽčᇶေ൞Ֆ2000୍ၛট֥4୍ଽĎđVSӱ؇ഈശਔ၂϶؟đղ8۱Ϥٳׄbі2ඪૼđაᇏݓሹԛ१֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇э߄ཌྷбđᇏݓؓૅԛ१ 16
ᇏ֥oটਘࡆ۽pӱ؇čࠧVSбੱĎऎႵ۱ཁᇷหׄğ ֻ၂đᇏݓؓૅݓԛ१ᇏ֥oটਘࡆ۽pหᆘ۷ູૼཁbᆃіགྷູđᄝі1đᇏݓሹԛ१֥VSбੱՖ1992୍֥%ഈശᇀ2003୍֥%Ġطі2ཁൕđᇏݓؓૅԛ१ᇏ֥VSбੱᄝ၂ൈ௹ଽՖ%ഈശᇀ%đࠧᇏݓؓૅԛ१֥oটਘࡆ۽pӱ؇ေбಆ֥҆ᇏݓԛ१ᇏ֥oটਘࡆ۽pӱ؇ۚԛ၂۱Ϥٳׄb ֻؽđটሱರaݢaתૐఃݓࡅ֥oটਘࡆ۽pč϶ӮაᇏࡗĎᄝᇏݓؓૅԛ१સၞᇏ֥Լᆰህ߄čVSĎбੱູ%č2003୍Ďđᅝᇏݓؓૅԛ१֥VSбੱ֥%đᆃۚႿರaݢaתૐ֥টਘᄝᇏݓሹԛ१ᇏ֥ҕა؇č%Ďb ֻđೂݔुVSഈശ൝đᄵૌ۷ॖၛؿགྷđᄝݖಀ12୍đᇏݓؓૅԛ१֥VSഈശږ؇č8۱ϤٳׄĎᇏđರЧč۱ϤٳׄĎaݢݓč۱ϤٳׄĎაתૐఃݓč21۱ϤٳׄĎ۲ᅝđࡆఏটཌྷ֒Ⴟᇏݓؓૅԛ१֥টਘࡆ۽ӱ؇ഈശږ؇֥75%Ć္ࣼ൞4ඪđೂݔඪᇏݓؓૅԛ१֥oটਘࡆ۽pӱ؇ิۚਔđᆃᇶေ൞ႮႿՖರaݢaתૐఃݓࡅࣉ१֥টਘᄹࡆਔb і2ğᇏݓؓૅݓԛ१ᇏVSбੱэ߄č1992i2003୍Ď ୍ٺ ሹބ ರЧ ݢݓ ರݢ ૅݓ תૐ תૐರݢ ఃݓࡅ 17
3ğᇏݓؓૅݓԛ१ᇏ֥VSбੱэ߄൝č1992—2003୍Ď 4ğᇏݓཟૅݓԛ१ᇏ֥VSбੱٳࢳč1999——2003୍Ď ರЧݢݓૅݓתૐఃݓࡅ 4۳ԛ֥ᆞ൞ᇏݓؓૅԛ१ᇏটሱ҂ֹ֥oটਘp෮ᅝ֥ཌྷؓбᇗbૌॖၛؿགྷđૅݓཟᇏݓԛ१֥϶Ӯაᇏࡗᄝᇏݓؓૅݓԛ१ᇏ֥ࡎᆴбᇗѩ҂նđ၂ᆰ҂֞2%đᄝݖಀ֥12୍ࡗđᆃ۱бᇗ္൞ᄝഈശ֥boఃݓࡅpčᇶေ൞ᇝĎ֥oটਘpᄝᇏݓؓૅԛ१ᇏ֥VSбᇗđᄝഈൗࡀ90୍սമᇀ၂ᆰ൞༯ࢆ֥đᆺ൞ᄝቋ࣍4୍č2000୍ၛটĎҌഈശਔ2۱ϤٳׄbರЧ֥oটਘpᅝᇏݓؓૅԛ१֥VSбᇗᄝݖಀ֥10ট୍ᇏđ၂ᆰ໗קᄝ3֞4۱Ϥٳׄഈđ൞ᆜ۱ᇏݓؓૅԛ१ᇏቋն֥oটਘpݓࡅbݢݓؓႿᇏݓؓૅԛ१֥ࡎᆴ৽֥ҕაӱ؇ᄝݖಀ֥12୍ഈശ֤ቋॹđՖ%ഈശᇀ%bॖၛඪđᇏݓؓૅԛ१֥ഈശđᄝཌྷ֒ӱ؇ഈ൞ّ႘ਔᆜ۱תֹؓૅԛ१ഈശ֥൝đѩđ๙ݖটਘࡆ۽აԼᆰٳ۽đႮᇏݓؓૅԛ१ູ৽đԮ־ਔתݓࡅႭః൞ರaݢؓૅ 18
ԛ१ഈശ֥৯b ੂaᇏݓԛ१ٳྛြ֥Լᆰህ߄൝ ૌοྛြটॉҳᇏݓᄝݖಀ12୍ଽؓຓሹԛ१ᇏԼᆰህ߄ӱ؇čࠧটਘࡆ۽ӱ؇Ď֥э߄čі3Ďb і3ğᇏݓٳྛြԛ१ᇏ֥VSбੱэ߄൝č1992୍i2003୍Ď č1992i1996୍Ď ୪ ြ િฒҐ࿊ြ െႲބ฿ಖగषҐြ ࣁඋঀҐ࿊ြ ٤ࣁඋঀҐ࿊ြ ൊᇅᄯࠣҤࡆ۽ြ ١ᆮြ ڛል۪ვಹࠣః༸ົᇅ ᇅᄯြ ଡҋࡆ۽ࠣࡅऎᇅᄯြ ᄯᆼႆࠣ໓࢝Ⴈᇅᄯြ െႲࡆ۽ࠣࢊြ ߄࿐۽ြ ٤ࣁඋঀᇅြ ࣁඋးࠣࡆ۽ြ ࣁඋᇅြ ࠏྀ۽ြ ࢌ๙ᄎൻഡСᇅᄯြ గࠏྀࠣఖҋᇅᄯြ ሰࠣ๙ྐഡСᇅᄯြ ၎ఖ၎іࠣ໓߄Ϸ܄Ⴈࠏྀ ᇅᄯြ ࠏྀഡСྩြ ఃᇅᄯြ ٬ࠣ٬ਘ ৯ࠣᆕచಣඣളӁބ܂ႋ ြ િగളӁބ܂ႋြ ሱটඣ֥ളӁބ܂ႋြ ࡹᇽြ 19
ࠊᄎൻࠣҝԥြ Ⴏြ അ ြ ႂൊြ ੪ग़ᄎൻြ ࣁವЌགြ ֹٜӁြ ഠ߶ڛༀြ ളุტބഠ߶ڞ০ြ ࢝ტ໓߄ၜඌܼࠣѬ႕ ൪ြ ॓࿐࣮൙ြ ሸކඌڛༀြ ྛᆟࠏܱࠣఃྛြ ࿃і3 ᇏݓٳྛြᇏ֥ԛ१VSбੱэ߄൝č1992୍i2003୍Ď č1997i2003୍Ď 199719981999200020012002 2003 1 ୪ ြ 2 િฒҐ࿊ြ 3 െႲބ฿ಖగषҐြ 4 ࣁඋঀҐ࿊ြ 5 ٤ࣁඋঀҐ࿊ြ 6 ൊᇅᄯࠣҤࡆ۽ြ 7 ١ᆮြ ڛል۪ვಹࠣః༸ົᇅ8 ᇅᄯြ 9 ଡҋࡆ۽ࠣࡅऎᇅᄯြ 10 ᄯᆼႆࠣ໓࢝Ⴈᇅᄯြ 11 െႲࡆ۽ࠣࢊြ 12 ߄࿐۽ြ 13 ٤ࣁඋঀᇅြ 14 ࣁඋးࠣࡆ۽ြ 15 ࣁඋᇅြ 16 ࠏྀ۽ြ 17 ࢌ๙ᄎൻഡСᇅᄯြ 18 గࠏྀࠣఖҋᇅᄯြ 19 ሰࠣ๙ྐഡСᇅᄯြ ၎ఖ၎іࠣ໓߄Ϸ܄Ⴈࠏྀ20 ᇅᄯြ 21 ࠏྀഡСྩြ 22 ఃᇅᄯြ 23 ٬ࠣ٬ਘ 20
৯ࠣᆕచಣඣളӁބ܂ႋ24 ြ 25 િగളӁބ܂ႋြ 26 ሱটඣ֥ളӁބ܂ႋြ 27 ࡹᇽြ 28 ࠊᄎൻࠣҝԥြ 29 Ⴏြ 30 അ ြ 31 ႂൊြ 32 ੪ग़ᄎൻြ 33 ࣁವЌགြ 34 ֹٜӁြ 35 ഠ߶ڛༀြ 36 ളุტބഠ߶ڞ০ြ ࢝ტ໓߄ၜඌܼࠣѬ႕37 ൪ြ 38 ॓࿐࣮൙ြ 39 ሸކඌڛༀြ 40 ྛᆟࠏܱࠣఃྛြ 5ğٳྛြԛ१ᇏVSбੱ֥12୍नᆴč नᆴĎ ྛြ 21
ğ၎ఖ၎іࠣ໓߄Ϸ܄Ⴈࠏྀᇅᄯြԛ१ᇏ֥VSбੱэ߄൝č1992—2003୍Ď ğሰࠣ๙ྐഡСᇅᄯြԛ१ᇏ֥VSбੱэ߄൝č1992i2003୍Ď ğగࠏྀࠣఖҋᇅᄯြԛ१ᇏ֥VSбੱэ߄൝č1992i2003୍Ď 22
ğࢌ๙ᄎൻഡСᇅᄯြԛ१ᇏ֥VSбੱэ߄൝č1992i2003୍Ď ğڛል۪ვಹࠣః༸ົᇅᇅᄯြԛ१ᇏ֥VSбੱэ߄൝č1992i2003୍Ď ğ١ᆮြԛ१ᇏ֥VSбੱэ߄൝č1992i2003୍Ď ૌՖ5ᇏॖၛुԛđᄝᇏݓؓຓሹԛ१ᇏđनটඪđ1992୍ᇀ2003୍12୍ᇏđ၎ఖ၎іྛြčі2֥ྛြ20Ď֥ԛ१ᇏđԼᆰህ߄čVSĎ֥ӱ؇ቋۚđ12୍नູ28%ቐႷđఃՑ၇Ցູሰြčྛြ19Ďაగࠏྀြčྛြ18Ďb༯૫ૌ߶ु֞đᆃུԛ१ᇏoটਘࡆ۽pӱ؇֥ۚӁြđఃᇶေ֥oটਘӁֹpಯ൞ರЧb 23
ᄝᇏđૌٳљ۳ԛਔ၎іaሰaగࠏྀaࢌ๙ᄎൻഡСaڛልa١ᆮ֩6۱ྛြᄝ1992i2003୍֥Լᆰህ߄бੱэ߄֥൝bૌॖၛु֞đ၎іaሰaగࠏྀaࢌ๙ᄎൻഡСြ֥ԛ१ᇏđoটਘࡆ۽pӱ؇čVSбੱĎ֥նږഈശؿളႿ2000୍đ2000୍ު۲ሱӻ࿃໗קᄝ22%i38%ᆭࡗ֥ۚ؇ഈbطڛልြԛ१ა١ᆮြԛ१ᇏđoটਘࡆ۽pčVSбੱĎӱ؇ᄝ1996i1999୍ᆭࡗႵ၂۱߁bཌྷؓطđڛልa١ᆮြ֥ԛ१֒ᇏđটਘࡆ۽ӱ؇čVSбੱĎေ֤֮؟bᄝ1992i2003୍ࡗđVSбੱनᄝ15i16%ᆭࡗb࣐ܵೂՎđᄝᇏݓ١ᆮაڛልԛ१ࡎᆴđটሱರЧ֥ᇏࡗ֥ࡎᆴݣਈಯ1ᅝಆ҆ຓݓᇏࡗࡎᆴ֥ቐႷbᆃ၂ׄૌ߶ᄝֻࢫህቔٳ༅b 3 aᇏݓؓૅԛ१ٳྛြ֥Լᆰህ߄൝ ᆃ၂ࢫህ࣮ᇏݓؓૅԛ१ᇏđଧུྛြԛ१֥oটਘࡆ۽ӱ؇pčVSбੱĎۚĤೂݔVSбੱۚđପહ࣮ࣨଧ۱ݓࡅ൞ᇏݓ֥ᇶေoটਘิ܂ݓpĤ і4აі3োරđοӁြ༥ٳđᅚൕਔՖ1992i2003୍ࡗૄ୍֥ؓૅԛ१ࡎᆴᇏoটਘࡆ۽p֥ࡎᆴбੱčVSбੱĎbՖ7ॖၛुԛđनඪটđಯಖ൞၎ఖ၎іြčྛြ20Ďؓૅԛ१ᇏ֥VSбੱቋۚđ12୍नղ28%ቐႷđఃՑ၇Ցູሰaగࠏྀaࢌ๙ᄎൻഡСြb і4ğᇏݓཟૅݓԛ१ᇏٳྛြVSэ߄൝č1992i2003୍Ď č1992i1996୍Ď 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1 ୪ ြ 2 િฒҐ࿊ြ 3 െႲބ฿ಖగषҐြ 4 ࣁඋঀҐ࿊ြ 5 ٤ࣁඋঀҐ࿊ြ 6 ൊᇅᄯࠣҤࡆ۽ြ 7 ١ᆮြ ڛል۪ვಹࠣః༸ົᇅ8 ᇅᄯြ 9 ଡҋࡆ۽ࠣࡅऎᇅᄯြ 10 ᄯᆼႆࠣ໓࢝Ⴈᇅᄯြ 11 െႲࡆ۽ࠣࢊြ 12 ߄࿐۽ြ 24
13 ٤ࣁඋঀᇅြ 14 ࣁඋးࠣࡆ۽ြ 15 ࣁඋᇅြ 16 ࠏྀ۽ြ 17 ࢌ๙ᄎൻഡСᇅᄯြ 18 గࠏྀࠣఖҋᇅᄯြ 19 ሰࠣ๙ྐഡСᇅᄯြ ၎ఖ၎іࠣ໓߄Ϸ܄Ⴈࠏྀᇅ20 ᄯြ 21 ࠏྀഡСྩြ 22 ఃᇅᄯြ 23 ٬ࠣ٬ਘ 24 ৯ࠣᆕచಣඣളӁބ܂ႋြ 25 િగളӁބ܂ႋြ 26 ሱটඣ֥ളӁބ܂ႋြ 27 ࡹᇽြ 28 ࠊᄎൻࠣҝԥြ 29 Ⴏြ 30 അ ြ 31 ႂൊြ 32 ੪ग़ᄎൻြ 33 ࣁವЌགြ 34 ֹٜӁြ 35 ഠ߶ڛༀြ 36 ളุტބഠ߶ڞ০ြ ࢝ტ໓߄ၜඌܼࠣѬ႕൪37 ြ 38 ॓࿐࣮൙ြ 39 ሸކඌڛༀြ 40 ྛᆟࠏܱࠣఃྛြ ࿃і4 ᇏݓཟૅݓԛ१ᇏٳྛြVSэ߄൝č1992i2003୍Ď č1997i2003୍Ď 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1 ୪ ြ િฒҐ࿊ြ െႲބ฿ಖగषҐြ ࣁඋঀҐ࿊ြ ٤ࣁඋঀҐ࿊ြ ൊᇅᄯࠣҤࡆ۽ြ ١ᆮြ ڛል۪ვಹࠣః༸ົᇅ8 ᇅᄯြ 25
9 ଡҋࡆ۽ࠣࡅऎᇅᄯြ ᄯᆼႆࠣ໓࢝Ⴈᇅᄯြ െႲࡆ۽ࠣࢊြ ߄࿐۽ြ ٤ࣁඋঀᇅြ ࣁඋးࠣࡆ۽ြ ࣁඋᇅြ ࠏྀ۽ြ ࢌ๙ᄎൻഡСᇅᄯြ గࠏྀࠣఖҋᇅᄯြ ሰࠣ๙ྐഡСᇅᄯြ ၎ఖ၎іࠣ໓߄Ϸ܄Ⴈࠏྀᇅ20 ᄯြ 21 ࠏྀഡСྩြ ఃᇅᄯြ ٬ࠣ٬ਘ ৯ࠣᆕచಣඣളӁބ܂ႋြ િగളӁބ܂ႋြ ሱটඣ֥ളӁބ܂ႋြ ࡹᇽြ ࠊᄎൻࠣҝԥြ Ⴏြ അ ြ ႂൊြ ੪ग़ᄎൻြ ࣁವЌགြ ֹٜӁြ ഠ߶ڛༀြ ളุტބഠ߶ڞ০ြ ࢝ტ໓߄ၜඌܼࠣѬ႕൪37 ြ 38 ॓࿐࣮൙ြ ሸކඌڛༀြ ྛᆟࠏܱࠣఃྛြ 26
7ğᇏݓཟૅݓԛ१ᇏٳྛြ֥VSбੱनᆴč नᆴĎ ྛြ ູਔٳྛြࢣൕᇏݓؓૅԛ१સၞᇏoটਘࡆ۽ӱ؇pčVSбੱĎᇯ୍ഈശ֥൝đૌ࿊ԛ၎ఖ၎іaሰaగࠏྀaࢌ๙ᄎൻഡСaڛልa١ᆮြVSбੱᄝ1992i2003୍֥э߄൝đ 8 ğᇏݓ၎ఖ၎іြཟૅݓԛ१ᇏ֥74бੱэ߄൝č i ୍Ď 8 ğᇏݓሰࠣ๙ྐഡСᇅᄯြૅݓԛ१ᇏ֥74бੱэ߄൝č Ē ୍Ď 27
8 ğሰࠣ๙ྐഡСᇅᄯြᇏݓཟૅݓԛ१ᇏ֥74бੱэ߄൝č Ē ୍Ď 8 ğᇏݓࢌ๙ഡСြཟૅݓԛ१ᇏ74бੱэ߄൝č i ୍Ď 8 ğᇏݓڛልᇅᄯြཟૅݓԛ१ᇏ֥74бੱэ߄൝č Ē ୍Ď 28
8 ğᇏݓ١ᆮြཟૅݓԛ१ᇏ֥74бੱэ߄൝ ೂݔૌбࢠ၂༯6čĎა8čĎᆭࡗ֥۲ؓႋӁြ֥VSбੱэ൝ཌđь߶ؿགྷđᇏݓؓૅԛ१ᇏ֥oটਘࡆ۽ӱ؇pčVSбੱĎ֥ᇯ୍ഈശ൝൞აᇏݓᆜ۱ԛ१સၞᇏVSбੱഈശ൝ປಆཌྷ၂ᇁ֥bᆴ֤නॉ֥൞đᄝٳྛြVSഈശ൝֥Мުđ࣮ࣨଧݓ൞ᇏݓؓૅԛ१સၞᇏ֥oটਘิ܂ݓpĤ і5οӁြčοVSбੱնཬஆĎ۳ԛਔ2000୍ᇏݓؓૅԛ१ᇏVSбੱࠣఃֹٳࢳbૌᆭ෮ၛၛ2000୍ູҕॉ୍ٺđ൞ႮႿᇏݓቋ࣍܄֥҃ೆӁԛіщ֞2000୍bૌο2000୍ᇏݓೆӁԛі߃ٳ֥40۱նྛြđٳྛြ࠹ෘਔᇏݓཟૅݓ֥ԛ१ᇏఃݓࡅ෮ิ܂֥ᇏࡗčটਘĎࡎᆴ෮ᅝ֥ٺحbࢲݔ൞ཁಖ֥ğᄝᇏݓؓૅԛ१સၞ֥ն҆ٳӁြᇏđটሱರЧ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇đࠧটሱರЧ֥Ӂြଽસၞđնุഈᅝ֞Ӂြଽસၞ1֥ቐႷđбೂ၎ఖ၎іြđᇏݓؓૅԛ१ᇏ֥VSбੱູ%đطটሱರЧᇏࡗ֥5VSбੱࣼղ8%bᄝగࠏྀa॓aሰaࠏྀ۽ြaࢌ๙ᄎൻഡСaࠏྀြᇏđᇏݓؓૅԛ१સၞᇏ֥Ӂြଽસၞбᇗᄝ20%ၛഈđࣇರЧ၂ݓࣼᅝਔ4Ē5%b і5ğ 2000୍Ֆ҂ݓࡅ֥ࣉ१ؓૅݓ҂ྛြԛ१֥VSбੱ čοᅶoሹބpਙࢆஆਙĎčCOMTRADEĎ ྛြݼ ྛြ ರЧ ರЧĐݢݓರݢתૐૅݓ ః ሹބ ၎ఖ၎іࠣ໓߄Ϸ܄Ⴈࠏ20 ྀᇅᄯြ 18 గࠏྀࠣఖҋᇅᄯြ ॓࿐࣮൙ြ ሰࠣ๙ྐഡСᇅᄯြ ࠏྀ۽ြ െႲࡆ۽ࠣࢊြ ࢌ๙ᄎൻഡСᇅᄯြ ࣁඋးࠣࡆ۽ြ 29
21 ࠏྀഡСྩြ ࣁඋঀҐ࿊ြ ࣁඋᇅြ ଡҋࡆ۽ࠣࡅऎᇅᄯြ ࡹᇽြ ߄࿐۽ြ ᄯᆼႆࠣ໓࢝Ⴈᇅᄯ10 ြ 29 Ⴏြ ڛል۪ვಹࠣః༸ົ8 ᇅᇅᄯြ 22 ఃᇅᄯြ ١ᆮြ ളุტބഠ߶ڞ০ြ ৯ࠣᆕచಣඣളӁބ܂24 ႋြ 13 ٤ࣁඋঀᇅြ ഠ߶ڛༀြ િగളӁބ܂ႋြ ੪ग़ᄎൻြ િฒҐ࿊ြ ٤ࣁඋঀҐ࿊ြ അ ြ ሱটඣ֥ളӁބ܂ႋြ ྛᆟࠏܱࠣఃྛြ ࠊᄎൻࠣҝԥြ ሸކඌڛༀြ െႲބ฿ಖగषҐြ ࢝ტ໓߄ၜඌܼࠣѬ႕37 ൪ြ 6 ൊᇅᄯࠣҤࡆ۽ြ ႂൊြ ୪ ြ ֹٜӁြ ࣁವЌགြ ٬ࠣ٬ਘ ϖaᇏݓԛ१સၞᇏoটਘࡆ۽pӱ؇აᇏૅસၞܱ༢ ᄝభ૫ඹࢫ࠹ෘਔᇏݓԛ१સၞᇏඹᇕԼᆰህ߄čVSĎӱ؇bૌॖၛՖі1აі3 30
ᇏुԛđ֞2003୍đᄝᇏݓಆ҆ԛ१ਈᇏđটሱຓݓิ܂֥ᇏࡗ֥ࡎᆴၘղ%Ġೂݔᆺ࠹ෘᇏݓؓૅԛ१ᇏ֥Լᆰህ߄čӁြଽસၞĎбᇗđᄵᆃ۱ඔሳߎ߶۷ۚԛ၂۱Ϥٳׄč%Ďb ૌᆃ۱࠹ࢲݔđбࢠग़ֹܴ۳ԛਔᇏݓؓຓԛ१સၞᇏđႭః൞ؓૅԛ१સၞᇏ֥oটਘࡆ۽pӱ؇bᆃ۱ࢲݔđᇀഒऎႵਆٚ૫֥ᆟҦݣၬğ č၂Ďᆞಒܙෘᇏݓԛ१સၞᇏoটਘࡆ۽p֥ӱ؇đႵ০Ⴟݓሙಒࡎຓસؓᇏݓࣜ࠶ᄹӉაᇏݓದૌڞ০֥܊ངb ᄝᇏݓđགྷᄝႵ၂ᇕෘمđಪູoࡆ۽સၞᄝຓસሹحᇏ֥б২ۚղ47%pbᄝۚྍ4ඌӁ֥ԛ१ᇏđᇏۚඌაᇏ֮ඌ֥҆ԛ१ᅝ֞90%đطఃᇏႻႵ90%൞ࡆ۽સၞbՖᆃᇕෘمԛؿđޓಸၞಞದ֤ԛᇏݓ֥ԛ१સၞᇏࡆ۽સၞбੱ֥ۚࢲંb ૌ҂ڎಪݓԛ१સၞᄝݓ࠽ٳ۽ᇏԩႿࡎᆴ৽ᇏ֥֮ࡎᆴ؊֥൙ൌbૌ֥࣮ၛݚܱБܱ֥ࣉԛ१ਈູ၇ऌđοࡎᆴਈ࠹ෘ۳ԛਔຓݓิ܂֥ᇏࡗࡎᆴᄝᇏݓԛ१ࡎᆴ֥бੱb၂Ϯซoটਘࡆ۽સၞpđສສ൞ϜՖ൙ࡆ۽સၞఒြ෮ิ܂֥ԛ१֥ಆ҆ࡎᆴ֒ቔoটਘࡆ۽pࡎᆴbطૌ֥࠹ෘđ൞۬οຓݓิ܂֥ᇏࡗࡎᆴᅝԛ१ࡎᆴ֥קၬčࠧԼᆰህ߄бੱĎট࠹ෘđࢲݔؿགྷđᇏݓԛ१ᇕ֥Ӂြଽસၞбੱჿູ22%đб๙ӈಪູ֥oࡆ۽સၞбੱۚղ47%p֥ඪمđࢆ֮ਔ၂϶b ૌᆃᇕ࠹ෘ൞ڎ֮ܙਔᇏݓԛ१aႭః൞ؓૅԛ१ᇏo֥টਘࡆ۽ӱ؇pĤ൙ൌഈđೂݔૌັቔ၂ݓ࠽бࢠđь߶ؿགྷđᇏݓԛ१ᇏ֥VSбੱᄝݓ࠽ഈߎ൞උႿ֥ۚb֞ഈൗࡀ90୍սটđᆺႵݢݓaιغধaօચaࡆଦնaހধaᇏݓຖֹ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇čVSбੱĎղ25%Ē30%bರЧaૅݓaϏն০֩ݓ֥ԛ१સၞᇏ֥VSбੱԩႿ5%ᇀ10%ᆭࡗčHummels֩đ2001୍Ďbૌ۬οVSбੱ֥קၬটܙෘđ෮Ⴈ֥ٚمაඔऌऎႵݓ࠽ॖбྟđ֤֞VSбੱູ22%ᆃ၂ࢲંđႋھбࢠॖྐbᆃ၂ࢲݔіૼđᇏݓ֥ԛ१સၞ֥ᇶေࡎᆴิ܂ᆀಯ൞ᇏݓದ֥সༀაሧჷb֒ಖđᆃ҂ڎקૌᄝݓ࠽ٳ۽ᇏಯಖԩႿࡎᆴ৽֮؊֥൙ൌb čؽĎೂݔૌࡼᇏݓԛ१સၞᇏ֥VSбੱᆴაૅݓԛ१֥VSбੱᆴཌྷбࢠđࣼॖၛᆩ֡đᄝᇏૅસၞܱ༢ഈđૅݓ൞ԩႿࡎᆴ৽֥ۚ؊b οFeenstrač1998୍Ď֥࠹ෘđ֞ഈൗࡀ90୍սૅݓࣉ१֥ᇏࡗնჿᅝૅݓಆ҆ᇏࡗҐܓ֥%bطοHummels֩ದč2001୍Ď֥ҩෘđ֞1990୍սđૅݓԛ१ᇏ֥Ӂြଽસၞбᇗಯ҂֞7%bᆃၩሢđनটඪđૅݓૄՖᇏݓࣉ१၂ֆ໊Ӂđఃݓଽ֥ 4 u21ൗࡀࣜ࠶Б֡v2005୍2ᄅ21ರֻ36ϱb 31
ڸࡆᆴ߶10Пമᇀ൞14ПႿࣉ१֥ࡎᆴbૌᄝЧ໓ष෮ႄ֥FeenstraܱႿϐбຏຏ֥σ২ၘࣜඪૼđᇏݓԛ१၂۱ϐбຏຏᆺᆖ1ૅჭđطᄝૅݓ൧ӆაൗࢸഈෲॖછ10ૅჭbᆃնุഈაૅݓࢠ֥֮Լᆰህ߄čVSбੱĎӱ؇ཌྷؓႋb ೂݔοૅݓളӁაԛ१સၞ֥Լᆰህ߄бੱູ7Ċෘđପહđᄝ2003୍ૅݓՖᇏݓࣉ१֥926ၡૅჭ֥ࡎᆴࠎԤഈđૅݓളӁაԛ१حնჿ13000ၡૅჭ֥ࡎᆴაᆭؿളᆰࢤࠇࡗࢤ֥ܱ༢bο5Ċ֥न০ੱෘđૅݓ܄ඳᇀഒՖᇏॖၛଦሼ600ၡૅჭ֥০bᄜο13000ၡૅჭᅝૅݓGDP֥бᇗෘđնᇁॖၛܙෘԛაᇏݓؓૅԛ१ࡎᆴཌྷؓႋ֥5ૅݓଽ۽ቔەູ໊400ຣᇀ800ຣ۱bၹՎđૅݓݓଽଖུದ၂ᆷᄳؓᇏݓ֥સၞoຓЇpčoutsourcingĎࠪוਔૅݓস۽֥oٖຜpđ൞Ⴕാொ֥b ࣴaࢲં ๙ݖٳ༅ૌ֤֞༯ਙࢲંğ 1a ٳ༅Ӂြଽસၞᄝᇏૅસၞᇏ֥бᇗބ႕ཙđ҂ି֥Ⴈࡆ۽સၞᅝԛ१ح֥бᇗᆃ၂ᆷѓđطႋھࣚಒ֥࠹ෘটਘࡆ۽ᇏຓݓᇏࡗӁ֥࣪ࡎᆴᄝݓؓૅԛ१֥ቋᇔӁࡎᆴᇏ֥бᇗbᆃ္൞ૌᆭ෮ၛҐႨԼᆰህ߄ᆃ၂ۀၛࠣཌྷܱ֥ҩ؇Ϸم֥Ⴎb 2a οᅶഈඍקၬ෮Ґ౼֥Լᆰህ߄ᆷѓčvertical specializationĎđૌؿགྷđᄝݖಀ֥ؽ୍ᇏč1992i2003Ďđᄝᇏݓ֥ሹԛ१֒ᇏđԼᆰህ߄ӱ؇ၘࣜՖ1992୍֥14%ᄹࡆ֞2003୍֥%đࠧđԼᆰ߄ӱ؇ิۚਔ࣍50%bᆃ۱ඣč2003୍֥%Ďᄝ֒ࣂ֥ൗࢸસၞ֒ᇏ္උႿቋ֥ۚbᄝ֒ࣂ֥ൗࢸഈᆺႵႇݓބࡆଦն֩ഒඔࠫݓ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇ӑݖ20%đૅݓ҂֞7%đطರЧᆺႵ4%bѩࣜ࠶ؿᅚބކቔቆᆮݓࡅčOECDĎ֥સၞᇏ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇Ֆ70୍ս֥न13%Ē14%đഈശູ90୍սᇏު௹֥18%Ē20%ቐႷđਔᆜᆜؽ୍֥ൈࡗbطᇏݓᆺՖ1992୍֞2003୍֥ؽ୍ଽčᇶေ൞2000୍ၛট֥4୍ᇏĎԼᆰ߄ิ֥ۚॴ؇ཌྷ֒Ⴟ༆ٚݓࡅؽ୍֥ؿᅚॴ؇b 3a ೂݔૌህٳ༅ᇏݓؓૅݓ֥ԛ१ᇏ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇đପહᆃ၂ӱ؇бᇏݓሹԛ१ᇏ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇ߎေۚbनඪটđՖ1992୍֞2003୍ᆃؽ୍ࡗ֥ն؟ඔ୍ 5 uࣜ࠶ರБv2005୍4ᄅ13ರֻϱ෮ႄ֥ଉ۴ථฌ০࣮Ӯݔb 32
ٺđᇏݓཟૅݓԛ१ᇏ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇бᇏݓሹԛ१֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇ေۚԛჿ၂۱Ϥٳׄb 4a ᄝᇏݓؓૅݓԛ१֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇ᇏđૌؿགྷđটሱႿರЧ֥ࣉ१ؓԼᆰህ߄֥܊ང႕ཙቋնbೂݔඪԼᆰህ߄෮؇ਈ֥൞ຓݓؓᇏݓԛ१֥ᇏࡗࡎᆴؓᇏݓཟૅݓԛ१ཌྷؓ܊ང֥߅đପહটሱರЧ֥ᇏࡗᄝᇏݓཟૅݓ֥ԛ१֥VSб২ᇏ෮ᅝбᇗնჿູٳᆭ၂bೂݔࡆഈটሱႿݢݓ֥ᇏࡗࣉ१đପહರݢؓᇏݓ֥ᇏࡗԛ१ᄝᇏݓཟૅݓԛ१֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇ᇏჿᅝٳᆭ၂bطתૐ֥ఃϖݓđᄝᇏૅસၞ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇ᇏ֥ཌྷؓ܊ངӱ؇ᆺཌྷ֒ႿটሱႿૅݓ֥܊ངbᆃ္ࣼ൞ඪđൌ࠽ഈ൞ರЧaݢݓ҆ٳֹϜᇏݓቔູૌളӁݖӱ֥࿃đರaݢaᇏݓྙӮ၂۱ཌྷؓ৫֥ളӁุ༢ᄝཟૅݓԛ१bԢᇝຓđఃݓࡅؓᇏݓ֥ᇏࡗԛ१ᄝᇏૅસၞ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇֥܊ངնჿູ50%b 5a ೂݔૌٳྛြটٳ༅đᄵؿགྷđᄝᇏݓؓૅݓԛ१સၞᇏđԼᆰህ߄ӱ؇ቋ֥ۚྛြ҂൞١ᆮြބڛልြᆃ൞ᇏૅસၞܱ༢бࢠࣅᅦ֥Ӂြ҆đط൞ࠏྀᇅᄯြbఃᇏđၛ2003୍ູ২đ၎ఖ၎іြ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇ູ%đఃՑ၇Ց൞గࠏྀᇅᄯြč24%Ďa॓൙ြč23%Ďaሰᇅᄯြč%Ďaࠏྀ۽ြč%ĎaെႲࡆ۽ြč%Ďaࢌ๙ᄎൻഡСᇅᄯြč%Ďbط١ᆮြބڛልᇅᄯြ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇ᆺႵ16%ቐႷbଢభᄝᇏૅસၞܱ༢ഈ࣯ٴбࢠ؟֥ྛြԼᆰ߄ӱ؇бࢠ֮đطၛഈਙԛ֥ࠫ۱Լᆰ߄ӱ؇бࢠ֥ۚӁြᄵસၞܱ༢бࢠߏބbᆃՖ၂קӱ؇ഈࢣൕਔૅݓಒൌ൞ᄝܱᇿᇏݓᄝસၞᇏ֥০ၭಃᇗbԼᆰ߄ӱ؇֮ඪૼᇏݓᄝԛ१ᇏ֥֤࣪ၭࢠնđࣼಸၞႄఏૅݓַ֥ᇅb 6a ೂݔૌᄜܱᇿᇏݓؓૅԛ१ᇏটሱႿૅݓ֥ᇏࡗ֥ڸࡆᆴбᇗđପહࣼ߶ؿགྷđčၛ2003୍ູ২ĎđԼᆰህ߄ӱ؇ቋ֥ۚྛြູ၎ఖ၎іြčູ3%Ďđၛ༯၇Ցູᄯᆼြč%Ďa॓൙ြč%Ďaࢌ๙ᄎൻഡСᇅᄯြč%Ďaగࠏྀᇅᄯြč%Ďaሰࠣ๙ྐഡСᇅᄯြč%ĎބࠏྀഡСč%Ďbطᆃུ҆ఞఞ൞ᇏૅસၞᇏ࣯ٴбࢠഒ֥҆bᆃᄜՑᆣൌđᇏૅસၞܱ༢֥ߏބӱ؇აૅݓᆰࢤҕა֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇൞Ⴕܱ৳֥b 7a ᄝ١ᆮြބڛልြđૅݓؓᇏݓ֥ᇏࡗԛ१ᄝᇏݓؓૅݓԛ१ᇏ֥ཌྷؓбᇗᄝݖಀ֥ؽ୍ࡗ൞Ⴕ෮༯ࢆ֥bऎุ֥ඪđ1992୍Ֆૅݓࣉ१֥١ᆮြᇏࡗᄝᇏݓؓૅݓԛ१ᇏ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇ղ֞%đط2003୍ᆃ၂бᇗ༯ࢆູ%bڛልြՖ1992୍֥%༯ࢆູ2003୍֥1%b࣐ܵ༯ࢆ֥бᇗ҂նđఃྛြ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ 33
؇ᄹࡆਔ၂϶ቐႷđၹՎđ١ᆮြބڛልြ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇֥༯ࢆࣼაᇏݓԛ१સၞᇏԼᆰ߄ӱ؇௴ђഈശ֥൝ྙӮਔ༷ૼّ֥ҵbᆃ္Ֆ၂۱ҧ૫ࢣൕਔᇏૅસၞᄝ١ᆮြഈӁളଉ҈֥ჰၹb 8a ሸഈ෮ඍđӁြଽસၞ֥ؿᅚđԛ१ᇏԼᆰህ߄ӱ؇֥ิۚđ൞ݖಀؽ୍ᇏૅસၞؿᅚ֥ᇗေఠႄࠏᇅđ္൞ᇏݓᆜ۱ԛ१સၞ֤ၛؿᅚ֥ᇗေჰၹbಖطđᇏݓԛ१સၞԼᆰህ߄ӱ؇֥ิۚѩ҂၂ק֝ᇁસၞଉ҈֥ᄹࡆbཌྷّđૌ֥࣮ࢣൕਔđᄝପུԼᆰህ߄ӱ؇ࢠ֥ۚӁြđᇏૅસၞܱ༢ཁ֤бࢠඨ০đطસၞଉ҈֚ສສԛགྷႿԼᆰህ߄ӱ؇ࢠ֥֮ྛြđೂ١ᆮြބڛልြb 9a ૌ֥࣮ᆺ൞࠹ෘਔԛ१ᇏᇏࡗࣉ१ࡎᆴ֥܊ངđࠧՖԛ१ᆃ၂؇ਈਔԼᆰህ߄֥ӱ؇ࠣఃэ߄൝bοᅶFeenstrač1998Ď֥ၩđસၞᇏ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇ߎႋھՖࣉ१ᆃ၂টࡆၛ؇ਈđطߎಪູđՖ࠹ഈඪđᆃਆ֥ӱ؇ႋھ൞ཌྷ֥֩bၹՎđᄝݖಀ֥ؽ୍ᇏđᇏݓؓຓસၞ֥Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇đՖሹุഈඪđၘࣜՖ1992୍֥28%đഈശູ2003֥42%ၛഈbᆃіૼᇏݓଢభၘࣜᄝཌྷ֒ӱ؇ഈವೆਔളӁ֥ಆ౯߄ݖӱđӮູൗࢸ۽ӌ֥၂۱ᇗေቆӮ҆ٳb 10a ૅݓ֥അြބఒြֆ໊ᆭ෮ၛ჻ၩՖᇏݓࣉ१Լᆰህ߄ӱ؇ೂՎ֥ۚӁđՖ۴Чഈඪߎ൞མ০ႨളӁಆ౯߄෮ջট֥бࢠႪ൝đૅݓ֥ఒြࡅބཨٮᆀི֤֞ၭഈ֥ݺԩbᇀႿૅݓՖᇏݓ֥ࣉ१ॖିؓૅݓ֥٤ඃ۽ದᄯӮࣼြԊࠌđႋھႮૅݓ֥ఒြࡅބᆟکؓૌࣉྛҀӊbೂݔϜᆃᇕҀӊ֥ᄳ֞ᇏݓؓૅસၞഈđമᇀေၛՎູႮؓᇏݓ֥સၞࣉྛཋᇅđᆃᄝૅݓࣜ࠶࿐ࡅुট္൞҂ૼᇆ֥b ҕॉ໓ང Antras, Pol and . 2004. Global Sourcing. Journal of Political Economy. 112(3): 552-580. Antweiler, W. and D. Trefler. 1997. Increasing Returns and All That: A View From Trade. University of British Columbia and University of Toronto. Arndt, S. W. and H. Kierzkowski. 2001. Fragmentation.: New Production patterns in the World Economy. Oxford University Press. London. Balassa, .B., 1976. Trade Liberalization among Industrial Countries. McGraw-Hill, New York. Bhagwati, J., 1984. Splintering and Disembodiment of Services and Developing Nations. World Economy. 7 (2): 133-144. 34
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