2000୍ֻ5௹ ັ ࠏ ؿ ᅚ 1 9 ᇂ໓ࡱࠇ๙ݖোරCiscoਫ਼Ⴎఖ֥ٟᆇᇔ؊ٚൔࣉ๙ྐ,ѩऎႵ၂ק֥ຩྐ༏ڛༀି৯bྛ,ఃᇂࢲݔթႿ /etc/ ໓ࡱᇏbؓႿگᄖ֥ຩຉ௪ࢲܒ,ࠇԛႿิۚຩਫ਼Ⴎۿି֥ॉ੮,[参考文献]Ⴈॖ࿊ᄴ۷ູگᄖaི֥ۚਫ਼ႮླྀၰbMrtೈࡱᆦ[1] ,,InternetProtocol,Version6(IPv6)Specifica ӻRtion,REC2460,+֩,ॖ۴ऌླေ࿊ᄴᇂb๙ݖഈඍ҆ٳ֥ຩνልބᇂ,၂۱ࡥֆ֥[2] Hinden,,IPVersion6AddressingArchitecture,RFC2373,ຩࠧࡹӮbॖൌགྷაఃIPv6ຩ֥ཌྷ[3] .!໓ᅣщݼ∀ 1005-3751(2000)05-0019-03၂ᇕຩᆦڱ൭؍###ሰགྷࣁANetworkPaymentMechanism###ElectronicCashნ ᬉ ᅦડ߈(广东工业大学计算机科学与工程一系,广州,510090)YUDi&ZHANGManHuai(.,GDUT,Guangzhou510090,China)[ᅋ ေ] Ч໓൮༵ࢺകਔ၂ᇕຩᆦڱ൭؍###ሰགྷࣁࠏԩb֒భሰࠊлᇶေႵো:ሰྐႨवa֥ྟᇉ,ಖުࡥေ૭ඍਔሰགྷࣁ༢,ቋުሢᇗٳ༅ਔᆦڱሰᆦௐބሰགྷࣁbሰྐႨव҂ᆦӻཌᆦڱ,ᄝᇏႋॉ੮֥ᇶေ໙ีࠣఃࢳथٚσbૄՑᆦڱݖӱᇏсྶൌགྷग़aഅࡅaၿྛބؿवࠏܒ[ܱՍ] ሰགྷࣁ;ሰᆦڱ;ద;ૡ࿐֥ᄝཌ؟ٚಪᆣބඔऌ֥ཌྷԮෂ,ᆃؓཬحᆦڱট[ABSTRACT] Firstofall,thepaperintroducesthepropertyofඪսࡎն;ሰᆦௐᆦӻཌᆦڱ,ࢠൡކႿཬحᆦElectronicCash,anetworkpaymentmechanism,thendescribeaڱ,҂ିٝᆸႨ֥ऋधᆦڱބᆦྛູ;ሰགྷࣁconcretesystemofdigitalsystem,finallyplacesanemphasisonᄵିࢠݺֹࢳथഈඍ໙ี,࠻ିႨႿնحᆦڱ,္ିႨanalysingtheessentialproblemsofpaymentandprovidingtheso luႿཬحᆦڱ,طߎႵЌႨᆦڱྛູႅзྟ,ٝᆸtions.[KEYWORDS] ElectronicCash;ElectronicPaymentऋधᆦڱބᆦྛູ֩ᇭ؟Ⴊׄ,ၹط۷൳അࡅބႨ;BlindSignature;Cryptology֥ౝᩥbଢభ,ᆌؓሰགྷࣁ,ݓ࠽ഈၘषؿԛਔ؟[ᇏٳোݼ] [໓ངѓ്] AᇕႋႨ༢,ೂ:DigiCash,,NetCash,CAFE֩b1 ႄ 2 ሰགྷࣁ֥ᇶေหྟෛሢࣁವሰ߄ބInternet֥ؿᅚ,ຩቔሰགྷࣁ൞ሰഅༀᇏ၂ᇕᇗေ֥ᆦڱ൭؍,Ֆູ၂ᇕྍ֥સၞਵთᆞᇯࡶӮູഅༀ֥၂նؿᅚഅༀ۲֥ٚ࢘؇ԛؿ,ؓሰགྷࣁႵ҂֥ေbग़൝b০Ⴈሰഅༀࣉྛસၞ,сಖ߶ఠട֞ᆦڱb๙ေሰགྷࣁႨٚь,թԥνಆऎႵେྟ;അݖຩࣉྛࠊлᆦڱ,ఃЧᇉ൞ᄝຩഈϜགྷႵ֥ᆦڱࡅᄵေሰགྷࣁऎႵॖಪᆣྟ,ିؑߐӮᆇൌ֥ࢲܒሇ߄ູሰྙൔbሰᆦڱ൞ሰഅༀᇏቋނࠊл;ၿྛ(ሰགྷࣁؿྛᆀ)ᄵေሰགྷࣁᆺିႨྏaቋܱ֥ߌࢫ,൞ࢌၞචٚൌགྷࢌၞଢ֥֥ᇗေ၂Ց҂ିФ٤مႨބເᄯb݂ବ۲֥ٚေ,ॖ၂҄,္൞ሰഅༀ֤ၛࣉྛ֥ࠎԤ่ࡱbࡥֆඪ,֤ԛሰགྷࣁႋऎႵೂ༯ྟᇉ[1]:ሰࠊлࣼ൞ၛሰٚൔթᄝ֥ࠊл,൞၂ᇕԥᆴ(1)৫ྟ:҂၇ঠႿหק֥࠹ෘࠏ༢b֥ᆦڱ۽ऎ,Ⴈൈაᆼࠎགྷࣁປಆোර,ॖൌགྷຂ(2)νಆྟ:ିٝᆸഅༀᇏ֥ၩ၂ٚ۷ڿࠇ٤مႨሰགྷࣁb!൬۠ರ௹∀ 2000-04-05(3)҂ॖ؟ՑႨ:ૄ۱ሰགྷࣁᆺିႨ၂Ցb!ቔᆀࡥࢺ∀ ნ ᬉ(1971#),ණൖ࣮ള,࣮ٚཟ:࠹ෘࠏຩνಆ;(4)େྟ:Ⴈሰགྷࣁ֥ྛູ҂ॖሔሶbᅦડ߈(1971#),ණൖ࣮ള,࣮ٚཟ:࠹ෘࠏຩνಆb(5)ॖథ၍ྟ:ሰགྷࣁିథ၍۳љ֥Ⴈ,ࠧࢹ
20 ັ ࠏ ؿ ᅚ 2000୍ֻ5௹ ۳љ֥Ⴈb(6)ӻࣲྟ:ሰགྷࣁ҂߶ݖ௹,ߊࠇש4 ਆՑᆦڱ ໙ี(Double-Spending)ാ,ॖӻࣲЌᆴ,ؿྛֆ໊҂ॖሱྛࢆ֮ఃࡎᆴbᄝႨ࠹ෘࠏ༢ᇏ,ॖିЌթႵሰགྷࣁ֥С(7)ॖٳྟ:ሰགྷࣁॖႨႿۄᇕࠊлֆ໊,ѩٺ,ೂޅቅᆸ၂۱ሰགྷࣁ֥ਆՑᆦڱ?ؓႿᄝཌॖϜնࡎᆴ֥ࠊлٳູۄ۱ཬࡎᆴ֥ࠊлbᆦڱ,ॖಸၞႮၿྛҰ࿘Чֹඔऌ९ु൞ڎھሰགྷ(8)ᆦӻᄝཌࠇཌᆦڱ:ᄝཌᆦڱᆷᄝૄՑᆦࣁႵႨݖ֥࠺,ᄝཌᆦڱൈ,ᄵсྶࢹᇹૡڱေაၿྛ৳༢,ၛಒЌႨીႵᆦཨٮ,ః๙࿐ླྀၰਔbChaumิԛਔ၂ᇕٚσ[3],ఃනམ൞֒Ⴈսࡎޓۚ,ൡႨႿۚحᆦڱ;ཌᆦڱᄵᆷᆦڱൈીႵਆՑᆦڱൈ,ၿྛॖѽࠆھႨ֥ᅬݼྐ༏,ಖުՖაၿྛ৳༢,ॖቅᆸሧࣁযႨ,ൡႨႿཬحᆦڱbھᅬݼᇏ२ԢֻؽՑᆦڱ֥ࣁح,ѩھٚσᆦӻཌᆦڱbఃऎุݖӱೂ༯(ೂ1෮ൕ):3 ሰགྷࣁ༢ሰགྷࣁᇏ֥xi=g(ai,ci),yi=g(aixort,di),ఃሰགྷࣁ༢ᇏҐႨ֥ᇶေඌႵ܄ᄂదaᇏf,g൞ֆཟݦඔ,ai,ci,di൞Ⴈ࿊ᄴ֥ෛࠏඔ,tॖඔሳద[2]a్۩#࿊ᄴٚم[4]֩b܄ᄂదॖൌགྷѓ്ଖႨ֥ᅬݼྐ༏,e൞ၿྛ֥܄ᄂ,k/2൞၂ۀඔऌԮൻ֥Ќૡྟބദٺಪᆣ;దඌॖЌᆣႨੱඔሳb֒ႨAࡼሰགྷࣁᆦڱ۳അࡅBൈ,Bෛ֥ႅେྟ,ၿྛم۵ሶႨႨሰགྷࣁ֥ྛູ;ࠏ࿊ᄴ၂бหԱBStr,ԱӉູk/2b֒Աᇏֻiູ0ط్۩#࿊ᄴم൞ٝᆸ ਆՑᆦڱ ֥ܱඌbൈ,A۳Bิ܂ai,ciބyi,Bॖ࠹ෘxi=g(ai,ci),ࣉطሰགྷࣁ༢֥ြༀॖٳູਆ۱ࢨ؍[3]:ളӮॖ࠹ෘf(xi,yi);֒Աᇏֻiູ1ൈ,A۳Bิ܂aixorሰགྷࣁࢨ؍ބᆦڱࢨ؍bt,di,xi,Bॖ࠹ෘyi=g(aixort,di),ࣉط္ॖ࠹ෘf(xi,∃ളӮሰགྷࣁࢨ؍:yi)bᆃဢ,B০Ⴈၿྛ܄ᄂބAิ܂(1)൮༵ႨA֥࠹ෘࠏӁള၂۱ࠇ؟۱64໊֥ෛࠏඔx,ಖުAᄜ࿊౼ਸ਼၂ෛࠏඔrቔູ߄ၹႨ(f(x1,y1)1/e,f(x2,y2)1/e%f(x1/2,y1/2)1/e)അBStr(0,1,0%%1,1,0)ࡅሰA,ѩ࠹ෘm=ef(x)*rbఃᇏ,f൞၂ֆཟݦඔ,e൞((a,c,y),(axort,d,x)%%)BiiiiiiၿྛM֥܄ᄂ(ၿྛႵྸ؟܄ᄂ/ᄂؓ,Ⴈ҂֥ૡഅࡅ(f(x1,y1)1/e,f(x2,y2)1/e%f(x1/2,y1/2)1/e)ၿᄂؓదॖսі҂֥ࠊлᆴB((ai,ci,yi),(aixort,di,xi)%%ྛ)M)b1 ٝᆸ ਆՑᆦڱ ٚσ(2)ູѓ്ሱ֥࠭ദٺ,AႨሱ֥࠭ᄂؓmࡆૡ,ѩԮෂ۳ၿྛMb֥ෛࠏඔьॖဒᆣሰགྷࣁ֥ކمྟ,Bಏ҂ିൈࠆ֤aiބaixort֥ᆴ,Ֆط္ॖಒЌႨᅬݼ֥ႅ(3)MႨሱ֥࠭ᄂdؓmద:md=m1/e=(f1/e(x))*r,ѩູఃٳਙݼ,ಖުՖႨᅬݼ२ԢେྟbBაAປӮࢌၞު,ࡼࠆ֤֥ሰགྷࣁބෛࠏཌྷႋࣁحުඔԮෂ۳ၿྛMb֒AႻࡼՎሰགྷࣁᆦڱ۳അࡅC,ࡼmdႨA֥܄ᄂࡆૡުԮෂ۳Abൈ,ဢ֥,C္࿊ᄴෛࠏбหԱCStr,ᄝປӮࢌၞު,(4)AԢಀ߄ၹሰmde/r=1/(f(x)),ࠧॖ֤ԛሰགྷࣁ1/e(x,f(xC္ࡼෛࠏඔࠣሰགྷࣁԮෂ۳MbMҰ࿘ඔሳඔ))b∃ᆦڱࢨ؍ऌ९ޓಸၞьॖؿतᆃ۱ሰགྷࣁၘࣜФᆦڱݖbਸ਼:ຓ,MࡼBބCԮෂট֥ඔऌࢲކఏটߎିҰૼA֥(1)Aࡼሰགྷࣁ1/e(x,f(x))ႨഅࡅB֥܄ᄂࡆૡѩԮෂ۳Bbᅬݼ,ၹູk/2൞ᆃဢ၂۱ۀੱඔሳ,BބC෮࿊ᄴ(2)BࢳૡѩނൌM֥దު,ࡼሰགྷࣁႨM֥ෛࠏбหԱ҂ॖିປಆཌྷ,ࠧᇀഒթᄝ၂۱i,֥܄ᄂࡆૡԮෂ۳MbBStr(i)=0&CStr(i)=1,ࠇّᆭbᆃဢၿྛॖൈࠆ(3)MႨሱ֥࠭ᄂࢳૡު,ဒᆣሰགྷࣁ൞ڎ֤aiބaixort,Ⴎ܄ൔt=aixor(aixort)ьॖࢣԛކم൞ڎႨݖ,ሰགྷࣁކمໃႨݖ,ᄵູA֥ᅬݼbB࠺ೆሰགྷࣁ෮սі֥ࡎᆴbᄝՎٚσᇏ,ߎႵ၂۱сྶॉ੮֥໙ี:ႮႿႨᄝ၂۱ປᆜ֥ሰགྷࣁ༢ᇏ,ေॉ੮֥ၹޓAണ౨ሰགྷࣁ֥ྐ༏൞Ф߄ਔ֥,ପહၿྛೂޅ؟,҂ٚσ֥ҧᇗׄ۲Ⴕ҂,ູ҂ാ၂Ϯྟ,ഈಒಪA෮ണ౨֥ሰགྷࣁҐႨਔഈඍ֥ྙൔ?২ඍᆺ۳ԛਔൌགྷሰགྷࣁ༢֥ᇶေ҄ᇧ,ᄝൌ࠽༢ೂ,Aॖࡼtูߐູљದ֥ᅬݼྐ༏b၂۱్۩#࿊ᇏсྶࢳथ֥ࠫ۱ܱ໙ีࡼᄝ༯໓ᇏབྷ༥ษંbᄴٚمॖࢳथഈඍ໙ีb
2000୍ֻ5௹ ັ ࠏ ؿ ᅚ 2 1 Ⴈ࿊ᄴk۱߄ၹሰri(i=1,2%,k),ٳљ࠹ෘ߭ਬఫ҂ିႨႿ༯Ցᆦڱ,طૄՑܓൈсྶ༵ണ1/ef(xi,y౨༢ᄍྸ֥ቋնࡎᆴ֥ࠊлbః၂ུٚσିi)ѩࡼఃؿෂ۳ၿྛbၿྛෛࠏ࿊ᄴk۱ඔх૧ऌᇏ֥k/2۱,ѩေႨิ܂ᆃk/2۱ඔऌ֥߄ᆃਆׄ,ൌགྷࢠگᄖ,ᄝՎࣼ҂၂၂ંඍਔbၹሰ,ၿྛނൌᆃk/2۱ඔऌ༂ުҌؓഺჅ֥k/2۱ඔऌదbkᆴ֥࿊౼൞ھٚσ֥ܱ,ᆺေk࿊6 ః໙ี౼֤֒,ھٚσ൞νಆ֥[6]b൫ٳ༅,ೂݔႨᆺୖᄯᄝປᆜ֥ሰགྷࣁ༢ᇏ,ߎႋॉ੮ఃνಆٝਔk۱ྐ༏ᇏ֥ޓഒ၂҆ٳ,ᄵఃᆇൌദٺಯೂഈඍٓծീb২ೂ,֒ၿྛაႨaႨაഅࡅԛགྷ၂ུݖӱ၂ဢФࢣ,ୖᄯਔྸ؟,ᄵሹႵ၂۱Фၿྛ࿊࣯ٴ,ཌྷַঠൈ,ູᇘҊՎো൙ࡱ,ഡ࠹၂۱ྛᆭႵᇏ,ᆃဢၿྛࣼ҂ॖିؓഺჅ֥k/2۱ඔऌదbི֥ሰ൬ऌ൞ޓႵсေ֥bՎຓ,ሰགྷࣁ֥νಆթԥބᄝຩഈॖौֹԮൻ္൞҂ॖޭ൪֥໙ีb5 ᅳਬఫ ໙ีՎຓ,གྷႵ֥ᇭ؟ሰགྷࣁ༢ᇏಯթᄝྸ؟҂აᆼл၂ဢ,ሰགྷࣁᄝᆦڱൈ္ဢթᄝሢᅳቀ,ᇶေ൞:(1)Ⴈେྟ֥अཋྟb֒ၿྛૄదඇਬఫ໙ีbࢳथھ໙ี֥ٚσႵྸ؟ᇕ,ૌ֥ᇶุ၂ሰགྷࣁൈьေ࠺ఃਙݼ,ᆃൈၿྛॖࡼਙනམࠎЧ၂ဢ,ቋն҂ᆭԩᄝႿ ਬఫ ೂޅْ߭֞ݼაႨ֥ᅬݼ৳༢ఏট,֒ሰགྷࣁْ߭ၿྛൈ,ၿႨ൭ᇏb༯૫ၛ Ѧۄ ܷ(cookiejar)ླྀၰ[5]֥ൌ২ྛьॖಒקሰགྷࣁْ֥߭ᆀb࣐ܵႨॖᄝཌྷ൱টඪૼఃනམbಃ֥ၿྛࡗႨሰགྷࣁၛႅзദٺྐ༏,۲ၿູਔࡥֆఏ,ࡌഡᄝ၂۱ሰགྷࣁ༢ᇏ,ሰྛླྀഅ۵ሶሰགྷࣁ֥ੀ๙ൈ,େྟಯФյ;(2)གྷࣁ૫حॖٳູ1ჭa2ჭa4ჭa8ჭඹᇕ,ٳљؓႋ༢ॖЌग़֥େྟ,ಏمЌഅࡅ֥େྟbၿྛ܄ᄂ3a5a7a111/3(3*7),ࠧf(x)ᆴ1ჭ1/,f(x)ᆴ5ೂޅक़ڛၛഈ҂ቀ,ࡼ൞ૌࣂު࣮֥ᇗׄbჭbေࡼࡎᆴ15ჭ֥ሰགྷࣁъᆴູ5ჭ,ᆺေࡼ1/(3*5*7*11)f(x)֥ૢӰၛ5*11ࠧॖb7 ࢲඏე൮༵,Ⴈཟၿྛണ౨Ч༢ᇏቋնࡎᆴሰགྷሹᆭ,ࡹ৫ሰགྷࣁ༢൞၂ཛگᄖ֥༢۽ӱ,ࣁ,ೂ2෮ൕbေൈॉ੮Ⴈaഅࡅaၿྛ֥ٚνಆaٚьaིۚၛႨf(n1h)*r1,f(n2)*rh2ၿྛࠣຩԮൻᇏ֥νಆྟބ๙սࡎ֩ᇭ؟໙ีb1/hf(n11/h)*r1,f(n2)*r22 ണ౨ሰགྷࣁ[参考文献]2ᇏ,r1ar2ູ߄ၹሰ,h=3*5*7*11bႨ[1] ڈ֨ݓ,պႇ༭.ሰࠊл###གྷսૡ࿐ႋႨ֥ᇗေӮࣼᆭԢಀၹሰr1ar2ު,ьॖࠆ֤ሰགྷࣁbಖު,Ⴈ၂.ඔሳ๙ྐ,1997(1):29~30.ॖࡼՎࠊлႨႿܓ(ೂ3෮ൕ)bᄝ3ᇏ,ޭ[2] ,ScientificAmerican,ਔഅࡅ,ၹఃᄝՎࡗᆺఏ၂۱Ԯ־ඔऌ֥ቔႨbAugust1992,-101.[3] .Ⴈn1,f(n1/(3*7)1),f(j)*s5*111ၿྛ1995(4).1/(5*11)f(j)*s1[4] ,,&,UntraceableElectronicCash,3 ၂ՑᆦڱݖӱAdvancesinCryptologyCRYPTO∋88,(Ed.),3ᇏభਆ۱ҕඔіૼႨ֥ൌ࠽ᆦԛ,ֻ۱ҕඔSpringer-Verlag,-327.ູႋᅳ߭۳Ⴈ֥ਬఫ(թԥᄝ Ѧۄ ܷᇏ)bཁಖ,[5] ၿྛޓಸၞ؎ԛႨ֥ᆦԛູ5ჭ,ഺჅ10ჭ,֒ROCRYPT∋89,&(Eds.),ނൌSpringer-Verlag,ીႵФႨݖު,ьູਬఫద,ࡼఃْ߭ႨbՎຓ, Ѧۄ ܷᇏ֥ਬఫߎॖࡆ(ೂ4),ၿྛ[6] ဗѯ,ᆢת.၂ᇕྍ֥ሰࠊл༢.༆νሰ॓ն࿐࿐Б.1998Vol25(5):616~620.ࡼЧՑᆦڱໃႨປ֥12ჭթ ೆѦۄ ܷᇏb5)1/(5*11),f(j)*s1/(7*11)Ⴈn2,f(n1/(3*2)2ၿྛ1/(5*11*7*11)f(j)*s24 ؽՑᆦڱݖӱ Վٚσିࢳथ ᅳਬఫ ໙ี,ఃಌׄ൞ૄՑᅳ
