云南财经大学硕士学位论文区域间公共品利益外溢的财政分析姓名：郭旭姣申请学位级别：硕士专业：财政学指导教师：王玲2011-05
훐컄햪튪 훐컄햪튪 뷼쓪살ꎬ쯦ퟅ컒맺뺭볃뗄량쯙랢햹ꎬ쟸폲닮뻠튲돉캪튻룶틽죋맘힢뗄컊쳢ꎬ뛸놾컄퇐뺿뗄쟸폲볤샻틦췢틧쫇볓뻧쟸폲닮뻠뗄튻룶훘튪틲쯘ꆣ 췢늿탔샭싛쫇쿖듺훘튪뗄뺭볃샭싛횮튻ꎬ룹뻝뺭볃훷쳥탐캪뗄펰쿬킧맻ꎬ뿉럖캪샻틦췢틧뫍돉놾췢틧ꎬ놾컄훷튪럖컶뗘랽릫릲욷뗄샻틦췢틧ꆣ샭싛짏ꎬ뗘랽탔릫릲닺욷뗄쫜틦랶캧뷶뻖쿞폚뗘랽헾뢮뗄쾽쟸랶캧ꎬ평뗘랽헾뢮살쳡릩듋샠릫릲욷ꎬ떫퓚쿖쪵뺭볃짺믮훐ꎬ튻킩뗘랽탔릫릲욷뗄쫜틦랶캧컞램잡뫃놻쿞뚨퓚뗘랽헾뢮뗄쾽쟸횮쓚ꎬ쫜틦헟뿉쓜듳듳뎬돶놾쾽쟸뗄랶캧ꆣ컒맺평폚쟸폲볤튪쯘?뢳ꆢ뗘샭쟸캻듦퓚뫜듳닮틬ꎬ룷쟸폲뺭볃랢햹늻욽뫢ꎬ쳘뇰쫇룄룯뾪럅틔살ꎬ컒맺쪵탐럇뻹뫢쟸폲랢햹햽싔ꎬ쟸폲쟣킱헾닟퓶잿쇋뚫늿뗘쟸뛔맺쓚췢짺닺튪쯘뗄컼틽솦ꎬ맺쓚놾ꆢ샍뚯솦뫍벼쫵듳솿쇷쿲뚫늿뗘쟸ꎬ듙뷸쇋뚫늿뗘쟸뺭볃뗄뿬쯙랢햹ꎬ뛸훐컷늿퓚쿲뚫늿뗘쟸샻틦췢틧뗄춬쪱ꎬퟔ짭뺭볃쎻폐좡뗃쿠펦뗄뿬쯙랢햹ꎬ훰늽삭듳쇋폫뚫늿뗘쟸뗄랢햹닮뻠ꆣ쒿잰ꎬ뚫ꆢ훐ꆢ컷쟸폲볤릫릲럾컱쮮욽듦퓚뫜듳뗄닮뻠ꎬ뚫늿뗘쟸뺭볃랢햹뿬ꎬ릫릲럾컱쮮욽룟ꎬ떼훂짺닺튪쯘맽뛠뗘쇷쿲뢻풣쟸폲ꎬ쪹쟸폲볤뗄뺭볃랢햹늻욽뫢ힴ뿶룼볓뛱뮯ꎬ럁낭짧믡뺭볃붡뾵ꆢ컈뚨ꆢ돖뻃뗘랢햹ꆣ 뛔폚컒맺쟸폲볤샻틦췢틧컊쳢ꎬ헾뢮뗄헾닟킭뗷쫇뷢뻶쟸폲볤샻틦췢틧컊쳢뗄훘튪쫖뛎ꎬ쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧컊쳢폖랴맽살횱뷓펰쿬컒맺헾닟낲업뗄뫏샭탔ꆣ떫쒿잰컒맺훆뛈낲업늢쎻폐돤럖뾼싇떽쟸폲볤샻틦췢틧컊쳢ꎬ짵훁퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏ꎬ떱잰뗄튻킩헾닟죔퓚볓뻧쟸폲볤뗄샻틦췢틧ꎬ늢쎻폐쪵쿖욽뫢쟸폲볤킭뗷랢햹뗄돵훔ꆣ놾컄쫗쿈톡좡ퟮ뻟듺뇭탔뗄릫릲욷살닻쫶컒맺뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄쿖ힴꎬ훷튪듓ퟔ좻풴ꆢ뮷뺳놣뮤ꆢ뷌폽ꆢ짧믡놣헏헢쯄룶랽쏦살럖컶ꎬ폃췢늿탔샭싛벰쒣탍럖컶뻟폐샻틦췢틧뗄릫릲욷돶쿖릩룸늻ퟣ뗄풭틲ꎬ훘뗣럖컶닆헾쳥훆ꆢ쮰쫕헾닟ꆢ틆횧뢶훆뛈벰웤쯻쿠맘헾닟뛔뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄펰쿬ꎬ뷡뫏쏀맺ꆢ뗂맺뗈맺킭뗷쟸폲볤샻틦췢틧뗄쿠맘뺭퇩ꎬ뛔탞헽컒맺쟸폲볤샻틦췢틧쳡돶뫏샭뗄헾닟붨틩ꎬ듙쪹뚫늿뗘쟸뛔훐컷늿뗘쟸뷸탐샻틦췢틧ꎬ쯵킡뗘쟸볤뗄뺭볃랢햹닮뻠ꎬ쳡룟훐컷늿뗘쟸뗄릫릲럾컱쮮욽ꆣ I
훐컄햪튪 맘볼듊ꎺ릫릲욷샻틦췢틧ꎻ헾닟쟣킱ꎻ쟸폲닮뻠ꎻ틆횧뢶 II
Abstract Abstract In recent years, with the rapid development of China’s economy, regional disparities have become an engrossing problem. It studies the inter-jurisdictional spillovers which is one of the important factors to aggravate regional disparities. Externality theory is one of the important contemporary economic theories. It can be divided into interests’ spillover and costs’ spillover according to the effects of the economic master’s conduct. In theory, local public products should be provided by local governments, the benefit of such public goods is limited to the scope of the local government. But in actual economic life, the benefits of public goods cannot just be limited within the right area of local government, the beneficiaries may be well beyond the scope of this area. In our country, there is a big difference between the regional factors and the geographic location, regional economic development is not balanced. Especially since the reform and opening up, our country executes unbalanced regional development strategy, regional preferential policies enhance the eastern regions’ attractive of domestic and foreign production. Domestic capital, labor and technology flow to the eastern region, to promote the eastern region’s rapid economic development. At the same time of interests’ spillovers, the central and western economy has not made a corresponding rapid development, and gradually widened the regional disparities. At present there’s a big gap of the level of public services between the eastern, central and western regions. There is a rapid economic development and a high level of public services in the eastern region, leading to excessive factors of production flow to the wealthy regions, and making the regional imbalance of economic development worsened. Thus it hinders community economy healthily, stabilize and persistence development. For the problem of inter-jurisdictional spillovers, the important means to solve it is the government’s policy coordination; the inter-jurisdictional spillovers of the region public article turns over to directly affect our country’s rationality of policy III
Abstract arrangements. However our institutional arrangements does not fully consider the problem of the inter-jurisdictional spillovers, even to some extent, the current policies still aggravate the inter-jurisdictional spillovers, and not achieve the original intention of coordinated development. The paper mainly studies the financial incentives of the inter-jurisdictional spillovers. First I select the most representative local public goods to illustrate the status of the inter-jurisdictional spillovers in some parts of our country. I mainly analyze the problem from four aspects, such as natural resources, environmental protection, education and social security. Using externality theory and model of the public goods with spillover benefits, I analyze supply shortage and focus on analyzing financial system, tax policy, transfer payment system and other relevant policies of inter-jurisdictional spillovers influence. Combined with the experience of the United States, Germany and other countries, I put forward reasonable suggestions of revising the inter-jurisdictional spillovers, reduce the gap of economic development and improving the public services. Key Words: Inter-jurisdictional Spillovers; Policy Preferences; Regional Disparities; Transfer Payments IV
톧캻싛컄풭뒴탔짹쏷 짹쏷ꎺ놾죋쯹돊붻뗄톧캻싛컄ꎬ쫇놾죋퓚떼쪦뗄횸떼쿂ꎬ뛀솢뷸탐퇐뺿릤ퟷ쯹좡뗃뗄돉맻ꆣ뺡컒쯹횪ꎬ돽컄훐틑뺭힢쏷틽폃뗄쓚죝췢ꎬ놾싛컄늻몬죎뫎웤쯻룶죋믲벯쳥틑뺭랢뇭믲킴맽뗄ퟷ욷돉맻ꆣ뛔놾컄뗄퇐뺿ퟶ돶훘튪릱쿗뗄룶죋뫍벯쳥ꎬ뻹틑퓚컄훐틔쏷좷랽쪽뇪쏷ꆣ놾죋췪좫틢쪶떽놾짹쏷뗄램싉뷡맻평놾죋돐떣ꆣ 싛컄ퟷ헟잩쏻ꎺ 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕 톧캻싛컄냦좨쪹폃쫚좨쫩 놾죋췪좫쇋뷢퓆쓏닆뺭듳톧폐맘놣쇴ꆢ쪹폃톧캻싛컄뗄맦뚨ꎬ벴ꎺ톧킣폐좨놣쇴늢쿲맺볒폐맘늿쏅믲믺릹쯍붻싛컄뫍싛컄뗧ퟓ냦ꎬ퓊탭톧캻싛컄놻닩퓄믲뷨퓄ꎻ톧킣뿉틔릫늼톧캻싛컄뗄좫늿믲늿럖쓚죝ꎬ뿉틔닉폃펰펡ꆢ쯵펡믲웤쯼뢴훆쫖뛎놣듦ꆢ믣뇠ꆢ랢뇭톧캻싛컄ꎻ쫚좨톧킣붫톧캻싛컄뗄좫컄믲늿럖쓚죝뇠죫ꆢ쳡릩폐맘쫽뻝뿢뷸탐볬쯷ꆣ ꎨ놣쏜뗄톧캻싛컄퓚뷢쏜뫳ퟱ톭듋맦뚨ꎩ 싛컄ퟷ헟잩쏻ꎺ 떼쪦잩쏻ꎺ 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕
뗚튻헂 탷싛 뗚튻헂⃐?뗚튻뷚 퇐뺿뗄놳뺰뫍틢틥 쟸폲뺭볃뗄럇뻹뫢랢햹ꆢ쟸폲닮뻠뗄듦퓚ꎬ쫇뺭볃랢햹맽돌훐웕뇩듦퓚뗄튻훖쿖쿳ꆣ컞싛쫇랢듯맺볒뮹쫇랢햹훐맺볒ꎬ퓚뺭볃랢햹맽돌훐ꎬ횻튪쟸폲볤듦퓚ퟅퟔ좻ꆢ뺭볃뫍짧믡뗈랽쏦뗄닮틬ꎬ뻍믡돶쿖럇뻹뫢랢햹뫍늻춬돌뛈뗄쟸폲닮뻠컊쳢ꆣ릫릲욷뗄릩룸훷튪틀뻝쫜틦랶캧살좷뚨ꎬ훷튪평뗘랽뻓쏱쫜틦뗄릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱ꎬ풭퓲짏평뗘랽헾뢮뢺퓰쳡릩뫍맜샭ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮횧돶뗄뷰살풴폚쾽쟸쓚뻓쏱뗄쮰쫕ꆣ떫릫릲욷평폚웤쿻럑뗄럇업쯻탔뫍럇뺺헹탔ꎬ낵쪾쇋쫐뎡볛룱믺훆쏦쇙뗄삧뺳ꎬ릫릲욷듦퓚췢늿탔ꎬ쾽쟸췢뗄뻓쏱튲쓜듓릫릲욷훐믱틦ꎬ뛸돉놾퓲평쾽쟸헾뢮벰뻓쏱돐떣ꎬ늻뿉뇜쏢뗘듦퓚ꆰ쏢럑듮뎵ꆱ컊쳢ꎨfree-rider problemꎩꎬ헢뻍붵뗍쇋뗘랽헾뢮춶릫릲욷뗄믽벫탔ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮뻍믡쯵복듋샠릫릲럾컱뾪횧ꎬ듓뛸훆풼릫릲럾컱뗄랢햹ꆣ뗘랽탔릫릲닺욷뗄샻틦췢틧훁쾽쟸횮췢ꎬ쪹웤쳡릩헟컞램떥뛀뻶뚨웤ퟮ폅쫽솿ꎬ듓뛸컞램듯떽엁샛췐ퟮ폅ꆣ뗘랽탔릫릲닺욷뗄뇟볊쫕틦횮뫍뫜쓑폫뇟볊짧믡돉놾쿠뗈ꎬ쳡릩헟뗄뇟볊쫕틦튻냣킡폚뇟볊돉놾ꆣ 헾뢮뗄헾닟킭뗷쫇뷢뻶쟸폲볤샻틦췢틧컊쳢뗄훘튪쫖뛎ꎬ쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧컊쳢폖랴맽살횱뷓펰쿬컒맺헾닟낲업뗄뫏샭탔ꆣ떫쒿잰컒맺훆뛈낲업늢쎻폐돤럖뾼싇떽쟸폲볤샻틦췢틧컊쳢ꎬ짵훁퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏ꎬ떱잰뗄튻킩헾닟죔퓚볓뻧쟸폲볤뗄샻틦췢틧ꎬ늢쎻폐쪵쿖욽뫢쟸폲볤킭뗷랢햹뗄돵훔ꆣ쒿잰컒맺릫릲닆헾붨짨훐튻쿮쪮럖훘튪뗄퇐뺿뿎쳢쫇붨솢맦랶뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈ꆣ쟸폲샻틦췢틧(Inter-Jurisdictional Spillovers)컊쳢횱뷓펰쿬컒맺짨볆틆횧뢶훆뛈랽낸뗄뫏샭탔ꆣ퓚쿖쪵뺭볃짺믮훐ꎬ죧맻쟸폲볤샻틦췢틧컊쳢뗃늻떽뫜뫃뗘뷢뻶ꎬ샻틦췢틧뗘쟸쳡릩솼뫃릫릲럾컱뗄믽벫탔뻍믡쫜떽펰쿬ꎬ짵훁뮹믡돶쿖뗘쟸럢쯸뗈튻쾵쇐컊쳢ꎬ뛸틆횧뢶쫇뷢뻶쟸폲볤샻틦췢틧컊쳢뗄훘튪쫖뛎ꆣ 훷쇷닆헾럖좨뫍릫릲럾컱쳡릩샭싛퓚잿뗷뗘랽헾뢮뺺헹킧싊뗄춬쪱ꎬ뫶쫓쇋뗘랽헾뢮퓚쳡릩튻킩릫릲럾컱쪱쏦쇙ퟅ뻞듳뗄닆헾췢틧ꆣ튻냣뛸퇔ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮틀웤뗘랽닆헾쯹쳡릩뗄릫릲럾컱ꎬ춨뎣믡뎬맽떥튻쾽쟸뗄랶캧ꎬ쪹쾽쟸췢뗄1
뗚튻헂 탷싛 뻓쏱틠뗃릲쿭샻틦ꆣ떱뗘랽헾뢮틢쪶떽쯹쳡릩뗄릫릲욷뻟폐뻞듳뗄샻틦췢틧쪱ꎬ캪쇋뇜쏢ꆰ쏢럑듮뎵ꆱꎬ뻍믡복짙릫릲럾컱뗄뾪횧ꎬ릫릲럾컱뗄릩룸뻍믡돶쿖릩펦늻ퟣꎬ훆풼릫릲럾컱뗄랢햹ꆣ 튻룶뗘쟸뗄릫릲럾컱뗄랢햹쮮욽폫뗘쟸뗄뺭볃랢햹쮮욽듦퓚춬랽쿲뇤뚯뗄맘쾵ꎬ뮻퇔횮ꎬ뺭볃랢햹쮮욽풽룟ꎬ뗘쟸릫릲럾컱뗄랢햹쮮욽풽룟ꆣ컒맺뗘폲맣삫ꎬ평폚뗘샭ꆢ샺쪷뗈룷랽쏦뗄풭틲ꎬ룷쟸폲뺭볃랢햹쮮욽듦퓚뫜듳뗄닮뻠ꆣ룄룯뾪럅틔살ꎬ맺볒뗄럇뻹뫢랢햹햽싔쪹뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸폐쇋뫜듳뗄랢햹폅쫆ꎬ뚫늿뗘쟸욾뷨뗘샭ꆢ놾ꆢ벼쫵틔벰쿈랢폅쫆뿬쯙랢햹ꎬ뛔훐ꆢ컷늿뗘쟸뗄ꆰ십첫킧펦ꆱ늻뛏퓶잿ꎻ훐늿쯺쿝뗄쿖쿳훰붥쿔쿖ꎬ쯤좻퓚2004쓪맺볒돶첨쇋듙뷸훐늿웰뗄햽싔ꎬ떫평폚좱랦쪵훊탔뗄뻙듫ꎬ쪹뗃훐늿뗘쟸늻떫실뫳폚뚫늿뗘쟸ꎬ뛸쟒듳폐놻컷늿뗘쟸룏뎬뗄쟷쫆ꆣ뺭볃잷랢듯뗘쟸평폚믹뒡짨쪩벰웤쯻릫릲럾컱쮮욽뷏닮ꎬ퓚쫐뎡믺훆뗄ퟷ폃쿂ꎬ룷춶훷쳥튻냣늻믡퓚헢킩쟸폲뷸탐춶ꎬ풭폐뗄짺닺튪쯘튲믡쇷쿲뇟볊짺닺싊룟뗄쟸폲ꆣ헢킩쟸폲춶뮷뺳늻병뗄춻돶뇭쿖쫇붻춨ꆢ쮮샻ꆢ뗧솦뗈믹뒡짨쪩놡죵ꎬ헢킩컊쳢뗄뷢뻶횻폐틀뾿췢늿뗄뺭볃솦솿ꎬퟔ짺뗄ꆢ쫐뎡탔훊뗄훆뛈낲업쫇컞솦뷢뻶뗄ꆣ 놾싛컄붫퇐뺿뗄훘뗣럅퓚쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾틲쯘럖컶짏ꎬ퓚톧쫵뷧틑폐쿠맘퇐뺿돉맻뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ샻폃뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄쳘탔ꎬ쳡돶튻킩헾닟붨틩ꎬ듙쪹뚫늿뗘쟸뛔훐컷늿뗘쟸뷸탐샻틦췢틧ꎬ쯵킡쟸폲볤뗄뺭볃랢햹닮뻠ꎬ쳡룟훐컷늿뗘쟸뗄릫릲럾컱쮮욽ꆣ놾컄뗄퇐뺿뗄뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧컊쳢ꎬ횱뷓캧죆떱잰훐맺뺭볃뗄죈뗣ꆢ쓑뗣톡쳢ꎬ쪵볹틢틥훘듳ꆣ떱잰ꎬ평폚뗘랽릫릲욷뗄샻틦췢틧ꎬ펰쿬쇋뗘랽헾뢮쳡릩릫릲욷뗄믽벫탔ꎬ뚫늿뗘쟸뛔훐ꆢ컷늿뗘쟸뗄ꆰ십첫킧펦ꆱ늻뛏퓶잿ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮횻틔ퟔ벺쾽쟸뗄샻틦뾼싇ꎬ뗘랽릫릲욷뗄쳡릩쓑틔듯떽짧믡ퟮ폅쮮욽ꆣ뻟폐헽췢틧킧맻뗄릫릲욷돶쿖릩펦늻ퟣ쿖쿳ꎻ뛸뻟폐뢺췢틧킧맻뗄릫릲닺욷ꎬ뗘랽뻶닟뗄ퟮ폅쮮욽룟폚짧믡뻶닟뗄ퟮ폅쮮욽ꆣ 웤듎ꎬ놾컄쯤좻쫴폚펦폃퇐뺿뗄랶돫ꎬ떫캪쇋쪹쯹쳡돶뗄뛔닟붨틩뻟폐뷏잿뗄뿆톧탔ꆢ뫏샭탔뫍뿉닙ퟷ탔ꎬ폃쿠맘샭싛뷸탐쇋싛횤ꎬ퓚컼좡ꆢ뷨본맺췢킭뗷뺭퇩뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ뛔샻틦췢틧컊쳢뷸탐쇋쾵춳뗄닻쫶ꎬ룼볓폐샻폚헾뢮춨맽킭뗷쟸폲볤릫릲욷헽췢틧킧맻ꎬ쪹풴쪵쿖ퟮ폅뮯뗄엤훃ꆣ 2
뗚튻헂 탷싛 퓙듎ꎬ쒿잰훐맺뗘쟸볤닮뻠훰붥삩듳ꎬ릫릲럾컱쮮욽랢햹늻뻹뫢ꎬ룷훖췾킲짧믡뫍킳뗄쿖쿳틑돵슶뛋쓟ꎬ죧뫎캬뮤짧믡컈뚨폫뫍킳틑쫇떱잰훐맺룷벶헾뢮쯹쏦쇙뗄?듽뷢뻶뗄컊쳢ꆣ죧맻늻쓜쪵쿖짧믡컈뚨ꎬ퓲뺭볃뗄돖탸컈뚨킭뗷랢햹뻍쫇튻뻤뿕뮰ꆣ죧맻헾뢮늻닉좡폐킧듫쪩뛔췾킲짧믡컈뚨뫍킳뗄틲쯘볓틔뗷뷚뫍뿘훆ꎬ쫆뇘퇸편돉뮼ꎬ쓰돉퇏훘뫳맻ꆣ쯹틔뷨본맺볊춨탐ퟶ램ꎬ캪룷벶헾뢮뗄뻶닟쳡릩닎뾼ꆣ틲듋ꎬ놾컄뗄펦폃볛횵튲쫇늻뿉럱죏뗄ꆣ 뗚뛾뷚 맺쓚췢퇐뺿쿖ힴ 튻ꆢ맺췢퇐뺿ퟛ쫶 췢늿탔샭싛쫇훘튪뗄뺭볃샭싛횮튻ꎬ맣랺펦폃폚쫐뎡쪧쇩ꆢ릫릲컯욷퇐뺿훐ꆣ십킪뛻ꎨ1890ꎩ죏캪돽쇋췁뗘ꆢ샍뚯뫍놾헢죽훖짺닺튪쯘췢ꎬ뮹폐튻훖튪쯘ꆪꆪ릤튵ퟩ횯ꎬ십킪뛻폃ꆰ쓚늿뺭볃ꆱ뫍ꆰ췢늿뺭볃ꆱ살쮵쏷릤튵ퟩ횯뗄뇤뮯죧뫎쓜떼훂닺솿뗄퓶볓ꆣ뇓맅ꎨPigouꎬ1924ꎩ듓ꆰ릫릲닺욷ꆱ컊쳢ퟅ쫖ꎬ쾵춳뗘퇐뺿쇋췢늿탔컊쳢ꎬ죏캪췢늿탔닺짺폚짧믡뇟볊뺻짺닺뫍쮽죋뇟볊뺻짺닺횮볤랢짺닮틬쪱ꎬ춬쪱쯻죏캪ꆰ췢늿탔ꆱ뿉쓜캪헽튲뿉쓜캪뢺ꆣ뿆쮹ꎨCoaseꎬ1960ꎩ횸돶ꎬ췢늿탔컊쳢틽웰뗄컞킧싊ꎬ룹놾풭틲퓚폚닺좨늻쟥컺ꎬ쳡돶쇋훸쏻뗄뿆쮹뚨샭ꎬ벴닺좨튻떩좷솢ꎬ뻍컞탫헾뢮뗄뷩죫뫍룉풤ꎬ쮽죋뺭볃훷쳥쓜폐킧뷢뻶쯻쏇횮볤뗄췢늿탔컊쳢ꆣ 뛻듯뛻ꎨMyrdalꎩ죏캪ꎬ늻춬뗘쟸퓚뺭볃랢햹돵웚뗄닮뇰ꎬ믡평폚쯹캽뗄ꆰ샛믽탔틲맻톭뮷ꆱ뛸훰붥퓶듳ꎬퟮ훕탎돉뗘쟸탔뛾풪뺭볃뷡릹ꆣ튻룶쟸폲뗄랢햹쯙뛈튻떩뎬맽쇋욽뻹랢햹쯙뛈ꎬ헢튻쟸폲뻍믱뗃쇋샛믽탔뺺헹폅쫆ꆣ랢듯뗘쟸붫뛔실뫳뗘쟸퓶뎤닺짺삩즢킧펦ꎨspread effectsꎩ뫍믘쇷킧펦ꎨbackwash effectsꎩꆣ평폚ퟜ쳥짏믘쇷킧펦햼뻝ퟅ훷떼뗘캻ꎬ삩즢킧펦쿠뛔늻ퟣꎬ틲듋ꎬ쫐뎡ퟷ폃쫇쟣쿲폚삩듳쟸폲볤뗄랢햹닮뻠ꆣ 뛾ꆢ맺쓚퇐뺿쿖ힴ 뷼쓪살ꎬ뛔폚뗘랽릫릲욷췢틧탔컊쳢ꎬ맺쓚톧헟뷸탐쇋듳솿뗄퇐뺿ꆣ췵펺뻽ꎨ1995ꎩ죏캪탭뛠뗘랽닺욷듦퓚췢틧킧맻ꆢ맦쒣뺭볃ꎬ춬쪱룷쾽쟸뗄릩펦쮮3
뗚튻헂 탷싛 욽튲듦퓚쿠떱닮틬ꎬ헢쪹뗃뗘랽헾뢮뛔뗘랽릫릲닺욷뗄뛀솢릩펦좱랦킧싊ꆣ쯻죏캪뻟폐헽췢틧킧맻뗄릫릲욷ꎬ짧믡뇟볊쫕틦룟폚쾽쟸쓚늿뗄뇟볊쫕틦ꎬ평폚쟸폲췢틧킧맻캴쓜뗃떽늹뎥ꎬ룃쾽쟸뛔헢샠릫릲욷뗄ퟮ폅뻶닟쮮욽뗍폚짧믡뗄ퟮ폅뻶닟쮮욽ꎬ훮죧뷌폽ꆢ컀짺놣붡ꆢ맠룈뫍럀뫩짨쪩뗈뗘랽릫릲닺욷ꎬ뚼폐뿉쓜닺짺헢훖평폚헽췢틧킧맻뛸떼훂뗄릩펦늻ퟣ쿖쿳ꎻ뛸뻟폐뢺췢틧킧맻뗄릫릲닺욷ꎬ뗘랽뻶닟뗄ퟮ폅쮮욽룟폚짧믡뻶닟뗄ퟮ폅쮮욽ꆣ쳕폂ꎨ2005ꎩ죏캪틧돶킧펦쫇튻킩뗘랽릫릲닺욷뗄쫜틦랶캧폫탐헾짏뗄뗘샭랶캧늻튻훂ꎬ벴릫릲욷쫜틦쿲쿠쇚뗄쟸폲삩즢뗄쿖쿳ꎬ쾽쟸볤췢틧냼삨솽훖쟩뿶ꎬ튻훖쫇쾽쟸볤킧틦뗄췢틧ꎬ쇭튻훖쫇쾽쟸볤돉놾뗄췢틧ꆣ쯕쏷ꎨ2008ꎩ죏캪뗘랽헾뢮쳡릩뗄뗘랽탔릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱ꎬ럑폃살ퟔ폚놾쾽쟸뻓쏱뷉쓉뗄쮰쫕ꎬ뛸쫜틦헟뿉쓜듳듳뎬돶놾쾽쟸ꎬ뛸쟒평폚뗘쟸볤뺭볃랢햹쮮욽뗄닮틬ꎬ믡떼훂짺닺튪쯘맽뛠뗘쿲뢻풣뗘쟸쇷뚯ꎬ쪹뗘쟸볤뗄뺭볃랢햹늻욽뫢ힴ뿶룼볓뛱뮯ꆣ헅ꎨ2005ꎩ평폚샍뚯솦뫍놾뗈튪쯘뗄쇷뚯ꎬ튻룶뗘랽헾뢮뗄쮰쫕ꆢ횧돶뗈릫릲헾닟믡뛔웤쯻뗘랽닺짺틧돶킧펦ꎬ쓉쪲뺺헹뗄뷡맻뿉쓜떼훂풴엤훃컞킧싊ꎬ춬쪱짏벶헾뢮뗄쮰쫕뫍횧돶헾닟튲뿉쓜뛔쿂벶헾뢮닺짺튻뚨뗄벷돶킧펦ꆣ톦룖ꎨ2003ꎩ떱듦퓚닆헾뢺췢늿킧펦쪱ꎬ믡돶쿖룃샠릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱뗄릩룸맽쪣ꎻ떱듦퓚닆헾헽췢늿킧펦쪱ꎬ믡돶쿖룃샠릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱뗄릩룸늻ퟣꆣ탭헽훐뗈ꎨ2002ꎩ듓췢늿킧펦믲췢틧탔컊쳢뗄듦퓚벰웤폐킧뷢뻶살뾴ꎬ늻춬벶헾뢮퓚뷢뻶늻춬뗄췢늿탔컊쳢쪱뗄횰퓰쫇룷늻춬뗄ꎬ뛔쒳튻탐헾쾽쟸쓚뗄뻓쏱놣붡럾컱뗄쳡릩ꎬ뛔쟸폲탔뫓쇷컛좾뗄훎샭ꎬ뗘쟸탔얩쳯쮮샻짨쪩뗄붨짨폫룄솼ꎬ뻍쫇뗘랽헾뢮쯹펦뢺퓰뷢뻶뗄췢늿킧펦컊쳢ꎻ뛸뛔폚쇭튻킩뿧뗘쟸뗄췢늿킧펦컊쳢살쮵ꎬ죧뛔듳랶캧뿕웸컛좾벰웤쯻뿧뗘쟸뗄뮷뺳릫몦뗄훎샭ꎬ튻룶뗘쟸뗄뷌폽럾컱쯹닺짺뗄쫜틦믡춨맽죋뿚뗄쇷뚯뛸ꆰ췢틧ꆱ뗈컊쳢뗄뷢뻶ꎬ뻍췹췹탨튪짏튻벶헾뢮쓋훁훐퇫헾뢮살볓틔킭뗷뷢뻶ꎬ믲헟탨튪춨맽붨솢쒳훖늹훺뷰훆뛈ꎬ쪹듋샠뗄췢늿킧펦컊쳢퓚룼듳뗄뿕볤믲랶캧샯ꆰ쓚늿뮯ꆱꆣ훓듳쓜ꎨ2008ꎩ췢늿킧펦놾짭퓌님ퟅ릫릲럧쿕뗄낵쇷ꎬ쫇탭뛠릫릲럧쿕뗄횱뷓폕틲ꎬ틲캪맣틥뗄췢늿킧펦쪵볊짏듦퓚폚랲쫇룶죋믲벯췅샻틦뫍짧믡헻쳥샻틦늻튻훂뗄뗘랽ꎬ죋쏇퓚쮽죋믮뚯훐캪쪵쿖룶죋믲벯췅샻틦뎣뎣뻍틔컾짼믲캣몦쯻죋샻틦믲짧믡릫훚샻틦캪듺볛ꎬ헢훖듺볛뻍퓌님ퟅ잱쇷ꆣ 4
뗚튻헂 탷싛 뻟폐헽췢늿킧펦뗄닺욷평폚돉놾뗄쮽죋쓚퓚뮯뫍쫕틦뗄췢늿뮯ꎬ웤쳡릩췹췹늻ퟣꎬ탨튪짺닺믲쿻럑뗄맄샸믺훆ꎬ뻟폐뢺췢늿킧펦뗄닺욷평폚웤돉놾뗄췢늿뮯뫍쫕틦뗄쓚퓚뮯췹췹릩룸맽쪣ꎬ닺짺뺭볃킧싊쯰쪧ꎬ탨튪폐뻀헽믺훆살틖훆짺닺믲쿻럑ꎬ뛔췢늿킧펦뗄뻀헽믺훆웤쪵뻍쫇뛔웤릫릲럧쿕뗄럀랶믺훆ꎬ뿉틔폐뛠훖헾닟뫍쫖뛎ꎬ뇈죧뿉틔쫕럑ꆢ늹쳹ꆢ톺뷰ꆪꆪ췋뿮훆뛈ꆢ쫐뎡뒴붨ꎬ헷쮰믲랣뿮뗈ꎬ듓샭싛퇐뺿뷇뛈럖컶ꎬ헢킩쫖뛎뿉럖캪쫐뎡믺훆뫍헾뢮믺훆ꎬ쯼쏇폖럖뇰틔뿆쮹쫖뛎뫍뇓맅쫖뛎캪듺뇭ꆣ 듓뷌폽헢룶릫릲욷뗄췢틧탔뷇뛈퇐뺿ꎬBecker죏캪ꎬ뷌폽춶쫇춨맽퓶볓죋뗄풴뛸펰쿬캴살믵뇒뫍컯훊쫕죫뗄믮뚯ꎻ쫦뛻듄ꎨꎩ횸돶ꎬ뷌폽쫇헾뢮뫍룶죋캪쇋믱뗃튻훖뻟폐짺닺쓜솦뗄잱솦뛸뷸탐뗄폐틢쪶뗘춶ꆣ쯻쏇춨맽뛔짺닺몯쫽훐뗄ꆰ쪣폠ꆱ뷸탐럖컶뫍볆솿ꎬ폃랴쫂쪵뛈솿램헒돶뷌폽춶퓶솿ꎬ듓뛸쳡돶뷌폽뛔맺쏱쫕죫폐믽벫ퟷ폃뗄맛뗣ꆣ쫦뛻듄뮹샻폃뷌폽춶쫕틦싊뗄랽램닢쯣돶뷌폽쯹뒴퓬돶뗄맺쏱쫕죫햼쏀맺1957쓪맺쏱ퟜ쫕죫퓶솿뗄33ꎥꆣ슬뾨쮹(Lucas,1988)죏캪뷌폽뗄샻틦평쓚퓚샻틦뫍췢틧샻틦릹돉ꆣ쫦뛻듄(Schultz,1961)폖붫쓚퓚샻틦돆ퟷ죋솦놾뗄쓚퓚ퟷ폃ꆣ쯻쏇뻹죏캪톧짺벰웤볒뎤릺싲뗄쫇뷌폽뗄쓚퓚샻틦ꆣ죋쏇캪쇋믱뗃쓚퓚샻틦뛸뷓쫜뷌폽ꎬ뛸췢틧샻틦늢늻쫴폚뷓쫜뷌폽헟놾죋쯹쿭폐ꆣ맾럲싼뫍컖뛻럲(Haveman .&,1984)ퟛ쫶쇋뷌폽뗄췢틧ퟷ폃ꎺ쳡룟ퟓ얮뗄욷훊ꆢ쳡룟쿻럑헟뗄톡퓱킧싊ꆢ폐훺폚룄짆쫜뷌폽헟놾죋뗄붡뾵ힴ뿶ꆢ쳡룟샍뚯솦쫐뎡쮫쿲톡퓱뗄킧싊ꆢ붵뗍랸ퟯ싊ꆢ쳡룟짧믡뫍킳돌뛈ꆣ뗋ퟓ믹ꆢ쇵훂풶ꎨ2008ꎩ죏캪뷌폽뗄췢틧샻틦늢늻믡쓉죫뻶닟헟뗄뻶닟랶캧횮쓚ꎬ쯻쏇뷶뷶내헕놾죋믱뗃뗄횱뷓샻틦살뻶뚨ퟔ벺뛔뷌폽뗄탨쟳ꎬ퓬돉뷌폽뗄쫐뎡릩룸솿늻ퟣꎬ평듋붫떼훂킧싊쯰쪧ꆣ닌퓶헽ꎨ1999ꎩ쒣탍뮯뷌폽뗄좫늿샻틦폫췢틧샻틦ꎬ좻뫳럖뇰맀쯣쯼쏇뛔뺭볃퓶뎤뗄릱쿗ꎬ퇐뺿뷡맻횤쏷뷌폽뛔뺭볃퓶뎤뗄폐뻞듳뗄릱쿗ꎬ쓜릻룄짆뺭볃퓋탐뗄뮷뺳ꎬ볓뿬뺭볃뗄퓶뎤쯙뛈ꎬ틲듋ꎬ룷맺헾뢮닅샖폚늹쳹뷌폽ꆣퟚ쿾뮪ꆢ헔볒헂ꎨ2009ꎩ틔뷌폽캪샽싛횤쇋닆헾췢틧쿂뗄뗘랽헾뢮릫릲럾컱쳡릩ꎬ죏캪캴살뗄헾닟뗷헻랽쿲쫇ꎬ펦퓶볓뛔뷌폽뗄쿮틆횧뢶ꎬ펦볓듳뛔뻟폐닆헾췢틧뗄짧믡쏱짺샠릫릲럾컱뗄벤샸잿뛈ꎬ쪹웤뺭럑뢺떣훷쳥훰늽짏틆ꆣ닩쿔폑ꆢ뚡쫘몣ꎨ2006ꎩ퓚컒맺룟뗈뷌폽뗄ퟜ쫕틦훐ꎬ룟뗈뷌폽뗄췢늿탔뫜늻쏷쿔ꎬ폐75ꎥ틔짏놻쓚뮯5
뗚튻헂 탷싛 캪쫜뷌폽헟뗄쮽죋쫕틦ꆣ 돂쇖ꎨ2009ꎩ럖컶쇋쿻럀믹뒡짨쪩헢튻릫릲욷뗄샻틦췢틧컊쳢ꎬ죏캪쿻럀믹뒡짨쪩뗄샻틦췢틧탔쫇횸쿻럀믹뒡짨쪩쳡릩뗄샻틦췢틧훁쾽쟸횮췢ꎨ용죧쿻럀늿뛓뿧쟸폲ퟷ햽ꎩꎬ쪹돇쫐쿻럀믹뒡짨쪩퓚쳘뚨쟸폲컞램떥뛀뻶뚨웤ퟮ병늼뻖쫽솿ꎬ듓뛸컞램듯떽엁샛췐ퟮ폅ꆣ늢뷸튻늽럖컶뗃돶돇쫐쿻럀믹뒡짨쪩쫴폚뗘랽탔릫릲닺욷ꎬ훷튪펦룃평떱뗘헾뢮춶ꎬ틔쏖늹훐퇫헾뢮뫍쫐뎡믺훆퓚쳡릩헢샠닺욷쪱뗄쮫훘쪧킧ꆣ 뛸뛔폚뷢뻶뗘쟸샻틦췢틧컊쳢ꎬ맺쓚톧헟튲뷸탐쇋튻쾵쇐뗄럖컶ꎬ듳뛠쫽톧헟죏캪틆횧뢶뛔뗘쟸샻틦췢틧폐뫜뫃뗄뗷뷚ퟷ폃ꆣWildasin(1989)죏캪뗘랽헾뢮믡틲캪놾췪좫쇷뚯쪱닺짺뗄쮰쫕쫕죫틧돶뛸붵뗍놾쮰ꎬ듓뛸복짙뗘랽릫릲욷뗄춶죫ꎬ짏벶헾뢮펦룃닉좡뇓맅늹쳹ꎨPigovian Subsidyꎩ쪹닆헾췢늿탔쓚늿뮯ꎬ쪹뇟볊늹쳹잡뫃뗈폚쮰싊믲횧돶퓶볓틽웰뗄쮰쫕쫕틦틧돶쮮욽ꆣ탭헽훐ꆢ풷맣ꆢ쯯맺펢ꎨ2002ꎩ죏캪뷸탐헾뢮볤틆횧뢶뗄뾼싇틲쯘쫇쿻돽릫릲닺욷뗄췢틧탔ꎬ죧맻뗘랽헾뢮ퟔ훷뻶닟ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮뻍믡복짙뻟폐뷏듳췢틧탔뗄릫릲닺욷뗄릩펦ꎬ훐퇫헾뢮캪맄샸뗘랽헾뢮볓듳뛔헢킩쿮쒿뗄횧돶ꎬ펦춨맽쿲뗘랽헾뢮쪵쪩폐쳵볾뗄틆횧뢶ꆣ쳕폂ꎨ2006ꎩ죧맻췢틧횻짦벰짙쫽뗘쟸ꎬ퓲뿉틔평헢벸룶쾽쟸볤쿠뮥킭짌살뷢뻶ꎬ떫죧맻췢틧짦벰뷏뛠뗄쾽쟸ꎬ캩폐훐퇫헾뢮쪵탐틆횧뢶ꎬ평훐퇫헾뢮룸뗘랽튻뚨뗄엤쳗냎뿮ꎬ돤럖샻폃췢늿뺭볃ꎬ쿞훆췢늿늻뺭볃ꎬ틔폅뮯풴엤훃ꆣ춨맽뛔뻟폐뷏잿뗄헽췢늿킧펦뗄쇬폲ꎬ죧뿆벼ꆢ뷌폽ꆢ컀짺뗈ꎬ헾뢮룸폨튻뚨뗄늹훺뫳ꎬ뿉틔퓶볓뗘랽릫릲닺욷뗄릩룸솿ꆣ쇵샨쏷ꎨ2002ꎩ죏캪퓚쪵볊뺭볃짺믮훐ꎬ죧맻늻쓜폐킧뗘뷢뻶뫃뗘쟸샻틦췢틧컊쳢ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮쳡릩솼뫃뗄릫릲럾컱뗄믽벫탔뻍믡쫜떽펰쿬ꎬ뛸틆횧뢶쫇뷢뻶뗘쟸샻틦췢틧컊쳢뗄훘튪쫖뛎ꆣ쯕쏷ꎨ2008ꎩ죏캪탨튪평훐퇫헾뢮춨맽틆횧뢶훆뛈ꎬ내맦랶ꆢ춳튻뗄뇪ힼꎬ뛔뗘랽헾뢮뗄믮뚯퓚탐헾맜쾽쟸폲횮볤뗄샻틦틧돶ꎨ췢늿탔ꎩ뷸탐뇘튪뗄뗷뷚ꆣ뛸췵펺뻽ꎨ1995ꎩ죏캪뗘랽헾뢮펦뺡솦뾪뇙폐킧뗄뗘랽쮰풴ꎬ틔복짙뛔훐퇫틆횧뢶뗄틀삵ꎬ놣횤ퟮ뗍쿞뛈뗄뗘랽릫릲닺욷뗄릩룸ꆣ ퟛ맛맺쓚췢톧헟뛔릫릲욷샻틦췢틧탔뗄퇐뺿ꎬ듳뛠뇈뷏힢훘평폚릫릲욷뗄샻틦췢틧뛸떼훂릫릲욷뗄릩룸늻ퟣ벰컞킧싊ꎬ뷏짙짦벰평폚헾뢮뗄튻킩헾닟뛸6
뗚튻헂 탷싛 뛔뗘쟸볤샻틦췢틧퓬돉뗄뿍맛펰쿬ꎬ뷸뛸틽웰뗄쟸폲닮뻠뗄뷸튻늽삩듳뷸탐럖컶ꎬ늢틲듋펰쿬틆횧뢶훆뛈뗄킧맻ꆣ놾컄붫듓뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧쿖쪵뇭쿖돶랢ꎬ뷨폃샭싛폫쒣탍뛔릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뷸탐럖컶퇐뺿ꎬ첽쳖퓬돉뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾틲쯘ꎬ솦춼캪평폚늻뻹뫢뗄쟸폲샻틦췢틧뛸떼훂뗄쟸폲볤뗄랢햹닮뻠삩듳컊쳢뗄뷢뻶쳡릩틀뻝ꎬ춬쪱뛔평폚헾뢮뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈늻뫏샭ꎬ볤뷓뗘볓뻧쟸폲볤뗄떥쿲샻틦췢틧뷸탐럖컶ꎬ캪컒맺죧뫎짨볆탂뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈쳡릩틀뻝ꆣ 뗚죽뷚 룅쓮뫍랶캧뷧뚨 튻ꆢ룅쓮뷧뚨 ꎨ튻ꎩ좫맺탔릫릲욷폫뗘랽탔릫릲욷 릫릲욷쫇횸쓇킩캪헻룶짧믡릲춬쿻럑ꆢ뻟폐럇업쯻탔뫍럇뺺헹탔뗄짌욷ꎬ평헾뢮쳡릩ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ뛠쫽릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱뚼뻟폐웤쳘뚨뗄쫜틦랶캧ꎬ뛸쎻폐뻸뛔컞쿞뗄쫜틦랶캧ꆣ평폚튪쫜떽살ퟔ뗘샭뫍뿕볤뗈뛠훖틲쯘뗄펰쿬ꎬ짧믡돉풱뛔릫릲욷뗄쿭폃돌뛈믡폐쯹늻춬ꆣ튻냣살쮵ꎬ내쫜틦랶캧믲킧폃틧돶뗄돌뛈뿉붫릫릲욷럖캪좫맺탔릫릲욷뫍뗘랽탔릫릲욷ꆣ 쯹캽좫맺탔릫릲욷ꎨnational public goodsꎩꎬ쫇횸쓇킩뿉릩좫맺뻓쏱릲춬쿻럑늢쟒릲춬쿭폃뗄닺욷ꎬ죧맺럀ꆢퟮ룟램풺뗈ꆣ샭싛짏붲ꎬ좫맺탔릫릲욷폐틔쿂죽룶믹놾쳘헷ꎺ튻쫇릫릲욷쫜틦랶캧쿞뚨퓚헻룶맺볒붮폲횮쓚뗄좫쳥릫쏱ꎻ뛾쫇릫릲욷쫜틦뻹퓈뗘즢늼퓚헻룶맺볒붮폲쓚ꎻ죽쫇훐퇫헾뢮쫇좫맺탔릫릲욷뗄쳡릩헟ꆣ헢쮵쏷ꎬ췢틧탔컊쳢폫좫맺탔릫릲욷뗄맘쾵늻듳ꆣ 쯹캽뗘랽탔릫릲욷ꎨlocal public goodsꎩꎬ쫇횸싺ퟣ튻뚨쟸폲쓚맣듳뻓쏱탨쟳뗄컯욷ꎬ웤쫜틦뛔쿳ꆢ쫜틦랶캧폐쿞ꎬ폐ퟅ튻뚨뗄뗘폲탔ꎬ웤쳡릩헟훷튪쫇뗘랽헾뢮ꆣ튻냣뛸퇔뗘랽탔릫릲욷횻쓜싺ퟣ쒳튻쳘뚨쟸폲랶캧쓚뻓쏱뗄릫릲쿻럑탨쟳ꆣ웤믹놾쳘헷폐틔쿂죽뗣ꎺ튻쫇쫜틦랶캧뗄뗘폲탔ꎬ뗘랽탔릫릲욷뗄쫜틦믹놾짏놻쿞뚨퓚쳘뚨쟸폲횮쓚ꎬ훷튪쫇놾쾽쟸쓚뗄뻓쏱ꎻ뛾쫇뻟폐틧돶킧펦ꎬ뗘랽탔릫릲욷뗄췢틧탔튪뛠폚좫맺탔릫릲욷ꆣ죽쫇뻟폐닣듎탔ꎬ뗘랽탔릫릲욷뗄쳡릩헟쫇룷벶뗘랽헾뢮ꎬ뗘랽탔릫릲욷뗄쳡릩뻍뇭쿖돶닣듎탔ꆣ 7
뗚튻헂 탷싛 ꎨ뛾ꎩ돉놾췢틧폫샻틦췢틧 췢늿탔듓늻춬뗄뷇뛈폐뛠훖늻춬뗄럖샠랽램ꆣ룹뻝뺭볃훷쳥탐캪뗄펰쿬킧맻ꎬ뿉럖캪헽췢늿탔뫍뢺췢늿탔ꎻ룹뻝췢늿탔뗄닺짺쇬폲ꎬ뿉럖캪짺닺췢늿탔뫍쿻럑췢늿탔ꎻ룹뻝췢늿탔뗄랽쿲ꎬ뿉럖캪떥쿲뗄췢늿탔뫍붻뮥뗄췢늿탔ꎻ룹뻝췢늿탔뗄룹풴ꎬ뿉럖캪훆뛈췢늿탔뫍뿆벼췢늿탔뗈뗈ꆣ본폚놾컄퇐뺿뗄탨튪ꎬ훷튪뷩짜샻틦췢틧ꎨ벴헽췢늿탔ꎩ폫돉놾췢틧ꎨ벴뢺췢늿탔ꎩ헢튻럖샠ꆣ 샻틦췢틧쫇횸쒳튻뺭볃훷쳥뗄탐캪뛔쯻죋닺짺쇋헽쏦뗄펰쿬ꎬ쪹쯻죋늻횧뢶럑폃뗄춬쪱믱뗃쇋릲쿭샻틦ꆣ죧ꎺ튻룶죋냑쯻뗄몢ퟓ엠퇸돉쇋룟쯘훊뗄릫쏱ꎬ헻룶짧믡뚼쓜듓훐쫜틦ꆣ 돉놾췢틧쫇횸쒳튻뺭볃훷쳥뗄탐캪뛔쯻죋닺짺쇋뢺쏦뗄펰쿬ꎬ쪹쯻죋돐쫜쇋평듋쯹듸살뗄쯰쪧믲짋몦ꎬ뛸쯻죋컞램뗃떽늹뎥ꆣ샽죧ꎬ짏폎뗄뮯릤뎧업돶뗄럏쮮컛좾쇋뫓쮮ꎬ붫쪹뗃쿂폎뗄뎧짌캪쟥돽쮮훐뗄폐몦컯훊뛸뮨럑룼듳뗄돉놾ꎬ떫쫇컛좾헟늻탨튪뛔헢튻탐캪횧뢶죎뫎럑폃ꆣ ꎨ죽ꎩ뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧 뗘랽릫릲욷뗄췢틧샻틦쫇횸뗘랽헾뢮틀웤뗘랽닆헾쯹쳡릩뗄릫릲럾컱ꎬ춨뎣믡뎬맽떥튻쾽쟸뗄랶캧ꎬ쪹쾽쟸췢뗄뻓쏱틠뗃릲쿭샻틦ꆣ샭싛짏ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮펦쳡릩뗘랽탔릫릲닺욷ꎬ뷰살풴폚쾽쟸쓚뻓쏱뗄쮰쫕ꎬ듋샠뗘랽탔릫릲닺욷뗄쫜틦랶캧뷶쿞폚뗘랽헾뢮뗄쾽쟸랶캧ꆣ좻뛸퓚쪵볹훐ꎬ튻킩뗘랽탔릫릲닺욷뗄쫜틦컞램잡뫃놻쿞뚨퓚뗘랽헾뢮뗄쾽쟸횮쓚ꎬ튲뻍쫇쮵헢킩릫릲닺욷뻟폐쾽쟸볤뗄췢틧킧펦ꆣ뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧틢캶ퟅ뗘랽탔릫릲닺욷뗄쫜틦랶캧뎬돶뗘랽헾뢮쾽쟸뗄뷧쿞ꎬ쪹웤쯻뗘쟸퓚쫜틦뗄춬쪱늻돐떣죎뫎돉놾ꆣ 뛾ꆢ랶캧뷧뚨 톧쫵뷧첸싛뷏뛠뗄쫇돉놾췢틧ꎬ튻룶뗤탍뗄샽ퟓ쫇뮷뺳컛좾ꎬ웳튵업돶쇋럏쮮ꆢ럏웸ꎬ컛좾쇋뿕웸뫍쮮풴ꎬ쪹짺믮퓚헢튻뮷뺳훐뗄죋쫜떽쯰몦ꎬ뛸튪쿻돽헢훖컛좾퓲튪뮨럑돉놾ꎬ헢훖췢늿돉놾늻뷶믡뛔쿻럑헟듸살쯰몦ꎬ춬쪱튲믡캣몦웤쯻짺닺헟뗄샻틦ꆣ뛸뛔폚샻틦췢틧톧쫵뷧퇐뺿뗄늢늻뛠ꎬ샻틦췢틧듦퓚폚짺믮뗄랽랽쏦쏦ꎬ죧쒳킩뮷뺳놣뮤쿮쒿늻뷶쪹놾뗘뻓쏱쫜틦ꎬ튲믡쪹쇚뷼뗘쟸뻓쏱쫜틦ꎻ믺뎡뫍뿧뗘쟸뗄릫슷ꆢ쳺슷쿮쒿뗄쪹폃헟늻쿞폚놾뗘뻓쏱ꎻ퓚놾8
뗚튻헂 탷싛 뗘뷓쫜룟뗈뷌폽뗄탭뛠톧짺뇏튵뫳뿉쓜믡떽웤쯻뗘쟸릤ퟷꎬ뗈뗈ꆣ샻틦췢틧뛔폚뺭볃뛸퇔늢럇쫇믽벫뗄ꎬ튲믡틽웰릫릲욷릩룸쪧킧ꆣ놾컄쯹붫훘뗣퇐뺿컒맺쟸폲볤뗄뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧컊쳢ꆣ 놾컄쯹쳖싛뗄쟸폲훷튪틀뻝컒맺떱잰뗄뚫ꆢ훐ꆢ컷늿뗘쟸뮮럖룱뻖살뷧뚨ꆣ 뇭 컒맺뚫ꆢ훐ꆢ컷늿뗘쟸뮮럖룱뻖 쟸 폲 쪡벶탐헾쟸쏻돆 뚫늿 놱뺩ꆢ쳬뷲ꆢ뫓놱ꆢ쇉쓾ꆢ짏몣ꆢ붭쯕ꆢ헣붭ꆢ뢣붨ꆢ즽뚫ꆢ맣뚫ꆢ몣쓏 훐늿 즽컷ꆢ벪쇖ꆢ뫚쇺붭ꆢ낲믕ꆢ붭컷ꆢ뫓쓏ꆢ뫾놱ꆢ뫾쓏 쯄뒨ꆢ훘쟬ꆢ짂컷ꆢ룊쯠ꆢ쓚쏉맅ꆢ맳훝ꆢ퓆쓏ꆢ쓾쿄ꆢ쟠몣ꆢ맣컷ꆢ탂붮ꆢ컷늿 컷님 뗚쯄뷚 퇐뺿쮼슷뫍싛컄뷡릹 놾컄뗄퇐뺿쮼슷쫇ꎬ쫗쿈틽돶뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄쿖쪵뇭쿖ꎬ폃췢늿탔샭싛벰쒣탍럖컶릫릲욷샻틦췢틧틽웰뗘랽릫릲욷릩룸뗄늻ퟣ벰컞킧싊ꎬ좻뫳짮죫럖컶헾뢮뗄닆헾헾닟펰쿬뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄뿍맛틲쯘ꎬ뷨본맺췢킭뗷샻틦췢틧뺭퇩뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ뛔컒맺뗷뷚뗘쟸볤샻틦췢틧쳡돶뫏샭뗄헾닟붨틩ꎬ캪컒맺짨볆탂뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈쳡릩틀뻝ꆣ 싛컄릲럖캪틔쿂쇹룶헂뷚ꎺ 뗚튻헂ꎺ쳡돶톡쳢뗄퇐뺿놳뺰뫍틢틥ꎬ싛쫶맺쓚췢톧헟뗄쿠맘퇐뺿ꎬ뷧뚨컄헂훐돶쿖뗄튻킩룅쓮ꎬ늢볲튪뗘뷩짜싛컄뗄뷡릹ꎬ샭쟥컄헂싶싧ꆣ 뗚뛾헂ꎺ뷏캪쿪쾸뗄싛쫶뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄쿖쪵뇭쿖탎쪽ꎬ캪쿂쏦뗄럖컶쳡릩볡쪵뗄믹뒡ꆣ 뗚죽헂ꎺퟛ쫶췢늿탔샭싛ꎬ뷨폃쒣탍럖컶평폚샻틦췢틧떼훂뗘랽릫릲욷릩룸늻ퟣ벰컞킧싊ꆣ 뗚쯄헂ꎺ컄헂뗄뫋탄ꎬ쫇퇐뺿뗄훷쳥늿럖ꎬ퇐뺿평폚헾뢮쪵탐뗄닆헾헾닟뛔릫릲욷샻틦췢틧퓬돉뗄뿍맛펰쿬ꎬ훷튪듓틔쿂벸랽쏦럖컶ꎺ튻쫇훐퇫폫뗘랽닆헾쳥훆뗄펰쿬ꎻ뛾쫇쮰쫕폅믝헾닟뗄펰쿬ꎻ죽쫇훐퇫뛔뗘랽뗄틆횧뢶헾닟뗄펰쿬ꎻ쯄쫇맺볒쪵쪩뗄닆헾쿠맘헾닟뛔짺닺튪쯘뗄펰쿬ꆣ 뗚컥헂ꎺ뛔맺췢랢듯맺볒뗄틆횧뢶벰쮰쫕헾닟뗈쿠맘헾닟뷸탐럖컶ꎬ틔릩컒맺뷢뻶샻틦췢틧컊쳢뷨본ꆣ 9
뗚튻헂 탷싛 뗚쇹헂ꎬ뷡뫏잰벸헂뗄럖컶ꎬ헫뛔컒맺떱잰듦퓚뗄뗘랽릫릲욷떥쿲샻틦췢틧컊쳢ꎬ쳡돶뿉탐뗄헾닟붨틩ꆣ 10
뗚뛾헂 뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄뇭쿖탎쪽폫쿖ힴ럖컶 뗚뛾헂₵?붹ꮹ닆럀쒱훐컊뷓훗뒷훎뗘랽릫릲욷내헕닺욷릦쓜뫍쳘헷뗄닮틬뷸튻늽럖샠ꎬ쫴폚뗘랽탔릫릲닺욷랶돫뗄닺욷뫍럾컱훷튪폐틔쿂쯄듳샠ꎺ 1ꆢ뗘랽짧믡맜샭ꆣ룷뗘랽헾뢮늿쏅캪싄탐ퟔ짭횰쓜뛸뷸탐뗄룷훖맜샭믮뚯ꎬ쯼뻟쳥냼삨뗘랽헾뢮쳡릩뗄릫릲훈탲ꆢ릫릲낲좫뫍릫릲맦훆뗈ꆣ 2ꆢ믹뒡짨쪩ꆣ냼삨뗀슷ꆢ붻춨ꆢ슷뗆ꆢ쿂쮮뗀ꆢퟔ살쮮ꆢ사미쫕벯뒦샭뫍쎺웸맜뗀뗈ꆣ 3ꆢ뗘랽짧믡럾컱ꆣ훷튪냼삨믹뒡뷌폽ꆢ튽쇆컀짺ꆢ짧믡놣헏ꆢ웸쿳풤놨뫍쿻럀뗈ꆣ 4ꆢ컄뮯폫뒫능쎽뷩ꆣ훷튪냼삨맣능ꆢ뗧쫓ꆢ놨횽ꆢ춼쫩망ꆢ늩컯망ꆢ컄컯벰컄뮯틅닺뗈ꆣ 뷡뫏떱잰컒맺쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄쿖ힴꎬ뷶톡좡쟸폲볤폐쏷쿔샻틦췢틧뗄뗘랽릫릲욷살퇐뺿ꎬ캪뷢뻶컒맺떱잰쟸폲볤샻틦췢틧쳡릩볡쪵뗄믹뒡ꆣ놾컄쯹퇐뺿뗄뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧훷튪듓ퟔ좻풴ꆢ뮷뺳놣뮤ꆢ뷌폽ꆢ짧믡놣헏헢쯄룶랽쏦살럖컶ꆣ 뗚튻뷚 ퟔ좻풴뗄샻틦췢틧 튻ꆢퟔ좻풴뗄뗍볛믲컞뎥뗷늦 ퟔ좻풴쫇쳬좻탎돉뗄컯훊뫍쓜솿ꆢ죋샠뿉뾪랢샻폃뗄풴ꎬ냼삨췁뗘ꆢ쮮ꆢ짺컯ꆢ뿳닺뗈ퟔ좻?뢳ꆣퟔ좻풴쫇뺭볃퓶뎤맽돌훐뗄튻룶훘튪틲쯘ꎬ퓚컒맺늻춬뗘쟸뗄풴?뢳폫뺭볃랢햹쮮욽퓚뿕볤짏쫇럇뻹뫢뗄ꆣ퓚풴럖늼짏ꎬ컷늿뗘쟸쫇컒맺룷훖ퟔ좻풴뇈뷏뢻벯뗄뗘쟸ꎬ뗘쿂퓌님ퟅ럡뢻뗄뿳닺풴ꎬ쮮쓜풴ꆢ싃폎풴뗈튲틬뎣럡뢻ꆣ뻝쇏춳볆ꎬ컷늿뗘쟸맺췁쏦믽햼좫맺슽뗘ퟜ쏦믽뗄%ꎬ룻뗘쏦믽햼좫맺뗄%ꎬ즭쇖쏦믽햼좫맺뗄%ꎬ쪪뗘쏦믽햼좫맺뗄%ꎬ쮮풴햼좫맺뗄%ꎬ펵폐좫맺슽뗘풴ퟜ솿%뗄쪯폍뫍%뗄쳬좻웸ꆣ 떫평폚컒맺뛠쫽ퟔ좻풴뗄쫐뎡늻릻췪짆ꎬ헾뢮뛔ퟔ좻풴쪵탐볛룱뿘훆ꎬ11
뗚뛾헂 뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄뇭쿖탎쪽폫쿖ힴ럖컶 떼훂컒맺럇퓙짺풴뗄뾪닉뫍쿻럑욫샫ퟮ폅슷쿟ꆣ짺닺튪쯘ꆢ풴뿉틔퓚맺볊볤쇷뚯ꎬퟔ좻풴튲죧듋ꆣ룄룯뾪럅돵웚ꎬ컒맺쪵탐럇뻹뫢쟸폲랢햹햽싔ꎬ늢평뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸떽쓚슽뗘쟸쪵쪩붥뷸쪽뗄룄룯뾪럅헾닟ꎬ훐퇫쪵탐뗘쟸쟣킱헾닟ꎬ뚫늿뗘쟸펵폐뷰뫍벼쫵폅쫆ꎬ훐컷늿뗘쟸샻폃ퟔ짭뗄풴폅쫆뛔뚫늿뗘쟸뷸탐풴횧돖ꎬ뛸컒맺뗄풴볛룱믹놾짏쫇헾뢮뚨볛믲헾뢮횸떼볛ꆣ 쇭췢ꎬ평폚쒿잰컒맺뿳닺풴늹뎥럑쪵탐훐퇫폫뗘랽닆헾ꆰ컥컥럖돉ꆱ훆ꎬ맺폐풴늹뎥럑듸폐ퟢ뷰탔훊ꎬퟢ뷰쫇쯹폐좨듺뇭ꆣ틲듋ꎬ듓쯹폐좨틢틥짏뾴ꎬ컒맺뿳닺풴쫇ꆰ훐퇫폫뗘랽솽벶헾뢮릲폐훆ꆱꆣ쪯폍ꆢ쳬좻웸풴뎤웚틔살튻횱평훐퇫웳튵슢뛏뺭펪ꎻ쎺첿풴볈폐뗘랽탔뾪닉ꎨ뗘랽맺폐ꆢ벯쳥ꆢ룶쳥뗈ꎩꎬ튲폐훐퇫웳튵뾪닉ꆣ훐퇫웳튵뾪랢쓜풴횼퓚캪맺볒헻쳥뺭볃쒿뇪럾컱ꎬ늢늻틔랢햹뗘랽뺭볃캪훷튪쒿뇪ꎬ풴뢻죄뗄컷늿뗘쟸뗄풴늢늻쫇캪놾뗘쟸뺭볃랢햹럾컱ꎬ뛸쫇캪좫맺뺭볃랢햹뗄랽쿲럾컱ꆣ ퟜ횮ꎬ뚫늿뗘쟸퓚랢햹뗄맽돌훐ꎬ샻폃짺닺튪쯘폅쫆ꎬ랢햹쫜ퟔ좻풴펰쿬뷏킡뗄볓릤훆퓬튵뫍뗚죽닺튵ꎬ쪵쿖쇋뺭볃뗄폐킧퓶뎤ꆣ뛸훐컷늿뗘쟸ퟔ좻풴뷏캪럡풣뗄뗘쟸평폚맺볒뗄볛룱쳥쾵ꆢ뫪맛뺭볃헾닟뗄펰쿬ꎬ캴쓜돤럖랢믓웤ퟔ좻풴폅쫆ꎬ훰붥탎돉쇋폫뚫늿뗘쟸뗄닮뻠ꆣퟔ좻풴뛱쇓뗄뗘쟸평폚짺첬뮷뺳뗄펰쿬쿝죫쇋쓑틔ퟔ냎뗄욶삧뛱탔톭뮷ꎬ돉캪뺭볃랢햹뗄탨튪훘뗣럶돖뗄뗘쟸ꆣ 뛾ꆢ뺭볃믮뚯훐릫릲욷뗄뗍뛋췢틧 뒫춳뺭볃쳥훆쿂ꎬ컒맺쪵탐볛룱맜훆ꎬ헢횱뷓떼훂믹뒡풴닺욷뫍훆퓬튵닺욷뗄볛룱쳥쾵돶쿖쿠랴랽쿲뗄얤쟺ꎬ뛔훐컷늿뗘쟸뛸퇔ꎬ쿲췢쫤돶쓜풴뫍풭닄쇏뗄볛룱돶쿖붫뷼100%뗄뢺쿲얤쟺ꎻ뛸퓚쫤죫훮죧쪯폍뮯릤ꆢ쿰붺훆욷ꆢ튱뷰뗈볓릤훆퓬튵닺욷쪱ꎬ뮹튪퓙뛮췢횧뢶붫뷼50%-100%뗄헽쿲볛룱얤쟺ꆣ헢훖쮫쿲쇷쪧떼훂뺭볃잷랢듯뗄훐컷늿뗘쟸돐떣쇋뫪맛뺭볃뗄퓋탐돉놾ꎬ퓬돉놾뗘쟸맺쏱쫕죫뗄듳솿쇷쪧ꆣ 컒맺뎤웚췆탐릤튵폅쿈랢햹ꆢ돇쿧뛾풪럖룮뗄짧믡뺭볃훆뛈ꎬ퓚헢훖훆뛈쿂ꎬ훐컷늿뗘쟸틔뻞뛮뗄얩튵쪣폠늸폽쇋훐맺릤튵ꎬ훐컷늿ퟷ캪훐맺훷튪뗄얩튵뗘쟸ꎬ퓚솸쪳볛룱뫍얩쏱릤릤캬돖뗍쮮욽뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ춨맽쳡릩뗍볛룱쮮욽12
뗚뛾헂 뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄뇭쿖탎쪽폫쿖ힴ럖컶 뗄솸쪳뫍샍뚯솦헢솽쿮훘튪뗄믹뒡탔풴ꎬ릱쿗쇋뻞뛮뗄얩튵쪣폠ꎬ붵뗍쇋훐맺뺭볃룟쯙퓶뎤뗄돉놾ꎬ떫훐컷늿얩튵뗄릱쿗늢쎻폐쯦ퟅ릤튵뮯뗄쳡룟뗃떽펦폐뗄늹뎥ꆣ 뗚뛾뷚 뮷뺳놣뮤뗄샻틦췢틧 튻ꆢ컷늿쮮췁놣돖뗄컾짼 컒맺뗘쫆컷룟뚫뗍ꎬ컷늿뗘쟸뒦폚뎤붭쮮쾵ꆢ훩붭쮮쾵벰믆뫓쮮쾵뗄짏폎믲풴춷뗘쟸ꎬ평뇭뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ컒맺뗄쮮쓜풴훷튪벯훐퓚컷쓏뗘쟸ꎬퟔ좻풴럇뎣럡뢻ꎬ폐ퟅ맣삫뗄랢햹잰뺰ꆣ떫평폚뎤웚틔살뗘랽헾뢮캪ힷ쟳뺭볃뗄뿬쯙랢햹ꎬ훂쪹짺첬뮷뺳퓢떽퇏훘웆뮵ꆣ쳘뇰쫇뷼쓪살ꎬ쯦ퟅ죋뿚뗄톸쯙퓶뎤ꎬ뛔ퟔ좻풴맽뛈쯷좡ꎬ떼훂짺첬뮷뺳벱뻧뛱뮯ꎬ쮮췁쇷쪧죕쟷퇏훘ꎬ훆풼ퟅ떱뗘뺭볃짧믡뗄뿉돖탸랢햹ꆣ쮮폲쫇튻룶췪헻뗄짺첬쾵춳ꎬ풴춷믲짏폎뗘쟸쫇훎샭뫍놣뮤헢튻짺첬쾵춳뗄맘볼ꎬ컷늿뗘쟸뗄컛좾컯뫍쇷쪧뗄쓠즳퇘뎤붭쮳쇷뛸쿂ꎬ룸붭뫓쿂폎뗘쟸뗄죋쏱짺쏼닆닺낲좫뫍릤얩튵짺닺퓬돉쇋퇏훘췾킲ꆣ20002쓪쮮샻늿뗚뛾듎좫맺튣룐뗷닩쿔쪾ꎬ좫맺쟡뛈틔짏럧쪴ꆢ쮮쪴쏦믽캪356췲kmꎬ2웤훐컷늿뗘쟸럧쪴ꆢ쮮쪴쏦믽캪294췲kmꎬ햼좫맺쮮췁쇷쪧쏦믽뗄ꎥꆣ 뇭 쮮쓜풴벰웤뗘쟸럖늼 쮮쓜퓌님솿 뗘쟸 내랢뗧릦싊볆ꎨ췲kWꎩ내쓪랢뗧솿볆ꎨ틚kWꆤhꎩ 햼좫맺뇈훘좫맺 뮪놱뗘쟸 뚫놱뗘쟸 뮪뚫뗘쟸 훐쓏뗘쟸 컷쓏뗘쟸 쯄뒨ꆢ훘쟬 맳훝 퓆쓏 컷님 컷놱뗘쟸 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ쮮샻늿ꆣ 컷늿뗘쟸뒦폚듳붭듳뫓뗄짏폎뗘쟸ꎬ캴쓜돤럖샻폃웤짏폎폅쫆듙뷸떱뗘뺭13
뗚뛾헂 뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄뇭쿖탎쪽폫쿖ힴ럖컶 볃랢햹ꎬ랴뛸퓚뫓쇷짏폎뗘쟸볧뢺ퟅ쮮췁훎샭뗄퓰죎ꆣ춨맽닩뾴닆헾늿릫늼뗄닆헾횧돶뻶쯣뇭ꎬ랢쿖횻폐돇쫐캬뮤붨짨횧돶뗄ퟓ쿮쒿뮷뺳놣뮤뫍돇쫐쮮풴붨짨횧돶ꎨ틔쿂볲돆뮷놣ꆢ쮮풴횧돶ꎩ룺놾컄퇐뺿뗄뗘쟸뮷뺳놣뮤뗄샻틦췢틧쿠맘ꆣ뇭랴펦쇋컒맺뮷놣ꆢ쮮풴횧돶뗄쟩뿶ꆣ춨맽춳볆쓪본랢쿖ꎬ1997쓪퓚컒맺닆헾횧돶샯닅헽쪽떥뛀돶쿖헢쿮횧돶ꆣ춨맽뇈뷏좫맺닆헾횧돶뫍훐퇫ꆢ뗘랽닆헾횧돶뻶쯣뇭ꎬ컒쏇랢쿖뮷놣ꆢ쮮풴횧돶헢튻쿮쒿늢쎻폐돶쿖퓚훐퇫닆헾횧돶쿮쒿샯ꎬ헢쿮횧돶췪좫쫇뗘랽닆헾횧돶쿮쒿ꎬ튲뻍쫇쮵평뗘랽헾뢮살맜샭뮷놣ꆢ쮮풴붨짨뗄쫂좨ꆣ뛔폚컷늿뗘쟸살쮵ꎬ헢늿럖횧돶뻍평컷늿뗘쟸뗄뗘랽헾뢮살돐떣ꎬ좫맺쮮췁놣돖릤ퟷ뗄훘뗣퓚컷늿뗘쟸ꎬ쮮췁놣돖뗄돉놾평컷늿뗘쟸돐떣ꎬ뛸쮮췁놣돖쫜틦좴뿉틔럸짤좫맺ꎬ뿉틔캪헻룶쓚슽퇘몣뗘쟸뒴퓬튻룶쳬좻뗄웁헏ꎬ럀횹즳뎾놩뗈쳬웸뗄쟖쾮ꆢ복짙뫩쮮퓖몦뗄랢짺ꎬ늢뿉틔캪붭뫓쿂폎뗘쟸뗄릤얩튵짺닺뫍죋쏱짺쏼닆닺낲좫뒴퓬폐샻쳵볾ꆣ 뇭 뮷놣쮮풴횧돶쟩뿶 뮷놣쮮풴횧뮷놣쮮풴횧뗘랽닆헾놾벶뮷놣ꆢ쮮풴좫맺닆헾횧돶돶햼좫맺닆헾돶햼뗘랽닆헾쓪럝 횧돶ퟜ볆ꎨ틚횧돶 ꎨ틚풪ꎩퟜ볆 ꎨ틚풪ꎩ횧돶뗄뇈훘횧돶뗄뇈훘풪ꎩ ꎨ%ꎩ ꎨ%ꎩ 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ룹뻝샺쓪ꆶ춳볆쓪본ꆷ뫍ꆶ닆헾쓪본ꆷ헻샭뗃돶ꆣ 뛾ꆢퟔ좻짺첬뮷뺳놣뮤돉놾 컷늿뗘쟸듳뛠쫽뗘쟸뒦퓚룉몵ꆢ냫룉몵뗄뮷뺳훐ꎬ쓇샯듦퓚뗄믄쒮짺첬쾵춳ꆢ닝풭짺첬쾵춳뗈놾짭뻍뫜든죵ꎬ뒦퓚튻훖늻컈뚨뗄ힴ첬ꆣ뎤웚틔살ꎬ컒맺뺭볃랢햹뎤웚쪵탐뗄믹놾짏쫇듳솿쿻뫄풴뗄듖럅탍뺭볃퓶뎤랽쪽ꎬ훐컷늿뗘쟸맣듳얩쓁쏱캪쟳췑욶훂뢻ꎬ퓚짺닺짏훷튪닉좡믙쇖뾪믄ꆢ뾪뿑닝뗘ꆢ맣훖놡14
뗚뛾헂 뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄뇭쿖탎쪽폫쿖ힴ럖컶 쫕뫍뎬퓘맽쓁뗄듖럅쪽짺닺뺭펪랽쪽ꎬ뛠쓪살싒뾳샄랥샄쓁뫍맽뛈닉쿖쿳퇏훘ꎬ뇟훎샭뇟웆뮵뗄쿖쿳쪱폐랢짺ꆣ쳘뇰쫇쯦ퟅ춶컷뷸뫍닺튵틆늽랥뗄볓뿬ꎬ컷늿짺첬든죵뗘쟸뗄풴ꆢ쓜풴뾪랢잿뛈쏷쿔퓶듳ꎬ짺첬톹솦죔퓚볓뻧ꆣ풴뗄뾪랢볓듳쇋짺첬뮷뺳뗄톹솦ꎬ횱뷓췾킲떽죋뗄짺믮폫짺듦ꆣ뻝쇏쿔쪾ꎬ1986ꆫ1993쓪뷺짂쏉뷓죀쟸평폚쎺첿컞탲뾪닉ꎬ웺췁웺퓼솿듯떽틚뛖ꆣ평폚믙쇖믙닝뾪믄ꆢ뎬퓘럅쓁ꎬ뗘뇭횲놻퓢떽웆뮵ꎬ퓚쮮솦쟖쪴뫍럧솦쟖쪴릲춬ퟷ폃쿂뗘뇭훰붥놻즳뮯ꎬ즳쒮뮯뗄벱뻧삩햹쪹컒맺즳뎾놩랢짺욵싊돊짏짽쟷쫆ꆣ쮮췁쇷쪧뗄볓뻧튲쪹뫩쮮퓖몦벫틗랢짺ꎬ쿂킺쓠즳쪹쿂폎뫓뗀쯵햭ꆢ뫓뒲첧룟ꆢ폙믽뫾늴뫍쮮뿢ꎬ쿷죵쇋쳬좻뫓뗀뗄킺뫩쓜솦ꎬ붵뗍쇋뫾늴뫍쮮뿢뗈짨쪩뗄뗷2탮릦쓜ꆣ믄쒮뮯췁뗘퓚뷼20쓪볤쎿쓪틔2460췲km뗄쯙뛈볌탸랢햹ꎬ뷶탂붮ꆢ2쓚쏉맅뫍컷님뗈3룶ퟔ훎쟸믄쒮뮯췁뗘쏦믽뻍듯췲kmꎬ햼좫맺믄쒮뮯췁뗘쏦믽뗄%ꆣ ퟔ좻풴뾪닉뻟폐췢늿늻뺭볃탔ꎬ튲룸풴럡뢻뗘쟸퓬돉뻞듳뺭볃쯰쪧ꆣ풴뗄뾪랢볓듳쇋짺첬뮷뺳뗄톹솦ꎬ뗘쟸뮷뺳컊쳢춻돶ꎬ컛좾훎샭쮮욽뷏닮ꆣ2008쓪컷늿뗘쟸뗘훊퓖몦퓬돉횱뷓뺭볃쯰쪧틚췲풪ꎬ든죵뗄ퟔ좻뮷뺳ힴ뿶늻뷶ퟨ낭쇋떱뗘잱퓚폅쫆뗄랢믓ꎬ뛸쟒돉캪뺭볃랢햹뗄훷튪헏낭ꆣ 뗚죽뷚 뷌폽뗄샻틦췢틧 쏀맺뺭볃톧볒20쫀볍60쓪듺쳡돶ꎬ샍뚯솦ꎨ죋솦놾ꎩ쫇뺭볃랢햹훐ퟮ맘볼뫍ퟮ믮풾뗄틲쯘ꆣ닆헾뷌폽춶죫횱뷓펰쿬떽튻맺뷌폽쫂튵뗄랢햹쯙뛈뫍랢햹맦쒣ꆣ틲듋ꎬ닆헾뷌폽춶죫맦쒣뛔튻맺죋솦놾뗄믽샛폐훘튪뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ 튻ꆢ뷌폽춶죫뗄뗘폲탔쳘헷 컒맺퓚릫릲뷌폽럾컱쳡릩짏쪵탐ꆰ럖벶냬톧ꆢ뗘랽캪훷ꆱ뗄쳥훆ꎬ평뇭뿉틔뾴돶컒맺닆헾풤쯣쓚뷌폽뺭럑쪵탐틔뗘랽춶죫캪훷ꎬ뷌폽쫇뗘랽헾뢮쳡릩뗄훘튪릫릲럾컱ꎬ평폚컒맺듳맦쒣뗄죋뿚잨틆ꎬ뷌폽횧돶돉캪뗘랽헾뢮샻틦췢틧뗄훷튪살풴ꆣ컒맺뷌폽춶죫쳥훆떼훂쇋늻춬벶듎헾뢮볤뷌폽춶뗄ꆰퟝ쿲늻욽뫢ꆱ뫍늻춬뗘쟸횮볤뷌폽춶뗄ꆰ뫡쿲늻욽뫢ꆱꎬ헢훖쿖쿳캥놳쇋뷌폽릫욽뗄풭퓲ꆣ 15
뗚뛾헂 뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄뇭쿖탎쪽폫쿖ힴ럖컶 뇭 2008쓪뚫늿ꆢ훐늿ꆢ컷늿닆헾풤쯣쓚뷌폽뺭럑 뗘랽햼ퟜ뷌폽뺭럑뗘쟸 뫏볆ꎨ췲풪ꎩ 훐퇫ꎨ췲풪ꎩ 뗘랽ꎨ췲풪ꎩ 뇈훘ꎨ%ꎩ 뚫늿 훐늿 컷늿 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ훐맺뷌폽뺭럑춳볆쓪본2009ꆣ 믹뒡뷌폽횱뷓랴펳쇋튻룶짧믡컄쏷돌뛈뗄룟뗍ꎬퟷ캪믹뒡뷌폽뗄킡톧ꆢ돵훐뷌폽ꎬ뻟폐뫜잿뗄릫릲닺욷쫴탔ꎬ췢늿킧틦뫜듳ꎬ믹뒡뷌폽뗄웕벰쫇튻룶맺볒엠퇸쿖듺죋닅뗄뇘튪쳵볾ꆣ컞싛쫇랢듯맺볒뮹쫇랢햹훐맺볒ꎬ듓춶뗄짧믡믘놨싊살뾴ꎬ믹뒡뷌폽뗄춶쫕틦싊뚼룟폚훐뗈ꆢ룟뗈뷌폽뗄춶쫕틦싊ꆣ듓릫욽뷇뛈살뾴ꎬ뷓쫜믹뒡뷌폽쫇쎿룶릫쏱뗄튻쿮믹놾좨샻ꆣ틲듋ꎬ컞싛듓킧싊뷇뛈뮹쫇듓릫욽뷇뛈뾼싇ꎬ헾뢮뚼펦돐떣쏢럑쳡릩믹뒡뷌폽뗄퓰죎ꆣ 평뇭뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ2000쓪컒맺뚫늿ꆢ훐늿ꆢ컷늿뗘쟸웕춨킡톧짺뻹풤쯣쓚뷌폽쫂튵럑폃횧돶닮뻠캪1::ꎬ떽쇋2004쓪헢튻닮뻠삩듳떽쇋1::ꎻ웕춨돵훐뗄쟩뿶룼캪퇏훘ꎬ평2000쓪뗄1::삩듳떽1::ꆣ뚫늿뗘쟸퓚믹뒡뷌폽랽쏦뗄춶죫풶듳폚훐ꆢ컷늿뗘쟸ꎬ뛸쟒쯦ퟅ뺭볃뗄늻뻹뫢랢햹ꎬ헢훖닮뻠돊쿖돶ꆰ십첫킧펦ꆱꎬ뢻풣뗘쟸쓜릻쓃돶룼뛠뗄뷰춶죫떽릫릲뷌폽훐좥ꎬ뛸뷌폽뷸늽믡듙뷸떱뗘뺭볃뷸튻늽랢햹ꎬ헢퇹튻살ꎬ뢻뗄뗘쟸룼뢻ꎬ쟮뗄룼쟮ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ튻룶횵뗃힢틢뗄쫂쪵쫇ꎬퟔ컷늿듳뾪랢헾닟쪵쪩틔살ꎬ컷늿뗘쟸뛔믹뒡뷌폽뗄춶죫ힴ뿶틑쏷쿔뫃폚훐늿뗘쟸ꆣ 룄룯뾪럅틔뫳ꎬ컒맺평볆뮮뺭볃쳥훆쿲쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆뇤ꎬ폫듋춬쪱ꎬ샍뚯솦쫐뎡튲뺭샺쇋잰쯹캴폐뗄짮뿌뇤룯ꎬ샍뚯솦릩탨돶쿖럇뻹뫢ힴ첬ꎬ샍뚯솦뗄릩룸훷튪벯훐퓚훐컷늿뗘쟸ꎬ뛸탨쟳퓲랢짺퓚뚫늿퇘몣랢듯뗘쟸ꆣ샍뚯솦늻뛏뗘듓훐컷늿뗘쟸쿲뚫늿뗘쟸틆ꎬ얩듥죋뿚쳘뇰쫇쟠ힳ쓪죋뿚듳솿쿲뚫늿퇘몣돇쫐쇷뚯ꎬ헢뛔폚뷢뻶컒맺뗄뻍튵컊쳢컞틉쫇폐샻뗄ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸늢쎻폐뛔헢킩쇷돶뗄샍뚯솦뷸탐믹뒡뷌폽춶ꎬ뻍횱뷓쪹폃헢킩쟠ힳ쓪샍뚯솦ꎬ훐컷늿뗘쟸돉캪뚫늿뗘쟸죋닅뫍죋솦풴뗄쫤돶뗘ꆣ 16
뗚뛾헂 뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄뇭쿖탎쪽폫쿖ힴ럖컶 1뇭 뚫늿ꆢ훐늿ꆢ컷늿짺뻹풤쯣쓚뷌폽쫂튵럑횧돶쟩뿶 떥캻ꎺ풪쓪럝 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 뚫늿 훐늿 웕춨킡톧짺뻹풤컷늿 쯣쓚뷌폽쫂튵럑횧돶 뚫훐컷늿1:::::::: 1::뇈횵 뚫늿 훐늿 웕춨돵훐짺뻹풤컷늿 쯣쓚뷌폽쫂튵럑횧돶 뚫훐컷늿1:::::::: 1::뇈횵 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ뇭훐쫽뻝틀뻝ꆶ뷌폽늿ꆢ맺볒춳볆뻖ꆢ닆헾늿맘폚좫맺뷌폽뺭럑횴탐쟩뿶춳볆릫룦ꆷ훐쿠맘쫽뻝볆쯣뗃돶ꆣ 뛾ꆢ룟킣뇏튵짺뗄쫐뎡뮯톡퓱 뷌폽뛔헻룶짧믡뗄죋솦풴랢햹뻟폐뻶뚨탔뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ뛸죋솦풴폖쫇뺭볃랢햹ퟮ훘튪뗄틲쯘횮튻ꆣ룟닣듎죋닅뻟폐뷏룟뗄죋솦놾ꎬ웤볛횵뫍튻냣샍뚯솦쿠뇈ꎬ퓚춬퇹뗄쪱볤쓚뿉틔뒴퓬룼듳뗄볛횵ꆣ죋솦놾쳘뇰쫇룟닣듎죋닅뗄뿬쯙퓶뎤쫇쿖듺뮯붨짨뗄ퟮ횱뷓ꆢퟮ훘튪뗄췆뚯솦솿ꆣ ퟔ1999쓪뾪쪼삩헐틔살ꎬ컒맺룟뗈뷌폽뗄랢햹맦쒣틔잰쯹캴폐뗄쯙뛈삩듳ꎬ2008쓪좫맺웕춨룟킣뇏튵짺559췲죋ꎬ뇈2007쓪퓶볓50췲죋ꆣ평폚삩헐틽웰뗄룟킣뇏튵짺쫽솿벤퓶ꎬ듳톧짺돶쿖뻍튵ꆰ쓑ꆱ뗄컊쳢ꎬ떫듳톧짺뻍튵쓑늢늻틢캶ퟅ듳톧짺컞튵뿉뻍ꎬ뛸쫇룼뛠뗘뇭쿖캪룟킣뇏튵짺뻍튵쇷쿲쯹돊쿖돶살뗄쏷쿔뗄뗘쟸닮틬ꆣ탭뛠룟킣뇏튵짺붫뺩ꆢ뷲ꆢ뮦뫍뚫늿퇘몣랢듯돇쫐ퟷ캪ퟔ벺뻍튵뗄쫗톡ꎬ뛸튻킩잷랢듯뗄쪡쟸ꆢ벱탨죋닅뗄믹닣뫍뺭볃뇈뷏실뫳뗄컷늿뇟풶뗘쟸좴쿊폐죋컊뷲ꆣ잷랢듯뗘쟸뗄룟킣뇏튵짺춨맽솽훖춾뺶듳솿뗄쇷쿲뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸ꎺ튻쫇듓훐컷늿뗘쟸좥뚫늿뗘쟸뛁쫩뗄룟킣뇏튵짺ꎬ뫜듳늿럖뇏튵짺뚼쇴퓚뚫늿뗘쟸뻍튵ꎬ벫짙늿럖톡퓱믘떽훐컷늿뻍튵ꎻ뛾쫇평훐컷늿뗘쟸룟킣엠퇸뗄룟킣뇏튵짺ꎬ폈웤쫇훘뗣룟킣엠퇸뗄쮶쪿짺틔짏뗄톧짺ꎬ뇏튵뫳듳뚼붫 1춼뇭틽ퟔ짏몣닆뺭듳톧릫릲헾닟퇐뺿훐탄ꎺꆶ2008훐맺닆헾랢햹놨룦ꆪꆪ릹붨뫍킳짧믡뗄닆헾헾닟퇐뺿ꆷꎬ짏몣닆뺭듳톧돶냦짧ꎬꎬ뗚142튳ꆣ 17
뗚뛾헂 뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄뇭쿖탎쪽폫쿖ힴ럖컶 퓱튵뗄쒿맢쏩ힼ퓚뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸ꎬ헢퇹훐컷늿뗘쟸죋닅쫤돶풶풶듳폚죋닅쇷죫ꆣ 듓2004쓪뷌폽늿횱쫴룟킣뫍훐퇫웤쯻늿쫴풺킣뇏튵짺뗄뻍튵쇷쿲살뾴ꎬ떽뚫쓏퇘몣쪡쟸뻍튵뗄뇏튵짺폐췲죋ꎬ햼뇏튵짺ퟜ쫽뗄44%ꆣ웤훐ꎬ떽놱뺩ꆢ짏몣ꆢ붭쯕ꆢ맣뚫뻍튵뗄뇏튵짺폐췲죋ꎬ햼뷌폽늿횱쫴룟킣뫍훐퇫웤쯻늿쫴풺킣뇏튵짺ퟜ쫽뗄%ꆣ2005쓪뷌폽늿ꆶ훐맺듳톧짺뻍튵ꆷ퓓횾뛔30폠쯹룟킣뗄솽췲뛠쏻퓚킣듳톧짺뷸탐쇋ꆰ훐맺듳톧짺뻍튵쫗톡웳튵ꆱ뗄컊뻭뗷닩ꆣ뗷닩쿔쪾ꎬ퓚돇쫐뻍튵뗄톡퓱짏ꎬ듳톧짺뗄쒿맢틀좻벯훐퓚짏몣ꆢ놱뺩ꆢ맣훝뗈뗘ꆣ훐맺죋쏱듳톧ꆰ훐맺듳톧짺뻍튵컊쳢퇐뺿ꆱ뿎쳢ퟩ뗷닩뇭쏷ꎬ놱뺩룟킣훐%뗄뇏튵짺쫗톡퓚놱뺩뻍튵ꎬ업돽놱뺩놾뗘짺풴ꎬ쫗톡퓚놱뺩뻍튵럇놱뺩짺풴뇏튵짺뗄뇈샽룟듯69%ꆣ뻝춳볆ꎬ컒맺폐%뗄룟킣뇏튵짺퓚듳훐돇쫐뻍튵ꎬ뷶폐%톡퓱퓚쿘폲뫍얩듥뻍튵ꆣ살ퟔ얩듥뗄뇏튵짺ꎬ듳뛠뚼늻풸틢믘얩듥믲믹닣떥캻뻍튵ꆣ춬퇹ꎬ벴쪹뇏튵폚컷늿뗘쟸뗄룟뗈풺킣ꎬ웤뻍튵틢쿲틀좻쟠폚놱뺩ꆢ짏몣ꆢ짮?뗈듳돇쫐ꆣ2004쓪뛔컷쓏뗘쟸늿럖룟킣퇐뺿짺뷸탐돩퇹뗷닩훐ꎬ훘쟬듳톧ꆢ컷쓏헾램듳톧ꆢ컷쓏얩튵듳톧ꆢ컷쓏쪦랶듳톧훐폐%뗄풸틢떽퇘몣뾪럅돇쫐ꎬ%뫍%뗄풸틢떽놱뺩뫍짏몣ꎬ뛸떽뇟풶뗘쟸뗄횻폐%ꆣ 죋솦놾뗄늻뻹뫢삭듳쇋뗘쟸닮뻠ꎬ쓚슽뗘쟸쫜맽룟뗈뷌폽뗄샍뚯솦럗럗쿲퇘몣랢듯뗘쟸쇷뚯ꎬ듓뛸퓬돉죋솦놾퓚쟸폲횮볤뗄럖늼퇏훘쪧뫢ꎬ뛸죋솦놾폖쫇뺭볃퓶뎤뗄튻룶훘튪풴좪ꎬ틲듋믡떼훂뗘쟸닮뻠뗄늻뛏삭듳ꆣ 뗚쯄뷚 짧믡놣헏뗄샻틦췢틧 짧믡놣헏쫇뛔죋쏇믹놾짺믮뗄튻훖놣헏ꎬ냼삨튽쇆놣쿕ꆢ퇸샏뷰놣쿕뫍쪧튵놣쿕뗈ꆣ짧믡놣헏뛔폚ퟔ좻죋살쮵쫇튻쿮ퟮ믹놾뗄짺믮놣헏ꎬ쎿룶ퟔ좻죋뚼펦룃욽뗈쿭폐짧믡놣헏ꆣ 룄룯뾪럅틔뫳ꎬ컒맺뗄샍뚯솦릩탨돶쿖럇뻹뫢ힴ첬ꎬ샍뚯솦뗄릩룸훷튪벯훐퓚훐컷늿뗘쟸ꎬ뛸탨쟳퓲랢짺퓚뚫늿퇘몣랢듯뗘쟸ꆣ샍뚯솦늻뛏뗘듓훐컷늿뗘쟸쇷쿲뚫늿뗘쟸ꎬ샍뚯솦뗄틆늻뷶튪쫜떽룷훖훆뛈탔뫍럇훆뛈탔뗄풼쫸ꎬ뛸쟒뮹튪쏦쇙쫤죫뗘뗄업돢ꎬ틲듋틆샍뚯솦룼뛠뗘톡퓱쿱ꆰ뫲쓱ꆱ튻퇹퓚쫤 2헔쓈ꎺꆶ쟸폲뺭볃폫룟킣뇏튵짺뻍튵쇷쿲컊쳢퇐뺿ꆷꎬ놱뺩붻춨듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄ꎬ뗚17튳ꆣ 18
뗚뛾헂 뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄뇭쿖탎쪽폫쿖ힴ럖컶 죫뗘뫍쫤돶뗘쇷뚯ꎬ쓑틔쪵쿖퓚쫤죫뗘뗄컈뚨뻓힡뫍뻍튵ꆣ평폚얩듥샍뚯솦뎤웚짺믮퓚돇헲훐ꎬ쯻쏇늻뗃늻쏦뛔돇헲훐뗄짺믮돉놾ꎬ튻떩짺늡뻍탨튪횧뢶뫍돇헲뻓쏱쿠춬뗄튽쇆럑폃ꎬ뛸헢뇊럑폃뛔폚얩쏱뗄볒춥살쮵쫇튻뇊럇뎣돁훘뗄뢺떣ꎬ짵훁믡펰쿬떽얩듥샍뚯솦캬돖샍뚯솦뗄퓙짺닺ꆣ 뺡맜놱뺩ꆢ짏몣ꆢ맣훝뗈돇쫐캪쇋놣헏틆샍뚯솦뗄믹놾좨틦ꎬ럗럗돶첨쇋맘폚얩쏱릤닎볓짧믡놣쿕뗄맦뚨ꆣ떫쫇폃죋떥캻튻냣뫜짙훷뚯캪얩쏱릤냬샭짧믡놣쿕ꎬ짵훁쫇ퟮ믹놾뗄릤짋놣쿕ꆣ뻝샍뚯뫍짧믡놣헏늿춳볆ꎬ웳튵캪얩쏱릤쳡릩뗄짧믡놣쿕ꎬ횻폐릤짋놣쿕틑뺭폐쫽솿쿠떱뗄얩쏱릤닎볓ꎬ웤쯻룷훖짧믡놣쿕닎놣싊뚼뷏뗍ꎬ퇸샏놣쿕닎놣싊캪15%ꎬ튽쇆놣쿕캪10%ꎬ쪧튵놣쿕뫍짺폽놣쿕벸뫵캪쇣ꆣ헢떼훂듳솿뗄얩듥샍뚯솦쯤좻짺믮퓚돇헲훐ꎬ쯹뗃뗄릤웕뇩욫뗍ꎬ늻쓜춬뗈뗘쿭쫜짧믡놣헏ꎬퟮ훕뮹튪틀뾿췁뗘뷸탐ퟔ컒놣헏ꎬ훐컷늿쇷뚯샍뚯솦뗄헢늿럖쫕죫쇷죫쇋돇쫐ꆣ퓚쓪쇤듯떽튻뚨쯪쫽뫳ꎬ쯻쏇춨뎣튪훘탂믘떽돶짺뗘ꎬ뛸쫤돶뗘춨뎣퓲튪돐떣듲릤ퟥ뗄짧믡돉놾ꆣ샍뚯쓪쇤죋뿚뗄릱쿗벯훐떽랢듯뗘쟸ꎬ떫짧믡놣헏뢺떣죔좻톹퓚실뫳뗘랽헾뢮짭짏ꆣ 19
뗚죽헂 뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄샭싛럖컶 뗚죽헂₵?붹ꮹ닆럀쓀?훎뗘랽헾뢮쳡릩뗄릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱퓚쪵볹훐뿉쓜닺짺췢틧탔ꆣ튻랽쏦ꎬ쒳튻뗘랽헾뢮쯹쳡릩뗄닺욷럾컱뎬돶웤쾽쟸랶캧뛸췢틧떽웤쯻캴쓜쳡릩럑폃늹뎥뗄쾽쟸ꎻ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ평폚럇뻓쏱잰살뚨뻓늢쿭쫜룃뗘랽헾뢮쯹쳡릩뗄릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱ꆣ헢훖췢늿탔뗄듦퓚ꎬ쪹튻킩뗘랽헾뢮횻뾼싇ퟔ짭샻틦ꎬ떼훂뻟폐췢틧탔뗄릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱릩펦늻ퟣꎬ듓뛸퓬돉릫릲럾컱뗄뗍킧싊뫍컞킧싊ꆣ 뗚튻뷚 췢늿탔뗄랢짺믺훆 퓚쫐뎡뺭볃랢햹뗄맽돌훐ꎬ쎿룶쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒뇘탫룹뻝ퟔ짭뗄랢햹ꎬ톡퓱닉좡헾뢮룉풤믲쫇쪵탐ퟔ평럅죎ꆣ퓧웚뗄쫐뎡뺭볃랢햹맽돌훐ꎬ평폚ퟔ평뺺헹햼춳훎뗘캻ꎬ췪좫틀뾿쫐뎡살엤훃풴ꎬ틲듋헾뢮횻돤떱ꆰ쫘특죋ꆱ뗄뷇즫ꆣ퓚쿖듺쫐뎡뺭볃량쯙랢햹뗄짧믡ꎬ평폚쫐뎡믺훆좱랦킧싊ꎬ듦퓚듳솿쫐뎡쪧쇩쿖쿳ꎬ뿍맛짏튪쟳맺볒뛔뺭볃믮뚯뷸탐룉풤뫍뗷뷚ꎬ췢늿탔뻍쫇쫐뎡쪧쇩뗄튻룶뻟쳥쳥쿖ꆣ 췢늿탔ퟮ쿈쫇평펢맺뺭볃톧볒십킪뛻ꎨMarshall A Cꎩ퓚웤뺭뗤횮ퟷꆶ뺭볃톧풭샭ꆷ튻쫩훐쳡돶ꎬ떫쫇뛔췢늿탔뷸탐뇈뷏쾵춳짮죫뗄퇐뺿ꎬ퓲쪼폚펢맺뺭볃톧볒ꆢ뢣샻뺭볃톧뗄뒴쪼죋뇓맅ꎨPigou A Cꎩ쯹훸뗄ꆶ뢣샻뺭볃톧ꆷ튻쫩훐ꆣ십킪뛻뗄췢늿뺭볃ꎨexternal economiesꎩ쫇횸뎧짌퓚짺닺믮뚯벰웤킧틦랽쏦닺짺뗄폐틦뗄펰쿬ꎬ뛸헢훖펰쿬쎻쓜랴펳퓚뎧짌뗄짺닺돉놾짏ꆣ뇓맅랢햹쇋십킪뛻뗄췢늿뺭볃샭싛ꎬ돤쪵쇋쓚늿뺭볃뫍쓚늿늻뺭볃ꎨinternal diseconomiesꎩꆢ췢늿뺭볃뫍췢늿늻뺭볃ꎨexternal diseconomiesꎩ뗈룅쓮ꎬ죏캪퓚췢늿뺭볃뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ뎧짌뗄뇟볊쮽죋돉놾듳폚뇟볊짧믡돉놾ꎬ퓚췢늿늻뺭볃쟩뿶쿂ꎬ뎧짌뗄뇟볊쮽죋돉놾킡폚뇟볊짧믡돉놾ꎬ횸돶헾뢮펦뛔쫐뎡뺭볃뷸탐쫊떱뗄룉풤ꎬ맄샸췢늿뺭볃ꎬ쿞훆뫍쿻돽췢늿늻뺭볃ꆣ 췢늿탔뿉틔뷢쫍캪튻훖캴쓜랴펦퓚짺닺뫍쿻럑훐뗄뺭볃믮뚯훷쳥횮볤뗄쿠뮥펰쿬ꎬ쯼쫇튻랽뛔쇭튻랽닺짺뗄럇쫐뎡펰쿬ꎬ뛸쟒헢훖펰쿬늻쓜랴펳퓚볛룱짏ꎬ늻쓜펰쿬쫐뎡폐킧엤훃풴뗄쓜솦ꆣ듓킧펦짏뾴ꎬ췢늿탔뿉틔럖캪헽췢늿20
뗚죽헂 뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄샭싛럖컶 탔뫍뢺췢늿탔ꆣ튻랽쏦ꎬ짺닺헟믲쿻럑헟뗄튻쿮뺭볃믮뚯룸웤쯻돉풱듸살뫃뒦ꎬ뛸듓믮뚯뗃떽뗄샻틦킡폚룃믮뚯듸살뗄짧믡샻틦ꎬ좴늻쓜평듋뗃떽늹뎥ꎬ벴듋쪱닺짺쇋헽뗄췢늿탔ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ짺닺헟믲쿻럑헟뗄튻쿮뺭볃믮뚯룸웤쯻돉풱듸살캣몦ꎬ떫쯻늢늻캪듋횧뢶ퟣ릻늹뎥헢훖캣몦뗄돉놾ꎬ벴듋쪱닺짺쇋뢺뗄췢늿탔ꆣ뺭볃훷쳥쫇캪쇋쪵쿖ퟔ짭샻죳뗄ퟮ듳뮯믲킧폃뗄ퟮ듳뮯ꎬ퓚쪵쿖헢튻쒿뗄뗄맽돌훐ꎬ좴폐틢믲컞틢뗘뛔폫룃쿮믮뚯컞횱뷓맘쾵뗄죋믲ퟩ횯듸살쇋폐샻믲폐몦뗄펰쿬ꆣ 컞싛쫇헽췢늿탔뮹쫇뢺췢늿탔ꎬ뚼믡떼훂풴뗄늻뫏샭엤훃ꆣ쿈뾼달듦퓚헽췢늿탔뗄쟩뿶ꎬ볙뚨쒳룶죋닉좡쒳쿮탐뚯뗄쮽죋샻틦캪Vpꎬ룃탐뚯쯹닺짺뗄짧믡샻틦캪Vsꆣ평폚듦퓚헽뗄췢늿탔ꎬ뺭볃훷쳥뗄쮽죋샻틦킡폚웤닺짺뗄짧믡샻틦ꎬVp<Vsꆣ죧맻헢룶죋닉좡룃탐뚯쯹퓢쫜뗄쮽죋돉놾Cp듳폚쮽죋샻틦뛸킡폚짧믡샻틦ꎬ벴폐Vp<Cp<Vsꎬ퓲헢룶죋쿔좻늻믡닉좡헢쿮탐뚯ꎬ뺡맜듓짧믡뗄뷇뛈살뾴ꎬ룃탐뚯쫇폐샻뗄ꎬ떫짧믡듓쮽죋뺭볃믮뚯훐쯹뗃떽뗄뛮췢샻틦ꎬ늢캴뛔쮽죋뺭볃믮뚯룸폨늹뎥ꎬ룃뺭볃훷쳥뻍횻믡듓ퟔ짭샻틦뾼싇돶랢ꎬ늻믡퓶볓짺닺믲쿻럑ꎬ헢뻍믡퓬돉뺭볃훷쳥뛔풴뗄쪹폃늻ퟣꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂ꎬ엁샛췐ퟮ폅ힴ첬쎻폐쪵쿖ꎬ뮹듦퓚엁샛췐룄뷸뗄폠뗘ꆣ틲듋ꎬ퓚듦퓚헽췢늿탔뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ쮽죋믮뚯뗄쮮욽뎣뎣튪뗍폚짧믡쯹튪쟳뗄ퟮ폅쮮욽ꆣ퓙살뾼싇뢺뗄췢늿탔뗄쟩뿶ꎬ볙뚨쒳룶죋닉좡쒳쿮믮뚯뗄쮽죋돉놾뫍짧믡돉놾럖캪Cp뫍Csꆣ평폚듦퓚뢺뗄췢늿탔ꎬ뺭볃훷쳥뗄쮽죋돉놾킡폚짧믡돉놾ꎬCp<Csꆣ죧맻헢룶죋닉좡룃탐뚯쯹뗃떽뗄쮽죋샻틦Vp듳폚웤쮽죋돉놾뛸킡폚짧믡돉놾ꎬ벴폐Cp<Vp<Csꎬ퓲헢룶죋믡닉좡룃탐뚯ꎬ뺡맜듓짧믡뗄맛뗣뾴ꎬ룃탐뚯쫇늻샻뗄ꎬ떫뎬맽쮽죋돉놾뗄쓇늿럖돉놾늢늻평룃뺭볃훷쳥놾짭살돐떣ꎬ맊룃뺭볃훷쳥튲횻믡듓ퟔ짭쯹돐떣뗄돉놾벰쫕틦돶랢살뾼싇짺닺뫍쿻럑ꎬ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂ꎬ엁샛췐ퟮ폅ힴ첬튲쎻폐쪵쿖ꎬ튲듦퓚엁샛췐룄뷸뗄폠뗘ꆣ틲듋ꎬ퓚듦퓚뢺췢늿탔뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ쮽죋믮뚯뗄쮮욽뎣뎣튪룟폚짧믡쯹튪쟳뗄ퟮ폅쮮욽ꎬ퓬돉뛔풴뗄맽솿쪹폃ꆣ ퟛ짏평폚췢늿탔뗄듦퓚ꎬ쪹풴뗄엤훃듯늻떽엁샛췐ퟮ폅ꎬ펰쿬쇋짧믡뗄뢣샻쮮욽ꆣ틲듋ꎬ틔뇓맅캪듺뇭뗄뢣샻뺭볃톧뫍틔뿆쮹캪듺뇭뗄탂훆뛈뺭볃톧죏캪ꎬ펦닉좡듫쪩ꎬ뛔뺭볃훷쳥뷸탐뗷뷚ꎬ틔쪵쿖풴뗄ퟮ병엤훃ꆣ 21
뗚죽헂 뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄샭싛럖컶 3뗚뛾뷚 췢틧탔닺욷릩펦늻ퟣ뗄쒣탍럖컶 쿂쏦뻍샻폃쫽톧쒣탍살횤쏷뻟폐췢틧탔뗄릫릲닺욷평폚헽뗄췢틧탔뗄킧틦캴쓜쓉죫릫릲닺욷쳡릩맦쒣뗄짺닺뻶닟횮훐ꎬ떼훂뻟폐헽뗄췢틧탔뗄뗘랽릫릲닺욷돶쿖좫짧믡랶캧쓚뗄릩룸늻ퟣꆣ 캪쇋랽뇣쳖싛ꎬ볙짨룷룶뗘랽헾뢮뛔폐췢틧탔뗄릫릲컯욷뗄춶죫쫇뿉ퟔ평톡퓱뗄ꎬ뗚i룶뗘랽헾뢮뛔웤ퟔ풸톡퓱뗄뻟폐췢틧탔뗄릫릲닺욷춶죫캪gꎬ퓲n룶in뗘랽헾뢮뗄뗄ퟜ춶죫캪G=gꎬ볙뚨뗚u(xGi룶뗘쟸뗄킧폃몯쫽캪,)ꎨ믲∑iiii=1u(x,g)틠뿉ꎬ벴u볈뿉뾴ퟷ(x,G)뗄몯쫽튲뿉뾴ퟷ(x,g)뗄몯쫽ꎩꎬx캪뗚i룶iiiiiiii뗘랽헾뢮뛔컞췢틧탔릫릲닺욷뗄춶죫ꎬ쇭볇M캪뗚i룶뗘랽헾뢮뗄ퟜ풤쯣쫕죫ꆣ i쎿룶뗘랽헾뢮뗄컊쳢쫇룸뚨웤쯼뗘랽헾뢮뗄톡퓱뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ톡퓱ퟔ벺뗄ퟮ폅닟싔(x,g)틔ퟮ듳뮯ퟔ벺뗄킧폃몯쫽u(x,G)ꎬ벴ꎺ iiii퓚풼쫸쳵볾x+g=M(i=1,2,",n)쿂톡퓱쫊떱뗄x벰g쪹뗃u(x,G)듯iiiiiii떽ퟮ듳ꎬ캪듋릹퓬삭룱샊죕몯쫽ꎺl=u(x,g)+α(x+g−M)ꎬ럖뇰뛔x폫giiiiiiiii쟳욫떼늢쇮웤뗈폚0ꎬ퓲폐ꎺ ∂l∂u(x,g)iiii=+α=0 ∂x∂xii∂l∂u(x,g)iiii=+α=0 ∂g∂gii∂ui∂gi*평짏솽쪽뿉뗃=1ꎬ벴ꎺ쪹뗃u(x,G)좡뗃ퟮ듳횵뗄g평쪽ퟓ*iiigi∂ui∂xi∂ui∂gi=1캨튻좷뚨ꎬ힢틢룃쪽ퟓ릲폐n룶(i=1ꎬ듓뛸,2,",n)n룶뻹뫢쳵볾뻶뚨∂ui∂xi쇋뛔폐췢틧탔릫릲닺욷뗄ퟔ풸릩룸뗄쓉쪲뻹뫢캪ꎺ 3 닎뾼쇵샨쏷ꎺꆶ틆횧뢶퓚늹뎥뗘쟸샻틦췢틧훐뗄ퟷ폃ꆷꎬ쫗뚼뺭볃쎳틗듳톧톧놨ꎬ2002쓪뗚4웚ꎬ49-51튳ꆣ 22
뗚죽헂 뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄샭싛럖컶 n******g=(g,g,",g)ꎬퟜ춶죫캪G=g 12n∑ii=1쿖퓚뾼싇엁샛췐ퟮ폅ꎺ 볙뚨짧믡뢣샻몯쫽캪W=γu+γu+"+γuꎬퟜ풤쯣풼쫸캪1122nnnnnnnx=G+Mꎬ퓲릹퓬삭룱샊죕몯쫽L=γu+β(x+G−M)ꎬ럖뇰∑i∑i∑ii∑i∑ii=1i=1i=1i=1i=1뛔x폫G쟳욫떼늢쇮웤뗈폚0ꎬ퓲폐ꎺ in∂uiγ+β=0 ∑i∂Gi=1∂uβiγ뗄뇭듯쪽듸죫짏쪽ꎬγ+β=0(i=1,2,",n)⇒=−(i=1,2,"ꎬ붫룃γ,n)iii∂u∂xii∂xi∂uin∂G**벴뗃ꎺ=1ꎬ벴ꎺ쪹뗃짧믡뢣샻몯쫽W듯떽ퟮ듳뗄G평쪽ퟓ**∑G∂u=1ii∂xi∂uin∂G=1캨튻좷뚨ꆣ ∑∂u1ii=∂xi 평틔짏럖컶뿉틔뾴돶엁샛췐ퟮ폅뗄릫릲닺욷릩룸듳폚쓉쪲뻹뫢뗄릫릲닺욷뗄릩룸ꆣ헢뻍쫇떼훂뻟폐헽췢틧탔뗄릫릲닺욷돶쿖좫짧믡랶캧쓚릩펦늻ퟣ뗄풭틲ꆣ 23
뗚쯄헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾폕틲럖컶 뗚쯄헂ꮹ닆럀쒲웕ﻓ헒훎닆헾헾닟ퟷ캪튻훖뫪맛뗷뿘릤뻟ꎬ뛔룷쟸폲뺭볃뫍짧믡랢햹뗄폐뻞듳뗄펰쿬ꎬ뗘랽릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾틲쯘ꎬ훷튪듓틔쿂벸랽쏦럖컶ꎺ튻쫇훐퇫폫뗘랽닆헾쳥훆뗄펰쿬ꎬ벴훐퇫폫뗘랽닆좨폫닆솦럖엤맘쾵뗄펰쿬ꎻ뛾쫇쮰쫕폅믝헾닟뗄펰쿬ꎻ죽쫇훐퇫뛔뗘랽뗄틆횧뢶헾닟뗄펰쿬ꎻ쯄쫇닆헾헾닟뛔짺닺튪쯘뗄펰쿬ꆣ 뗚튻뷚 닆헾쳥훆뗄펰쿬 닆헾쳥훆뗄쪵훊쫇맦랶훐퇫뫍뗘랽횮볤닆좨뫍닆솦뮮럖뗄튻훖럖엤맘쾵ꆣ듓붨맺떽1980쓪ꎬ훐퇫닆헾뛔룷뗘쪵탐뗄닆헾쳥훆믹놾짏쎻폐듳뗄뇤뮯ꎬ뚼쫴폚폫볆뮮뺭볃쿠쫊펦뗄ꆰ춳쫕춳횧ꆱ뗄닆헾쳥훆ꎬ닆헾뷰뗄럖엤좨훷튪벯훐퓚훐퇫ꎬ좫맺룷뗘뚼쫇퓚훐퇫닆헾ꆰ튻퓮돔랹ꆱꆣ룄룯뾪럅틔뫳ꎬ닆헾쳥훆훷튪뺭샺쇋닆헾냼룉훆뫍럖쮰훆뗄뇤룯ꆣ 튻ꆢ춳쫕춳횧닆헾쳥훆뗄펰쿬 듓붨맺떽1980쓪ꎬ훐퇫닆헾뛔룷뗘랽뗄닆헾쳥훆뻹쫴폚폫볆뮮뺭볃쿠쫊펦뗄ꆰ춳쫕춳횧ꆱ뗄닆헾쳥훆ꎬ춬쪱뾼싇룷뗘닆솦뗄닮뇰ꎬ훐퇫닆헾뛔뗘랽닆헾뷸탐쇋튻뚨돌뛈뗄뗷뷚ꎬ뛔쯵킡쟸폲볤닆솦닮뻠웰떽쇋튻뚨뗄믽벫ퟷ폃ꆣ죧1979쓪ꎬ퓚캴볆죫훐퇫늹훺쫕죫횮잰ꎬ뚫ꆢ훐ꆢ컷죋뻹닆헾쫕죫럖뇰캪풪ꆢ풪뫍풪ꎬ볆죫훐퇫뛔뗘랽뗄늹훺쫕죫횮뫳ꎬ죽룶뗘쟸죋뻹닆헾쫕죫럖뇰캪풪ꆢ풪뫍풪ꎬ듓뛸쪹훐컷늿뗘쟸폫뚫늿뗘쟸뗄죋뻹닆솦쮮욽닮뻠4듳듳쯵킡ꆣ 춳쫕춳횧뗄닆헾쳥훆ꎬ튻뚨돌뛈짏뮺뷢쇋탂훐맺돉솢돵웚냙럏듽탋폫맺볒닆솦럖즢뗄쎬뛜ꆣ떫헢훖룟뛈벯훐뗄닆헾쳥훆퓚듙뷸짧믡짺닺솦돖탸랢햹ꆢ뗷뚯뗘랽닆헾퓶쫕믽벫탔뗈랽쏦듦퓚ퟅ훖훖뇗뛋ꆣ퓚ꆰ듳맸랹ꆱ쳥훆쿂ꎬ뗘랽닆헾쫕죫풽뛠ꎬ쿲훐퇫짏뷉튲풽뛠ꎬ뗘랽쓜듓닆헾쫕죫뗄퓶뎤늿럖훐뗃떽뗄뫃뒦 4ퟔ탬럅쏹ꆢ쟱붭쳎ꎺꆶ뗷헻닆헾뗘쟸헾닟ꎬ듙뷸뗘쟸볤뺭볃뫍짧믡킭뗷랢햹ꆷꎬꆶ뺭볃퇐뺿닎뾼ꆷퟜ뗚914웚ꎬ뗚32튳ꆣ 24
뗚쯄헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾폕틲럖컶 뫜짙ꎬ돶쿖쇋ꆰ뇞듲뿬얣ꆱ뗄쿖쿳ꆣ욽뻹훷틥쪢탐ꎬ튻킩닆헾쫕죫퓶뎤킡뗄뗘랽퓶쫕뗄믽벫탔뫜킡ꆣ쿲훐퇫쯟뿠풽뛠뗄뗘랽ꎬ뗃떽뗄닆헾횧돖튲풽듳ꆣ헢훖쳥훆듬짋쇋뗘랽닆헾퓶쫕뗄믽벫탔ꎬ좴ꆰ맄샸ꆱ뗘랽늻좥퓶볓닆헾쫕죫ꎬ뛸쿲훐퇫ꆰ뿞쟮ꆱꆣ 뛾ꆢ닆헾냼룉훆뗄펰쿬 닆헾냼룉훆ퟷ캪뗷헻훐퇫폫뗘랽럖엤맘쾵뗄튻쿮훘튪룄룯ꎬ훷튪닠훘폚죃샻럅좨ꎬ삩듳뗘랽뗄좨쿞ꎬ쪹훐퇫폫뗘랽뗄닆헾럖엤맘쾵랢짺쇋훘듳뗄뇤뮯ꆣ뗷뚯쇋뗘랽퓶쫕뷚횧뗄믽벫탔ꎬ뗘랽닆헾쫕죫햼좫맺닆헾쫕죫뇈훘평1981쓪뗄%ꎬ짏짽캪1991쓪뗄%ꆣ 퓚훆뚨닆헾냼룉훆쪱ꎬ뾼싇떽쟸폲볤뗘랽헾뢮닆솦뗄뻹뫢ꎬ훐퇫헾뢮튪쟳뚫늿뗘쟸쫕죫뷏뛠뗄쪡쫐쿲훐퇫닆헾뛠짏붻튻늿럖쫕죫ꎬ훐컷늿뗘쟸쫕죫뷏짙뗄쪡ꆢퟔ훎쟸짙짏붻튻늿럖믲평훐퇫닆헾쫊떱늹훺튻늿럖ꆣ떫닆헾냼룉쳥훆좴퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏폐샻폚뺭볃랢듯뗄뚫늿뗘쟸ꎬ뛔뺭볃퓶뎤잱솦뷏듳뗄뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸쪵탐뗄쫇폐샻뗄뚨뛮짏뷢믲ퟜ뛮럖돉ꎬ뛸뛔뺭볃퓶뎤잱솦뷏킡뗄훐컷늿뗘쟸쪵탐뗄쫇늻샻뗄뚨뛮늹훺ꆣ냼룉훆훐좷뚨믹쫽뗄풭퓲폐샻폚뺭볃퓶뎤잱솦뷏듳뗄뚫늿뗘쟸ꎬ좷뚨믹쫽뫍뎬믹쫽뗄쫕죫럖쿭뇈샽ꎬ훷튪틔튻쓪믲잰벸쓪뗄뗘랽닆헾쫕횧욽뻹쫽캪믹뒡ꎬ헢폐샻폚횧돶맦쒣뷏듳뗄뚫늿뗘쟸ꎬ늻샻폚횧돶맦쒣뷏킡뗄훐컷늿뗘쟸ꆣ퓚좷뚨쫕죫믹쫽뫳ꎬ뎬믹쫽뗄쫕죫늿럖춨뎣내쓜듌벤뗘랽퓶볓쫕죫믽벫탔뗄뇈샽ꎬ퓚훐퇫폫뗘랽횮볤뷸탐럖엤ꎬ뎬믹쫽풽뛠ꎬ뗘랽뿉뗃뗄닆솦튲풽뛠ꆣ평폚ퟔ좻뫍뺭볃믹뒡쳵볾닮뇰뷏듳ꎬ뚫늿뗘쟸뗄뺭볃퓶뎤잱솦듳ꎬ쓜듓뎬믹쫽뗄쫕죫럖엤훐뗃떽룼뛠뗄닆솦ꎬ뛸훐컷늿뗘쟸뗄뺭볃퓶뎤잱솦쿠뛔뷏킡ꎬ닆솦퓶뎤뗄뿉쓜탔튲킡ꆣ쯦ퟅ쪱볤뗄췆틆ꎬ쟸폲볤닆솦쮮욽뗄닮뻠늻뛏삩듳ꆣ틲듋ꎬ룷훖늻춬냼룉훆랽램뗄좷솢룼폐샻폚뚫늿퇘몣랢듯뗘쟸ꎬ쪹헢킩뗘쟸평폚뺭볃퓶뎤쯹듸살뗄닆솦뗄퓶볓듳뛠뚼쇴퓚쇋떱뗘ꆣ죧퓚1980쓪뗄룄룯훐ꎬ뛔뢣붨ꎬ캪쪵쿖웤뺭볃뗄룟쯙퓶뎤ꎬ쪵탐뚨뛮늹훺ꎬ헢퇹ꎬ쯼쪵볊뗄뺭볃퓶뎤쯙뛈돽쇋놾짭뗄퓶뎤쯙뛈췢ꎬ뮹냼삨훐퇫닆헾춨맽늹훺탎쪽춶죫뛸틽웰뗄퓶뎤ꎬ틲듋웤뺭볃퓶뎤쯙뛈튪풶풶듳폚웤쯻뗘쟸ꎬ쿠펦뗘ꎬ쯼뗄뗘랽뿉폃 5 쫽ퟖ틽ퟔ컌뻽?ꆢ탬뮪ꎺꆶ럇뻹뫢퓶뎤폫킭뗷랢햹ꆷꎬ훐맺랢햹돶냦짧ꎬ1996쓪ꎬ뗚60튳ꆣ 25
뗚쯄헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾폕틲럖컶 닆솦뗄퓶뎤쯙뛈튲뻍풶풶듳폚웤쯻뗘쟸ꆣ헢폫짙쫽쏱ퟥ평폚쫕킡폚횧뛸쪵탐뗄뚨뛮늹훺쫇췪좫늻춬뗄ꆣ 뢻풣뗘쟸평폚ퟔ짭뗄뺭볃쪵솦뷏잿ꎬ닆솦믹뒡탛뫱ꎬ퓚폫훐퇫헾뢮뗄쳖볛뮹볛훐ꎬ퓚쯹닉좡뗄룷훖쿻벫뛔닟훐ꎬ폐뷏듳뗄믘탽폠뗘ꆣ뛸실뫳뗘쟸평폚뺭볃쪵솦뷏죵ꎬ닆솦폐쿞ꎬ룷훖쿻벫뛔닟뗄킧맻늢늻쪮럖쏷쿔ꆣ헢퇹뻍퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏볓훘쇋닆헾퓙럖엤잰쪡볊볤뗄죋뻹풤쯣쓚닆헾쫕죫뗄뻹뗈뮯쟷쫆ꆣ죧훐퇫닆헾퓙럖엤잰뗄쪡볊죋뻹풤쯣쓚닆헾쫕죫뗄믹쓡쾵쫽ꎬ1983쓪캪ꎬ19876쓪캪ꎬ1990쓪캪ꆣ 죽ꆢ럖쮰훆닆헾쳥훆뗄펰쿬 1994쓪쪵탐뗄럖쮰훆닆헾쳥훆내헕ꆰ듦솿늻뚯ꆢ퓶솿뗷헻ꎬ훰늽쳡룟훐퇫헾뢮뗄뫪맛뗷뿘쓜솦ꎬ붨솢뫏샭뗄닆헾럖엤믺훆ꆱ뗄풭퓲ꎬ뛔폚풴폅뮯뫍닺튵뷡릹뗷헻ꆢ쳡룟뺭볃킧틦뗈랽쏦뚼랢믓쇋믽벫뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ 떫평폚훐퇫뫍뗘랽헾뢮퓚쫂좨닆좨뮮럖뫍믹쫽략뮹뗈랽쏦캴쓜듯돉튻훂ꎬ퓚럖쮰훆뗄쪵쪩맽돌훐ꎬ훐퇫닆헾뗄튻냣틆횧뢶쿲훐ꆢ컷늿뗘쟸쟣킱ꎬ떫쮰쫕퓶솿략뮹뗄뇈샽쎻폐뗘쟸닮뻠ꆣ럖쮰훆닆헾쳥훆맦뚨뗄쮰쫕략뮹ꎬ닉폃믹쫽램ꎬ틔1993쓪캪믹웚쓪ꎬ뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸삩헅믹쫽뗄쓜솦풶룟폚훐컷늿뗘쟸ꎬ훐컷늿룷쪡닆헾쫕죫믹쫽뗍ꆢ퓶뎤싽ꎬ믱뗃뗄쮰쫕략뮹솿튲뻍킡ꎬ뷸튻늽만뮯쇋닆헾냼룉훆쿂탎돉뗄닆솦늻뻹뫢룱뻖ꎻ룷뗘뗄쮰쫕략뮹쫽뛮폫웤퓶횵쮰뫍쿻럑쮰뗄욽뻹퓶뎤쯙뛈맒릳ꎬ헢뻍떼훂쇋쮰쫕략뮹폫뗘랽ퟔ짭닆헾쓜솦돉헽뇈뗄믺훆ꎬ쪵볊짏헢훖늻뫏샭뗄쮰쫕략뮹헾닟뛔쟸폲볤뺭볃랢햹닮뻠웰쇋ꆰ쓦쿲뗷뷚ꆱ뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ듓뛸떼훂퓚럖쮰훆쳥쾵횮쿂ꎬ쟸폲볤뗄닮뻠뇭쿖돶뷸튻늽삭듳뗄쟷쫆ꆣ 뗚뛾뷚 쮰쫕헾닟뗄펰쿬 튻ꆢ쮰쫕폅믝헾닟폫뚫늿뗘쟸뺭볃랢햹 캪듙뷸맺쏱뺭볃뗄랢햹ꎬ1949쓪탂훐맺돉솢틔살뗄룷룶샺쪷쪱웚ꎬ컒맺뻹 6 쇏살풴ꎺ샮쪵ꆢJ.쓎쳘ꎺꆶ훐맺닆헾돐냼쳥훆뗄벤샸뫍퓙럖엤킧펦ꆷꎬꆶ뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷꎬ1996쓪뗚5웚ꎬ뗚 36튳ꆣ 26
뗚쯄헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾폕틲럖컶 닉폃쇋늻춬돌뛈뗄쮰쫕폅믝헾닟ꆣ쮰쫕폅믝헾닟ퟷ캪쮰쫕헾닟뗄훘튪ퟩ돉늿럖ꎬ쫇맺볒샻폃쮰쫕뗷뷚뺭볃뗄뻟쳥쫖뛎ꎬ튲쫇듙뷸뫍틽떼맺쏱뺭볃랢햹ꆢ쪵쿖뺭볃헾닟쒿뇪뗄튻룶뢨훺탔쫖뛎ꆣ뿉틔럶돖쒳킩쳘쫢뗘쟸ꆢ닺튵ꆢ웳튵뫍닺욷뗄랢햹ꎬ듙뷸닺튵뷡릹뗄뗷헻뫍짧믡뺭볃뗄킭뗷랢햹ꆣ 룄룯뾪럅틔살ꎬ캪쇋룣믮웳튵ꎬ틽뷸췢ꎬ뗷헻뺭볃뷡릹ꎬ삩듳뛔췢뺭볃솪쾵ꎬ컒맺뗄쮰쫕폅믝헾닟룼뛠뗄닠훘폚쟸폲탔폅믝ꎬ뺭볃랢햹뗄훘탄퓚뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸ꆣ뇭쇐돶쇋룄룯뾪럅틔살ꎬ헾뢮뛔뚫늿뺭볃쳘쟸ꆢ퇘몣뾪럅돇쫐ꆢ퇘몣뺭볃뾪럅쟸뫍뺭볃벼쫵뾪랢쟸뗄훷튪폅믝헾닟뫍쿭쫜폅믝뗄뻟쳥랶캧ꆣ 헾뢮쮰쫕폅믝헾닟퓚쒳훖돌뛈짏듙뷸쇋뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸뗄톸쯙랢햹ꎬ뛔뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸쪵탐뗄쮰쫕폅믝헾닟잿뮯쇋뚫늿뗘쟸뗄ꆰ믽뻛킧펦ꆱꎬ쪹웤뻟놸룼잿뗄뇈뷏폅쫆ꆣ평폚헾뢮뛔뺭볃쳘쟸뫍퇘몣돇쫐쪵탐뗄쮰쫕폅믝헾닟ꎬ쪹뗃놾살튪삩즢뗄릤튵랴뛸볌탸쇴퓚쳘쟸뫍퇘몣돇쫐ꎬ헢쪵훊짏퇓뮺쇋훐컷늿뗘쟸뫍욶삧뗘쟸뗄믺ꆣ맺볒춶훘뗣뗄뚫틆ꎬ뛔뎤웚틀뾿맺볒뷰춶죫뗄훐컷늿뗘쟸닺짺럇뎣늻샻뗄펰쿬ꎬ뿍맛짏삭듳쇋폫뚫늿뗘쟸뺭볃랢햹뗄닮뻠ꆣ뛸뚫늿뗘쟸뺭볃돉럖릹돉폫훐컷늿뗘쟸뺭볃돉럖릹돉늻춬ꎬ뚫늿뗘쟸훐럇맺폐뺭볃돉럖듳폚훐컷늿뗘쟸ꎬ웤벯쳥웳튵ꆢ룶쳥웳튵ꎬ폈웤쫇췢웳튵뗄뇈샽풶풶뎬맽훐컷늿뗘쟸ꆣ틲듋ꎬ춶훷쳥뛠풪뮯늻샻폚맺폐뺭볃럝뛮뷏듳뗄훐컷늿뗘쟸뛸폐샻폚럇맺폐뺭볃뇈훘뷏듳뗄뚫늿뗘쟸ꎬ맺볒헾닟뛔럇맺폐웳튵뗄쟣킱쪵볊짏뻍돉캪뛔뚫늿퇘몣랢듯뗘쟸뗄쟣킱ꎬ듓뛸쪹뚫늿뗘쟸퓚컼틽췢랽쏦햼뻝쇋뻸뛔폅쫆ꎬ뿍맛듙뷸쇋뚫늿뗘쟸뗄랢햹ꆣ뛔럇맺폐뺭볃뗄쮰쫕폅믝헾닟볤뷓듙뷸쇋뺭볃쳘쟸뫍퇘몣뗘쟸뺭볃뗄랢햹ꆣ1994쓪쮰훆룄룯틔뫳ꎬ쮰쫕폅믝헾닟훰붥쿲닺튵폅믝ꎬ떫닺튵떼쿲뷏캪놡죵ꎬ웤헾닟킧펦헻쳥짏쫇폕떼풴쿲뚫늿퇘몣쇷뚯ꆣ퓚쪵쪩컷늿듳뾪랢뫍뚫놱헱탋뗈쟸폲랢햹햽싔뫳ꎬ캪볓뿬컷랽늿뫍뚫놱뗘쟸뗄랢햹ꎬ맺볒폖슽탸쪵탐쇋튻쾵쇐쮰쫕폅믝헾닟ꎬ풴뗄쟸볊쇷뚯돶쿖킡막럖쇷ꆣ 27
뗚쯄헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾폕틲럖컶 7뇭 뛔뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸뗄쟸폲쮰쫕폅믝헾닟 훷튪폅믝헾닟 랶캧 맺볒쯹뗘랽쯹릤짌돶뷸뿚맘퓙춶뗃쮰 뗃쮰 뿚쮰 쮰 췋쮰 복쮰믲뺭볃쳘쟸 짮?ꆢ훩몣ꆢ쿃쏅ꆢ짇춷ꆢ몣쓏 15%쏢쮰 쏢쮰 40%쏢쮰 듳솬ꆢ쟘믊떺ꆢ쳬뷲ꆢ퇌첨ꆢ쟠떺ꆢ솬퓆룛ꆢ쓏춨ꆢ쓾늨ꆢ뢣훝ꆢ맣훝ꆢ햿붭ꆢ퇘몣뾪럅복쮰믲짏몣ꆢ컂훝ꆢ놱몣뗈룛뿚돇쫐뫍짇춷ꆢ24%쏢쮰 쏢쮰 돇쫐 쏢쮰 훩몣ꆢ쿃쏅돽뺭볃쳘쟸틔췢뗄쫐쟸ꆢ췾몣쫐뗄쫐쟸 뎤붭죽뷇훞ꆢ훩붭죽뷇훞ꆢ쏶쓏쿃헄좪죽뷇훞ꆢ쇉뚫냫떺벰퇘몣웤쯻뗘쟸맦뚨랶캧쓚뾪럅돇쫐뗄쫐쟸ꆢ훘뗣쿘뗄돇맘쟸ꎨ믲뺭쪡ꆢퟔ훎쟸ꆢ횱쾽쫐죋쏱헾뢮엺ힼ뗄훘뗣릤튵컀탇헲ꎩ틔벰낲업틔랢퇘몣뺭볃복쮰믲햹돶뿚캪쒿뇪뗄ꆢ샻폃췢붨짨뗄얩튵24%쏢쮰 쏢쮰 뾪럅쟸 쏢쮰 벼쫵틽뷸쿮쒿ꆢ얩닺욷짺닺믹뗘뫍얩튵벼쫵볓릤뎧뗄짏쫶쫐ꆢ쿘쯹쾽얩듥ꎬ죽쏷쫐ꆢ쓏욽쫐ꆢ쇺퇒쫐ꆢ뢣낲쫐ꆢ뢣뚦쿘ꎬ뫾놱뫍쯄뒨솽쪡쯹쾽뎤붭죽쾿릤돌뿢쟸ꎨ죽쾿뺭볃뾪럅쟸ꎩ 듳솬ꆢ쟘믊떺ꆢ쳬뷲ꆢ퇌첨ꆢ쟠떺ꆢ솬퓆룛ꆢ쓏춨ꆢ쓾늨ꆢ뢣훝ꆢ맣훝ꆢ햿붭ꆢ뺭볃벼쫵컂훝ꆢ놱몣ꆢ짏몣ꎨ쏶탐ꆢ뫧쟅ꆢ닜뫓복쮰믲15%쏢쮰 쏢쮰 뾪랢쟸 ꎩꆢ짲퇴ꆢ맾뛻뇵ꆢ뎤뒺ꆢ몼훝ꆢ커쏢쮰 몺ꆢ훘쟬ꆢ컟뫾ꆢ삥즽ꆢ췾몣ꆢ펪뿚뗈돇쫐쓚뗄뺭볃벼쫵뾪랢쟸 뛾ꆢ쮰쫕좨쿞뗄펰쿬 뎤웚틔살ꎬ컒맺쮰쫕쳥훆튻횱퇓탸볆뮮뺭볃쪱웚쯹탎돉뗄룟뛈벯훐뗄훐퇫춳튻솢램쳥훆ꎬ쮰쫕솢램좨룟뛈벯훐폚훐퇫ꎬ볈늻샻폚돤럖뗷뚯뗘랽뗄훷뚯탔뫍믽벫탔ꎬ튲늻샻폚붨솢뿆톧뫏샭뗄쮰쫕쳥쾵ꎬ쪵쿖훐퇫뛔뗘랽뗄뫪맛횸떼뫍뿘훆ꆣ컒맺뗘폲쇉삫ꎬ쟸폲풴뮷뺳ꆢ뺭볃뷡릹ꆢ뺭볃짧믡랢햹쮮욽뗈듦퓚뫜듳닮틬ꎬ닆헾쓜솦뫍횧돶탨쟳늻춬ꎬ쮰쫕솢램좨맽폚벯훐ꎬ늻샻폚뗘랽헾뢮틲뗘훆틋뗘낲업닆헾풤쯣뫍맜샭ꎬ늻샻폚뗘랽헾뢮룼볓뫏샭뗘뗷뿘뗘랽뺭볃뗄랢햹ꆣ 7틽ퟔ헅웴뒺ꎺꆶ훐맺쟸폲닮뻠폫헾뢮뗷뿘ꆪꆪ닆헾욽뫢믺훆뫍횧돖쾵춳ꆷꎬ짌컱펡쫩망ꎬꎬ뗚268튳ꆣ 28
뗚쯄헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾폕틲럖컶 훐퇫헾뢮쫊뛈벯훐쮰좨ꎬ쳘뇰쫇쮰쫕솢램좨쫇뇘튪뗄ꆣ뗘랽쮰쫕솢램좨뗄좱캻믡뛔뗘랽뺭볃닺짺늻샻뗄펰쿬ꎬ튻랽쏦ꎬ평폚룷뗘뺭볃랢햹쮮욽늻튻훂ꎬ쟸폲볤뗄뺭볃ힴ뿶뫍쮰쫕뢺떣쓜솦튲뇘좻듦퓚ퟅ뫜듳닮틬ꎬ퓚솢램좨룟뛈벯훐폚훐퇫ꆢ뗘랽컞좨뾪헷탂쮰훖뗄놳뺰쿂ꎬ훂쪹뗘랽컞램룹뻝놾뗘뺭볃랢햹뗄쳘뗣뾪뇙탂뗄쮰풴ꎬ쪹뗃놾뿉틔듓튻킩뻟폐쟸폲탔쳘헷뗄쇣탇쮰풴좡뗃뗄닆헾쫕죫냗냗쇷쪧ꎻ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ컒맺뗘폲쇉삫ꎬ뗘랽뺭볃랢햹룷폐쳘즫ꎬ쟸폲볤뺭볃랢햹늻뻹뫢ꎬ죧맻뛔룷쟸폲컞닮뇰뗘쪹폃쿠춬뗄쮰훖ꆢ쮰싊ꎬ뻍늻뿉뇜쏢랢짺쮰쫕헾닟폫쪵볊늻쿠럻뫏뗄컊쳢ꆣ듓쇭튻뷇뛈뾴ꎬ훐퇫헾뢮솢램뾪헷뗄쒳킩쮰훖ꎬ퓚쒳킩쟸폲캴뇘폐쿠펦뗄쮰풴ꎬ믲헟평폚쮰풴첫킡뛸쓑틔헷쫕ꆣ헢솽훖쟩뿶뻹늻샻폚뗘랽헾뢮틲뗘훆틋뗄뗷뿘엤훃쟸폲탔풴ꎬ늢붫듳듳펰쿬쇋뗘랽헾뢮ퟩ횯쫕죫뗄믽벫탔ꎬ퓬돉뗘랽헾뢮쳘뇰쫇컷늿뗘쟸뗄뗘랽헾뢮맽폚틀삵훐퇫헾뢮뗄닆헾틆횧뢶ꎬ럁낭뗘쟸뺭볃뗄붡뾵랢햹ꎬ춬쪱튲쪹훐퇫뗄쒳킩쮰쫕솢램쇷폚탎쪽ꎬ캥놳쇋럖쮰훆뗄돵훔ꆣ 뗚죽뷚 틆횧뢶훆뛈뗄펰쿬 퓚쪵볊뺭볃짺믮훐ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮쳡릩뗄릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱폐뿉쓜닺짺췢틧탔ꎬ릫릲욷샻틦췢틧탔뗄듦퓚ꎬ쪹튻킩뗘랽헾뢮횻뾼싇ퟔ짭샻틦ꎬ붫늻믡쳡릩돤ퟣ뗄릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱ꎬ듓뛸퓬돉뗘랽릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱뗄뗍킧싊ꆣ뿆톧ꆢ맦랶뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈춨맽닆헾헾닟뗷뷚쟸폲닮뻠ꎬ늹뎥뗘랽헾뢮쳡릩뗄릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱췢틧ꎬ쳡룟릫릲럾컱킧싊ꆣ1994쓪쪵탐럖쮰훆틔잰ꎬ컒맺쯤좻늻듦퓚맦랶뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈ꎬ떫훐퇫헾뢮튻횱룸폨실뫳뗘쟸쳘쫢뗄늹훺ꎬ헢킩늹훺뿉틔쮵쫇틆횧뢶뗄탎쪽ꆣ훐퇫헾뢮춨맽붨솢맦랶뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈ꎬ붫벯훐헆컕뗄늿럖쫕죫틔맦랶뗄탎쪽략뮹룸닆솦쿠뛔놡죵ꆢ뺭볃쿠뛔실뫳뗄뗘쟸ꎬ퓶잿뺭볃늻랢듯뗘쟸닆솦ꎬ헢폐샻폚뗷뷚쟸폲볤닆헾럖엤뗄늻뻹뫢ꎬ훰늽쯵킡쟸폲볤닆헾쓜솦닮뻠ꆣ튻랽쏦ꎬ훐퇫헾뢮춨맽튻냣탔뻹뫢늹훺ꎬ퓶잿욶삧뗘쟸뫍실뫳뗘쟸뗄닆헾쓜솦ꎬ듙뷸뗘랽뺭볃쫂튵뗄욽뫢랢햹ꎻ쇭튻랽쏦훐퇫헾뢮춨맽쿮늹훺탎쪽ꎬ뫏샭뗘틽떼뗘랽헾뢮횧돶뻶닟ꎬ폐킧뗘맡뎹실쪵훐퇫헾뢮뗄퓙럖엤헾닟ꎬ쪵쿖볦맋릫욽폫킧싊뗄헾닟쒿뇪ꆣ 떫컒맺쒿잰뗄틆횧뢶퓚뗷헻룷뗘쟸뗄닆헾쓜솦뫍닆헾탨튪횮볤뗄닮뻠벰29
뗚쯄헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾폕틲럖컶 듙뷸뗘쟸볤믹놾릫릲럾컱쮮욽뗄뻹뗈뮯랽쏦뗄ퟷ폃럇뎣폐쿞ꆣ캪쇋놣횤뗘랽헾뢮볈뗃샻틦ꎬ훐퇫닆헾틔1993쓪캪믹웚쓪뫋뚨뛔뗘랽쮰쫕뗄략뮹쫽뛮ꎬꆰ놣듦솿ꎬ뗷퓶솿ꆱꎬ뫡쿲뗷뷚솦뛈늻릻ꎬ늻샻폚쯵킡튵틑듦퓚뗄쟸폲닮뻠ꆣ평뇭뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ룷뗘쟸퓚틆횧뢶잰닆헾ퟔ룸쓜솦듦퓚뫜듳뗄닮뇰ꎬ훐ꆢ컷늿뗘쟸죋뻹닆헾쫕죫뻹뗍폚좫맺욽뻹쮮욽ꎬ훐퇫헾뢮닆헾틆횧뢶틔뫳ꎬ쯤좻룷쟸폲뗄닆헾놣횤폐쯹뇤뮯ꎬ떫뚫늿뗘쟸닆솦놣횤쾵쫽죔좻룟돶훐컷늿뗘쟸뫜뛠ꆣ 8뇭 틆횧뢶잰뫳룷뗘쟸닆솦놣횤뛈 틆횧뢶잰닆헾쓜솦 틆횧뢶뫳닆솦놣횤뛈 뗘쟸 죋뻹닆헾쫕죫ꎨ풪ꎩ 닆헾쓜솦쾵쫽ꎨ%ꎩ죋뻹닆헾횧돶ꎨ풪ꎩ닆헾놣횤쾵쫽ꎨ%ꎩ뚫늿 훐늿 컷늿 좫맺 쇏살풴ꎺ룹뻝샺쓪ꆶ훐맺닆헾쓪본ꆷ볆쯣뛸뗃ꎬ뇭훐쫽뻝캪1994-2004쓪10쓪욽뻹쫽ꆣ 힢ꎺ쒳뗘쟸닆헾쓜솦쾵쫽=룃뗘쟸죋뻹닆헾쫕죫/좫맺죋뻹닆헾쫕죫 쒳뗘쟸닆솦놣횤쾵쫽=룃뗘쟸죋뻹닆헾횧돶/좫맺죋뻹닆헾횧돶 쫗쿈ꎬ럖쮰훆닆헾쳥훆맦뚨뗄훐퇫뛔뗘랽뗄쮰쫕략뮹뫍늹훺내ꆰ믹쫽램ꆱ좷뚨ꎬ틲ꆰ믹쫽ꆱ훐냼몬쇋뻉쳥훆뗄늻뫏샭틲쯘ꎬ뷸튻늽만뮯쇋닆헾냼룉훆쿂탎돉뗄닆솦늻뻹뫢룱뻖ꆣ뛸쟒뗘랽헾뢮헆컕쮰쫕략뮹뗄쪹폃좨ꎬ벴쪹쯼폐늻뫏샭횮뒦ꎬ훐퇫헾뢮튲컞램룄뇤ꆣ 웤듎ꎬ쮰쫕략뮹폫퓶횵쮰뫍쿻럑쮰뗄욽뻹퓶뎤쯙뛈맒릳ꎬ컒맺쒿잰ퟱ톭퓶솿샛뷸뗄풭퓲ꎬ벴쪹튻룶뗘쟸솽쮰뗄퓶뎤쯙뛈폫좫맺욽뻹퓶뎤쯙뛈쿠춬ꎬ훐퇫뛔뗘랽쮰쫕략뮹뗄뇈샽튲쫇뗝복뗄ꆣ틲듋쯦ퟅ룷쓪략뮹뛮뗄뇤뚯ꎬ랢듯뗘쟸폫실뫳뗘쟸뗄쟸폲닮뻠믡풽살풽듳ꆣ쯤좻1995쓪컒맺웴뚯틔뻹뗈뮯캪쒿뇪뗄맽뛉웚틆횧뢶훆뛈ꎬ떫평폚훐퇫닆솦폐쿞ꎬ뗷뷚솦뛈튲쿠떱폐쿞ꆣ쒿잰컒맺룷쟸폲쓜릻쿭쫜뗄맽뛉웚틆횧뢶쫽뛮맦쒣뮹뇈뷏킡ꎬ뷶뾿폐쿞뗄훐퇫퓶솿닆솦퓚뗘쟸볤뗄뛾듎럖엤ꎬ쓑틔듯떽쯵킡쟸폲볤닆솦닮뻠뗄쒿뇪ꆣ 퓙듎쿮늹훺뫍뷡쯣늹훺훷튪쫇내쿮쒿뷸탐럖엤ꎬ웤훐튲폐튻킩쏅횧돖훐컷늿잷랢듯뗘쟸랢햹뗄헾닟듫쪩ꎬ뇈죧횧풮잷랢듯뗘쟸뗄랢햹뷰ꆢꆰ죽컷ꆱ 8 뇭틽ퟔ뫓놱듳톧풤쯣맜샭퇐뺿쯹ꎺꆶ훐맺헾뢮볤닆헾맘쾵퇐뺿ꆷꎬ뺭볃맜샭돶냦짧ꎬꎬ뗚343튳ꆣ 30
뗚쯄헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾폕틲럖컶 얩튵붨짨쿮늹훺뷰ꆢ짙쫽쏱ퟥ뗘쟸늹훺럑뗈ꎬ떫럖엤뗄뷡맻ꎬ췹췹쫇뚫늿뗘쟸햼뗄럝뛮뷏듳ꎬ1991-1994쓪ꎬ퓚훐퇫뛔뗘랽뗄쿮늹훺뫍뷡쯣늹훺훐ꎬ뚫늿뗘쟸쯹햼뗄뇈훘뻍뎬맽쇋40%ꎬ쎻폐쳥쿖쿲훐컷늿쟣킱뗄풭퓲ꆣ 뗚쯄뷚 닆헾쿠맘헾닟뛔뺭볃튪쯘뗄펰쿬 맺볒쟣킱헾닟떼훂쿭쫜맺볒쟣킱헾닟뗄뗘쟸뻟폐폅쿈랢햹튪쯘쫐뎡뗄믺믡ꆣ20쫀볍80쓪듺맺볒냑룄룯뫍랢햹뗄훘뗣럅퓚쇋뚫늿ꎬ훐퇫헾뢮냑춶훘뗣듓쓚슽쿲퇘몣ꎬ맺볒쪵쪩뗄뛔췢뾪럅헾닟횱뷓퓬돉쫐뎡엤훃풴릦쓜뗄퓶잿ꎬ놾ꆢ벼쫵뫍샍뚯솦뗈튪쯘뗄늻욽뫢뿕볤쇷뚯ꎬ쿭쫜폅쿈뛔췢뾪럅뗄뗘쟸쫇컼틽뷰ꆢ샍뚯솦뗈짺닺튪쯘뗄잰퇘뗘쟸ꆣ 튻ꆢ럇뻹뫢햽싔뛔풴뗄펰쿬 룄룯뾪럅돵웚ꎬ컒맺쪵탐럇뻹뫢쟸폲랢햹햽싔ꎬ늢평뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸떽쓚슽뗘쟸쪵쪩붥뷸쪽뗄룄룯뾪럅헾닟ꎬ훐퇫쪵탐쟸폲쟣킱헾닟ꎬ뚫늿뗘쟸펵폐뷰뫍벼쫵폅쫆ꎬ훐컷늿뗘쟸샻폃ퟔ짭뗄풴폅쫆뛔뚫늿뗘쟸뷸탐풴횧돖ꆣ뚫늿뗘쟸훘뗣랢햹쫜ퟔ좻풴쳵볾펰쿬뷏킡ꆢ뢽볓횵뷏룟뗄볓릤튵뫍뗚죽닺튵ꎬ늢샻폃맺볒쿲뚫늿쟣킱뗄웵믺ꎬ쪵쿖듓ퟔ좻풴쇓쫆쿲짺닺튪쯘폅쫆뗄뮯ꆣ쯦ퟅ뺭볃뗄랢햹ꎬ짺닺솦쮮욽뗄쳡룟ꎬퟔ좻풴틑늻쫇훆풼뺭볃랢햹뗄쫗튪믲훘튪틲쯘ꎬ퓚헢훖쳵볾쿂ꎬ뚫늿뗘쟸볓듳랢햹폫ퟔ좻풴맘솪뛈뷏뗍뗄볓릤훆퓬튵뫍뗚죽닺튵ꎬ늢샻폃맺볒쿲웤쟣킱뗄룷훖쮰쫕뫍춶폅믝헾닟ꎬ좡뗃쇋뷰ꆢ벼쫵뫍샍뚯솦뗈짺닺튪쯘뗄폅쫆ꎬ쪵쿖쇋뺭볃뗄퓶뎤ꆣ뛸훐컷늿뗘쟸ퟔ좻풴뷏캪럡풣뗄뗘쟸평폚맺볒뗄볛룱쳥쾵ꆢ뫪맛뺭볃헾닟뗄펰쿬ꎬ캴쓜돤럖랢믓웤ퟔ좻풴폅쫆ꎬ훰붥탎돉쇋폫뚫늿뗘쟸뗄닮뻠ꆣퟔ좻풴뛱쇓뗄뗘쟸평폚짺첬뮷뺳뗄펰쿬쿝죫쇋쓑틔ퟔ냎뗄욶삧뛱탔톭뮷ꎬ돉캪뺭볃랢햹뗄탨튪훘뗣럶돖뗄뗘쟸ꆣ 뒫춳쳥훆쿂헾뢮뛔ퟔ좻풴볛룱뗄뿘훆ꎬ쪹훐컷늿뗘쟸뗄풴폅쫆폫볛룱폅쫆쿠놳샫ꎬ퓬돉쇋컒맺럇퓙짺풴뗄뾪닉뫍쿻럑욫샫ퟮ폅슷쿟ꎬ헾뢮뾪랢쓜풴횼퓚캪맺볒헻쳥뺭볃쒿뇪럾컱ꎬ늢늻틔랢햹뗘랽뺭볃캪훷튪쒿뇪ꎬ풴뢻죄뗄훐컷늿뗘쟸뗄풴늢늻쫇캪놾뗘쟸뺭볃랢햹럾컱ꎬ뛸쫇캪좫맺뺭볃랢햹뗄랽31
뗚쯄헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾폕틲럖컶 쿲럾컱ꎬ헢쪹뗃훐컷늿뗘쟸컞램틀뾿ퟔ좻풴뗄뇈뷏폅쫆랢햹웰살ꆣ 컒맺뺭볃랢햹뎤웚쪵탐뗄믹놾짏쫇듳솿쿻뫄풴뗄듖럅탍뺭볃퓶뎤랽쪽ꎬ헢훖틔듳솿풴쿻뫄횧독뗄룟춶죫ꆢ룟쓜뫄ꆢ룟업럅ꆢ뗍킧싊뗄뺭볃퓶뎤쒣쪽ꎬ쪹컒맺쏦쇙ퟅ풴퇏훘뛌좱ꆢ맺쏱뺭볃쓑틔쪵쿖뿉돖탸랢햹뗄컊쳢ꎬ짺첬뮷뺳ퟜ쳥뛱뮯ꎬ춶퓶뎤룸뮷뺳놣뮤듸살뗄톹솦헽퓚뿕잰볓듳ꆣ쳘뇰쫇쯦ퟅ춶컷뷸뫍닺튵틆늽랥볓뿬ꎬ컷늿짺첬든죵뗘쟸뗄풴ꆢ쓜풴뾪랢잿뛈쏷쿔볓듳ꎬ짺첬톹솦뮹퓚볓뻧ꆣ풴뗄뾪랢볓듳쇋짺첬뮷뺳뗄톹솦ꎬ돇쫐뮷뺳컊쳢춻돶ꎬ컛좾훎샭쮮욽뷏닮ꎬ횱뷓췾킲떽죋뗄짺믮폫짺듦ꆣ뮷뺳뛱뮯듙쪹놾췢쇷ꎬ늻샻폚컼틽췢ꆣ 뛾ꆢ맺볒춶헾닟뛔뷰뗄펰쿬 헾뢮뗄헾닟횱뷓펰쿬떽훐퇫헾뢮뗄닆헾늦뿮맦쒣뫍쟸캻톡퓱ꎬ뛸쟒뛔췢맦쒣뫍쟸캻톡퓱ꆢ뛔춬벶췢쟸놾쇷죫뗄닺짺뻞듳펰쿬ꆣ뛠쓪살맺볒헾닟퓚뗘쟸뺭볃랢햹훐쎻폐쪵쿖쿠펦뗄릫욽쒿뇪ꎬ랴뛸평폚헾뢮뗄튻킩룉풤ꎬ쪹뷰듓실뫳뗘쟸쇷돶ꆣ룄룯뾪럅틔살뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸뗃틔쿈뢻ꎬ훷튪퓚폚훐퇫헾뢮룸폨뗄웤쯻뗘쟸떱쪱컞램쿫쿳뗄폅믝쟣킱헾닟ꎬ폈웤쫇뛔췢맺놾뷸죫뗄뗘쟸폅믝헾닟뫍뿭쯉뗄헾닟뮷뺳ꎬ틔벰쯦뫳뛔퓚뚫쓏퇘몣싊탋웰뗄쿧헲웳튵뗄헾닟럶돖ꎬ듸뚯쇋럡풣뗄맺볊ꆢ맺쓚놾퓚뚫늿실뮧ꎬ쫐뎡떼쿲뗄췢짌횱뷓춶틔벰쏱볤놾쇷뚯쪹뷰듳솿쇷쿲뚫늿ꆣ 뷰쫇쫐뎡뺭볃훐ퟮ믮풾뗄틲쯘ꎬ쯼뻟폐뷏잿뗄훰샻탔ꎬ퓚듦퓚뷏캪쏷쿔뗄뗘샭짏뗄뛾풪뺭볃뷡릹쳵볾쿂ꎬ듓쫐뎡뗄뷇뛈쮵ꎬ쫐뎡훷떼뗄뷰퓚샻죳틽떼쿂훷튪춶쿲춶믘놨싊룟뗄뚫늿뗘쟸ꎬ실뫳뗘쟸뷰쇷죫랢듯뗘쟸ꎬ놾쫇럻뫏쫐뎡뺭볃맦싉뗄ꎬ떫쫇평폚헾뢮훆뚨뗄튻킩헾닟뫍훆뛈뗄낲업ꎬ볓쯙쇋뷰듓실뫳뗘쟸쇷쿲랢듯뗘쟸ꎬ헾뢮뗄헢훖헾닟낲업쿔좻폐놳폚쯵킡닮뻠뗄돵훔ꆣ평폚헾뢮헾닟뗄쟣킱ꎬ쪹뷰듓잷랢듯뗘쟸쇷죫랢듯뗘쟸ꎬ볓뻧쇋쟸폲닮뻠ꆣ1989-1993쓪ꎬ컒맺룷뗘쟸쪵볊샻폃췢틚쏀풪ꎬ웤훐뚫늿뗘쟸쪵볊샻폃췢듯544틚쏀풪ꎬ햼%ꎬ훐ꆢ컷늿뗘쟸쪵볊샻폃췢횻폐틚쏀풪뫍틚쏀풪ꎬ럖뇰햼쪵볊샻폃췢ퟜ뛮뗄7%뫍%ꆣ 틔떱잰뗄죚쟾뗀횮튻ꆪꆪ폊헾뒢탮캪샽ꎬ컒맺폊헾뒢탮튵컱뗄돵훔쫇샻32
뗚쯄헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾폕틲럖컶 폃폊헾믺릹뗄췸뗣폅쫆ꎬ컼쫕짧믡쿐훃뷰ꎬ퓶볓뷰죚럾컱ꎬ캪맺볒뺭볃랢햹돯벯짧믡쿐훃뷰ꆣퟷ캪랢햹훐맺볒ꎬ헢훖춨맽뫏샭샻폃풴뗄폐킧돯벯뷰뗄랽쪽쫇뫏샭뗄ꎬ컊쳢퓚폚폊헾뻖늻쫇뷰죚믺릹좴듓쫂뒢탮튵컱ꎬ웤뷰뗄퓋폃늻쓜폃폚듻뿮ꎬ뛸쫇룹뻝헾뢮헾닟뗄맦뚨ꎬ붫폊헾뒢탮컼쫕뗄뷰좫뛮듦떽죋쏱틸탐ꎬ평죋쏱틸탐내벾횧뢶샻쾢ꆣ뛸쟒죋쏱틸탐뛔폊헾뒢탮뗄듦뷰튻횱쪵탐폅믝샻싊ꆣ퓚헢튻놳뺰쿂ꎬ컒맺폊헾뒢탮랢햹뫜뿬ꎬ좫맺1700뛠룶쿘ꆢ쫐쪵쿖쇋춨듦춨뛒ꎬ폐펪튵췸뗣2췲뛠룶ꆣ듓뗘폲짏뾴ꎬ2001쓪폊헾뒢탮듓얩듥컼쓉쇋1300틚풪뷰ꆣ뫜뛠쪡쫐틸탐뗄뗷닩쇏뇭쏷ꎺ퓚쿘벶실뫳뗘쟸ꎬ폊헾뒢탮듦뿮퓶뎤럹뛈틑듳듳뎬맽쯄듳짌튵틸탐ꆣ1998쓪훁2000쓪ꎬ즽뚫ꆢ뫓쓏솽쪡폊헾뒢탮쓪뻹퓶%ꎬ뇈얩듥탅폃짧룟돶룶냙럖뗣ꆣ평폚폊헾뒢탮뷰횻듦늻듻ꎬ웤뿬쯙퓶뎤뗄쯙뛈튲쫇뷰듓실뫳뗘쟸쇷돶뗄쯙뛈ꎬ헢틑퇝뇤돉쇋실뫳뗘쟸튻룶엓듳뗄뷰ꆰ슩뚷ꆱꎬ캪듋죋쏱틸탐뮹튪캪헢늿럖뷰횧뢶9룟낺뗄럑폃ꆣ 죽ꆢ쟸폲럇뻹뫢뛔샍뚯솦뗄펰쿬 룄룯뾪럅틔살ꎬ컒맺튻뛈돶쿖뗄ꆰ쏱릤뎱ꆱꎬ듳솿훐컷늿샍뚯솦쿲맣뚫뗈뚫쓏퇘몣쪡쫐뗄듳엺펿죫ꎬ뮹폐듳엺룷훖샠탍죋닅뗄ꆰ뿗좸뚫쓏량ꆱꆣ쫜쫕죫뫍뻍튵믺믡닮뻠뗄컼틽ꎬ얩듥샍뚯솦듓훐컷늿쿲뚫늿뗘쟸쇷뚯ꆣ 쒿잰ꎬ뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸듓쓚슽뗘쟸컼쫕쇋듳솿뗄샍뚯솦ꎬ샍뚯솦쇷뚯훷튪뇭쿖캪얩듥뷸죫돇쫐ꆢ컷늿쇷쿲뚫늿ꆣ뻝ꆶ훐맺얩쏱릤뗷퇐놨룦ꆷ쿔쪾ꎬ떱잰컒맺췢돶듲릤뗄얩쏱릤쫽솿캪틚죋ퟳ폒ꎬ뷸돇뗄쏱릤풼캪1틚ꎬ뿧쪡쇷뚯뻍튵뗄얩쏱풼캪6000췲ꎬ뿧쪡샍뚯솦90%살ퟔ훐컷늿ꎬ82%쇷쿲뚫늿뗘쟸ꆣ헢훖쟩뿶늿럖뷢뻶쇋얩튵쪣폠샍뚯솦뗄돶슷컊쳢ꎬ샍뚯솦뗄쇷뚯듙뷸쇋뚫늿뗘쟸뗄랢햹ꎬ춬쪱튲캪뚫늿뗘쟸뒴퓬탂뗄뛔샍뚯솦뗄탨쟳뫍쿻럑탨쟳ꆣ떫쫇훐컷늿뗘쟸쫤돶뗄듳뛠쫇쟠ힳ쓪샍뚯솦ꎬ웤훐뗄듳뛠쫽죋틑퓚떱뗘뷓쫜맽믹뒡뷌폽ꎬ틲캪ퟔ짭펵폐잿붡뗄쳥웇ꎬ닅뗃틔퓚뚫늿퇘몣랢듯돇쫐헒떽릤ퟷꆣ떫쫇ꎬ뚫늿뗘쟸쎻폐뛔헢킩샍뚯솦뷸탐믹뒡뷌폽춶ꎬ뻍횱뷓쪹폃훐컷늿뗘쟸뗄쟠ힳ쓪샍뚯솦ꎬ훐컷늿뗘쟸돉쇋죋솦풴뗄쫤돶뗘ꆣ쇭췢ꎬ뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸횧뢶룸헢늿럖샍뚯솦 9틽ퟔ훐맺닆헾톧믡ꎺꆶ뗚쪮쇹듎좫맺닆헾샭싛쳖싛믡컄톡ꆷꎬ훐맺닆헾뺭볃돶냦짧ꎬ2005ꎬ1070-1071튳ꆣ 33
뗚쯄헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾폕틲럖컶 릤웕뇩뷏뗍ꎬ뛸쫤돶뗘춨뎣퓲튪돐떣췢돶듲릤ퟥ뗄짧믡돉놾ꎬ죧ퟓ얮뗄틥컱뷌폽ꆢ얩듥믹뒡짨쪩뗄춶폫캬뮤뗈랽쏦뗄횧돶ꆣ뚫늿뗘쟸뗄짧믡놣헏훆뛈쿠뛔췪짆ꎬ떫듲릤ퟥ훁뷱듳뛠쎻폐쓉죫쫜틦랶캧ꆣ쯻쏇믘떽쫤돶뗘뫳ꎬ짧믡놣헏뗄뢺떣튲붫실퓚쓚뗘ꆣ 34
뗚컥헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄맺볊뺭퇩뷨본 뗚컥헂ꮹ닆럀쒹謁쪾귑맺췢랢듯맺볒뛔폚릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄킭뗷틑폐튻뚨뗄돉킧ꎬ놾헂훷튪듓닆헾틲쯘랽쏦뷩짜맺췢뗄킭뗷뺭퇩ꎬ캪컒맺킭뗷샻틦췢틧쳡릩뺭퇩뷨본ꆣ 뗚튻뷚 틆횧뢶훆뛈뷨본 틆횧뢶훆뛈쫇ퟮ훷튪뗄뗘쟸늹뎥헾닟ꎬ튲쫇뗷뷚뗘쟸샻틦췢틧쪵볹훐ퟮ웕뇩쪹폃뗄튻훖헾닟릤뻟ꆣ쫀뷧짏뫜뛠맺볒뚼쪵탐떥튻뗄ퟝ쿲틆쒣쪽ꎬ횻폐뗂맺ꆢ죰뗤뫍뇈샻쪱뗈짙쫽맺볒쪵탐ퟝ쿲폫뫡쿲믬뫏뗄틆쒣쪽ꆣ 튻ꆢ쏀맺뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈 쏀맺솪냮닆헾뛔훝뫍뗘랽닆헾뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈냼삨쿮늹훺ꆢ럖샠늹훺뫍튻냣쒿뗄늹훺죽늿럖ꆣ헢킩닆헾늹훺훷튪폃폚틔쿂쯄룶랽쏦ꎺ튻쫇뷌폽엠통뻍튵뫍짧믡럾컱ꎬ냼삨뛔폐뺭볃삧쓑볒춥뫍닐벲죋뗄뷌폽늹훺ꆢ죋컄랢햹럾컱ꆢ뛔뢧퇸뫍쫕퇸킡몢뗄늹훺ꆢ짧믡럾컱늹쳹틔벰엠통뫍뻍튵럾컱늹훺ꎬ솪냮헾뢮ퟮ듳뗄튻룶뷌폽늦뿮볆뮮쫇Title One Programꎬ훷튪쫇내톧쟸훐살ퟔ뗍폚욶삧쿟볒춥뗄톧짺죋쫽살뻶뚨뗄ꎻ뛾쫇쫕죫놣헏ꎬ냼삨쪳욷늹훺ꆢ볒춥뢧퇸럑폃뷲쳹뫍힡랿늹쳹ꎻ죽쫇튽쇆컀짺ꎬ뻸듳늿럖폃폚릫릲튽쇆늹훺ꎻ쯄쫇붻춨ꎬ냼삨뗷헻릫슷췐맜믹뷰늹훺ꆢ돇쫐붻춨룉뗀늹훺틔벰믺뎡뫍몽뿕췐맜믹뷰늹훺ꆣ듓랢햹쟷쫆뾴ꎬ솪냮늹훺뗄릹돉훐ꎬ튽쇆컀짺ꆢ뷌폽엠통ꆢ뻍튵뫍짧믡럾컱늹훺뗄뇈훘폐쯹퓶볓ꎬ뛸쫕죫놣헏ꆢ붻춨늹훺뗄뇈훘폐쯹쿂붵ꆣ 춨맽솪냮헾뢮뗄늹훺벰쿲실뫳뗘쟸뗄풮훺ꎬ뮺뷢쇋쏀맺룷뗘쟸평폚뺭볃랢햹닮뻠뛸퓬돉뗄닆헾횧돶닮틬ꎬ틽떼닆헾뷰듓랢듯뗘쟸쇷쿲실뫳뗘쟸ꎬ캪실뫳뗘쟸뗄랢햹쳡릩쇋뿉뾿뗄뷰살풴ꆣ죧뇭쯹쪾ꎬ쏀맺훐뚫늿ꆢ듳뫾쟸ꆢ탂펢룱삼뫍풶컷늿쫇쏀맺뗄룟쫕죫뗘쟸ꎬ튲쫇솪냮뷰뗄뺻쇷돶뗘쟸ꎬ뗍쫕죫뗘쟸실믹즽쟸ꆢ뚫쓏늿ꆢ듳욽풭쟸뫍컷쓏늿뗘쟸퓲쫇솪냮뷰뗄뺻쇷죫뗘쟸ꆣ평듋뿉볻ꎬ쏀맺솪냮헾뢮춨맽닆헾헾닟냑룟쫕죫뗘쟸뗄튻늿럖쫕죫틆떽쇋뗍쫕죫뗘쟸ꎬ듓뛸듯떽쇋뮺뷢쟸폲랢햹닮뻠뗄쒿뗄ꆣ 35
뗚컥헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄맺볊뺭퇩뷨본 10뇭 쏀맺룷뗘쟸죋뻹솪냮늹훺뷰뫍뷰뺻쇷죫ꎨ돶ꎩ쟩뿶 1991쓪죋뻹룶죋쫕죫1991쓪죋뻹솪냮늹훺뷰1989-1991쓪죋뻹 쫽 뛮 쿠뛔쮮욽 쫽 뛮 쿠뛔쮮욽 솪냮뷰뺻쇷죫 쏀맺욽뻹 19082 100 592 100 훐뚫늿 22017 115 728 123 -695 듳뫾쟸 18799 99 546 92 -666 탂펢룱삼 22425 118 749 127 -400 풶컷늿 20455 107 554 94 -318 컷쓏늿 16845 88 486 82 354 듳욽풭쟸 18079 95 560 95 461 뚫쓏늿 16927 89 539 91 596 실믹즽쟸 17199 90 593 100 935 힢ꎺ낢삭쮹볓뫍쿄췾틄틲쟩뿶쳘쫢캴냼삨퓚풶컷늿횮쓚ꎬ좫맺욽뻹퓲냼삨뛾훝ꆣ솪냮뷰뺻쇷죫쫇솪냮횧돶폫솪냮쮰쫕뢺떣횮닮뛮ꆣ솪냮횧돶냼삨솪냮늹훺뷰ꆢ릤뫍킽쮮ꆢ뛔룶죋뗄횱뷓횧뢶ꆢ닉릺뫏춬틔벰웤쯻솪냮볆뮮ꆣ 뛾ꆢ뗂맺뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈 뗂맺뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈쪵탐ퟝ쿲뫍뫡쿲쿠뷡뫏뗄틆횧뢶쒣쪽ꎬ헢쫇뗂맺닆헾쳥쾵훐웄뻟쳘즫뫍뢻폐돉킧뗄늿럖ꆣ 뗂맺쪵탐뗄ퟝ쿲틆횧뢶ꎬ쫇짏쿂벶헾뢮횮볤뗄틆횧뢶ꎬ퓚솪냮ꆢ훝ꆢ뗘랽죽벶헾뢮횮볤뷸탐ꎬ틔쪹솪냮ꆢ훝뫍뗘랽죽벶퓚닆헾뺭볃짏뗃떽뻹뫢랢햹ꆣ헢훖짏쿂벶헾뢮볤뗄닆헾틆횧뢶냼삨솪냮뛔훝뫍쿧헲뗘랽헾뢮뗄솽룶닣듎ꆣ뗂맺뗄틆횧뢶냼삨컥룶랽쏦ꎺꎨ1ꎩ뗷헻릲쿭쮰훐쿺쫛쮰쫕죫뗄럖엤뇈샽ꆣ1990쓪솽뗂춳튻잰캪%:%ꎬ1995쓪캪56%:44%ꎬ1997쓪뗷헻캪%:%ꆣꎨ2ꎩ쪵쪩략뮹탔틆횧뢶ꆣ헾뢮듓쮰쫕쫕죫훐략뮹튻늿럖뷰뛮ꎬ뛔닆솦쳘뇰놡죵뗄훝뷸탐늹훺ꆣꎨ3ꎩ솪냮늹돤탔럖엤뷰ꆣ캪늹돤욶삧훝튻냣탔닆헾쯹탨뗄놣횤뷰ꎬ솪냮헾뢮쎿쓪듓쿺쫛쮰쫕죫훐쓃돶튻뚨뇈샽뷰ퟷ캪헢킩훝뗄늹돤럖엤뷰ꆣ1987쓪틔잰ꎬ솪냮헾뢮룸폨욶삧훝%뗄쿺쫛쮰쫕죫ꎬ1988-1994쓪짏뗷떽2%ꆣꎨ4ꎩ춶훺횧돶ꆣ뗂맺춳튻잰ꎬ솪냮헾뢮쎿쓪풼폐50틚십뿋뗄춶훺횧돶ꎬ폃틔냯훺욶삧훝뫍폐뺭볃랢햹탨튪뗄훝뷸탐춶ꎬ룄짆웤뺭볃뷡릹폫믹뒡짨쪩ꆣꎨ5ꎩ뗂맺춳튻믹뷰ꆣ솽뗂춳튻뫳ꎬ평컷늿10룶샏훝뻨퓹뗄1150 10틽ퟔ캺뫳뾭ꎺꆶ쏀맺솪냮헾뢮뛔뗘쟸뺭볃뗄룉풤폫뗷뷚ꆷꎬꆶ뺭볃퇐뺿닎뾼ꆷꎬퟜ뗚940웚ꎬ뗚43튳ꆣ 36
뗚컥헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄맺볊뺭퇩뷨본 틚십뿋붨솢뗄캪웚5쓪뗄믹뷰ꎬ훷튪폃폚뎥뮹풭뚫뗂뗄햮컱ꆣ 뗂맺쪵탐뗄뫡쿲틆횧뢶ꎬ쫇뗂맺쳘폐뗄튻훖닆헾틆횧뢶ꆣ쯼쫇룷훝횮볤뗄틆횧뢶ꎬ훷튪쫇붫뺭볃뢻풣훝뫍뗘랽뗄늿럖쮰쫕쫕죫틆룸뺭볃뷏캪욶삧뗄훝뫍뗘랽ꎬ춨맽룷훝횮볤닆헾쫕죫뗄퓙럖엤ꎬ쯵킡뗘쟸볤뗄닆솦닮뻠ꎬ쪹욶삧훝뗄죋뻹쮰쫕쫕죫듯떽좫맺욽뻹쮮욽ꆣ 뫡쿲닆헾욽뫢뗄돌탲쫇쿈볆쯣닆솦횸쫽뫍욽뫢횸쫽ꎬ좻뫳뇈뷏럖컶욽뫢맘쾵ꎬ늢춨맽쫕죫퓙럖엤쪵쿖룷훝닆솦쮮욽뗄욽뫢ꆣ닆솦횸쫽뫍욽뫢횸쫽뗄볆쯣ꎬ캪룷훝볤뗄뫡쿲닆헾욽뫢쳡릩쇋틀뻝ꆣ닆솦횸쫽쫇튻룶훝뗄쮰쫕쫕죫ꆢ뻨럑쫕죫뫍쿧헲뗘랽헾뢮쮰쫕쫕죫뗄ퟜ뫍ꆣ욽뫢횸쫽퓲평솽룶횸쫽쯹릹돉ꎺ튻쫇폃틔욽뫢훝쮰쫕쫕죫뫍뻨럑쫕죫뗄횸쫽ꎻ뛾쫇폃틔욽뫢쿧헲쮰쫕쫕죫뗄횸쫽ꆣ 죧맻퓚욽뫢쓪뛈쓚튻룶훝뗄닆솦횸쫽뗍폚욽뫢횸쫽ꎬ퓲웤폐룱듓웤쯻훝믱뗃늦뿮ꆣ룹뻝ꆶ닆헾욽뫢램ꆷ뗄맦뚨ꎬ죴튻룶훝뗄닆솦횸쫽뗍폚욽뫢횸쫽뗄92%ꎬ퓲92%틔쿂뗄닮뛮놻좷뚨캪욽뫢럖엤뷰뛸좫늿뗃떽쏖늹ꎬ닆솦횸쫽퓚92%-100%횮볤뗄훝ꎬ웤닮뛮늿럖내%놻좷뚨캪욽뫢럖엤뷰폨틔쏖늹ꆣ죧맻튻룶훝퓚욽뫢쓪뛈쓚웤닆솦횸쫽뎬맽욽뫢횸쫽ꎬ퓲폐틥컱붫웤닆헾쫕죫늿럖뗘틆룸욶삧훝ꆣ죧맻닆솦횸쫽뻓폚욽뫢횸쫽100%-101%횮볤ꎬ펦듓웤닆솦횸쫽뎬돶늿럖쳡좡15%ퟷ캪욽뫢뻨뿮ꎻ닆솦횸쫽뻓폚욽뫢횸쫽뗄101%-110%횮볤ꎬ웤뎬돶늿럖뗄66%ퟷ캪욽뫢뻨뿮ꎻ닆솦횸쫽캪욽뫢횸쫽110%틔짏뗄ꎬ웤뎬돶늿럖뗄80%펦ퟷ캪욽뫢뻨뿮ꆣퟔ1970쓪솪냮뗂맺쪵쪩뫡쿲닆헾틆횧뢶틔살ꎬ쮰쫕쓜솦죵뗄훝뗄뿉횧엤닆솦퓶볓ꎬ룷훝횮볤뗄짺믮쮮욽닮틬훰붥쯵킡ꎬ닆솦뷏죵뗄훝퓚닆헾욽뫢믺훆ퟷ폃쿂ꎬ듙뷸쇋뺭볃랢햹ꆣ죧뗂맺쓏늿뗄냍랥샻퇇훝맽좥튻횱ퟷ캪욶삧훝뷓쫜욽뫢뻨뿮ꎬ뷼쓪살ꎬ쯼틑돉캪폐욽뫢틥컱뗄훝ꆣ1995쓪ꎬ11냍랥샻퇇훝쳡릩쇋24틚십뿋뗄욽뫢뻨뿮뫍14틚십뿋뗄ꆰ뗂맺춳튻ꆱ믹뷰ꆣ ퟜ횮ꎬ뗂맺쪵탐뗄ퟝ쿲폫뫡쿲믬뫏뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈ꎬ퓚뻹뫢룷훝쫕죫쮮욽뫍짧믡뢣샻쮮욽ꆢ쯵킡룷훝뺭볃랢햹쮮욽뫍릫릲럾컱쮮욽뗄닮뻠웰떽쇋믽벫뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ 11 틽ퟔ헅횾뎬ꆢ샮욽ꎺꆶ헾뢮닆헾헾닟뗄맺볊뇈뷏ꆷꎬ뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬꎬ뗚190튳ꆣ 37
뗚컥헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄맺볊뺭퇩뷨본 뗚뛾뷚 쮰쫕헾닟뷨본 튻ꆢ뛔실뫳뗘쟸쪵탐늻춬뗄쮰쫕헾닟 듓20쫀볍30쓪듺웰ꎬ쏀맺솪냮헾뢮캪쇋쯵킡쟸폲볤뗄뺭볃닮뻠ꎬ헫뛔늻춬뗄뗘쟸쪵탐늻춬뗄쮰훆ꆣ뛔죋뻹쫕죫쮮욽룟폚좫맺욽뻹쮮욽뗄뚫놱늿뗘쟸뫍컥듳뫾뗘쟸ꎬ쪵탐룟폚뺭볃실뫳뗘쟸뗄쮰쫕훆뛈ꆣ헢훖늻춬뗄쮰쫕훆뛈ꎬ횱떽뛾햽뫳ꎬ쳘뇰쫇떽70쓪듺ꎬ쯦ퟅ풭살실뫳뗘쟸뺭볃뗄웰ꎬ닅훰붥폐쯹복뮺ꆣ떫춳볆쫽뻝뇭쏷ꎬ1978쓪쯤좻쓏늿ꆢ컷늿벰즽뗘훮훝뗄뺭볃퓶뎤쫆춷틑뺭풶풶뎬맽쇋놱늿샏릤튵쟸ꎬ떫내죋뿚볆쯣뗄쮰쫕뢺떣죔좻싔뗍폚놱늿뫍컥듳뫾뗘쟸ꆣ 죕놾헾뢮캪쇋듙뷸닺튵뷡릹뗷헻ꎬ퓚늻춬뗄쪱웚뛔늻춬뗄닺튵쪵탐쇋쮰쫕폅믝헾닟ꎬ횸틽웳튵뗄춶랽쿲ꎬ틔듯떽뗷헻닺튵뷡릹뗄쒿뗄ꆣ20쫀볍50쓪듺ꎬ죕놾헾뢮닉좡쇋붵뗍훘릤튵ꆢ뮯톧릤튵늿쏅뗄램죋쮰싊ꎬ뛔뷸뿚뗄훘튪믺킵짨놸쪵탐쏢쮰뗈맄샸헾닟ꆣ헢킩헾닟뗄쪵탐쳡룟쇋훘ꆢ뮯톧릤튵뗄샻죳싊ꎬ컼틽쇋듳솿쮽죋놾쿲훘ꆢ뮯톧릤튵춶ꎬ듙뷸쇋훘ꆢ뮯톧릤튵늿쏅뗄랢햹ꎬ쪹죕놾톸쯙뗘룄뇤쇋풭살뗄실뫳릤튵뷡릹ꆣ 뛾ꆢ뛔실뫳뗘쟸쪵탐쮰쫕폅믝헾닟컼틽췢살뷰뫍벼쫵 뷰뫍벼쫵퇏훘뛌좱쫇훆풼실뫳뗘쟸뺭볃랢햹뗄솽룶틲쯘ꎬ틲듋룷맺훐퇫헾뢮뚼쪮럖훘쫓춨맽닆헾쫕죫쫖뛎퓶볓실뫳뗘쟸뗄놾뫍벼쫵솽훖튪쯘뗄춶죫ꆣ웤쫖뛎훷튪냼삨솽훖ꎺ튻쫇횱뷓춨맽룷훖뷰풮훺뫍벼쫵풮훺횧돖실뫳뗘쟸뗄랢햹ꎬ뷰풮훺냼삨헾뢮쳡릩퓹뿮ꆢ컞쾢믲뗍쾢듻뿮뗈ꎻ벼쫵풮훺냼삨믹뒡짨쪩붨짨ꆢ샍뚯솦엠통ꆢ벼쫵탅쾢뗈ꎻ뛾쫇춨맽룷훖폅믝헾닟살컼틽췢살뷰ꎬ쫇룷맺퓚쪵볹훐ퟮ뎣폃뗄튻훖쫖뛎ꆣ 냍컷헾뢮튻횱쫔춼틔룷훖폅믝헾닟살틽떼쮽죋춶뗄랽쿲ꎬ뛔쿲쓚슽실뫳뗘쟸얩튵뷸탐뾪랢탔춶뗄췢ꎬ헾뢮맦뚨퓚뾪랢뗘탂좡뗄샻죳뿉쿭쫜쮰쫕복쏢ꎬ늢뿉틔믱뗃헾닟쳡릩뗄늹훺뷰ꆣ춨맽튻킩폅믝헾닟ꎬ듌벤쇋쮽죋놾쿲실뫳뗘쟸뫍놡죵뗄얩튵늿쏅뗄춶ꆣ 쏀맺솪냮헾뢮쪮럖훘쫓맄샸뫍컼틽쮽죋놾쿲실뫳뗘쟸춶ꆣ뛔폚퓚실뫳뗘쟸탋냬웳튵뗄릫쮾ꎬ헾뢮춨맽뺭볃뾪랢쫰뗈믺릹쿲쯼쏇쳡릩뎤웚컞쾢믲뗍쾢듻38
뗚컥헂 쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄맺볊뺭퇩뷨본 뿮ꎻ뛔만뚨놾쳡릩뗄횱뷓듻뿮뛮뿉듯떽룃쿮놾ퟜ뛮뗄65%ꎬ뛔쿲실뫳뗘쟸춶쳡릩듻뿮뗄쮽죋뷰죚믺릹쳡릩룟듯90%뗄탅듻놣쿕ꆣ뛔쿲쓏늿ꆢ컷늿벰즽뗘훮훝얩듥춶뗄쮽죋웳튵쳡릩탅듻폅믝뫍닆헾풮훺ꆣ듋췢ꎬ헾뢮뮹돶췪짆얩듥뗄믹뒡짨쪩ꎬ캪춶쳡릩솼뫃뗄뮷뺳ꆣ쏀맺헾뢮뛔실뫳뗘쟸뗄닆헾풮훺뫍맄샸쮽죋놾퓚얩듥뗘쟸춶뗄듫쪩ꎬ늻뷶룄뇤쇋얩튵실뫳쏦쎲ꎬ뛸쟒뮹튻뚨돌뛈짏췆뚯쇋쓏늿돇쿧튻쳥뮯뗄랢햹ꆣ 뗂맺뗄릤튵닺튵늼뻖돽쿲폅쫆뗘쟸벯훐췢ꎬ뮹닉좡룷훖폅믝듫쪩살맄샸웤쯻뗘쟸랢햹훐킡웳튵ꆢ뒫춳볓릤튵ꎬ쫊쪱쫊뗘뗘듙뷸뺭볃잷랢듯뗘쟸짌튵쎳틗튵뗄랢햹ꆣ 뗚죽뷚 닆헾쿠맘헾닟횧돖 룷맺헾뢮뻹쪵쪩쇋쿠펦뗄쟸폲헾닟틔뗷뿘쟸폲뺭볃ꎬ듙뷸실뫳뗘쟸뺭볃뗄랢햹ꎬ죧쏀맺뛔낢냍삭웵즽쟸쪵쪩늹뎥헾닟ꎬ얷쏋뛔쾣산ꆢ웏쳑퇀ꆢ컷냠퇀ꆢ낮뛻삼ꆰ욶쟮쯄맺ꆱ뗄풮훺뗈ꆣ룷맺훐퇫헾뢮뮹훆뚩횧돖실뫳뗘쟸뗄늹쳹헾닟ꎬ냼삨얩튵늹쳹헾닟ꆢ뛔폅쫆닺튵뗄늹쳹헾닟ꆣ쏀맺솪냮헾뢮춨맽뛔얩닺욷뗄볛룱늹쳹듫쪩복쟡얩튵캣믺뛔실뫳뗘쟸얩튵뗄펰쿬ꎬ뛸쟒뮹훂솦폚룄뇤실뫳뗘쟸뗄늻뫏샭뗄얩튵짺닺뷡릹ꆣ 얷쏋쫇쫀뷧짏ퟮ뢻죄뗄뗘쟸횮튻ꎬ냼삨27룶돉풱맺ꎬ헢킩돉풱맺횮볤뗄뺭볃뫍짧믡닮뻠뫜듳ꆣ웤훐ꎬ1/4쟸폲뗄죋뻹GDPꎨ맺쓚짺닺ퟜ횵ꎩ뗍폚얷쏋27룶돉풱맺욽뻹쮮욽뗄75%ꆣ얷쏋뗄뷡릹믹뷰뻍쫇헫뛔얷쏋돉풱맺실뫳뗘쟸뛸짨솢뗄쳘뇰뾪랢믹뷰ꎬ쒿뗄뻍쫇킭뗷쟸폲횮볤뗄랢햹ꎬ얷쏋붫룷훖풴듓뢻죄뗄뗘쟸뒫쫤룸욶뗄뗘쟸ꎬ틔쪹실뫳뗄쟸폲쪵쿖쿖듺뮯ꎬ쪹실뫳쟸폲ힷ룏짏얷쏋웤쯻쟸폲뗄랢햹쮮욽ꆣ 39
뗚쇹헂 탞헽쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄헾닟붨틩 뗚쇹헂⃐?ﷇꮹ닆럀쓕ﺲ?꣒뗘쟸릫릲욷샻틦췢틧볓뻧쫇맺볒닆헾헾닟퓚뗷뷚쟸폲뺭볃랢햹늻욽뫢맽돌훐닺짺뗄늻뿉뫶쫓뗄컊쳢ꎬ헢룶컊쳢뷢뻶늻뫃믡횱뷓펰쿬떽뗷뷚뗘쟸닮뻠뗄킧맻ꎬ짵훁믡볓뻧뗘쟸볤뺭볃랢햹뗄닮뻠ꆣ놾컄믹폚췢늿탔샭싛ꎬ짮죫럖컶쇋뗘쟸릫릲욷샻틦췢틧떼훂뗘쟸릫릲욷릩룸늻ퟣ벰컞킧싊ꎬ럖컶쇋볓뻧샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾틲쯘ꎬ뛔뗷뷚뗘쟸볤샻틦췢틧쳡돶쇋틔쿂벸뗣붨틩ꆣ 뗚튻뷚 볓듳뛔샻틦틧돶뗘쟸뗄틆횧뢶솦뛈 틆횧뢶쫇캪쇋욽뫢늻춬쟸폲볤뗄뺭볃늻뻹뫢뛸짨훃뗄ꎬ폃틔늹뎥뗘랽헾뢮쳡릩뗄릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱췢틧ꎬ쳡룟릫릲럾컱킧싊ꆣ퓚컒맺쿖탐뗄틆횧뢶쳥쾵훐ꎬ틑뺭듦퓚튻킩짦벰쾽쟸볤췢틧킧펦뗄쿮쒿ꎬ죧닆솦탔틆횧뢶쿮쿂뗄쳬좻쇖놣뮤틆횧뢶ꆢ췋룻뮹쇖뮹닝틆횧뢶ꆢ짺첬틆쏱냡잨틆횧뢶뗈ꆣ헢킩틆횧뢶쿮쒿ꎬ헫뛔짺첬훎샭뗄컊쳢뛔짺첬훎샭맽돌훐샻틦췢틧뗄뗘쟸룸폨튻뚨뗄틆횧뢶ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ쿖폐뗄헢훖춨맽틆횧뢶뷸탐뗄샻틦늹뎥ꎬ닠훘폚뛔릤돌놾짭뗄늹훺ꎬ폫췢틧킧펦듸살뗄ퟜ쳥쯰쪧쯹탨늹뎥듦퓚쿠떱뗄닮뻠ꆣ 쫀뷧짏뫜뛠맺볒뻹닉폃틆횧뢶훆뛈살욽뫢뗘쟸볤뗄랢햹ꎬ듳뛠쫽맺볒쪵탐떥튻뗄ퟝ쿲틆쒣쪽ꎬ횻폐뗂맺뗈짙쫽맺볒쪵탐ퟝ쿲폫뫡쿲믬뫏뗄틆쒣쪽ꆣ컒맺ퟔ룄룯뾪럅틔살쪵쪩쇋쪡볊볤뗄뛔뿚횧풮ꎬ뛔뿚횧풮컞싛쫇컯ꆢ벼쫵풮훺ꎬ뮹쫇뷰풮훺ꎬ웤쪵훊뚼튪쫇랢듯쪡쫐뗄늿럖닆솦컞뎥틆떽늻랢듯쪡럝ꎬ떫컒맺쪵쪩뗄뛔뿚횧풮쫇캴춨맽솢램폨틔좷죏뗄ꆢ럇맦랶뗄뫡쿲냯럶듫쪩ꎬ냯럶뗄뷰ꆢ컯럖즢ꎬ좱랦춳돯낲업ꆣ 붨솢쏅폃폚뷃헽쾽쟸볤샻틦췢틧뗄쿮틆횧뢶쿮쒿ꎬ늢붫웤훆뛈뮯ꆢ뎤웚뮯ꆣ뷡뫏훷쳥릦쓜쟸맦뮮ꎬ헻뫏쿖폐짺첬뮷뺳놣뮤쇬폲뗄늹뎥탔틆횧뢶ꎬ틔쿞훆뾪랢쟸뫍뷻횹뾪랢쟸캪춻웆뿚ꎬ첽쯷뷃헽쾽쟸볤샻틦췢틧틆횧뢶뗄볆쯣랽램뫍릫쪽ꎬ뺡뿬쫔탐늢훰늽췆탐ꎻ퇐뺿훆뚨믹뒡뷌폽뗈쇬폲뗄쾽쟸볤샻틦췢틧늹뎥믺훆ꎬ훰늽췪짆샻틦췢틧뗄늹뎥훆뛈ꎬ쪵탐뛔쳡릩췢틧탔릫릲럾컱믲돐떣릫릲럾컱췢틧돉놾뗄뗘랽헾뢮뗄폐킧늹뎥ꎬ뷃헽췢틧킧펦뛔뗘랽헾뢮릫릲40
뗚쇹헂 탞헽쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄헾닟붨틩 횧돶춶쿲뗄얤쟺ퟷ폃ꆣ퓚쿮틆횧뢶쿮쒿짨볆짏ꎬ볡돖틔쪵쿖훐퇫헾닟틢춼ꆢ12뷃헽쾽쟸볤샻틦췢틧ꎬ뺡뿉쓜ퟶ떽늻좱캻ꆢ늻풽캻ꆣ 뗚뛾뷚 쮰쫕헾닟쿲샻틦틧돶뗘쟸쫊떱쟣킱 쮰쫕헾닟뗄ퟷ폃뻍쫇퓚쫐뎡솦솿쟽쪹실뫳뗘쟸뷰췢쇷뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ춨맽헾뢮뗄솦솿듙쪹늻춬탎쪽뗄닆헾뷰쇷죫실뫳뗘쟸ꎬ춨맽닆헾뗄뗘쟸탔늹뎥훆뛈살놣횤실뫳뗘쟸랢햹뗄믹놾탨튪ꆣ평폚컒맺럹풱쇉삫ꎬ뗘쟸뺭볃랢햹늻욽뫢ꎬ룷뗘쟩뿶닮뇰뫜듳ꎬ헾뢮탨튪춨맽쮰쫕헾닟폐킧뗷뷚룷뗘쟸뺭볃뗄랢햹ꆣ듓듙뷸뗘쟸뺭볃킭뗷랢햹돶랢ꎬ컒맺폐뇘튪틔릹퓬잷랢듯뗘쟸뗄쮰쫕폅쫆캪쒿뇪뛔뗘쟸쮰쫕헾닟ퟷ쫊떱뗷헻ꎬ틔듙뷸웤볓뿬뺭볃랢햹뗄늽랥ꎬ좷솢틔뛔잷랢듯뗘쟸뗄웳튵쳡릩쯹뗃쮰폅믝캪훷뗄뗘쟸쮰쫕폅믝헾닟ꆣ 뺡맜훐컷늿뗘쟸폐웤ퟔ짭랢햹뗄튻킩풴폅쫆ꎬ떫쫇평폚짮뒦쓚슽ꎬ쫜붻춨ꆢ탅쾢뗈뮷뺳뗄훆풼ꎬ훐컷늿뗘쟸폫뚫늿퇘몣뗘쟸듦퓚뷏듳닮뻠ꆣ퓚헢훖쳵볾쿂ꎬ캪쪵쿖컒맺쟸폲뺭볃뗄킭뗷랢햹ꎬ닉좡폐닮뇰뗄쮰쫕헾닟ꎬ쏅훆뚨튻킩쮰쫕폅믝헾닟ꎬ쪹쮰쫕폅믝쿲훐컷늿뗘쟸쟣킱ꎬ폐톡퓱뗘랢믓쮰쫕폅믝헾닟뛔실뫳뗘쟸뺭볃랢햹뗄볤뷓뗷뷚ퟷ폃ꎬ컼틽췢뫍맺쓚랢듯뗘쟸뗄맺쓚뷰춶폚훐컷늿ꎬ춨맽뛔실뫳뗘쟸얩튵ꆢ믹뒡릤튵뫍뿆벼뗈뗄닺튵폅믝뫍뛔쳘쫢뗘쟸뗄폅믝ꎬ폅뮯실뫳뗘쟸뗄풴엤훃ꆣ 쮰쫕폅믝튪쳥쿖맺볒닺튵헾닟뗄튪쟳ꎬ틔맺볒닺튵랢햹캪틀뻝ꎬ훷튪솢ퟣ폚틔쿂벸룶랽쏦ꎬ튻쫇튪얩튵뫍캪얩튵횱뷓럾컱뗄닺튵뗄랢햹ꎻ뛾쫇튪듙뷸듙뷸붻춨ꆢ춨탅ꆢ쓜풴ꆢ훘튪풭닄쇏뫍쮮샻뗈믹뒡짨쪩뫍믹뒡릤튵뗄뾪랢뫍랢햹ꎻ죽쫇튪듙뷸뿆벼뷸늽ꎬ틔폚닉폃탂벼쫵ꆢ릺뷸탂짨놸ꆢ짺닺탂닺욷뗄웳튵퓊탭웳튵뛔짨놸볓쯙쳡좡헛뻉늢뛔웤닉폃탂벼쫵ꆢ탂짨놸짺닺뗄탂닺욷샻죳룸폨복쏢쮰헕맋ꆣ 퓚쮰쫕폅믝솢램랽쏦ꎬ죕놾ꆢ몫맺ꆢ탂볓웂뚼훆뚨폐쏅쮰쫕폅믝램싉ꎬ쪹쮰쫕폅믝뗄맦뚨룼볓쏷좷뫍쾵춳ꆣ컒맺폐맘쮰쫕폅믝뗄맦뚨뮹럖즢퓚룷폐맘떥탐쮰쫕램싉램맦ꎬ컒맺뿉틔킧럂웤쯻맺볒뗄ퟶ램ꎬ쳡룟쮰쫕폅믝뗄램싉킧솦ꎬ퓶잿웤좨췾탔ꆣ 12 췵풪ꎺ룄룯췪짆춳튻맦랶춸쏷뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈ꎬ뺭볃닎뾼퇐뺿ꎬ2009ꆣ 41
뗚쇹헂 탞헽쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄헾닟붨틩 쇭췢ꎬ튪쫊떱뢳폨뗘랽튻뚨뗄쮰좨ꎬ폐샻폚듙쪹뗘랽틲뗘훆틋뗘믽벫닉좡쒳킩쮰쫕헾닟듫쪩ꎬ췚뻲쮰쫕잱솦ꎬ듙뷸뗘랽뺭볃ꆢ컄뮯뷌폽뫍릫릲쫂튵뗄랢햹ꆣ붨틩퓚볌탸춳튻쮰헾뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ쫊떱삩듳뗘랽뗄쮰좨ꎬ죧퓊탭뗘랽퓚퓶횵쮰ꆢ웳튵쯹뗃쮰뗈훷튪쮰훖뗄믹ힼ쮰싊짏ꎬ펵폐30%뗄뢡뚯좨솦ꎬ틔샻폚샻폃쮰쫕룜룋ꎬ컼틽춶쟳ꎬ듙뷸뺭볃랢햹ꆣ 뗚죽뷚 돉솢쏅뗄ꆰ컷늿실뫳뗘쟸랢햹믹뷰ꆱ 캪볓뿬훐컷늿뗘쟸뺭볃뗄랢햹ꎬ뷨본냍컷붨솢뗄퇇십톷믹뷰ꆢ얷쏋뗄쟸폲랢햹믹뷰(ERDF)뗈랽쪽ꎬ돽맺볒헾닟탔틸탐뗈뷰죚믺릹뗄탅듻쟣킱췢ꎬ붨틩짨솢훐컷늿랢햹믹뷰ꎬ췘뿭춶죚뿕볤ꆣ믹뷰뿉평훐퇫뫍뗘랽헾뢮내뇈샽릲춬돯듫ꎬ훷튪평훐퇫닆헾쿮늦뿮ꆢ룷쪡쫐뗘랽헾뢮돶벰쏱볤놾ꆢ틔벰맺볊뾪랢풮훺믺릹ꆢ룷맺헾뢮풮훺뻨뿮ꎬ퓙볓짏뫏늢쿖탐뷏캪럖즢뗄ꆰ횧돖늻랢듯뗘쟸랢햹믹뷰ꆱꆰ짙쫽쏱ퟥ욶삧뗘쟸컂놥믹뷰ꆱꆰ샏쟸랢햹믹뷰ꆱ뫍닆헾럶욶뷰뗈ퟩ돉ꎬ붫룷쪡쫐풭살폃폚뛔뿚횧풮뗄뷰벯훐웰살ꆣ믹뷰훷튪폃폚컷늿뗘쟸믹뒡짨쪩붨짨ꆢ짺첬뮷뺳놣뮤ꆢ얩쳯믹놾붨짨ꆢ뷌폽뫍뻍튵룚캻엠통ꆢ훘뗣닺튵랢햹뗄늹쳹틔벰닆헾쳹쾢뫍웳튵춶늹쳹ꆢ뛔욶삧뮧뗄ꆰ럶욶뾪랢늹쳹ꆱ뗈ꆣ 뗚쯄뷚 듳솦뾪랢샻틦틧돶뗘쟸뗄죋솦풴 죋솦풴쫇쟸폲ퟜ쳥풴훐ퟮ캪맘볼뗄틲쯘ꎬ횻폐뻟놸쇋뫏샭뗄죋솦풴뷡릹ꎬ닅쓜퓶잿컼틽뫍쿻뮯췢살춶뗄쓜솦ꆢ룄뷸쟸폲뗄컄쏷돌뛈뫍쮼쿫컄뮯맛쓮ꎬ뷸뛸룄짆실뫳뗘쟸뗄죋컄뮷뺳뫍뺭볃뮷뺳ꎬ듙뷸놾뗘쟸뗄뺭볃랢햹ꆣ 컒맺퓚춳돯쟸폲킭뗷랢햹뗄맽돌훐ꎬ튪돤럖죏쪶떽쪵쿖죋솦풴뗄뾪랢뫍죋솦풴쿲죋솦놾뮯쫇쟸폲뺭볃랢햹뗄룹놾뚯솦ꆣ튪볓듳뛔잷랢듯뗘쟸뗄믹뒡뷌폽춶솦뛈ꎬ쳡룟실뫳뗘쟸뗄죋뿚쯘훊ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ튪쫷솢뿆톧뗄죋닅맛ꎬ펪퓬솼뫃뗄죋닅뮷뺳ꎬ쪵쪩쇩믮뗄죋닅풼쫸뫍벤샸믺훆ꆣ듋췢ꎬ컒쏇펦믽벫쪵쪩횰릤엠통볆뮮ꎬ냼삨웳튵횰릤퓚룚엠통ꆢ쿂룚횰릤퓙뻍튵엠통뗈ꎬ쳡룟샍뚯헟뗄벼쓜ꎬ틔뇣펦뢶캴살쟸폲뺭볃랢햹맽돌훐뿉쓜돶쿖뗄룷훖샍뚯솦탨쟳ꆣ 캪쇋쪵쿖룷쟸폲볤뗄욽뫢랢햹ꎬ맺볒펦퓚닺튵늼뻖뫍훘뗣쿮쒿붨짨랽쏦폐42
뗚쇹헂 탞헽쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄헾닟붨틩 헫뛔탔뗘쿲훐컷늿뗘쟸쟣킱ꎬ쳘뇰쫇쓜풴붻춨ꆢ믹뒡짨쪩뗈훘뗣쿮쒿ꎬ쪹뗃잷랢듯뗘쟸쓜릻틀췐뿆벼뾪랢쿮쒿퓶잿뛔죋닅뗄컼틽솦ꆣ캪쇋엤뫏퓚훐컷늿뗘쟸쪵쪩뗄뿆벼쿮쒿쓜컼틽떽룼뛠뗄룟킣뇏튵짺ꎬ맺볒뮹펦떱돤럖샻폃뻍튵헾닟ꆢ뻍튵램맦ꎬ춨맽붨솢뫍췪짆룷훖쏅폃폚틽떼뇏튵짺뻍튵뗄룷훖쿮붱톧뷰ꎬ뛔룟킣뇏튵짺뻍튵쇷쿲볓틔틽떼뫍뗷뷚ꆣ헾뢮펦쟐쪵볓듳헾닟틽떼솦뛈ꎬ늻뛏룄룯뫍췪짆죋닅쇷뚯훆뛈뫍뻍튵놣헏훆뛈ꎬ샻폃룼뛠폅믝쳵볾컼틽맣듳룟킣뇏튵짺쏦쿲믹닣ꆢ쏦쿲훐컷늿잷랢듯뗘쟸뻍튵ꆣ풴뢻풣뗄훐컷늿뗘쟸뇘탫볓잿죋솦놾뗄엠퇸뫍춶죫쮮욽ꎬ틔폅뫱뗄듽폶컼틽죋닅ꎬ돤럖췚뻲쿖폐죋솦풴잱솦ꆣ 43
닎뾼컄쿗 닎뾼컄쿗?ꏛ1ꏝDavid Nꎮ Hymanꆢ헅뷸닽ꎮ닆헾톧ꎺ샭싛퓚헾닟훐뗄떱듺펦폃ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ놱뺩듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2006ꎮ ꏛ2ꏝ훐맺닆헾톧믡ꎮ뗚쪮쇹듎좫맺닆헾샭싛쳖싛믡컄톡ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺닆헾뺭볃돶냦짧ꎬ2005ꎮ ꏛ3ꏝꏛ쏀ꏝ쓡뛻ꆤ늼슳쮹훸ꆢ쯥쿾틫ꎮ릫릲닆헾폫쏀맺뺭볃ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺닆헾뺭볃돶냦짧ꎬ2005ꎮ ꏛ4ꏝ뗋ퟓ믹ꆢ쇖훂풶ꎮ닆헾톧ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ쟥뮪듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2005ꎮ ꏛ5ꏝ슽듳뗀ꎮ훐맺쟸폲랢햹뗄샭싛폫쪵볹ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ2003ꎮ ꏛ6ꏝ쇵퇅슶ꎮ쯵킡뗘쟸닮뻠뗄닆헾헾닟퇐뺿ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ2000ꎮ ꏛ7ꏝ탁늨ꎮ헾뢮볤닆헾쓜솦엤훃컊쳢퇐뺿ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺뺭볃돶냦짧ꎬ2005ꎮ ꏛ8ꏝ헅웴뒺ꎮ훐맺쟸폲닮뻠폫헾뢮뗷뿘ꆪꆪ닆헾욽뫢믺훆뫍횧돖쾵춳ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ짌컱펡쫩망ꎬ2005ꎮ ꏛ9ꏝ짏몣닆뺭듳톧릫릲헾닟퇐뺿훐탄ꎮ2008쓪훐맺닆헾랢햹놨룦ꆪꆪ릹붨뫍킳짧믡뗄닆헾헾닟퇐뺿ꏛMꏝꎮ짏몣ꎺ짏몣닆뺭듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2008ꎮ ꏛ10ꏝ쯕쏷ꎮ닆헾쿖쪵컊쳢퇐뺿ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ2008ꎮ ꏛ11ꏝ쳕폂ꎮ뗘랽닆헾톧ꏛMꏝꎮ짏몣ꎺ짏몣닆뺭듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2006ꎮ ꏛ12ꏝ볖뾵ꆢ헔좫뫱ꎮ훐맺뺭볃룄룯30쓪ꏛMꏝꎮ훘쟬ꎺ훘쟬듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2008ꎮ ꏛ13ꏝ쯯뾪ꎮ닆헾쳥훆룄룯컊쳢퇐뺿ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ2004ꎮ ꏛ14ꏝ뫓놱듳톧풤쯣맜샭퇐뺿쯹ꎮ훐맺헾뢮볤닆헾맘쾵퇐뺿ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ뺭볃맜샭돶냦짧ꎬ2007ꎮ ꏛ15ꏝ탭헽훐ꆢ풷맣ꆢ쯯맺펢ꎮ닆헾럖좨ꎺ샭싛믹뒡폫쪵볹ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ짧믡뿆톧컄쿗돶냦짧ꎬ2002ꎮ ꏛ16ꏝ닆헾늿맺볊쮾ꎮ췢맺닆헾맜샭폫룄룯ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ2003ꎮ ꏛ17ꏝ쇵뿋ꆢ볖뾵ꎮ훐맺닆쮰룄룯죽쪮쓪쟗샺폫믘맋ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ2008ꎮ ꏛ18ꏝ헅횾뎬ꆢ샮욽ꎮ헾뢮닆헾헾닟뗄맺볊뇈뷏ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ2001ꎮ ꏛ19ꏝ헅뚬쎷ꆢ돂펱ꎮ짙쫽쏱ퟥ뺭볃랢햹훐뗄닆헾헾닟ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐퇫쏱ퟥ듳톧돶44
닎뾼컄쿗 냦짧ꎬ2006ꎮ ꏛ20ꏝ훓듳쓜ꎮ컷늿짙쫽쏱ퟥ뗘쟸짺첬뮷뺳붨짨뷸돌폫웤닆헾늹뎥믺훆뗄탎돉ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ2008ꎮ ꏛ21ꏝ싞펨ꎮ뗂맺쿖듺뮯뷸돌퇐뺿ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺쫐뎡돶냦짧ꎬ2004ꎮ ꏛ22ꏝ닌퓶헽ꎮ뷌폽뛔폚뺭볃퓶뎤릱쿗뗄볆솿럖컶ꏛJꏝꎮ뺭볃퇐뺿ꎬ1999ꎨ02ꎩꎺ39-48ꎮ ꏛ23ꏝퟚ쿾뮪ꆢ헔볒헂ꎮ닆헾췢틧쿂뗄뗘랽헾뢮릫릲럾컱쳡릩ꏛJꏝꎮ떱듺뺭볃맜샭ꎬ2009ꎨ04ꎩꎺ49-53ꎮ ꏛ24ꏝ쇵샨쏷ꎮ틆횧뢶퓚늹뎥뗘쟸샻틦췢틧훐뗄ퟷ폃ꏛJꏝꎮ쫗뚼뺭볃쎳틗듳톧톧놨ꎬ2002ꎨ04ꎩꎺ49-53ꎮ ꏛ25ꏝ닌퓶헽ꎮ싛뷌폽뗄쓚퓚샻틦폫췢틧샻틦ꏛJꏝꎮ붭쯕룟뷌ꎬ2001ꎨ04ꎩꎺ33-36ꎮ ꏛ26ꏝ헅뮪죙ꎮ췪짆컒맺헾뢮볤닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈퇐뺿ꏛDꏝꎮ쓏닽ꎺ붭컷닆뺭듳톧ꎬ2008ꎮ ꏛ27ꏝ뢵폂ꆢ헅ꎮ훐맺쪽럖좨폫닆헾횧돶뷡릹욫쿲ꎺ캪퓶뎤뛸뺺헹뗄듺볛ꏛJꏝꎮ맜샭쫀뷧ꎬ2007ꎨ03ꎩꎺ4-12ꎮ ꏛ28ꏝ헅ꎮ럖좨쳥훆쿂뗄닆헾헾닟폫뺭볃퓶뎤ꏛMꏝꎮ짏몣ꎺ짏몣죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ2005ꎮ ꏛ29ꏝ췾ꎮ뗘랽릫릲욷릩룸뗄샭싛퇐뺿ꏛDꏝꎮ커몺ꎺ뮪훐뿆벼듳톧ꎬ2004ꎮ ꏛ30ꏝ놣붨퓆ꎮ컷늿뾪랢훐뗄뗘랽릫릲욷폐킧릩룸럖컶ꏛJꏝꎮ짺닺솦퇐뺿ꎬ2002ꎨ02ꎩꎺ87-89ꎮ ꏛ31ꏝ퇮뫀ꎮ훐맺닆헾럖좨쒣쪽폫뗘랽헾뢮탐캪럖컶ꏛDꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐퇫닆뺭듳톧ꎬ2005ꎮ ꏛ32ꏝ쇵뿉ꎮ훐맺닆헾럖좨믺훆뛔쟸폲뺭볃뗄펰쿬ꏛDꏝꎮ맾뛻뇵ꎺ뫚쇺붭듳톧ꎬ2003ꎮ ꏛ33ꏝ죎뒫웕ꎮ릫릲욷릩룸폫헾뢮볤닆좨뫍쫂좨뗄뮮럖ꆪꆪ살ퟔ컒맺훐늿뗘쟸뗄럖컶ꏛDꏝꎮ횣훝ꎺ뫓쓏듳톧ꎬ2009ꎮ ꏛ34ꏝ퇮솼쯉ꎮ훐맺얩듥릫릲욷컊쳢퇐뺿ꏛDꏝꎮ쿃쏅ꎺ쿃쏅듳톧ꎬ2009ꎮ ꏛ35ꏝ훓욽ꎮ쫐ꆢ쟸헾뢮볤닆헾맘쾵첽쳖ꏛDꏝꎮ몼훝ꎺ헣붭듳톧ꎬ2005ꎮ ꏛ36ꏝ퓀뻼ꆢ엋별쟠ꆢ훬뗂퓆ꎮ얩듥릫릲럾컱폫얩듥닆헾ꎺ2004-2008쓪즽뚫쪡얩듥뗷퇐놨룦ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺닆헾뺭볃돶냦짧ꎬ2009ꎮ ꏛ37ꏝ닩쿔폑ꆢ뚡쫘몣ꎮ컒맺룟뗈뷌폽췢늿탔뗄쪵횤럖컶ꏛJꏝꎮ뺭볃샭싛폫뺭볃맜샭ꎬ2006ꎨ1ꎩꎺ41-45ꎮ ꏛ38ꏝ쇸퇮ꎮ헾뢮탐캪췢늿탔폫컒맺뻓쏱쫕죫닮뻠삩듳뮯퇐뺿ꏛDꏝꎮ뢣훝ꎺ뢣붨쪦랶45
닎뾼컄쿗 듳톧ꎬ2006ꎮ ꏛ39ꏝ헅맅열ꎮ쟸폲죋솦놾췢늿탔벰웤뿧쟸폲뒫능퇐뺿ꏛDꏝꎮ쟠떺ꎺ쟠떺듳톧ꎬ2008ꎮ ꏛ40ꏝ놣붨퓆ꎮ컷늿뾪랢훐뗄뗘랽릫릲욷폐킧릩룸럖컶ꏛJꏝꎮ짺닺솦퇐뺿ꎬ2002ꎨ2ꎩꎺ87-89ꎮ ꏛ41ꏝ샮펣ꎮ훐맺얩듥짧믡퇸샏놣쿕뗄췢늿탔럖컶ꏛDꏝꎮ짏몣ꎺ짏몣붻춨듳톧ꎬ2008ꎮ ꏛ42ꏝ췵훛늨ꎮ훐맺얩쏱릤캬좨횮슷벰잰햰ꏛJꏝꎮ릤퓋퇐뺿ꎬ2004ꎨ10ꎩꎺ26-32ꎮ ꏛ43ꏝ뢶뇳ꎮ컒맺웕춨룟뗈뷌폽췢늿탔뗄뺭볃톧럖컶ꏛDꏝꎮ돉뚼ꎺ쯄뒨쪦랶듳톧ꎬ2007ꎮ ꏛ44ꏝ돌ꆢ돂좫릦ꎮ얩듥릫릲욷뗄릩룸폫맜샭ꎺ짧쟸뷇즫탂뚨캻ꏛJꏝꎮ훐쓏쏱ퟥ듳톧톧놨ꎨ죋컄짧믡뿆톧냦ꎩꎬ2007ꎨ05ꎩꎺ124-128ꎮ ꏛ45ꏝ돂즺ꎮ쓏럇룟뗈뷌폽훊솿췢늿놣헏쳥쾵퇐뺿ꏛDꏝꎮ커몺ꎺ뮪훐쪦랶듳톧ꎬ2008ꎮ ꏛ46ꏝ쇵탞퇒ꎮ뺭볃벯뻛ꆢ뿕볤췢늿탔폫뗘쟸닮뻠ꆪꆪ살ퟔ훐맺뗘벶쫽뻝뗄횤뻝ꏛDꏝꎮ짏몣ꎺ뢴떩듳톧ꎬ2008ꎮ ꏛ47ꏝ킻뾵ꎮ맬쪱웚뗘랽헾뢮뺺헹탐캪췢늿탔럖컶ꏛDꏝꎮ맣훝ꎺ쓏듳톧ꎬ2006ꎮ ꏛ48ꏝ붯헰ꆢ췵쪤틣ꎮ컷랽랢듯맺볒틆횧뢶훆뛈벰뛔컒맺뗄뷨본틢틥ꏛJꏝꎮ뺭볃싛첳ꎬ2006ꎨ04ꎩꎮ ꏛ49ꏝ헔쾼ꆢ돂톧횾ꎮ믹폚쟸폲뺭볃킭뗷랢햹뛔컒맺틆횧뢶훆뛈뗄쮼뾼ꏛJꏝꎮ뺭볃컊쳢ꎬ2007ꎨ06ꎩꎮ ꏛ50ꏝ돌폖훐ꆢ돂캰뚫ꎮ맺볒폫얩쏱ꎺ릫릲닺욷릩룸뷇즫폫릦쓜뚨캻ꏛJꏝꎮ뮪훐쪦랶듳톧톧놨(죋컄짧믡뿆톧냦)ꎬ2006ꎨ03ꎩꎺ2-7ꎮ ꏛ51ꏝ럫몣늨ꆢ횣ꎮ늻춬닆헾풼쫸쳵볾쿂뗄얩듥릫릲컯욷릩룸ꏛJꏝꎮ떱듺뺭볃퇐뺿ꎬ2005ꎨ04ꎩꎺ56-59ꎮ ꏛ52ꏝ샗쿾뾵ꎮ릫릲컯욷쳡릩쒣쪽뗄샭싛럖컶ꏛDꏝꎮ컷낲ꎺ컷놱듳톧ꎬ2003ꎮ ꏛ53ꏝ훜늨ꎮ헾뢮볤닆솦폫쫂좨욥엤컊쳢퇐뺿ꏛMꏝꎮ듳솬ꎺ뚫놱닆뺭듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2009ꎮ ꏛ54ꏝ헔퓆웬ꎮ훐맺럖쮰훆닆헾쳥훆퇐뺿ꏛMꏝꎮ놱뺩ꎺ뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ2005ꎮ ꏛ55ꏝLucas,RꎮEꎮ On the Mechanics of Economic DevelopmentꏛJꏝꎮJournal of Monetary Economicsꎬ1988ꎬꎨ22ꎩꎮ ꏛ56ꏝSchultzꎬTꎮWꎮ Investment in Human CapitalꏛJꏝꎮ American Economic Review 1961ꎬꎨ51ꎩꎮ ꏛ57ꏝPigou A Cꎮ The Economics of WelfareꏛMꏝꎮMacmillan and Co,Ltd,1952ꎮ 46
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훂킻 훂†킻?훁듋ꎬ컒뗄쮶쪿싛컄훕폚췪돉ꎬ헢튲틢캶ퟅ컒퓚퓆쓏닆뺭듳톧뗄죽쓪톧쾰짺믮벴붫뷡쫸ꎬ믘쫗죽쓪뗄톧쾰벰싛컄뗄헻룶킴ퟷ맽돌ꎬ탄훐돤싺쇋룐벤횮쟩ꆣ 쫗쿈튪훔탄룐킻컒뗄떼쪦췵쇡뢱뷌쫚ꎬ쯽뛔컒퓚톧튵짏뗄횸떼뫍퓚짺믮짏뗄맘탄쪹컒쮳샻뗘췪돉쇋죽쓪뗄쮶쪿쟳톧짺퇄ꆣ컒뗄쮶쪿뇏튵싛컄듓톡쳢뗄좷뚨ꆢ싛컄뿲볜뗄릹붨ꆢ돵룥췪돉횱훁ퟮ훕뚨룥ꎬ췵샏쪦뚼쟣힢쇋듳솿뗄탄톪ꎬ뷌룸쇋컒탭뛠럖컶컊쳢뷢뻶컊쳢뗄랽램ꆣ췵샏쪦퇏뷷뗄훎톧럧룱ꆢ뫍낪뿉쟗뗄첬뛈틔벰톭톭짆폕뗄쪦뗂럧랶쪹컒쫜틦훕짺ꆣ 컒튪룐킻퇐0802냠뗄쯹폐춬톧쏇ꎬ쫇쯻쏇엣냩컒튻춬ퟟ맽헢죽쓪뗄퇐뺿짺짺믮ꎬ폫헢킩돶즫폅탣뗄엳폑쏇튻웰짺믮톧쾰ꎬ늻뷶룸폨쇋컒룼뿭맣뗄쫓뷇뫍탄탘ꎬ뛸쟒쪹컒룐쫜떽쇋ퟮ헦횿ퟮ헤맳뗄폑틪ꎬ퓚킴ퟷ싛컄웚볤ꎬ쯻쏇룸쇋컒뫜뛠뫜뫃뗄붨틩ꆣ ퟮ뫳ꎬ컒뮹튪룐킻컒뗄뢸쒸ꎬ룐킻쯻쏇죎뫎쪱뿌뗄컞쳵볾뗄샭뷢뫍횧돖ꎬ룸컒ퟮ컂얯뗄맄샸ꎬ쫇쯻쏇폃컂얯쏠뎤뗄쟗쟩냩컒뛉맽튻룶폖튻룶맘뿚ꆣ 퓙듎훔탄뗘룐킻쟗엳뫃폑뛔컒뗄맘탄ꆢ냯훺ꆢ횧돖뫍맄샸ꎡ 48
릥뛁쮶쪿톧캻웚볤랢뇭뗄뿆퇐돉맻쒿슼벰믱붱쟩뿶 릥뛁쮶쪿톧캻웚볤랢뇭뗄뿆퇐돉맻쒿슼벰믱붱쟩뿶?튻ꆢ닎폫뿆퇐쿮쒿퇐뺿 1ꎮ닎폫퓆쓏쪡컞쿟뗧캯풱믡쿮쒿ꎺꆶ퓆쓏쪡컞쿟뗧쾵춳맺폐닺맜샭벨킧퇐뺿ꆷꎬ훷돖죋ꎺ췵쇡ꎬ2008ꎻ 2ꎮ닎폫퓆쓏쪡닆헾쳼쿮쒿ꎺꆶ닆헾볠뚽죚죫닆헾맜샭뗄퇐뺿ꆷꎬ훷돖죋ꎺ췵쇡ꎬ2009ꎻ 3ꎮ닎폫퓆쓏쪡닆헾쳼쿮쒿ꎺꆶ닆헾릤ퟷ램훎뮯퇐뺿ꆷꎬ훷돖죋ꎺ췵쇡ꎬ2009ꆣ 뛾ꆢ랢뇭싛컄벰훸ퟷ ꏛ1ꏝ맹탱ꎬ잳틩컒맺업컛쫕럑훆뛈뗄컊쳢폫뛔닟ꎬ컒맺뗘랽닆헾쳥훆룄룯퇐쳖믡ꎬꎻ ꏛ2ꏝ맹탱ꆢ샮뚬쟠ꎬ맺췢닆헾볠뚽쪵볹벰돉릦뺭퇩뷨본ꎬ펰쿬솦ꎬꎻ놾컄쫕슼퓚훐맺닆헾뺭볃돶냦짧돶냦뗄ꆶ퓆쓏쪡짳볆샭싛폫쪵컱첽쯷ꆷ튻쫩훐ꎻ ꏛ3ꏝ맹탱ꆢ췵쇡ꎬ컷늿릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄쿖쪵뇭쿖탎쪽ꎬ펰쿬솦ꎬꎻ ꏛ4ꏝ맹탱ꆢ췵쇡ꎬ쟸폲볤릫릲욷샻틦췢틧뗄닆헾폕틲럖컶ꎬ짌쟩ꎬꆣ 49
