防错措施
Error Proofing
Error Proofing
愚巧法
防呆法
防错措施
课 程 内 容
错误与不良
防错措施概述
防错之理由
改善规范与方法
防错措施案例
防错装置之研讨
前 言
防错措施是实施精实生产最重要的部份之一,这种技巧直接可以改善产品的不良、员工的士气、生产力、制造成本、销售及顾客满意。
错误是无法避免的!
人员发生疏失--然而--人并不能有效的避免产生错误和制造不良!
视觉上
听觉上
重复的动作
“OOPS”
当一个已完成的制程中有任何必要条件不符合或缺少时
定 义: 错 误
不良 是 结果
错误 导致 不良
因
错误
果
不良
不良和错误是不相同的
不良 与 错误
可能产生
不良
生产流程
至下制程
错误
定义:
是一个制程改善系统
是一种使工作不会发生失误的方法
就是再呆笨的人也不会做错的方法
意义:
是一种想法,一种工具。
必须配合实地、实物的状况,寻出最佳的具体做法,发挥效果。
防错措施概述
?3.目的:
减少各种作业失误(负面损失),增加许多正面的效益─提高工作质量及产品质量。
4. 防错措施的好处:
加强作业的标准程序与顺序
当错误或不良产生时,会发出警告讯号或停线。
消除会导致错误动作的选择。
防错措施概述
?5. 防错与衡量指数的连结
FTT:由防错来帮助消除不良品、减低报废、重工重测、线外修补与退货而提升FTT。
DTD:防错的实施使得线末速率提高,也降低DTD时间。
OEE:藉防错可提升使用率、性能效率、良品率,进而也改善OEE。
TC :总成本也因以上三项衡量指数的改善而降低
防错措施概述
防错措施适用于每一工作区域
避免人员受伤
提升工作的安全
防止不良品产生
避免机器损坏
应用范围:
防错法之理由
预防错误或预防错误造成不良
察觉不良然后实时停止,避免其它不良流出工作站
为什么要消除不良
品质
协助作业人员察觉不良之原因,而且重要的是很快能有效防止。
成本
以生产力而言,不良是视为浪费制造成本。比如公司付给经销商更换雨刷马达之索赔费用是浪费,如果我们的产品没有不良就不需要更换,也不需要付钱,而且又能增加顾客之满意度。
检查
无论百分之百或抽样检查都是没有附加价值之工作,也就是成本之浪费。检查不会防止不良,也不会让顾客更满意,而不良之发生来自源头,检查只是补洞工作对质量而言或许部份需要但绝对无法察觉错误及减少不良。换言之检查工作是属于作业站本身之作业人员工作。
检查本站之部品作业及产品
实时停止及更正不良
唯有如此才能寻找造成不良之真因
生产力与浪费之关系
某些制造业之生产力比别人强主要原因是他们的组织有比别人家强的持续消除浪费的能力
福特生产系统之整体目标是在制造过程中消除所有的浪费
至于任何的不良都不是顾客要的,因此任何一个不良都是浪费,所以防错措施是消除不良的主要工具之一。
降低成本 = 质量改善 + 消除浪费
防错法制衡不良
您在执行防错法之前需要完全了解错误与不良之不同之界定
错误之发生是因设计或制造之工程与规格之间变异。例如错误产生是因为作业未依照制程标准及质量系统规范作业造成,错误可能因机器或作业人员发生在制造过程中。
不良的产生是任何变异的结果,不论是部品或产品之规格变异都导致内外部顾客之不满。例如部品不良造成不能装配之问题。
虽然所有的不良是错误的产生,但所有的错误不一定都会产生不良,因此只要防止错误,不良就不致于产生。
福特支持此论点,只要授权员工对防错之重视及持续改善或消除,错误的发生自然不会制造不良。
l?? 防错装置的功能
防错的设计应是简单且不用花太多钱的,它们是用来
避免可能产生的错误,并且侦测错误和导正错误。
?
?
l?? 防错装置的种类
导轨、模板、微动开关、计数器、顺序限制、标准化、
指示装置、 制止器、感应开关、设计对称、设计非对
称、条件设定(选择)….等。
改善规范:
防错装置的功能
防错装置的设计应是简单且不用花太多钱的,它们是用来:
避免可能产生的错误,并且
侦测错误和导正错误。
迅速的回饋
100% 檢查
防错措施预防的层级
目视管理
预防出错
预防异常 (防错)
停止异常
(防止错误继续发生或至下一站)
警告异常
建立标准的规范
不良和错误的日常实例
不良 – 果
错 误 – 因
烤焦的土司
定时器设定不当
产品无日期码
空白页
原稿放置不当
打印机墨水用乾
十种最常见的错误
制程遗漏
制程错误
设定工作对象中的
错误
装配遗漏 (缺少零件)
包含错误零件/物品
错误的工作对象
操作错误
校正/测量/尺寸上的错误
在设备保养或维修中的错误
在叶片,夹具或工具准备上的错误
改 善 循 环 过 程
坚持
循环开始于对现有制程的坚持
标准化
分析
改善
将成功的改善标准化
并持续循环
根据分析的数据,
进而采取改善措施
分析目前正在做什么
并且将得到什么结果
发现不良品,同时将产生不良品的原因隔离。
列出所有可能的错误
确认可能性最大的错误
提出各种不同解决的方案
评估每一个解决的方法
选定最好的解决方法
发展一个执行计划
量取改善的结果/分析改善的效益
防错的方法:
要因分析
对策构思
最佳方案
成果评估
防错措施案例
双手启动
防错措施案例
加油检测器
防错措施案例
防错措施案例
Sensor选配Gage
防错措施案例
安全制止Sensor
防错措施案例
防错措施案例
防错装置案例一 汽车音响检视站-改善前
從上游操作而來
未測試的電路板
自動測試裝置
合格/不合格
指示燈
旋轉桌
操作員
不良品
料籠
傳遞到下游
裝配操作-
合格的零件
汽车音响检视站-改善后
從上游操作而來
未測試的電路板
自動測試裝置
旋轉桌
操作員
傳遞到下游
裝配操作-
合格的零件
滑槽
轉向板
不良品
料籠
制程中导致不良的情况
下一制程
来自自动焊接
导槽
遗漏的轴
正确焊接
快速重製
防错装置案例二 输送侦测滑道
输送(侦测)滑道
焊接后部品
至下一
个制程
滑道
修補部
品櫃
檢測臂
檢測臂
滑道
良品
未焊接
的底座
B
制程中导致不良的情况
每个洞都是正确的深度吗?
尺寸/規格/
臨界條件
防错装置范例三
防错装置范例四 模板
钮扣定位治具
防错装置范例五 感应装置
防错装置范例五 感应装置
防错装置范例六 干涉杆
防错装置范例六 干涉杆
Thanks
The Zero Defect philosophy begins with this crucial distinction between defects and errors: defects are the result of errors. The first step toward zero defects is to distinguish between errors and defects. Now, let’s look at some common examples.
人为的错误是无法避免的。生产在线,当一些错误是因在作业员与制程步骤的互动而产生时,我们往往倾向于责骂作业员。追究真正的原因,错误的产生原因往往是由于在刚开始设计机器时,设备的怖置规画或作业程序安排时未能预见一些可能造成人为疏失的问题。
了解人为疏失的重要原因:
很少人会故意制造错误,多数的人总尽量的在避免错误
人 - 就难以避免产生错误
防呆措施 改变作业环境而降低人为错误
在将防呆措施实施在我们的工作环境中的同时,很基本的,首先应知道人有那些的限制;这些限制包括:
听觉:当周遭的环境噪音过大时,听力的高低分辩力会受影响。
视觉:人的视觉在分辨细小事物,颜色或对光线的适应性也因人而异。
重复的工作:体力与心理状态会因不断的重复性工作而注意力减低。
Error: When any of the conditions necessary for successful processing are improper or absent.
In modern manufacturing methods, we often combine the following elements:
mechanical
electrical
software
robotics
chemical
Then it can often be a complex mix of causes or errors that create the defect. Some of these key elements interact with one another in such a way that it seems virtually impossible to pin down a “single” cause.
Combine that with the 5 elements of manufacturing we discussed earlier and you have a large haystack to search in order to find a small needle.
The Zero Defect philosophy begins with this crucial distinction between defects and errors: defects are the result of errors. The first step toward zero defects is to distinguish between errors and defects. Now, let’s look at some common examples.
会造成不良品:
产品/部品本身一定是偏离规格。
产品/部品无法满足内部和外部顾客的需求。
不良品 指的是产品中任何偏离规格的情形,以至于造成顾客的抱怨。产品的规格是藉由顾的需求来订定,些的需求再转换成设计与制造单位的需求。因此,偏离产品规格指的就是产品没有依造既定的制造计划来生产。
错误指的是作业偏离既定的制程;
所有的不良品都是由错误产生。
并非所有的错误均会造成不良品。
错误指的是任何偏离订定的制造程序的动作。错误的产生可为机器,人员或前制程带来的。所有的不良都是因为错误而产生;这代表着,如果错误可以避免,就不会造成不良品。所以,借着防呆措施,可以发现错误,消除错误避免不良品。
应持续的用防呆措施来发觉错误和避免心错误的产生。
防呆装置的设计应是简单且便宜的。
寻找低成本,容易应用的装置。
升级或报废某些装置应以不造成太多开销为原则。
在做任何投资之前应确认该装致置的可行性.
防呆装置避免/侦测错误与不良。
尽可能,防呆装置应避免造成错误。
如果错误无法避免,防呆装置应该要能避免该错误导至产品不良。
如果产品的不良无法避免,防呆装置应能实时发现此不良,以免该产品继续进入下制程(我们继续加价值在它身上)。
防呆措施应该要能提供低成本的100%检查,和一个迅速回馈的方法。
Here are some common defective results and their underlying causes in human error.
When we engage in problem solving we often go after the defect without looking hard enough for the root cause or the error that created it.
What are some other examples of errors and defects?
Here are some of the most frequently found errors.
Processing Omissions: Leaving out one or more steps essential to good product. This can be in one operation, cell, or in an entire line.
Processing Errors: Misunderstanding, misinterpreting the standard work procedure.
Error in Setting up the workpiece: Using the wrong tooling; setting the machine parameters incorrectly for the current product, etc.
Missing parts. Not all parts included in the assembly.
Improper part / item. Wrong part included in assembly. (Some parts look amazingly alike when in a tray or box.)
Processing wrong workpiece. Wrong part machined.
Operations Errors: Carrying out an operation incorrectly; having the incorrect revision of a standard process, blueprints, etc.
Adjustment, measurement, dimension errors: In a machine, testing procedure, incorrect dimensions in a part coming from your supplier, etc.
Errors in equipment maintenance or repair: Not carrying out needed servicing; making errors during a repair or replacement.
Error in preparation of blades, jigs, or tools: Improper or damaged tools and blades, poorly designed jigs and fixtures.
Defect prevention begins with a step-by-step approach from problem identification to improvement– a cycle that is inherent in any good improvement methodology.
Adherence: If everyone adheres to current standard procedures, this eliminates variation in practices that can confuse our analysis and prevent us from seeing the potential for real improvement.
Analysis: When we see clearly how we work and what results we are getting, we can accurately identify the obstacles and analyze the causes.
Improvement: Action to eliminate errors or defects is taken based on valid information about current procedures, the results they generate, and the verified causes of those defects or errors.
Standardization: When suggested changes or improvements prove successful, they become part of new standards to which everyone is expected to adhere until the next improvements are tested.
When this process of improvement is systematically followed, we can create reliable methods that prevent errors and defects. Error Proofing is a key strategy to gain adherence to standards and reliable methods.
10
Station Setup
1) As the PC boards arrive at the Inspection station, the operator visually inspects the boards.
2) The operator loads PC-boards onto the test station turntable. The turntable circulates the PC-boards through an automated, electrical-circuit test station. PC-boards, whether they pass or fail the test, are automatically rotated back to the operator???23) The operator monitors a set of pass/fail lights that are illuminated by the testing machine.
4) If the “fail” light is illuminated, the operator places the radio circuit board in the reject bin. If the “pass” light is illuminated, the operator advances the tested boards to downstream assembly operations.
SUBTIME: 2 Minutes.
TRAINER NOTES: This example provides participants with information about how Error-Proofing has been used at Ford. There are many more examples at Ford. As the implementation of FPS unfolds, participants will have an opportunity to share their success stor???2
11
Before error-proofing was applied, a potential for error existed because the operator had to monitor indicator lights. Inadvertent errors sometimes resulted.
The problem was solved by removing the indicator lights. Instead, an automatic diverter paddle was installed near the output of the automatic tester. The diverter was wired to the same circuit that previously controlled the pass/fail indicator lamps.
PC-boards that now fail the test are automatically channeled into a reject bin by the diverter paddle.
SUBTIME: 2 minutes
TRAINER NOTES:
Stability Workshop
Ford Production System
Definition: Repetition means doing exactly the same action or operation over and over and over again. When we add the term rapid to it, it means that the action or operation is repeated quickly, whether done manually or by machine.
Red Flag: Production is full of examples of repetitive operations. When machining 100 metal plates an hour, for example, we strive to machine rapidly and in exactly the same manner. Often, we won’t even notice when an error occurs. In another case, the w???2Example: Shafts are welded to bushings in an automatic welding machine. Sometimes the welding machine does not weld the parts, for one reason or another. The unwelded bushings must be separated from the welded parts before assembly. One worker was specifically assigned to sorting out the unwelded bushings. Even so, they sometimes were undetected and usually led to faulty assembly.
Exercise: In the space provided below write in examples of Rapid Repetition Red Flags from your workplace.
范例A说明:在输送滑道上设置一个检查点,可以自动的将那些方向相反的部品筛选出来。检查点为一个缺口,当放置颠倒的部品通过时,便会掉到下面的盒子里;相反的,放置方向正确的部品便能正常的通过。结果,所有运送到下一个制程的部品便都是位置正确的。
范例B说明:使用一个机械式的筛检器将制程中未焊接连杆的底座在运送中检测出来 。
Stability Workshop
Ford Production System
Definition: A dimension is a measurement (or coordinate) used for determining the precise spatial position or location for a part or operation. Dimensions include: height, width, length, and depth. In addition to dimensions mentioned above, specification???2Red Flag: Work that requires exact dimensioning or specification leaves little room for variation or deviation – and, therefore, little room for error. But errors often occur related, for example, to operator skill, machine and material characteristics, and operating conditions.
Example: A series of holes are drilled in a plate. The operator’s skill determined whether the hole was drilled to the correct depth. However, the drill was sometimes retracted before it had gone in all the way, resulting in faulty drilling. The result???2Exercise: In the space provided below write in examples of Dimension, Specification/Critical Condition Red Flags from your workplace.