Class of Motivation
§ Management by Objective A program that encompasses specific goals,particularly set,for an explicit time period,with feedback on goal progress
MBO 4 ingredients:goal specificity,participative D-M,an explicit time period,& performance feedback
Converting overall organizational objectives into specific objectives for organizational units and individual members
objectives cascade down through the organization: overall organizational,divisional,departmental, individual objectives
Linking MBO and Goal-setting theory:specific hard of possible disagreement---participation
MBO In practice
Class of Motivation
§ Behavior Modification A program where managers identify performance-related employee behaviors & then implement an intervention strategy to strengthen desirable performance behaviors & weaken undesirable performance behaviors
OB Mod Emery Air Fright use containers
5-step problem-solving model: (1)identification of performance-related behaviors;(2)measurement of the behaviors; (3) identification of behaviors contingencies; (4)development & implementation of an intervention strategy;(5)evaluation of performance improvement
Reinforcement theory
Class of Motivation
§ Employee Involvement A participative process that uses the entire capacity of employees & is designed to encourage increased commitment to the organization’s success
Examples of
participative management:A process where subordinates share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate superior
representative participation:workers participate in organizational decision making through a small group of representative employees Works councils: group of nominated or elected employees who must be consulted when management makes decisions involving personnel Board representatives:a form of representative participation. Employees sit on a company’s board of directors & represent the interests of the firm’s employees
Examples of
Quality circle: a work group of 8-10 employees who meet regularly to discuss their quality problems,investigate causes,recommend solutions,& take corrective actions Management retains control over the final decision; improve productivity;a simple device?
Employee stock ownership plans(ESOPs):company-established benefit plans in which employees acquire stock as part of their benefits
Linking:Theory Y;ERG theory
In practice
Class of Motivation
§ Variable pay A portion of an employee’s pay is based on some individual &/or organizational measurement
4 of the widely used model
Piece-rate pay plan:workers are paid a fixed sum for each unit of production completed
Bonus
Profit-sharing plans:organization-wide programs that distribute compensation based on some established formula designed around a company’s profitability
Gainsharing:an incentive plan where improvement in group productivity determines the total amount of money that is allocated
expectancy theory
§ Skill-based pay
Pay levels are based on how many skills employee have or how many jobs they can do
Flexibility,Downsize,facilitate communication, meet the needs of ambitious employees, performance improvement. Downside:obsolete,immediate needs,don’t address level of performance
linking:ERG theory,Achievement needs,reinforcrment
§ Flexible benefit
Employees tailor their benefit program to meet their personal needs by picking & closing from a menu of benefit options.
Expectancy theory
§ Comparable worth
A doctrine that holds that jobs equal in value to an organization should be equally compensated, weather or not the work content of those jobs is similar
expands the notion of “equal pay for equal work” to include jobs that are dissimilar but comparable value
Supply-demand factors in market;public sector;Private sectors
§ Special issues
Motivating professions---long-term commit to their field of expertise; keep current in; autonomy
temporary workers---freedom;highly compensated;permanent status;skills
the diversified workforce---flexible work schedule;job sharing,temporary assignment varied needs;flexible leave policies
§ Summary
Individual diffenence
goals and feedback
participative
rewards and performace
equity
Class of Motivation
