ၽᝄጤ̹ڗჯኬɢၾή˙طଣٙྼᗇʱؓ Ϫɽዓ Ta-shu Chiang ͭیყɽኪʮБ݁ၾ݁ഄኪӻબ Professor, Department of Public Policy and Administration, National Chi Nan University Email: jos@ ੵɢԭ Li-Ya Chang ͭیყɽኪʮБ݁ၾ݁ഄኪӻ௹ɻ͛ Ph. D. Student, Department of Public Policy and Administration, National Chi Nan University E-mail: s3106518@ ࠅ ᎇഹΌଢʷၾίήʷٙላᏘd̹۬ʔස͊ᗙᇝʷdˀϾᚔ֢һމᝓͦၾᗫᒟٙԉЍfίவᅵٙএഖֵɨdၽᝄጤִ̹݁ڗೌʔૐʺή˙طଣঐɢdጐΪᏐ̮ίᐑྤᜊቋdϞࣖတԑή˙͏ცӋfή˙طଣɗ݊Όଢίήʷၾִ݁ՑطଣவՇɽყ݁೯࢝ᒈැٙࠠࠅිၳᓃdՉʕdڗჯኬɢһ݊ᅂᚤή˙طଣᐶࣖٙᗫᒟΪ९fהፗή˙طଣd˴ࠅ੶ሜᏐࠠൖή˙ִ݁ၾʕִִ̯ٜ݁ٙۧყᗫڷeή˙ִ݁ගʘ˥ִ̻ყᗫڷd˸ʿʮژၾ͏ගٟึeڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌගٙ༨ਹΥЪഃd͵у̀ܔԄഛٙطଣၣഖfۃdጐ੶ʷጤ̹ڗٙჯኬ٫ԉЍၾᔖঐdʲྼ೯౨ή˙طଣၝࣖdආϾϞࣖʺ̹۬ᘩنɢdɗִ݊݁ҷிʈࠠࠅሙᕚʘɓf ͉˖০࿁̨ᝄ25ࡈጤ̹ڗٙჯኬɢၾή˙طଣᗫሙᕚආБྼᗇઞীdӺ˙جڷ˸ਪ՜ሜݟމ˴dႾ˸˖ᘠʱؓၾଉܓஞሔfӺʫ࢙ɽߧʱމj1eጤ̹ڗࡈɛٙჯኬतሯၾ݄݁ᗴ౻i2eጤ̹ڗၾᗫБމ٫ٙʝਗᗫڷi3eۃࠑʝਗᗫڷ݊щމᅂᚤ݄݁ٙࠠࠅΪ९i4eઞীጤ̹ڗၾᗫБމ٫־Ϥʝਗᅼόၾҷආʘ༸i5eጤ̹ڗ࿁˂ɨᕏႦϞᗫ݄݁တจܓሜݟܸᅺٙجഃࠦΣfഅ٫ಂܙ͟வࡈྼᗇӺdᐝ༆ۃၽᝄጤ̹ڗ࿁ჯኬɢၾή˙طଣഃධᙄᕚٙႩٝၾЪجdᔟϤɓ˙̙ࠦଢ଼ጐʫϞᗫጤ̹ڗჯኬɢၾή˙طଣٙྼਕ༟ࣘd̤ɓ˙ࠦۆྒྷ༊̈Ϟᗫή˙طଣٙ݁ഄጳࠧܔᙄf ᗫᒟοjჯኬɢeή˙طଣeጤ̹ڗ keywordsjLeadershipeLocal GovernanceeCounty and City Mayor 1
ఠeۃԊ ዝ̦ٙ೯࢝Ըd1970sૉಂࣵ۰ဧ˴່ThatcherismՑอʈᙣThe New Labourࣛಂdίεٙߵִ݁ҷࠧʫ࢙ʕdరҬή˙طଣlocal governanceٙሙᕚɓٜމɛהࠠൖdவᅵ᜕ٙ͵ίʔΝٙගˏৎᚤStoker, 2004:1f࿁Όଢطଣeطଣאʮ̡طଣϾԊdή˙طଣהᗫءٙᙄᕚ˴ࠅၳೊjਿᄴʮԫਕνО͟ή˙ִ݁ၾʕִ̯݁ʿ͏ගٟึٙΌଢܠၪdίήБਗthinking globally, acting locallyאΌଢίήʷglocalizationʘ҃ᝈܠၪၾБਗഄଫɢΥЪdуࣛϾϞࣖٙ༆ӔהࠦᑗٙධʮԫਕሙᕚϪɽዓd2006f౬̩༑Ⴍdή˙ִ݁ٙᔖঐʊʔΎڻࠢή˙ԫਕٙ၍ଣאʕ̯݁ഄٙ։፬dϾ݊̀ίΌଢʷၾഛطٙܠၪɨdࠠอ֛ЗІʉٙԉЍၾᔖঐdӉᔷۨᒕΣ̹۬طଣcity governanceא݊ή˙طଣlocal governanceഃ࿃อ༶Ъᅼόᄎտᄂd2003iᄎ֝ёd2004j48iStoker, 2004iBrugue¯Valles, 2005iюߵeੵՉສd2005j91f ್Ͼdᅂᚤή˙طଣᎴሯၾщٙΪ९ޟεdШή˙ჯኬ٫Ч˷ҲစഹᗫᒟήЗfᄎտᄂ2002j77ಀܸ̈ධᅂᚤ̹۬طଣٙᗫᒟΪ९dνִ̹۬݁ჯኬ٫ձ၍ଣ٫ঐщ፫ᗆ̹̈۬ί၇݁ഄၣഖʕٙଫήЗiִ̹۬݁ჯኬ٫ձ၍ଣ٫ঐщމ̹۬Ҭู֛̈ٙЗiঐщϞࣖʺ̹۬ٙطଣঐɢdڭπࡡϞᎴැdഐΥطଣၣഖʕٙ၇༟๕d੶ʷ̹۬ᘩنᎴැiঐщፄɝΌଢطଣӻd೯౨ᅂᚤɢf̤̮dNorman Longworth1999ί̈ኪ୦̹ۨ۬ٙतᅄࣛdɰΝᅵ੶ሜኪ୦ۨჯኬɛʑԃٙࠠࠅdಂჯኬ٫̙˸্ᘠ౽ᅆeҲစᓒ࢝ԉЍdᜫٟਜ೯࢝ϓމኪ୦ٟۨਜdԨආɓӉ੶ʷή˙ᘩنɢᔷˏІᄎ֝ёd2004j54fΎ٫dఱ̨ᝄٙ֝ᚆ᜕ٙᗫӺ͵ܸ̈dʔሞ݊ή˙͑ᚃ೯࢝eٟਜᐄிeאˀၵഃdேίίᜑͪ̈ၾ͏፯ڗٙБ݁ЪމʿჯኬࠬࣸࢹࢹᗫdԨଉաՉᅂᚤϪɽዓeጽؚd2006iᘽ๎d2005fϾᝈʘdᒱ್ஈʔΝٙή˙طଣ೯࢝ͦᅺdШή˙ჯኬ٫࿁ή˙طଣঐɢٙܔၾʺdۍ݊ՈϞࠠࠅᅂᚤɢٙdၝϤdՇ٫ʘගٙᗫڷЧ˷࠽ઞীf ίڐϋԸٙྼਕɪdჯኬɢၾή˙طଣٙᗫڷሙᕚdɰ൳ᒈաՑᝓͦၾࠠൖfԷν̨ᝄ˂ɨᕏႦІ2001ϋৎdӊϋί6~9˜ޫึʮ̺༈ϋܓٙጤ̹ڗ݄݁တจܓሜݟഐ؈dԨ˲͜ʔΝࠦΣආБરҏfΎ٫d̮͵Ϟ྅ߕ12ʮ͏ᑌຑNational Civic Leaguee˰ޢჯኬሞእThe World Leadership Forumഃଡ଼ᔌdӊϋேึ֛ಂڌ࿎༈ϋܓ௰Ոჯኬɢ̹ٙ۬ၾڗd˸މᅺߊfૐɓ˙ࠦҖ෧ή˙طଣٙᘩنၾኪ୦ᐑྤd̤ɓ˙ࠦdۆ݊ຖڮࡈй̹۬ჯኬ٫dۇʺ̹۬ٙഛطᐑfྤෛʘdჯኬɢၾή˙طଣٙሙᕚʔසމࣛ˾הცdɰ௪աదᗫءf 1Όߕ̹۬ᆤAll-America City Awardd 2˰ޢჯኬሞእThe World Leadership Forum 2
Ш݊dᄲൖʫཀ̘ኪஔӺd࿁ή˙ჯኬɢၾή˙طଣٙሙᕚӺdɽεڻࠢή˙طଣٙଣሞeՓeطଣঐɢʧୗ˖௫d2003iᄎտᄂd2003iϡ౻ᘄeϡᕄeኁފفd2004i̤ྼਕ༶Ъɰɽεࠠᔷ౬ۨჯኬʘӺˮԳ͗d1999iߡߕd2000i͉ڋd2000i؍ڿ҃d2002iю࢝d2004iᒤқɪd2004i৷߇ჾd2005iੵԊઽd2005dॆ͍ઞীჯኬɢၾή˙طଣՇ٫ᗫڷܔٙྼᗇӺ݊ˇٙவ΅ίୋɧືึЪীሞf࠽ϤdϤሙᕚᏐϞՉӺٙ௴อၾ্ᘠf͉˖Ꮭ˸˖ᘠઞীၾਪ՜ሜݟމ˴ࠅӺ˙جdૐ˸ઞীۃή˙طଣၣഖӻ୕ʕdή˙ڗ࿁ࡈή˙طଣၣഖᇞٙʝਗᗫڷၾʝਗᅼόٙ˴ᝈႩٝe܄ᝈᄆ࠽кᓙʿᗫྼყЪ˓جf௰ආБ༟ࣘคdԨቇʲ̈ীᝈᓃf ˖dʱୋɚື˴ࠅ০࿁ή˙طଣၾჯኬɢٙᗫ˖ᘠၾଣሞආБઞীiୋɧືۆ݊Ꮸীͦۃʫ࿁ϤሙᕚٙྼᗇӺʫ࢙iୋ̬ືႭӺணࠇٙʫ࢙eࠅϙʿӺݖiୋʞືd০࿁ή˙ڗٙࡈɛतሯၾՉ࿁ή˙طଣΪ९ٙႩٝdආБྼᗇʱؓi௰ܝdᔊࠅ̈ɓࡈᗫή˙طଣჯኬɢٙሞᓃd˸ԶਞϽf ൩eᗫଣሞၾ˖ᘠઞী ɓeჯኬɢٙ฿ׂၾ່֛ ჯኬɢleadershipٙሙᕚɓٜ˸Ըே݊ᆠژٙᙄᕚᔷˏІю٢ࢸᄲࠈd2006fԷνίۃٙ˰ޢᐑྤʕd̂͆ഹεٙᐑڭΚዚe͛ݺቇ֝eٝᗆഃʮᙄᕚܿdࠅνО༆ӔவԬਪᕚdՉʕჯኬ٫࿁הஈٙΚዚϞೌอܠၪd˸ʿ݊щኹϞϞࣖჯኬྠඟٙঐɢᗈຄd1992iҽ̾ฯd2003ɗ݊ࠅሙᕚf౬Ԋʘdჯኬɢ࿁ਪᕚ༆ӔϞഹӔ֛ᅂᚤfଣሞ೯࢝ԸჯኬɢٙӺdڷਃɛሞgreat man theoryeतሯሞtrait theoryeБމ˴່ሞbehaviourist theoryeઋྤሞsituational theoryeᛆᜊଣሞcontingency theoryeʹଣሞtransactional theoryစᜊЇᔷ౬ۨଣሞtransformational theoryBolden et al, 2003:6dІ੶ሜٙࠠᓃϞהࢨମڌ1fᎇഹᐑྤӻഖٙεʩ˲ልᕏdʷෂ୕੶ሜ˸ఊɓࡈɛމ˴ٙჯኬଣሞ༹နೌجϞࣖ༆ӔਪᕚdৎϾ˾ʘٙɗ݊ࠠൖྠඟჯኬdΆீཀྠඟჯኬٙतሯ೯౨ڌ2dڮԴჯኬ٫ঐϞࣖஈଣ˾˚ूልᕏٙʈЪઋྤf ڌ1eʔΝჯኬଣሞٙࠠᓃ ჯኬଣሞ ࠠᓃ ਃɛሞgreat man theoryܔίڦׂʘɪdႩމჯኬ٫݊Ꮄ൳ٙd˂͛ՈϞʑ ঐdնʕء֛ࠅආБჯኬf तሯሞtrait theoryΐ̈ණഐჯኬɢٙʑঐၾतሯdᖭɓԬɛᗳ͍ࠦၾԄ ഛٙतሯdඪːՑᆠઋf 3
Бމ˴່ሞbehaviourist Ϥʱᗫːٙ݊ჯኬ٫ٙᆽྼЪމdϾڢ̴ࡁٙतሯfʔΝٙБމᅼόீཀჯኬtheoryɢҖ࿒ආБᝈ࿀ၾʱᗳf ઋྤଣሞsituational theoryϤ˙جႩމჯኬɢఱ྅݊༶͜ίʔΝઋྤʕfՉႩމ ίΝଡ଼ᔌʔΝᄴॴɪdࠅӋʔΝٙჯኬҖόf ࢰ-ͦᅺଣሞPath-goalჯኬࠠൖνОϞࣖዧᎸᎇ٫f theory ᛆᜊଣሞcontingency வ݊ɓ၇ၚٙઋྤᝈᓃdϤމəࠅڮԴһމቇʲၾϞࣖٙჯኬɢቇΥतйٙჯኬઋྤdΪϤՉၳೊઋྤᜊtheory ධٙޢ֛f ʹଣሞtransactional Ϥࢰ੶ሜٙ݊ჯኬ٫ၾᎇ٫ʘගٙᗫڷdၳೊʝٙлूdீཀ۰ߒҖtheoryόෂჯኬ٫ٙᆤሧeజཇdڮ Դᎇ٫וፕၾ׀༐f ಁ˾אೌࣖჯኬSubstitutes ჯኬɢ݊ʔ̀ࠅٙ˲ჯኬ٫ԣ˟ІҢՈϞᅂᚤɢf and neutralizers ᔷ౬ۨଣሞtransformational Ϥʱࣨːٙ฿ׂ݊dίซ྅ၾੂБଡ଼ᔌᐶࣖٙᔷ౬ɪჯኬɢٙԉЍၾᔷᜊf theory ઋၫჯኬLeader moodჯኬ٫νОீཀઋၫeं؟ආБϞࣖჯኬf йၾჯኬGender ӲɾჯኬʘගٙମΝf and leadership ༟ࣘԸ๕jᄣ̋ІBolden et al, 2003:6. ڌ2eఊዹჯኬ٫ၾྠඟჯኬ٫ʘගٙࢨମ ఊዹჯኬ٫ ྠඟჯኬ٫ ҲစೌࠢՓٙԉЍ--ɗ࿁ОԫઋආБʺྠඟԉЍ—࿁Չ˼ɛબᛆԉЍ ʍऒ މəɓߧϾрɢ--ྒྷ༊෧ிतйٙᅺܔͭࢨମ--ྠඟჯኬᄆ࠽ܔίʔΝ ɛࡰʘග ၳණп˓--ණഐБ݁ɛࡰၾڛሢ٫ రӋʑ--ʔึ۾উࡈɛٙʑঐ ٜટ᙮--᙮ჯኬ٫ܸٙͪၾჯኬ ೯࢝Νྃ--ོᎸࡈɛᎴᓃٙϓڗ ண֛ͦᅺ—ჯኬ٫Փࠈӊɓࡈɛהಂܙ௴ிᗴ౻--˙ࣩᗴ౻݊ቇΥՉ˼ɛ˸ʿٙͦᅺ ̙˸Бਗٙ ༟ࣘԸ๕jBelbin, 1993. ᒱ್ʫ̮ኪ٫ʊ࿁ჯኬɢϞε່֛ᗈຄd1992j2-4i֙౺౺d1998iBurns, 1979;Bass, 1999; Machine Design, 2007:58dШ͉˖ႩމdᏐڷܸՇɛאՇɛ˸ɪٙБމʝਗᗫڷdՉʕɓɛʘঐɢ̙˸ᅂᚤeዧ೯eΥ˙จԈdܔ̈ɓࢁୌΥྠඟ༶Ъٙᗴ౻e༷Ꮥᇍdɓ˙ࠦኑၳ־ϤΝڦׂd̤ɓ˙ࠦۆတԑ˙ცӋdߧԴܔϞจ່ٙᗫڷmeaningful relationshipsdᙃਗྠ 4
ඟϞࣖ༶ЪϪɽዓeੵɢԭd2006fЇࠅνОϞࣖଡ଼ၾ༶ᔷྠඟჯኬdHitt1990Ⴉމ˸ڦމਿᓾdኽ˸ܔͭჯኬၾჯኬ٫Շ٫ගٙʝਗᗫڷd˙Ϟп־ϤԄλʝਗᗫڷٙҖ෧dԨߧԴϞࣖჯኬٙπίfίྼЪɪdଡ଼ᔌჯኬ٫̀Ո௪jءจɢ၍ଣmanagement of attentioneจ່၍ଣmanagement of meaningeڦ၍ଣmanagement of trusteІҢ၍ଣmanagement of selfeഛ͜᙮e৷᙮ۊഃධঐɢତఙၾ၍ଣd2000j23-24iӓڄᙇd2006j68dɓ˙ࠦᔟ˸ڮԴჯኬ٫ၾჯኬ٫־Ϥٙᗆኑၳd̤ɓ˙ࠦۆ઼݊೯eዧᎸᎇ٫dԴՉ፭ն˿ܸͪf ɚeή˙طଣٙ฿ׂၾ່֛ ή˙طଣڷ͟ή˙localၾطଣgovernanceՇࡈΤ൚ଡ଼ϓfή˙ᒯўഹִ݁ᄴॴe၍ᒍᅼၾ݁طจfٜۧٙεᄴϣִ݁multi-level governments̋˸ଣ༆dՉ࿁Όଢeਜਹeഃ၇ʔΝᄴॴִٙ݁၍ᒍᇍఖfԱኽή˙٤ගɽʃdɦ̙ʱމήਜeጤ̹eඊᕄeӀԢeٟਜഃʔΝٙᇍఖdԨІՈ௪ഹʔΝᄴॴٙБ݁ӻ୕fᐼϾሞdή˙ՈϞήਹၾ݁طจGoss, 2001:26-27;Greenwood, et al, 2002:185-209iѐԃ༐eͭɓd2004j9f ՉϣdطଣdՉෂ୕οจڷܸ୵৳ჯঘsteeringʘจfШତʦʊ࠾͜Ⴍɓ၇อٙБ݁ᗫڷҖόdϾʔΎ݊ఊॱٙীሞִ݁ᄴॴא݊ᘩنٙਪᕚdՉӺࠠᓃί༆ᙑڢෂ୕ʍཫٙልᕏʮ݁ഄྼყ༶ЪઋرBrugue ¯ Valles, 2005:197-198fίীሞطଣٙኪݼʕdڷ˸ʕːሞstate-centricၾٟึʕːሞsociety-centricٙሞᗇ௰ˏɛᝓͦfʕːሞࠠൖί݁ഄၾՓܓٙჯঘঐɢ˸ʿၾՉ˼Бމ٫ʘගʝਗٙᗫڷiٟึʕːሞۆၳೊஈଣၣഖၾྫМᗫڷਪᕚd༆ؓБਗ٫νОІҢطଣၾΥЪfၝɪীሞdʔሞՉͭሞᝈᓃމОdίɽεᅰٙᚗᗇʕdطଣהܸऒٙ݊ɓ၇ִ݁ၾ̴הஈᐑྤٙஹഐlinksᗫڷdԨ˲ڮආᄿعεʩ݁طeٟึၾБ݁ӻ୕ʕٙ݁طБމ٫eՓܓeʮ̡eʮ͏ٟึeყଡ଼ᔌഃБਗ٫dආБʔΝٙͦٙၾͦᅺʘஹPierre, 2000:3-4;Kettl, 2002:119f౬̩༑Ⴍdطଣהܸऒٙڷމɓ၇อٙ୕طᅼόe၍ଣۨ࿒אٟ݊ึطଣҖόd݊ɓࢁ૿Υε၇ʔΝ୕طᄴϣၾۆٙ༶ЪᅼόdԨ˲੶ሜʮӷʘගޢᇞٙᅼᇔʷdࠠൖڦᗫڷdኽ˸ᄿع˲ӻ୕ٙආБ༨ਹၣഖcrossing boundaries networkሯٙஹഐeʝਗeڢᄴॴʹ౬eਠeʱԮၾΥЪdҖϓɓ၇ᕐᗙޟЇεᗙٙ;طଣࠦΣKooiman, 2000;Davies, 2005:313;Kooiman, 2003:3-10fतሯ̙˸ᖯΐνɨ̬ᓃjɓʔ̥݊ɓࢁۆeɓ၇ݺਗdϾ݊ɓࡈ݁ഄཀiɚ੶ሜሜdϾڢ˸˕ৣЪމਿᓾiɧΝࣛࡒᚥʮӷژٙᗫБމ٫i̬Ԩڢɓࡈ͍όٙՓܓdϾܸ݊ܵᚃʝਗٙࠠࠅΝ˖d2003j218-220f ˸طଣᝈᓃீൖή˙ִ݁༶Ъࣛdڌତ̈ٙᏐ༈݊ɓ၇௮ًݖd੶ሜଡ଼ᔌʘගၣഖinter-organizational networkfจуଡ଼ᔌίႩΝٙІ˴ɨd 5
ீཀϓࡰٙܵᚃʝਗdܔ̈ɓࢁ˸ਠၚग़މ˴˲Ո௪ʝ፠ᗫڷٙණБਗᅼόGoss, 2001:26;Brugue ¯ Valles, 2005:199f݂ή˙طଣڷܸϞᗫΌ݁ഄၾή˙ԫਕٙᔾ֛ձੂБʕdՉऒʿٙӔ֛˴ʊʔίڻࠢʕִ̯݁ၾή˙ִ݁Շ٫ගఊॱٙʝਗᗫڷdһႊԸІʕ̯ၾή˙˸̮ٙʮӷଡ଼ᔌձқᗴྠഃஹഐၾʝਗהҖϓٙɓ၇ልᕏٙ݁ഄၣഖᗫڷRhodes, 1997j7-11iᄎտᄂd2003j242fϾᝈʘdή˙طଣݖतሯϞйෂ୕ή˙ִ݁ٙБ݁e୕ط༶ЪҖ࿒˖௫d2003j173ڌ3dϾ݊ɓ၇ஈଣή˙ԫਕٙၣഖ༶ЪᅼόdՉਞၾ٫݊εʩeᄿعٙd־ϤʘගீཀڦʝஹഐdආБ༟๕ʹ౬eΥЪeਠഃᅼόܔྫМᗫڷdᔟ˸Ϟࣖ༆Ӕή˙ִ݁ᄴॴٙᗫਪᕚf ڌ3eή˙طଣၾִ͉݁Зٙतሯࢨମ ִ͉݁Зgovernment ή˙طଣlocal governance ऒʿʔΝՓܓᅰͦ ˇ ε ֜ྃଡ଼ᔌഐ ᄴॴٙd˲੶ሜɓߧ ʱᛆٙd˲࢙ʱ༶Ъ ዑΣၣഖᗫڷ ܆ௐٙ းඎΣַ̮Ф ყၣഖᗫڷ ௰ʃʷࡡۆ ක׳ࡡۆ ͏˴ҏٙڌତ ˾ڌԉЍ ࡒՈ˾ڌၾྼ᜕ ʮ݁ഄٙतሯ ԷБ ௴อၾኪ୦ ʕִ̯݁ᅂᚤ˙ό ٜટછՓ ਿʱᛆԨးඎᒒеʍཫ ݁طჯኬ˙ό ණٙאᚥ܄ኬΣ ڗ˴ኬאࡈɛኬΣ ༟ࣘԸ๕jᔷˏІѐԃ༐d2005j6f ɧeή˙ჯኬɢٙࠠࠅʿจ່ ίપਗִ݁طଣᜊࠧཀʕdჯኬ٫ٙሙᕚ݊ࠠࠅٙfவᅵٙᝈᓃdίOECDʕɰᐏ˕ܵdՉܸ̈jɓˢৎᚡᛆٟึdίεᅵٟٙึʕჯኬ٫ٙ೯࢝݊һމࠠࠅdΪމჯኬ٫ึࠅӋෂ௴อၾࢨମʷٙᄆ࠽dԨ˲௴ி࿁ҷࠧٙ˕ܵණഐfɚˢৎཀֻᄴॴືՓeԱجБִ݁ٙ݁༶Ъᅼόdίʱᛆၾၣഖִٙ݁ࣛ˾ʕdჯኬ٫݊ࠠࠅٙሙᕚfɧίִ݁ҷࠧཀʕdҎૐϞһεٙ৷Ꮄሯჯኬପ͛f̬ჯኬ݊ڝഹኮ݁constitutionၚग़ʘɪdԨ˲݊ഛطgood governanceٙːᛔOECD, 2000:2-3iOECD, 2004f ίή˙ᄴϣɪdAllen ¯ Cars2002:100ܸ̈ή˙ִ݁ίમБή˙طଣ˙ࠦd̀મ͜͏˴݁ط༶ЪᅼόdߧɢjΥʱٙή˙лूeଡ଼ᔌҖόe˸ʿٟึྠٙঐɢܔdᔟ˸Җ෧ή˙ΥͦᅺdڮԴή˙໊ٟගٙ༨ਹΥЪfϾᝈʘdή˙ִ݁ٙჯኬԉЍίή˙طଣཀʕҲစഹጐٙ̌ঐf̤Leach & Wilson2000ʿPark2003:27ίӺߵၾᒵ২ʆή˙طଣࣛһՈܸjίܔၾੂБή˙طଣഄଫɪd͏፯̹ٙ݁ჯኬ٫ɗҲစഹࠠࠅٙළʷ٫catalysteή˙ኑၳ٫local collective actorԉЍdᔟ˸ீཀᗫഄଫ 6
ჯኬԨЪᄿعٙՓܓᗫڷஹഐRaco, 2001:443f݂ίή˙طଣٙҖ෧ཀʕdή˙ჯኬɢೌဲ݊ࠠࠅٙሙᕚf ή˙ڗࠅνОᚨਗՉჯኬɢdԨҖ෧ή˙طଣٙഛطБਗdJohn Stewartίߵή˙ִ͉݁ٙሯࣣʕdಀԶഗਕٙࠦΣઞীή˙ִ݁ٙ༶ЪӻᏐ̍ўj։ࡰึeਖ਼e֜ྃeژeڗeᙄࡰ፬ʮ܃ٙᗫڷeΝնCo-ordinationeή˙ִ݁ٙԷБʮԫritualsStewart, 2000:43fΎ٫dPierre ¯ Peters2000Ⴉމή˙ִ݁ٙ݁ഄྌၾੂБࠦd̙ආБɧᄴࠦٙБਗஹഐjՉɓdఱִ݁ʫϾԊd̍ўjБ݁ჯኬexecutive leadershipeᙄึᙄࡰCouncilorseή˙ִ݁ٙɛɢ༟๕the local governance workforcedՉʕᙄึၾБ݁፬ʮ܃ගٙᗫڷCouncilor/Officer RelationsࠠࠅiՉɚdɰᏐࠠൖ̮ᚥ܄customerse։ৄɛclientseʮ͏citizenseΆุprivate corporationseڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌNPOsʘගٙᗫڷi௰ܝd˸ή˙ᄴॴЪމʕːd̀ၾʕִ̯݁ᗫڷආБΥЪd̤ஈΌଢʷٙࣛ˾ᆓݴʕdɰცࠠൖყଡ଼ᔌၾ໊ٟආБᗫڷஹഐdԨ˲೯࢝̈ІҢή˙ᄴॴ̮ٙʹഄଫGreenwood, John. et al, 2002:116-129iKettl, 2002fၝɪdшɛ̙˸ᐝ༆Ցίή˙طଣٙ݁ഄੂБၣഖdΝࣛऒʿή˙ִ݁ʫή˙ᙄึeБ݁ӻeՉ˼ִ݁ගִٙყᗫڷintergovernmental relations, IGRdʿ̮ʮ͏ٟึΆุeʮ͏eྠഃࠦΣdԨЪϞዚஹഐd˙ঐଡ଼ή˙طଣၣഖӻ୕f ̬eӺݖ ίӺή˙͏፯ڗჯኬɢၾή˙طଣՇ٫ᗫڷਪᕚࣛdKotter ¯ Lawrence1974০࿁ߕ͏፯̹ڗٙ݁طჯኬɢӺʕܸ̈j݁طଣჯኬɢٙБމᅼόϞʬ၇dШ̙ᓥᗳމj݁ഄணໄsetting of policye݁ഄੂБexecutioneଡ଼ᔌၾਕ၍ଣorganization and service managementɧᗳfϤɧᗳɦ̙ൖމjᙄண֛agenda settingeਕੂБtask accomplishmenteၣഖܔၾၪᖩnetwork-building and maintenanceɧ၇ཀfΎ٫dLeach & Wilson2000Ⴉމ̙ྒྷ༊ჯኬ٫ٙࡈɛᙄၾ݁طҦ̷leader’s personal agenda and political skillseਠᇍᖚarea of negotiationeၾ݁طၾଡ଼ᔌ˖ʷpolitical and organizational cultureɧࡈࠦΣආБӺfჯኬ٫ٙࡈɛᙄၾ݁طҦ̷੶ሜٙ݊ჯኬ٫ٙːଣᄴϣdҎૐᔟ˸ᐝ༆̴ٙჯኬࠬࣸstyleၾඪːѯқambitionsfՉϣdਠᇍᖚd݊ɓ၇݁طʷٙՓܓΪ९dࠠൖᛆɢБԴਪᕚf௰ܝdί݁طၾଡ଼ᔌ˖ʷɪd̙ྌʱމ݁ᙣᗫڷၾִყᗫڷՇᗳdۃ٫ڷܸή˙ڗၾή˙ݼӻe݁ᙣʘගٙᗫڷdܝ٫ۆ݊ઞীή˙ჯኬၾή˙/ʕ̯݁طӻ୕ٙʝਗᗫڷਪᕚLeach & Wilson, 2000:8-9;Heppell, 2007:382-388f࠽Ϥd͉˖ίӺݖணࠇɪdڷή˙طଣٙၣഖྡ྅ආБܠϽdԨԱኽLeach & WilsonהٙɧࡈࠦΣආБʵਔf dίӺჯኬɢٙࠦΣɪdڷή˙ڗ͉Ԓٙࡈɛतሯၾ݁طᙄආБীሞdෛܝਞή˙طଣӻഖdਗ਼݁طၾଡ଼ᔌ˖ʷࠦΣʱމjБ݁ྠඟʫᗫ 7
ڷeִึᗫڷeִყᗫڷe໊ٟᗫڷഃ̬ɽࠦΣdԨίࠦΣʕ̋ɝਠᇍᖚٙՓܓ༶Ъ฿dׂᔟ˸ীሞ̨ᝄή˙ڗჯኬɢၾή˙طଣՇ٫ʘග݊νОପ͛ᗫᑌfϾԊdί݁طଡ଼ᔌ˖ʷࠦdБ݁ྠඟɦʱމjɓॴڗБ݁ྠඟe੬˖֜eጤ̹݁ᚥਪྠඟɧࡈ໊iՉϣdִึᗫڷڷܸjή˙ִ݁ၾՉጤ̹ᙄึʘගٙᗫڷiִ̤ყᗫڷۆڌΐjʕִ̯݁eՉ̴ጤִ̹݁e˸ʿඊᕄ̹ʮהi௰ܝ໊ٟᗫڷڷϞjጤ̹͏eٟਜଡ଼ᔌeڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌe͏ගΆุၾɽෂᅧదഃʞᗳۨfӺݖνɨྡהͪf ʕִ̯݁ 1eჯኬतሯ 2eࡈɛ݄݁ซج ִყՉ˼ጤ̹ɓॴڗ eჯኬྠඟٙۨ෧ ᗫڷ ִ݁ Б݁ྠඟ eᔷᜊଡ଼ᔌ˖ʷ ඊᕄ̹ή˙Б݁ ੬ ή˙ ༨ਹΥЪ ʮה ˖֜ྠඟ ჯኬɢ ʫʷeྼስ ᗴ౻ۨ෧ ጤ̹ ጤ̹݁ ͏ ᚥਪྠඟ ִึᗫڷj ٟਜ ή˙ᙄึ ໊ٟ ପ̈ ଡ଼ᔌ ᗫڷ ᖢ֛ٙ ڢᐄл ጤ̹ڗή˙طଣή˙ၣഖطଣᐑଡ଼ᔌ ঐɢၾ݄݁ڌତ ྤ ͏ගΆุ ʈਠྠ ɽෂᅧ ద ྡ1eጤ̹ڗჯኬɢၾή˙طଣӺݖྡ ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ᖭႡf 8
ਞeʫྼᗇሜݟӺܠ ࣬ኽLeach ¯ Percy-Smith2001࿁ή˙طଣٙޢ֛˴ੵjʔΝή˙ִ݁ٙطଣᅼόၾϓࣖ݊ՈϞࢨମٙdהፗή˙طଣd݊ʔΝٙଡ଼ᔌձྠίʔΝࣛගd০࿁ʔΝٙͦٙϾऒɝٙཀdࡈή˙ִ݁ٙطଣᐶࣖᎴΕd್̀πίεࢨମf್ϾdࠅνОආБቇʲٙӺၾ൙dˢೌဲ݊࠽ආɓӉীሞٙf࣬ኽ̮Ӻᜑdͪ࿁ή˙طଣٙ൙ˢ̙ʱމjᐶࣖ൙eˢطଣঐɢ൙ˢՇᗳfᐶࣖ൙ˢ̙၈މᘩن e͛ݺ၅߀൙ˢdவ݊މ Զ͏ਖ਼ุʮਕϾணࠇd੶ሜ ซٙፅ ࿁Ꮠ༈݊˸ִ݁ژٙࣨːุਕމ˴d ༆ڗಂࣖ؈ၾ݁ഄᅂᚤfˀᝈdطଣ൙ˢࠠൖִ݁νОၾ̮ ᗫڷɛʝਗሙᕚϡᕄd2008j109-110f͡ԊʘdவՇᗳ൙ˢٙྼሯʫ࢙ၾͦٙ݊Ϟࢨମήf˸ɨਗ਼০࿁ڐϋԸʫᗫӺආБᏨൖd˸ᐝ༆ධሜݟӺٙ᙮ၾʫf ɓe˂ɨၾჃԈᕏႦሜݟ ίྼਕɪ˂ɨᕏႦʿჃԈᕏႦ࿁ጤִ̹݁Ϟᗫ݄݁တจܓၾᘩنɢٙሜݟdೌဲ݊ڐϋԸ௰ᗫءٙf˂ɨᕏႦ2001ϋৎකϋ০࿁ጤ̹݄݁ʫ࢙೯б൙ˢ༟ࣘd02ϋ೯б23ጤ̹͛ݺۜሯɽሜݟe03ϋጤ̹ᘩنɢe04ϋֱ၅̹۬રБe05ጤ̹ɽሜݟjጤ̹ط ኬ ɽሜݟe06ֱ၅̹۬રБe07ֱ၅ጤ̹ɽሜݟeʿ08ϋֱ၅̹۬ɽሜݟഃdίཀʕீཀՇࡈ˜ٙࣛගႎණධᅰοdீཀʞɽࠦΣeߒ̬ɤࡈܸᅺd൙ˢ̨ᝄ25ጤֱ̹ٙ၅ช˂ɨᇜ፨d2006dᚻ್ʊϓމͦۃʫጤִ̹݄݁݁௰Ո˾ڌٙሜݟરΤfΎ٫dჃԈᕏႦɰ2003ϋකdϋ০࿁ጤִ̹݁ٙᘩنɢdમ͜ߒ50ࡈܸᅺdආБܵᚃٙሜݟfν03ϋםਠᘩن d04e05 ጤ̹ᘩن d06 ۆᓒɽ፬ ᅼၾ˙όd၈މᐼᘩن d07 ၈މ݁ᐶᐼᏨdШʫ࢙ۆܼጤ̹ᘩن ၾڗ݄ٙ݁တจ f ၝᝈɪࠑՇ٫ٙሜݟʫ࢙dᒱ್˂ɨᕏႦίʞɽࠦΣʕdϞɓ΅݊ীሞή˙ִ݄݁݁တจܓሙᕚ˲05ϋतйᅺΐጤ̹طଣჯኬɢiჃԈᕏႦίሜݟʫ࢙ʕ͵̍ўڗ݄݁တจܓdШఱሜݟʫ࢙ϾԊdʥ݊Σᐶࣖ൙ˢdϾڢ੶ሜطଣၣഖʝਗٙή˙طଣ൙ˢf༑ᒱνϤdШ͟˂ɨᕏႦʿჃԈᕏႦՇ٫ʊϞܵᚃٙሜݟഐ؈d˲Ϟቇܓ౧ᚣጤ̹݄݁ڌତၾˀ݈͏จdᜫܝݬफή˙ִ݁ٝהᙆઑf္ຖִ݁e༟ৃ౧ eຖڮҷഛٙԉ d ΅ᕏႦٙ൙ᛠᏐ༈ՈϞɓ֛ ٙจ່ʿᄆ࠽ϡᕄd2008j134d࠽͊Ըִ݁ίԫή˙ִ݁طଣၾᐶࣖ൙ᛠࣛdආБਞϽf ɚeኪஔྼᗇӺ ʫኪ٫රઽબ2001ϋৎdڷϞɓӻΐ০࿁อ϶ጤִ̹݁ٙή˙Б݁ᐶࣖӺfૐή˙ִ݁ᐶࣖ൙Пၾ၍ଣٙᚥ܄ܸᅺd͏ٙԉܓԸЪܠϽdઞীִ݄݁݁ٙБމ݊щୌΥอʮ၍ଣܠᆓֵɨהપਫ਼ٙᚥ܄ኬΣא݊ᚥ܄ഄଫfί01ϋӺʕdʫ࢙০࿁01ϋ፯ᑘܝ࿁݁ᙣe፯ɛၾ̹݁Ъ 9
͏จሜݟd̍ўjᇹʠ̹ڗ݄ٙ݁တจನ˸ʿމО̹ڗҳഗ؍݁ۆٙࡡΪfᔟϤᐝ༆ᇹʠ݄ٙ݁တจܓၾஹ̰ٙࡡΪfટᚃd02ϋ০࿁อ϶ִ̹݁މ͏ਕʿ݄݁တจܓЪ͏จሜݟdᐝ༆̹͏࿁؍݁ۆ̹ڗ݄ٙ݁ଣׂʘႩΝe݁ഄוፕгତeʿ݄݁ٙတจܓfЇίอ϶ጤʱdᔟ͟͏ሜᐝ༆อ϶ጤ͏࿁ጤڗٙٝΤܓe݄݁ڌତeܔணঐɢe݄݁ቿɢe݊щࠠൖ͏จe݊щՈϞਕᆠҝʿՉۜᅃςഃတจܓආБሜݟfၝΥරઽٙӺdՉܸ̈͏࿁ጤ̹ڗ݄ٙ݁တจܓאՉ݁ᙣၾరӋஹٙϓ̌ዚଟϞഹ৷ܓ͍ᗫරઽd2003f ટᚃdරઽɦᚃҁϓɓӻ ࿁ή˙ִ݁ٙ൙ᛠӺd νʞࡈ ᒍ̹රઽd2006aeࣹ϶ߴήਜٙ ݁ᐶࣖරઽd2006bၾጤ̹ڗ݄݁တจ රઽd2005ഃഃfШ݊ఱՉӺʫ࢙ۆ݊᙮ ݁ᐶࣖٙ൙ᛠd̍ў˴ᝈሜݟၾ܄ᝈ ኽරઽd2006aj26-27e2006bj114-115f̤ίܸᗫᅺʱdɰ ୭ή˙ᘩن אࣨːุਕٙሜݟᇍᖚϡᕄd2008j112fෛԊʘdරઽબɓӻΐٙӺɰΝ᙮ή˙ִ݁ᐶࣖdϾڢ͉˖הࠅীሞٙή˙طଣӺf ڐϋԸִ݁މ੶ʷጤ̹ٙطଣঐɢܔd༹2004։ৄ؇ശɽኪʮБ݁Ӻה০࿁ή˙ִ݁طଣঐɢ൙ПᅼόආБӺdૐܔͭ൙ПҢή˙ִ݁طଣঐɢٙᅼό˸ʿՓܓணࠇfϤӺٙ˴ࠅʫ࢙ڷ০࿁ή˙طଣঐɢٙሙᕚආБীሞfӺɪਞϽߕή˙ִ݁၍ଣঐɢʱؓݖdʵਔҢή˙ִ݁طଣঐɢӺݖd̍ўjৌ݁၍ଣeɛɢ༟๕၍ଣe༨ਹ၍ଣeഐ؈ኬΣഃ̬ɽࠦΣfӺ೯ତdطଣঐɢٙྼყʫ࢙d̙εʩлᗫڷ٫ɛၣഖԸᐝ༆dϤɦўܼଡ଼ᔌʫၾ̮Ϊ९dఱʫϾԊdطଣঐɢܼ̍ή˙ִ݁ଡ଼ᔌٙତ˾ʷd˸ʿ၇၍ଣણ݄f̮ϾԊdۆڷܸή˙ִ݁ၾᗫлᗫڷɛٙၣഖஹഐfᔊԊʘdή˙طଣঐɢڷ̍ўҳɝৌਕeɛɢ༟๕e༨ਹ၍ଣၾପ̈ഐ؈ኬΣՇ၇ࣨːධͦdԨኽ˸Ꮸൖή˙ִ݄݁݁ᐶࣖϡ౻ᘄഃd2004j1e7-9e235-245fၝᝈϤධӺʫdุʊਗ਼ή˙طଣၣഖܔൖމ݊ή˙ִ݁طଣঐɢܔٙࠅ९ʘɓdϤʱʊ༪୭̈ཀֻසఱᐶࣖࠦΣהਂٙӺᇍᖚd࠽ٵ֛f ၝᝈɪࠑӺdᒱ್ϞՉᎴΕၾतࣿd࠽͉ӺਞϽfШ݊d࿁ή˙طଣঐɢܔၾᐶࣖڌତٙᗫᒟᅂᚤΪ९jή˙ჯኬ٫dவࡈሙᕚۍׁ݊ଫٙf࠽Ϥd͉˖ႩމνࠅߧԴᗫή˙طଣঐɢܔၾᐶࣖٙ൙ˢһՈจ່dۆ݊Ч˷ცή˙ჯኬ٫࿁ή˙طଣၣഖႩٝၾʝਗЪމආБীሞd˙ঐϞпή˙طଣ൙ᛠٙՓܓணࠇf݂͉˖༹ਗ਼ή˙ჯኬɢၾή˙طଣՇධٙஹഐᗫڷdൖމ͉ӺٙࣨːೊᓃfૐீཀவᅵٙӺঐމ̨ᝄή˙طଣঐɢ൙ᛠՓܓٙܔԶɓԬᝈᓃd˸ԶਞϽf ໍeӺ˙جၾணࠇ 10
ɓছϾԊdሞ˖Ӻٙྼሯϓ΅ၾӺݴ̍ўjᙄᕚ፯֛ၾਪᕚجi˖ᘠΫᚥiܔͭႭiਗ਼ሞᗇϓҏʚ˸ЪʷiᏨ᜕͍༟ࣘiഐሞၾܔᙄഃࡈӉර◕చd2007j45-54fίϤd˴ࠅַ݊ᚃɪࠑୋɚʱٙଣሞၾ˖ᘠdආɓӉਗ਼ᗫٙʱؓሙᕚኽ˸Ъʷf ɓeӺ˙جjඎʷʱؓ ʫᗫ˖ᘠԸdᗫጤ̹ڗჯኬɢၾή˙طଣՇ٫ʘගٙྼᗇӺ݊ᒻˇٙf౬Ԋʘd͉Ӻڷމɓ၇ઞ॰Ӻexploration studyfΆᔟϤdɓ˙ࠦတԑ͉ӺٙλփʿһආɓӉᐝ༆ԫਕٙᅎૐd̤ɓ˙ࠦdۆ݊༊᜕ɓɨܝᚃһආɓӉଉɝӺ̙ٙঐڲ˖ᙇd2005j119fމӋӺٙၚᆽd3͉Ӻ༹મ՟ሯʷʱؓqualitative analysisၾඎʷʱؓquantitative analysisfίሯʷӺʱdԱኽۃࠑଣሞආБஞሔɽၤணࠇd2007ϋ2˜Ї2008ϋ8˜dஞሔ2005ϋୋ15֣ጤ̹ڗ፯ᑘஹϓ̌ٙጤ̹ڗd11Зஹމ12Зfෛܝd༹ፄΥۃࠑଣሞʫ࢙ʿஞሔ༟ࣘdආБඎʷਪ՜ணࠇdԨ2008ϋ7˜15˚Ї9˜20˚˟ආБඎʷਪ՜ሜݟfૐீཀྼήஞሔၾਪ՜ሜݟdᜫӺһՈᘌᔫၾϞࣖf್Ͼd͉˖הમ՟ٙӺ˙جdڷ˸ඎʷމ˴d౪ˏ୕ࠇstatisticsҦ̷ʿʱؓሜݟഐ؈dኽ˸ࠑၾ༆ᙑӺٙତJaeger, 1990:2fҎૐঐᔟ˸ᐝ༆̨ᝄጤ̹ڗ࿁ჯኬɢၾή˙طଣՇ٫ගႩٝၾྼЪܠၪf ɚeӺணࠇ Ӻணࠇڷܸ݊ɓධႭνО০࿁Ӻਪᕚאᙄᕚᐏߧഈࣩٙࠇeഐၾഄଫf࣬ኽၾӺ͎ટᙃٙϣᅰd͉ӺމዑᓙӺcross-sectional studiesᆙʕ༸ഃᙇd2002j88e98dૐίΝɓࣛಂ2005~2009ϋٙಂʫdீཀዑʲࠦٙᝈ࿀ආБ̨ᝄጤ̹ڗ࿁ჯኬɢၾή˙طଣٙႩٝତʘӺf ɓӺᜊධ፯՟ ίਪ՜ணࠇٙᜊධ፯՟ʱfdڷ০࿁ጤ̹ڗࡈɛٙჯኬतሯၾ4݄݁ᗴ౻ආБЪʷdમ՟ʱᗳجTypologyආБሜݟiՉϣdίή˙طଣ5ʝਗᗫڷɪdમ͜ˤඎڌThurstone scale০࿁jጤ̹ڗၾᗫБމ٫ٙʝਗᗫڷ˸ʿ݊щމᅂᚤጤ̹ڗ݄݁ٙࠠࠅΪ९Շࡈᕚଡ଼ආБሜݟdૐ̙˸࡚ؓጤ̹ڗٙႩٝfΎ٫dΝᅵમ͜ʱᗳج˙όd০࿁ጤ̹ڗၾБਗ٫ʘගٙʝਗᗫڷᅼόආБሜݟd̤̮ίਪᕚᕚଡ଼ɪdɦʱމྼ್6ၾᏐ್ࠦf௰ۆ݊મ͜ҽдतඎڌLikert scaledሜݟጤ̹ڗ࿁ͦۃ݄ 3 ͉Ӻᐏ߅ึ97ϋܓჯኬɢၾή˙طଣjଣሞઞীၾྼᗇӺIʿ98ϋܓჯኬɢၾή˙طଣjଣሞઞীၾྼᗇӺIIٙਖ਼ᕚӺࠇпfୋɓϋڷ˸˖ᘠʱؓجၾଉܓஞሔجމ˴ࠅӺ˙جiୋɚϋۆ݊˸ଉܓஞሔʿਪ՜ሜݟމ˴ࠅӺ˙جf 4 ʱᗳجjఱ݊Շࡈאһεࡈᜊධٙ᙮ʘᝈ࿀࠽ٙʱᗳf 5 ˤඎڌڷ͟Louis Thurstoneה௴ͭf݊০࿁ӊɓࡈાࠑࠇၑՉᛆࠠא࿒ܓᄆ࠽fӊɓાࠑٙᛆࠠٙࠇၑdɗਿɓ໊൙к٫Ӕ֛Չഃॴٙરΐᆙʕ༸ഃᙇd2002j161f 6 ҽдतඎڌjڷ͟ҽдԭत೯࢝ٙልΥ᜕ඎڌd͵݊௰ᔊఊܔٙඎڌfՉͦٙίd˸ਪᕚԸˀᏐ࿁ᙄᕚהܵٙ࿒ܓdඎڌɪٙӊɓાࠑ/ධͦޫՈϞΝഃٙ࿒ܓᄆ࠽eࠠࠅ֑dא 11
݁တจܓၾ˂ɨᕏႦ൙ᛠܸᅺٙجfಂீཀɪࠑЪʷᅼόٙܔd˸ᜫሜݟӺһՈϞࣖf ɚሜݟᇍఖၾᅵ͉ ͉Ӻڷ˸̨ᝄ25ጤ̹މӺᇍఖdԨ˸ጤ̹ڗމӺ˴ൿdઞী̨ᝄጤ̹ڗٙჯኬɢၾή˙طଣႩٝၾᗫྼਕЪجfίᅵ͉፯՟ɪdમ՟ڢዚଟפᅵnon-probability samplingٙͭจ՟ᅵpurposive samplingd፯՟2005ϋୋ15֣ጤ̹ڗ፯ᑘʿ2006ϋୋ4֣̏৷̹ڗ፯ᑘٙ፯ɛމӺ͎d25ЗਂމӺሜݟᅵ͉f ɧ༟ࣘႎණ˙ό ͉Ӻਪ՜ሜݟ˙όમ՟jඉਪ՜fdίۃʱd፯՟͉Ӻྠඟ2007ϋ6˜e2008ϋ1˜e5˜ྼήஞሔ̨ٙʕጤęیጤeڀᇳጤeอ϶̹7ഃ4Зጤ̹ڗd2008ϋ6˜8˚Ї2008ϋ6˜20˚ආБۃpretestdҎૐᔟ˸ᐝ༆ਪ՜̙ঐٙਪᕚʿࡌҷܔᙄd˸ಯˇܝᚃ͍όਪ՜ሜݟɪٙڦܓreliabilityf͍όਪ՜ሜݟڷ2008ϋ7˜15˚Ї8˜30˚˟dீཀጤ̹ڗڦᇌБ̈ᒗሗdԨ˲Νࣛॷ͉ڝਪ՜ႭՌชᑽՌeΫඉڦ܆eਪ8՜෬ഈΝจࣣe˸ʿᒕΣή˙طଣjᙄᕚeଣሞၾྼਕɔࣣdЇጤ̹ڗ፬ʮ܃dԨ͜ཥ༑ᑌᖩᆽႩdආБୋɓتਪ՜ሜݟiܝᚃ2008ϋ9˜1˚Ї9˜20˚ආБᔳfollow-updீཀࠠอɓ΅ሜݟਪ՜ʿཥஞΎБᆽႩٙ˙όdආБୋɚتළᇃf࿚Ї2008ϋ10˜1˚dᐼࠇ೯25΅ਪ՜dΫϗ923΅dΫϗଟ༺92ĈdϞࣖਪ՜23΅f ͼeሜݟഐ؈ၾ༟ࣘʱؓ ͉Ӻͦٙίjઞীۃή˙طଣၣഖӻ୕ʕdή˙ڗ࿁ܔή˙ჯኬɢٙٙ˴ᝈႩٝe܄ᝈᄆ࠽кᓙʿᗫྼყЪ˓جdૐʕᔾᗫ฿ׂd̈ڋӉӺᝈᓃd˸ਂމ͊ԸһආɓӉଉɝӺٙਿᓾf˸ɨਗ਼ԱҏආБྼᗇ༟ࣘʱؓf ɓe̹ڗࡈɛٙჯኬतሯ ίӺ݁طჯኬɢٙܠϽʕdᏐჯኬ٫ٙतሯࠦΣdટᚃΎ݁طᙄ ᛆࠠഃʘணᆙʕ༸ഃᙇd2002j156f 7 ۃඉʫ࢙̍ўjਪ՜eਪ՜ႭՌชᑽՌeΫඉڦ܆eਪ՜෬ഈจԈࣣe˸ʿʿਪ՜෬ഈΝจࣣഃf 8 ͉Ӻމڭᗇܝᚃ୕ࠇ༟ࣘٙኪஔԴ͜͜d༹ਪ՜ሜݟΝࣛɓԻաஞ٫ਪ՜෬ഈબᛆΝจࣣd˸ᆽڭաஞ٫ʿሜݟ٫ගٙᛆूfਪ՜ࠇ̈25΅dΫϗ23΅ʕdϞ18΅બᛆΝจࣣdਪ՜બᛆࣣίΌΫϗਪ՜ʕٙΫϗଟ༺78Ĉf 9 ίਪ՜ሜݟཀʕdމӋਪ՜Ϋϗٙϓ̌ଟၾϞࣖdɓ˙ࠦᑌᖩʘۃྼყஞሔٙή˙ڗ࿇ྃdᆽڭਪ՜˸෬ഈd̤ɓ˙ࠦdɰ০࿁Ϟਪᕚٙਪ՜dΎႾ˸ཥஞ˙όආБᆽႩdҎૐᜫਪ՜෬ഈһՈϞࣖf 12
ࠦΣආБীሞd˙Ϟпᐝ༆݁طჯኬ٫࿁ჯኬतሯၾ݄݁ᙄࠠᓃٙࡈɛːଣႩٝf ɓჯኬतሯ ࣬ኽྡ2ᜑͪdɽεᅰጤ̹ڗႩމІʉ௰ᏐՈ௪ɛࣸࠦΣٙतሯdԷνj༸ᅃชeϓఱਗዚfՉϣۆٟ݊ึࠦΣνɛყᗫڷeၾ͏ʝਗeʈЪᗫतሯࠦΣνӋՙ൳eபชഃतሯf௰ܝԱҏ݊౽ɢࠦΣνкᓙɢeႧԊঐɢʿ͛ଣࠦΣνጐeݺɢतሯfϾᝈʘdጤ̹ڗίՉჯኬतሯɪdڷᏐՈ௪ഹጐɛࣸၾٟึᗫڷܔː࿒dϤʑϞпጐԫdԨܔ̈λٙɛყၣഖᗫڷf ྡ2eጤ̹ڗࡈɛतሯჳྡ ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf ɚࣨːঐɢ ྡ3̙ٝdጤ̹ڗͦۃႩމՉ௰ᏐՈ௪ٙࣨːঐɢd˸௴ிᗴ౻ঐɢ28Ĉ௰މࠠࠅdՉϣۆ݊ᗫːɛ͏ٙঐɢ22Ĉfટᚃ݊݁ഄੂБɢ17ĈeӔഄቿɢ13Ĉeኑၳྠඟɻंঐɢ11Ĉd࿁ɪ̹۬Бቖঐɢ7Ĉၾጐኪ୦ٙ࿒ܓၾঐɢ2Ĉ༰ʔމɛࠠൖfவᅵٙഐ؈ߒଫ̙˸ᐝ༆Ցdᖟጤ̹ڗމɛ͏ٜટ͏፯d༹˸௴ிᗴ౻ʿᗫːɛ͏Շධঐɢ௰ࠠൖdՉʕ࿁௴ிᗴ౻ঐɢٙ੶ሜ͵ୌΥ˂ɨᕏႦ2006ϋٙሜݟᝈᓃj̬ϋɓٙ͏፯ጤ̹ڗd੬ᜫڗׁଫ͊ԸiШɛ͏ಂܙٙ݊ϞჃԈeྌɨɓ˾͊Ըٙ˨͎֜˂ɨᇜ፨d2006j123f̤̮d2005ϋ˂ɨᕏႦί2005ϋጤ̹ɽሜݟһආɓӉՈܸ̈dɛ͏Ⴉމ͊Ըጤ̹ڗ௰ცࠅՈ௪jਂԫٙঐɢeᗫːɛ͏ٙঐɢeڗٙჃΈeʿቿɢҽd2005j76fϤሜݟഐ؈εၾ͉Ӻ࿁ጤ̹ڗٙሜݟႩٝୌfఱϤd͏ٙಂܙdጤ̹ڗӉϞႩٝၾึdɰနኽ˸ໝྼf 13
ྡ3eጤ̹ڗ௰ᏐՈ௪ٙࣨːঐɢႩٝྡ ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf ɧᛆ۾Ը๕ၾჯኬᗳۨ ڌ4ᜑͪdጤ̹ڗ౷ཁႩމՉჯኬᗳۨڷ᙮ྠඟჯኬᗳۨ13ɛd౬Ԋʘd੶ሜჯኬ٫ၾᎇ٫ʘගٙબᛆ฿ׂdԨ˲ོᎸࡈɛϓڗၾණᗴ౻௴ிBelbin, 1993dุʊଉɝۃεᅰጤ̹ڗٙႩٝʕfϤჯኬᗳۨɰୌΥKauzya2003࿁ή˙ִ݁طଣঐɢܔٙႩٝdՉ੶ሜცࠠൖࡈɛၾྠඟٙঐɢd˙ϞпҖ෧ή˙ִ݁ٙطଣঐɢfՉϣdጤ̹CEOٙჯኬᗳۨ8ɛ͵މɛהࠠൖfጤ̹CEOܸऒٙ݊ਖ਼ุଣɛٙԉЍၾᔖঐdΆঐމጤ̹௴ிอٙᗴ౻ၾਂ̈݁ഄӔഄf ڌ4eʔΝჯኬᗳۨ୕ࠇڌ ჯኬᗳۨ ɛᅰ ϵʱˢ ቾɢჯኬ 0 0Ĉ ጤ̹CEO 8 35Ĉ ྠඟჯኬ 13 57Ĉ ݁طჯኬ 0 0Ĉ ྄ɛჯኬ 2 8Ĉ ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf ڌ5ᜑͪdጤ̹ڗႩމՉᛆ۾Ը๕ε̒ԸІଣ๖ஷ11ɛeࡈ 14
ɛۜᅃ10ɛeجܛረʚٙΥج9ɛeਖ਼ุٝᗆ8ɛeʿၾ᙮ʝਗઋช8ɛഃdϾӚϞɛ፯جܛהረʚٙ੶ՓdՉʕଣ๖ஷɗމܔྠඟჯኬٙࠠࠅ฿ׂʘɓfϾᝈʘdவᅵٙഐ؈Ч˷࿁Ꮠഹɪࠑჯኬᗳۨٙ೯࢝ۨ࿒f ڌ5eጤ̹ڗᛆ۾Ը๕୕ࠇڌ ᛆ۾Ը๕ ɛᅰ ϵʱˢ جܛהረʚٙ੶Փ 0 0Ĉ جܛረʚٙΥج 9 20Ĉ ࡈɛۜᅃ 10 22Ĉ ਖ਼ุٝᗆ 8 17Ĉ ၾ᙮ٙʝਗઋช 8 17Ĉ ீཀଣ๖ஷ 11 24Ĉ ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf ၝɪdۃጤ̹ڗٙჯኬᗳۨڷ˸ʔΎ੶ሜቾɢၾᛆ۾ۨჯኬdˀϾί͏˴ʷ̳ٙԃɨdකಃΣᔷ౬ۨჯኬٙᗳۨfΆԱኽʔΝჯኬઋྤdʹʝԴ͜ଣซٙᅂᚤɢideal influenceeːଣོٙႀinspirational motivationeʑ౽઼ٙ೯intellectual stimulationʿࡈйٙᗫᕿindividual considerationഃഄଫdϾක࢝ଡ଼ᔌࠇٙᜊࠧࢱʠሾഃd2004iϪɽዓeኔd2007j8f ɚeጤ̹ڗ݄ٙ݁ᗴ౻ Leach & Wilson2000ႩމjӺ݁طჯኬ٫ࣛdՉࡈɛٙ݁طᙄɰ݊ࠠࠅٙʱؓࠦΣdϤʔස˾ڌഹჯኬ٫ࡈɛٙːଣᄴࠦႩٝdᔷ౬ۨჯኬٙᝈᓃԸdɰ˾ڌഹྠඟණᗴ౻ٙᅄจ່dՈϞዧ೯᙮൴൳ࡈɛٙлूd̘ʺһ৷ᄴϣٙცӋၾʈЪᆠҝٙ̌ঐBass, 1985f࠽Ϥd͉˖౪ˏ˂ɨᕏႦ࿁ጤ̹ڗ݄݁ࠦΣٙᕚଡ଼ආБሜݟdૐ̙˸ڋӉᐝ༆ۃ̨ᝄጤ̹ڗ௰ᗫːٙՇධ݄݁ᙄމОk ڌ6̙ٝd೯࢝ʈЪ௰މጤ̹ڗהࠠൖd˲ڌΐމ݄݁ᎴࠠᓃධͦdՉϣጤ̹݄݁ᗴ౻eʹஷܔணfЇί݄݁௰တจධͦɪdڷ˸ጤ̹݄݁ᗴ౻ྌe೯࢝ʈЪዚึeᐑྤۜሯ௰މတจfЇ௰ʔတจٙධͦۆމᔼᐕۜሯeʹஷܔணe೯࢝ʈЪഃf್Ͼd࠽ءจٙ݊dீཀPearsonᗫڷᅰʱؓࠅ݁ഄᙄၾ௰တจٙᙄՇධʘග݊Ոᜑഹٙf౬̩༑Ⴍdጤ̹ڗ௰ࠠൖٙᙄdஷ੬̖ԑΌɢආБપਗdΆঐྼስՉᘩ፯ፕԊၾ݄݁ᗴ౻f 15
ڌ6eጤ̹ڗ݄݁ᙄڌ ݁ഄᙄ Շධ௰Ꮄٙ ௰တจ ௰ʔတจ ݁ഄᙄϣᅰ ϣᅰ ϣᅰ ᐑྤۜሯ 4 4 1 ᔼᐕۜሯ 0 0 4 ή˙ԃ 3 1 1 ٟึ၅л 2 1 3 ή˙طτ 0 0 1 ʹஷܔண 7 1 4 ೯࢝ʈЪዚึ 13 5 4 ˖ʷݺਗ 1 2 0 ጤ̹݄݁ᗴ౻ྌ 8 6 0 ή˙ִ݁ࣖଟ 5 0 2 Б݁ก 1 1 0 ݁طτ֛ 0 1 0 ʔٝ༸ 1 0 0 Չ˼ 1 1 3 ᐼࠇ 46 23 23 ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣfίᜑഹ˥މࣛ (ᕐ҈)dᗫᜑഹf ɧeή˙طଣၣഖᗫڷႩٝʱؓ ή˙طଣڷމɓ၇ၣഖʷٙᐑྤӻഖRaco, 2002;Lowndes ¯ Wilson, 2001fίϤਗ਼Б݁ྠඟʫᗫڷeִึᗫڷeִყᗫڷe໊ٟᗫڷഃ̬ɽᗫڷၣഖᇞආБʱdؓᔟ˸ᐝ༆ۃጤ̹ڗ࿁ၾࡈйၣഖʘගٙʝਗᗫڷ˴ᝈႩٝfϤ̮dɦʱйሜݟࡈйή˙طଣၣഖᗫڷٙԄஂd࿁ጤ̹ڗ݄݁ٙᅂᚤආБˢ༰fމӋਜཞd༹મ՟ˤඎڌThurstone scaleԶጤ̹ڗආБ෬ഈf ɓʝਗᗫڷԄஂ ڌ7Ըdጤ̹ڗၾႩٝޢٙʝਗᗫڷ̻ѩேί8˸ɪf౬Ԋʘd౷ཁႩމ־Ϥʘගٙʝਗᗫڷ݊ԄλٙfίவԬᗫڷၣഖʕdɦ˸ၾጤִ̹݁ʫٙБ݁ྠඟᗫڷ௰މၡၾԄλdՉϣۆ݊˸ጤ̹ᚥਪྠඟf࠽ءจٙ݊dጤ̹ڗၾᙄึִٙึᗫڷʿၾՉ˼ጤִ̹݁༨ጤ̹ΥЪٙᗫڷ݊༰މЭٙfᒱ್ִึᗫڷɪdᅺࢨ༺ШவᅵٙႩٝεˇɰˀ݈̈ጤִ̹݁ၾጤ̹ᙄึՇ٫ʘගБ݁ၾ္ຖ࿁ͭሙᕚf̤̮d༨ጤ̹ΥЪٙʱdɰߒଫˀ݈̈ۃጤִ̹݁މОೌجጐપБٙࣨːਪᕚjጤ̹ڗٙ˕ܵ࿒ܓၾБਗЪމf 16
ڌ7eጤ̹ڗၾή˙طଣၣഖБމ٫ٙʝਗᗫڷႩٝˢ༰ڌ ࡈᅰ ௰ʃ࠽ ௰ɽ࠽ ̻ѩᅰ ᅺࢨ ɓॴ˴၍ 23 .91970 ੬˖֜ 23 ᚥਪྠඟ 23 ᙄึ 23 ʕִ̯݁ 23 Չ˼ጤִ̹݁ 23 ඊᕄ̹ʮה 23 ͏ 23 ٟਜଡ଼ᔌ 23 ڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌ 23 ͏ගΆุ 23 ɽෂᅧద 23 ϞࣖٙN(ҁΌરৰ) 23 ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf ɚၣഖᗫڷ࿁݄݁ᅂᚤٙႩٝ Չϣdጤ̹ڗၾή˙طଣٙࡈၣഖᗫڷʘගᗫڷd࿁ጤ̹ڗ݄݁ٙᅂᚤމОfڌ8ᜑͪdጤִ̹ٙึᗫڷ࿁ጤ̹ڗ݄ٙ݁ՈϞ৷ܓٙᅂᚤdவʱၾɪࠑীሞִึᗫڷٙԄஂପ͛ഹˎ༓ٙତfจуdጤִ̹ึᗫڷ݊ᅂᚤή˙ڗ݄݁ٙ௰މࣨːࠅ९fϤၾሾeದ㒥2000ϋٙӺഐ؈խᏐdԨ˲Ⴉމձፓִٙึᗫڷɰึᅂᚤ̹͏࿁͏፯ڗ݄ٙ݁ڌତ൙ᄆሾeದ㒥d2000j74fΎ٫dጤִ̹݁ʫٙɓॴ˴၍ၾʕִ̯݁Շ٫ᗫڷd࿁ጤ̹ڗ݄ٙ݁͵Ո௪ഹ৷ܓᅂᚤfઞӺՉࡡΪdɓॴ˴၍ڷމጤ̹ڗ݄݁પਗٙੂБ٫d˲ͦۃৰٜᒍ̹̮dε̒ڗޫމ݁طնd͡ԊʘdՇ٫;ગၾf Їdʕ̯ၾή˙ִ݁ʘගٙᗫڷd̙ঐ̨͟ᝄጤִ̹݁౷ཁৌ݁ѢdϾცʕִ̯݁пٙࡡΪdߧԴၾʕ̯ᗫڷٙԄஂd༹࿁ή˙ጤ̹ڗ݄݁Ϟהᅂᚤf௰ܝd࠽ءจٙ݊d༨ጤ̹ΥЪٙᗫڷd࿁ጤ̹ڗ݄݁ᅂᚤɦ݊௰ʃٙdϤʱխᏐɪࠑ༨ጤִ̹݁ʝਗᗫڷႩٝٙ೯ତf࠽ᗫఊЗၾኪ٫ආБܠdઞӺމОึ̈ତவᅵٙਪᕚf 17
ڌ8eࡈйή˙طଣၣഖ࿁ጤ̹ڗ݄݁ٙᅂᚤˢ༰ڌ ࡈᅰ ௰ʃ࠽ ௰ɽ࠽ ̻ѩᅰ ᅺࢨ ɓॴ˴၍ 23 ੬˖֜ 23 ጤ̹݁ᚥਪྠඟ 23 ጤ̹ᙄึ 23 ʕִ̯݁ 23 Չ˼ጤ̹ 23 ඊᕄ̹ʮה 23 ጤ̹͏ 23 ٟਜଡ଼ᔌ 23 ڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌ 23 ͏ගΆุ 23 ɽෂᅧద 23 ʕִ̯݄݁ٙ݁တจܓ 23 ̬ϋ۰ߒႩΝ 23 ϞࣖٙN(ҁΌરৰ) 23 ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf ڌ8ɰ̙೯ତdጤ̹ڗႩމʕִ̯݄݁ٙ݁တจܓ࿁ՉஹٙᅂᚤdЧ˷݊ЭٙfШ݊࿁ٙጤ̹ڗ࿁፯͏̬ϋ۰ߒႩΝٙ݁طוፕdۍ݊ᅂᚤጤ̹͏࿁ጤ̹ڗڦᗫڷܔٙࠠࠅࠅ९dՉٵ֛̻ٙѩ࠽৷༺ଭί͏˴݁طٙՓɨdಂ࿁ή˙ڗϾԊdʔස݊ɓ၇ࣛගਪᕚdɰ݊ɓ၇࿁፯͏ٙபוፕdྼ࠽Ϟจһɪᄴᅽٙጤ̹ڗ፭ςၾᙆઑf ̬eʝਗᅼόʱؓ Ϥʱ˴ࠅઞীሙᕚڷމjۃጤ̹ڗ࿁ᐄிή˙طଣٙᏐ್ࠦၾྼ್ࠦБਗႩٝၾ˙όdԱҏਗ਼ʱйБ݁ྠඟeִึᗫڷeִყᗫڷeʮ͏ٟึ̬ࡈࠦΣආБীሞf ɓБ݁ྠඟ ή˙ִ݁ٙଡ଼ᔌݖdԱኽᔖਕݖ̙˸ਜʱމjӔഄe၍ଣeʿੂБɧᗳ໊ଡ଼fӔഄ໊ڷܸՈӔഄᛆʘᔖਕdɓছމή˙ִ݁ڗf၍ଣᛆۆ݊੶ሜਂމӔഄ໊ၾੂБ໊ՇᄴʘගٙʕʧdՉ̌ঐৣΥɪॴӔഄცӋdϤуމҢή˙Փܓجୋ55ૢЇୋ57ૢd֛͟ή˙ڗնՈ݁ਕ֜ሯٙఊЗ˴၍f௰ܝdੂБ໊ܸऒٙ݊ධุਕו፬ɛࡰѐԃ༐d2006j146-150fৰɪࠑ၍ଣၾੂБՇ໊̮d͟ۃጤ̹ڗޫމ͏፯dΪϤί፯ཀʕேึଡ଼ϓᚥਪྠඟdਂމ፯ᑘၾੂ݁ٙፔ༔࿁d࠽Ϥ͉˖ɰਗ਼Ϥ໊ॶɝБਗ 18
ྠඟʘʕfࠅʘd͉˖ীሞٙБ݁ྠඟdўܼ݁طնٙɓॴఊЗ˴၍eו፬ุਕٙ੬˖֜e˸ʿጤ̹ᚥਪྠඟfᗳʝਗ࿁ٙሜݟഐ؈νڌ9הͪj ڌ9eၾБ݁ྠඟʝਗᅼόˢ༰ڌ ʝਗ௰Ꮠ༈મ՟ٙՇධʝਗᅼόĈ ͦۃ௰˴ࠅٙɓධʝਗᅼόĈ ࿁ ɓॴᐶࣖϽࣨĈ ̂ʱબᛆĈ ˴၍ ̂ʱબᛆĈ ˸ԒЪۆĈ ˸ԒЪۆĈ ᐶࣖϽࣨĈ ੬ͦᅺ၍ଣ15d32Ĉ ͦᅺ၍ଣ11d48Ĉ ˖֜ ᐶࣖ၍ଣ14d30Ĉ ᐶࣖ၍ଣĈ ਖ਼ࣩ၍ଣ6d13Ĉ ਖ਼ࣩ၍ଣĈ Ԑਗό၍ଣ6d13Ĉ Ԑਗό၍ଣĈ ྠඟό၍ଣĈ ྠඟό၍ଣĈ ጤࡈйፔ༔Ĉ ࡈйፔ༔Ĉ ̹ᑘ፬ጤ̹ᚥਪྠඟፔ༔ᑘ፬ጤ̹ᚥਪྠඟፔ༔ึᚥึᙄĈ ᙄĈ ਪྠᑘ፬͍όᚥਪʱଡ଼ึᙄ ᑘ፬͍όᚥਪʱଡ଼ึᙄĈ ඟ Ĉ ᑘ፬ڢ͍όᚥਪʱଡ଼ึᙄ ᑘ፬ڢ͍όᚥਪʱଡ଼ึᙄ Ĉ Ĉ ᒗሗਞၾʫ̮Ͻ࿀Ĉ Չ̴Ĉ Չ̴Ĉ ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf °°ίᜑഹ˥މࣛ (ᕐ҈)dᗫᜑഹf 1eɓॴ˴၍ ၾɓॴ˴၍ٙʝਗdͦۃ̨ᝄጤ̹ڗႩމᏐ༈મ՟ᐶࣖϽࣨ17ɛêʱબᛆ15ɛٙ˙όၾή˙ɓॴڗආБʝਗdˢ༰ঐʺɓॴڗٙБ݁ࣖঐfШఱྼ್ࠦdεᅰٙጤ̹ڗ9Зۆ݊મ՟̂ʱબᛆٙ˙όЪމ௰˴ࠅٙ˙όdՉϣ݊˸ԒЪۆ8ɛd௰ܝʑ݊ᐶࣖϽࣨ6ɛfࠅʘdଣซၾତྼʘගՈϞԬໝࢨf 2e੬˖֜ ၾ੬˖֜ʝਗᅼόdጤ̹ڗڷႩމᏐ༈મ՟ͦᅺ၍ଣၾᐶࣖ၍ଣਂމ˴ࠅՇ၇˙όdˢ༰ঐʺ੬˖֜ٙБ݁ࣖଟfШίྼყ༶Ъɪdਗ਼ڐɓ̒11Зٙጤ̹ڗdɗ݊મ՟ᐶࣖ၍ଣٙ˙όၾጤִ̹݁ʫٙ੬˖10֜ආБʝਗfϾᝈʘdᏐ್ၾྼ್ࠦٙႩٝၾਂމdՇ٫݊Ոɓߧٙf 10 ίϤٙɓߧڷܸjᏐ್ࠦၾྼ್ࠦٙʝਗᅼόሜݟરҏɪdܝනҏ݊ɓᅵٙd 19
3eጤ̹ᚥਪྠඟ ၾጤ̹ᚥਪྠඟʝਗɪdጤ̹ڗႩމίᏐ್ࠦɪdࡈйፔ༔18ϣၾᑘ፬ጤ̹ᚥਪྠඟፔ༔ึᙄ9ϣՇධᅼόdɗ̙݊ڭܵՇ٫ʘගٙԄλʝਗᗫڷfՉʕdࡈйፔ༔ᅼόၾՉ̴ʝਗᅼόٙᅰኽ݊Ϟᜑࢨ൷d˲ɰ݊ɽεᅰጤ̹ڗ11Зͦۃ௰˴ࠅમ՟ٙ˙όfࠅʘdఱʝਗɛᅰɪϾԊdጤ̹ڗ༰މఃλࡈйፔ༔dϾ࿁༰ʔఃλεɛᅰٙਞၾʝਗᅼόf ɚִึᗫڷ ίʱִͭ݁ٙ฿ׂd༹ପ͛Б݁ၾͭجٙᛆɢʱͭطଣᅼόfྼყ݁ط༶ЪԸdή˙݁ਕપਗٙᗭdϞࣛԫၾή˙ڗִٙึᗫڷᄫᆞஈଣҦ̷Ϟᗫюࠠᓿd1998j81f࠽Ϥd͉˖Ά̙˸ீཀϤධਪ՜ሜݟdᐝ༆ጤ̹ڗ࿁ִึᗫڷʝਗٙᏐ್ࠦၾྼ್ࠦᝈᓃʿЪجf ڌ10eၾִึᗫڷʝਗᅼόˢ༰ڌ ʝਗ ௰Ꮠ༈મ՟ٙՇධʝਗᅼόĈ ͦۃ௰˴ࠅٙɓධ ࿁ ʝਗᅼόĈ ᙄึ యࠠԨમॶᙄࡰܔᙄ యࠠԨમॶᙄࡰܔᙄĈ Ĉ ᆽྼΐࢩᙄึ௪༔Ĉ ᆽྼΐࢩᙄึ௪༔Ĉ ʔ֛ಂၾᙄࡰӷɨึࠦĈ ʔ֛ಂၾᙄࡰӷɨึࠦĈ ፋЇࢩᙄࡰᒗሗٙݺਗĈ ԶʃۨʈпಛĈ Չ̴Ĉ ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf ۃጤ̹ڗႩމᏐ༈મ՟యࠠԨમॶᙄࡰܔᙄeᆽྼΐࢩᙄึ௪༔Շ၇ᅼόၾᙄึආБʝਗdʑ˸ܔ̈༰λִٙึᗫڷfՉʕdɦ˸ۃධʝਗᅼό௰މࠠࠅd˲ίͦۃྼყ༶ЪɪdϞ൴ཀɧʱʘɚٙڗ16ЗԴ͜ʘf౬̩༑Ⴍdయࠠ˲મॶᙄࡰٙܔᙄ࿁Չ̴ʝਗᅼόd࿁ᐄிԄλִึᗫڷ݊ՈϞഒ࿁ࠠࠅٙf ɧִყᗫڷ ִყᗫڷϞࣛא၈ʕ̯ၾή˙ִ݁ᗫڷcentral-local government relationsd˴ࠅڷܸዚᗫʫࡈִ݁ଡ଼ᔌගٙʝਗᗫڷϪɽዓd2006fίϤ͉˖ਗ਼˸ή˙ִ݁މൿːdઞীՉၾʕִ̯݁eՉ̴ጤִ̹݁eʿඊᕄ̹ʮהٙʝਗᅼόdҎૐᐝ༆ۃጤ̹ڗ࿁̨ᝄִყᗫڷʝਗᅼόٙႩٝၾ˴ࠅ ࠽Ϥ͉˖ਗ਼ՉႩ֛މՈɓߧڌତf 20
Ъᅼόf ڌ11eၾִყᗫڷʝਗᅼόˢ༰ڌ ʝਗ࿁ ௰Ꮠ༈મ՟ٙՇධʝਗᅼόϣᅰdĈ ͦۃ௰˴ࠅٙɓධʝਗᅼόϣᅰdĈ ʕִ̯݁ ீཀጤ̹ᘬʕ̯͏จ˾ڌ ༶͜ጤ̹ڗࡈɛᗫڷ8dĈ Ĉ ༶͜ጤ̹ڗࡈɛᗫڷ ͡ሗʕִ̯݁ٙᗫпࠇĈ Ĉ ጤ̹ڗਞၾБ݁৫݁ഄӔഄ ጤ̹ڗਞၾБ݁৫݁ഄӔĈ ഄ3d13Ĉ ͡ሗʕִ̯݁ٙᗫпࠇĈ ੂБʕִ̯݁։፬ԫධאΝ፬ଣԫධĈ ੂБʕִ̯݁։፬ԫධאΝ፬ଣԫධ Չ̴Ĉ Ĉ Չ̴Ĉ ੶ʷБ݁৫ᑌΥਕʕːʘʝਗĈ Չ˼ጤணໄᑌᖩሜึజĈ ணໄᑌᖩሜึజ̹݁Ĉ ִ ܸݼਖ਼பఊЗᑌᖩĈ ܸݼਖ਼பఊЗᑌᖩĈ Νϓͭਖ਼பఊЗ6d13Ĉ Νϓͭਖ਼பఊЗ3d13Ĉ ᖦࠈБ݁۰ߒĈ ᖦࠈБ݁۰ߒĈ Չ˼Ĉ ፬ଣɪॴุਕ˴၍ዚᗫٙ։፬ԫ፬ଣɪॴุਕ˴၍ዚᗫٙ։፬ԫධ0 ධĈ ඊᕄ̹֛ಂ̜ණඊᕄ̹ڗึᙄĈ ᑘ፬ุਕሜึజĈ ʮה ᑘ፬ุਕሜึజĈ Զ൬пĈ Զ൬пĈ ֛ಂ̜ණඊᕄ̹ڗึᙄ Ĉ Ν፬ଣʕִ̯݁։፬ԫධĈ Ν፬ଣʕִ̯݁։፬ԫධ Ĉ ӷɨආБᑌᖩĈ Չ̴Ĉ Չ̴Ĉ ӷɨආБᑌᖩĈ ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf 1eʕִ̯݁ᗫڷ νࠅၾʕִ̯݁ᐄி̈λٙʝਗᗫڷdጤ̹ڗႩމ௰Ꮠ༈મ՟jீཀጤ̹ᘬʕ̯͏จ˾ڌ˸ʿ༶͜ጤ̹ڗࡈɛᗫڷՇධʝਗᅼόආБʘfϤՇධᅼόڷ᙮ڢ͍όၾڢՓfʷ್Ͼdఱۃྼყ༶Ъɪd༶͜ጤ̹ 21
ڗࡈɛᗫڷၾ͡ሗʕִ̯݁ٙᗫпࠇՇᗳᅼόdɗ݊ۃεᅰጤ̹ڗٙЪᅼόfઞӺᏐ್ၾྼ್ࠦٙᗫڷd͉˖೯ତjጤ̹ڗႩމίᐄிᎴሯή˙ၾʕ̯ᗫڷٙᅼόɪdڢ͍όᅼόЧ˷ˢ͍όᅼό༰މϞ͜dவᓃϞ፠ܝᚃִ݁ҷࠧɪආБଉɝӺf 2eՉ̴ጤ̹ᗫڷ νࠅܔԄഛٙ༨ਹΥЪᗫڷdጤ̹ڗ౷ཁႩމணໄᑌᖩሜึజeܸݼਖ਼பఊЗᑌᖩՇ၇ᅼό௰Ꮠ༈મБʘf˲ίྼਕ༶Ъɪdͦۃεᅰጤ̹ڗ14Зɰ˸ணໄᑌᖩሜึజٙ˙όdਂމ௰˴ࠅٙʝਗᅼόfෛԊʘd͊ԸίආБ༨ጤ̹ΥЪࣛdணໄᑌᖩሜึజٙᅼό༶͜dᏐˢ༰൨ڐۃጤ̹ڗٙႩٝၾಂܙf 3eඊᕄ̹ʮהᗫڷ νࠅၾྤʫඊᕄ̹ʮהၪᖩ༰λٙʝਗᗫڷdጤ̹ڗ౷ཁႩމમ՟j֛ಂ̜ණඊᕄ̹ڗึᙄeᑘ፬ุਕሜึజeԶ൬пɧ၇ʝਗ˙όd݊ˢ༰࢙༺ϓࣖ؈fШఱྼਕ༶ЪϾԊdͦۃɽεᅰٙጤ̹ڗ6Зڷમᑘ፬ุਕሜึజeԶ൬пՇ˙όආБfϾᝈʘd͊Ըίҷࠧጤִ̹݁ၾඊᕄ̹ٙʝਗᅼόɪdᏐ੶ʷ֛ಂ̜ණඊᕄ̹ڗึᙄٙՓܓܔͭၾ༶Ъd༰ঐୌΥۃጤ̹ڗٙಂܙf ̬ʮ͏ٟึ ʮ͏ٟึɓছڷܸ࿁ִ݁Փ˸̮ٙБމ٫fίϤ͉˖મ՟ᄿعٙႩ֛d༹ਗ਼ጤ̹͏eٟਜଡ଼ᔌeڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌe͏ගΆุeʿɽෂᅧదॶɝՉʕආБীሞfҎૐᔟϤ̙˸̈dͦۃ̨ᝄጤ̹ڗႩމၾʮ͏ٟึٙᗫڷܔdίᏐ್ࠦၾྼ್ࠦٙʝਗᅼόf ڌ12eၾʮ͏ٟึʝਗᅼόˢ༰ڌ ʝਗ ௰Ꮠ༈મ՟ٙՇධʝਗᅼόĈ ͦۃ௰˴ࠅٙɓධʝਗᅼόĈ ࿁ ጤ̹ൖ࿀ධܔணݺਗĈ ൖ࿀ධܔணݺਗĈ ͏ ೯Бጤ݁̊يĈ ᑘ፬ᗫᖵ˖e༶ਗݺਗĈ ጤ̹ڗڦᇌĈ ਞၾٟਜᑘ፬ٙݺਗĈ ᑘ፬ᗫᖵ˖e༶ਗݺਗĈ ጤ̹ڗڦᇌ3d13Ĉ ਞၾٟਜᑘ፬ٙݺਗĈ ೯Бጤ݁̊يĈ Չ̴Ĉ Չ̴Ĉ ܔໄጤ̹ڗၾ͏Ϟߒࣛගܔໄጤ̹ڗၾ͏ϞߒࣛගĈ Ĉ ਞ̋ఄఃᅅĈ ٟਜଡ଼ਞၾٟਜଡ଼ᔌᑘ፬ٙݺਗਞၾٟਜଡ଼ᔌᑘ፬ٙݺਗĈ ᔌ Ĉ 22
ᇜΐཫၑԶࠇࣩ͡ሗᒗሗٟਜਞၾጤִ̹݁ٙݺਗ8dĈ Ĉ ᒗሗٟਜਞၾጤִ̹݁ٙݺਗᇜΐཫၑԶࠇࣩ͡ሗĈ Ĉ ணໄਖ਼பఊЗĈ ܸݼఊɓ҅ஈ୕ᘪĈ ܸݼఊɓ҅ஈ୕ᘪĈ Չ̴Ĉ ڢᐄлਞၾڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌᑘ፬ٙݺਗਞၾڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌᑘ፬ٙݺਗଡ଼ᔌ Ĉ Ĉ ᒗሗڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌਞၾጤִ̹݁ٙᒗሗڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌਞၾጤִ̹݁ٙݺਗݺਗĈ Ĉ Νᘪ፬ࠇ˙ࣩĈ Νᘪ፬ࠇ˙ࣩĈ Զࠇࣩ൬п6d13Ĉ Զࠇࣩ൬пĈ ணໄᑌᖩɹĈ ணໄᑌᖩɹĈ ͏ගΆᆤᎸၾпҳ༟Ĉ ᆤᎸၾпҳ༟Ĉ ุʈᒗሗ͏ගΆุਞၾጤִ̹݁ᑘ፬ᒗሗ͏ගΆุਞၾጤִ̹݁ᑘ፬ٙݺਠྠٙݺਗĈ ਗĈ ணໄᑌᖩɹĈ ணໄᑌᖩɹĈ ਞၾ͏ගΆุ˴፬ٙݺਗ6d13Ĉ ֛ಂ̜කึᙄĈ ֛ಂ̜කึᙄĈ ਞၾ͏ගΆุ˴፬ٙݺਗĈ Νᘪ፬ࠇ˙ࣩĈ Νᘪ፬ࠇ˙ࣩĈ ɽෂணໄᑌᖩɹĈ ணໄᑌᖩɹĈ ᅧద ᒗሗదਞၾጤִ̹݁ݺਗ12dᒗሗదਞၾጤִ̹݁ݺਗĈ Ĉ ˴ਗ̊೮ጤִ̹݁༟ৃ˴ਗ̊೮ጤִ̹݁༟ৃ3d13Ĉ Ĉ ֛ಂટաਖ਼ஞĈ ֛ಂટաਖ਼ஞĈ Չ̴Ĉ Չ̴Ĉ ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf 1eጤ̹͏ ၾ͏ၪᖩԄλʝਗᗫڷɪdጤ̹ڗႩމ௰Ꮠમ՟ൖ࿀ධܔணݺਗd˲ఱྼਕ༶Ъɪdε̒ጤ̹ڗ7ЗͦۃɰમБவࢁᅼόfՉ̴ν೯Бጤ̹̊يʿጤ̹ڗڦᇌdᒱႩމᏐ༈݊ࠠࠅٙdШྼყɪΐމࠅ˲મБٙۍʔεdˀϾໝ֢ᑘ፬ᗫᖵ˖e༶ਗݺਗeਞၾٟਜᑘ፬ٙݺਗՇ၇ᅼόfϾᝈʘdጤ̹ڗίၾ͏ʝਗɪdʥ˸ڐ൷ᕎટᙃٙᅼό௰މ੬Ԉ˲ࠠࠅf 2eٟਜଡ଼ᔌ 23
ၾٟਜʘගνОၪᖩԄλᗫڷdጤ̹ڗႩމᏐ༈મ՟ਞၾڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌᑘ፬ٙݺਗeᇜΐཫၑԶࠇࣩ͡ሗeᒗሗٟਜਞၾጤִ̹݁ٙݺਗഃᅼόfШఱྼყ༶Ъdɽʱٙጤ̹ڗۆ݊፯˸ਞၾڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌᑘ፬ٙݺਗeᒗሗٟਜਞၾጤִ̹݁ٙݺਗՇᅼόਂމ௰˴ࠅٙʝਗᅼόf࿁ٙdᇜΐཫၑԶࠇࣩ͡ሗᅼόۆ݊༰ˇɛΐމۃ௰˴ࠅٙʝਗᅼόfෛԊʘdɽεᅰٙጤ̹ڗίၾٟਜʝਗٙཀʕdڷમ՟ਞၾόᅼόdϾڢᆽྼໝྼί݁ഄၾ൬Ꮭ֛eᇜΐɪdϤ࿁੶ሜٟਜІ˴ၾબᛆٙطଣᅼό೯࢝ٙᅂᚤdЧ˷ϞՉઞী٤ගf 3eڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌ ၾڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌၪᖩԄλʝਗᗫڷɪdጤ̹ڗႩމᏐ༈ீཀਞၾڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌᑘ፬ٙݺਗeᒗሗڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌਞၾጤִ̹݁ٙݺਗՇ˙όdίྼყ༶Ъɪdεᅰٙጤ̹ڗͦۃɰ˸ਞၾڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌᑘ፬ٙݺਗਂމၾྤʫڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌʝਗٙ௰˴ࠅ˙όfࠅʘdʔሞ݊Ꮠ್ࠦא݊ྼ್ࠦdਞၾόٙʝਗᅼό࿁ࠇΥЪၾ൬Զd݊༰ঐᜫጤ̹ڗၾڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌܔ̈ԄഛᗫڷdϤᝈᓃٙྼሯʫމОdۆϞܙආɓӉઞӺf 4e͏ගΆุ ၾ͏ගΆุၪᖩλٙᗫڷɪdጤ̹ڗʔሞ݊Ꮠ್ࠦאྼ್ࠦேႩމjԶᆤᎸၾпҳ༟௰މϞࣖfவʱʔසୌΥ͏ගΆุٙಂܙdɰϞпጤ̹ڗ࿁ጤ̹ྤʫٙ೯࢝ਪᕚٙ༆Ӕf 5eɽෂᅧద ၾɽෂᅧదၪᖩԄλʝਗᗫڷɪdጤ̹ڗႩމᏐમ՟ணໄᑌᖩɹeᒗሗదਞၾጤִ̹݁ݺਗՇ၇ᅼόd˲ίྼਕ༶Ъʕdɽεᅰٙጤ̹ڗɰேમ՟ணໄᑌᖩɹٙ˙όਂމ˴ࠅʝਗᅼόfϾᝈʘd֛ᓃၾਖ਼பόٙਕԶd݊ၪᖩጤ̹ڗၾɽෂᅧదԄഛᗫڷٙࠠࠅΪ९f ʞeή˙طଣ൙ᛠሜݟٙਪᕚʱؓ Ϥʱࠅীሞٙሙᕚ݊dۃጤ̹ڗ࿁ІҢ݄ٙ݁တจܓႩٝd˸ʿ࿁˂ɨᕏႦהਂٙሜݟ݊щՈ܄ᝈၾ̙ਞϽجd௰ܝۆ݊Ҏૐᐝ༆ጤ̹ڗࡈɛːͦʕႩމ͊ԸίආБή˙طଣᗫ൙ᛠሜݟɪd௰Ոʮ͍˲ቇ֝ٙఊЗfᗫʫ࢙νɨהͪj ɓ݄݁တจၾ̻ѩ݄݁ໝྼܓʱؓ ڌ13ᜑͪdவɓಂٙጤ̹ڗɽε࿁တจІʉ݄ٙ݁တڌତd˲ɽεᅰٙጤ̹ڗίவɓಂʫ̻ѩ݄݁ໝྼܓεމ76č~100čfШ݊dཀʹɸʱؓܝd̙˸Ⴚ್೯ତd݄̻݁ѩໝྼٙܓၾ݄݁တจܓՇ٫ගЧ˷πίഹໝࢨdจуdኋ၍̻ѩ݄݁ໝྼܓЭdШ݊ᖟ݊ІҢੂ݁dΪϤɰึ፯တจfவᅵٙႩٝၾː࿒d࿁ጤ̹طଣঐɢٙʺၾጤ̹݁ʈЪٙໝྼdЧ˷࠽Ύীሞf˲މОึପ͛வᅵٙਪᕚdɰ݊͊Ը࠽Ӻٙሙᕚf 24
ڌ13e݄݁တจܓ * ݄̻݁ѩໝྼܓʹɸڌ ݄̻݁ѩໝྼܓ ᐼձ 0č 25č 26č~50č 51č~75č 76č~100č ݄݁တจܓ ڢ੬တจ 0 0 0 1 1 တจ 2 1 5 13 21 ʔတจ 0 0 0 1 1 ᐼձ 2 1 5 15 23 ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf ɚᗫ˂ɨᕏႦሜݟٙʱؓ 1e܄ᝈၾਞϽၾщ ڌ14ᜑdͪۃ̨ᝄጤ̹ڗ࿁˂ɨᕏႦӊϋהਂٙϞᗫጤ̹ᘩنɢe݄݁တจܓሜݟdႩމՈ܄ᝈၾʔ܄ᝈٙˢԷߒɓ̒dϾᝈʘd˂ɨᕏႦٙሜݟ܄ᝈɪdՉྼʥೌجᐏεᅰጤ̹щڗٙႩΝfШ݊d࠽ءจٙ݊dᒱ್ߒ̒ᅰጤ̹ڗႩމሜݟʔՈ܄ᝈdШ݊ഒɽεᅰٙጤ̹ڗdʥึਗ਼˂ɨᕏႦٙሜݟഐ؈dЪމܝᚃ݄݁ٙਞϽԱኽڌ15fவ΅̙˸ᜑͪ̈dదٙజኬ࿁ጤ̹ڗʥՈɓ֛ܓᅂᚤf ڌ14e˂ɨᕏႦሜݟՈ܄ᝈ ϣᅰ ϵʱˢ Ϟࣖϵʱˢ ଢ଼ጐϵʱˢ Ϟࣖٙ Νจ 12 ʔΝจ 10 ڢ੬ʔΝ1 จ ᐼձ 23 ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf ڌ15e˂ɨሜݟ݊щމ݄݁ਞϽٙԱኽ ϣᅰ ϵʱˢ Ϟࣖϵʱˢ ଢ଼ጐϵʱˢ Ϟࣖٙ ڢ੬Νจ 1 Νจ 17 ʔΝจ 5 ᐼձ 23 ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf 2eʔ܄ᝈၾʔਞϽٙࡡΪ ίʔႩΝ˂ɨᕏႦהਂሜݟٙ܄ᝈၾਞϽ໊ଡ଼ʕdઞӺՉࡈйࡡΪfdή˙ڗεᅰႩމ˂ɨᕏႦהਂሜݟٙՈϞਪ՜ʫ࢙ʔՈΌࠦʿጤ 25
̹͏࿁ሜݟܸᅺʔᐝ༆Շɽਪᕚfவ΅ڷ᙮ਪ՜ሜݟܸᅺணࠇٙҦஔਪᕚf ڌ16e˂ɨᕏႦሜݟʔ܄ᝈٙࡡΪ ϣᅰ ϵʱˢ Ϟࣖٙ פᅵ࿁ʔՈ˾ڌ 1 ጤ̹͏࿁ሜݟܸᅺʔᐝ༆ 4 ਪ՜ʫ࢙ʔՈΌࠦ 5 Չ̴ 1 ᐼձ 11 ፲ဍ࠽ .00 12 ᐼձ 23 ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf ՉϣdίʔΝจਗ਼ሜݟਂމਞϽԱኽٙᅰඎɪdᒱ್ᅵ͉ᅰ݊༰ˇٙdШʥ̈ၾۃධሙᕚΝٙਪᕚd͵у൙ˢܸᅺʔՈቇʲfϾᝈʘdவᅵٙሜݟਪᕚd࠽˂ɨᕏႦ͏จሜݟʕːʿܝᚃᗫఊЗආБਞϽၾܠ॰ҷഛʘ༸f ڌ17eʔΝจਞϽ˂ɨᕏႦሜݟഐ؈ٙࡡΪ ϵʱϞࣖϵʱଢ଼ጐϵˢ ˢ ʱˢ ϣᅰ Ϟࣖٙ ʔᅂᚤ݄݁ࠇપ࢝ 1 ൙ˢܸᅺʔՈቇʲ 3 ͊ॆ͍ˀ݈͉ጤ̹͏จ 1 ᐼձ 5 ፲ဍ࠽ .00 18 ᐼձ 23 ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf ɧ༰ঐʮ͍ሜݟٙఊЗ ࣬ኽڌ18ᜑͪdͦۃίጤ̹ڗٙႩٝɪdɽεႩމᏐમ՟ᗳЧߕΌߕ̹۬ᆤٙᅼόdਗ਼Ϟᗫጤ̹ή˙طଣঐɢၾᘩنɢሜݟd։͟Ոʮڦɢٙڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌආБdϤਗ਼Ϟп൙ᛠሜݟഐ؈ᐏጤ̹ڗٙႩΝfϤሙᕚ࠽͊ԸϞᗫִ݁ఊЗʿڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌආБܠϽၾБਗd˙Ϟп̨ᝄጤ̹طଣঐɢ൙ᛠၾኪ୦ዚՓܔf ڌ18eᏐ͟ԟࡈఊЗו፬௰މ܄ᝈ 26
ϣᅰ ϵʱˢ Ϟࣖϵʱˢ ଢ଼ጐϵʱˢ Ϟࣖٙ Б݁৫Ͻึ 1 ኪஔӺዚ 4 ՈϞʮڦɢٙڢᐄ15 лଡ଼ᔌ ɽෂᅧద 1 Չ̴ 2 ᐼձ 23 ༟ࣘԸ๕j͉˖ଣf eӺ೯ତၾܔᙄ ೌࠠඎ˰ޢɓࣣʕཫԊdٝᗆٙᘩنอۆjίೌࠠඎٙ˰ޢ༁d̹۬ਗ਼ࠠอྮΫɓ˰ߏۃd̴הԮϞٙࠠࠅၾ୕طήЗdίอۆɨd̹۬eਜਹٙڗ̙˸೯౨ٙ٤ගᜊɽf੭Ըٙҷᜊɰһᜓɛҽd2006j97-98f͡Ԋʘdή˙ִ݁͊Ըطଣঐɢٙλᕸd၌፠ή˙ڗٙঐɢ࢝ତfଭڀڬٙ፯ᑘႧԊe੶ሜڌစٙЪӸ˖ʷdܘᗭৎॆ͍ٙϽ᜕iਬϞჯኬၾطଣdʑঐॆ͍וዄৎபaccountabilitydϕৎጤ̹͑ᚃ೯࢝ٙபf̥Ϟɛ͏ݺτΌeֱ၅eయᘌd݁طჯኬɛʑঐᙊڦၾᑊҽd2005f ή˙ִ݁ჯኬ٫ࠅνОܔ̈ՈϞঐɢٙή˙طଣճk͉˖ႩމᏐഹ˓ᔾۃጤ̹ڗ࿁ή˙طଣၣഖٙႩٝၾЪجdʑϞпܝᚃή˙طଣঐɢܔfίӺሜݟʕd͉˖೯ତίːଣᄴϣɪdή˙ڗႩމᏐ༈Ո௪jɛࣸၾٟึᗫڷࠦΣٙतሯdԨՈ௪ᗴ౻௴ிၾᗫːɛ͏ٙঐɢfБ݁ჯኬɪdۆ݊Ꮠમྠඟჯኬၾጤ̹CEOٙᅼόdீཀଣ๖ஷᐏ՟݄݁ᛆ۾fՉϣd݄݁ᗴ౻ɪdጤ̹ڗࠠൖj೯࢝ʈЪdԨਗ਼Չΐމ௰တจ݄݁ڌତʘɓf Չϣdή˙ڗ࿁ή˙طଣၣഖʝਗႩٝʱdӺ೯ତjή˙ጤ̹ڗ౷ཁႩމၾՉ̴ή˙طଣၣഖٙБމ٫dʝਗᗫڷ݊Ԅλٙdසִึᗫڷe༨ጤ̹ΥЪᗫڷ༰މʔԳfШጤ̹ڗɽεႩމdִึᗫڷ࿁ࡈɛ݄݁ۍ݊ՈϞᗫᒟᅂᚤfΎ٫d̬ϋ۰ߒႩΝ͵݊ᅂᚤ݄݁တจٙࠠࠅΪ९fୋɧdʝਗᅼόʱdጤ̹ڗႩމᏐમ՟ၾྼყٙЪجՇ٫ගɽεՈɓߧfШމОึમБவԬʝਗᅼόdۆც͊ԸһආɓӉٙীሞd˙ঐ̙̈ঐٙࡡΪf௰ܝdᗫή˙طଣ൙ᛠሜݟʱdጤ̹ڗ౷ཁ࿁ତ݄ٙ݁ชՑတจd˲Ⴉމᒱ್˂ɨᕏႦٙሜݟdאίਪ՜ணࠇٙʫ࢙ʕϞॹ̰dШʥึጐਞϽdЪމɨචݬ݄݁ҷഛٙԱኽf࠽Ϥdఱ˂ɨᕏႦሜݟϾԊdʥՈɓ֛πίᄆ࠽f߰͊Ըνࠅһʮ͍܄ᝈ˲Ϟӻ୕ٙܔʿੂБή˙طଣ൙ᛠdጤ̹ڗɽεႩމ͟Ոʮ͍ٙڢᐄлଡ଼ᔌމʘdˢ༰ୌΥಂܙf ᐼഐ͉˖ٙীሞd˴ࠅ݊ྒྷ༊̈ۃጤ̹ڗ࿁ή˙طଣၣഖܔٙႩٝၾЪجdΆீཀவᅵٙӺሜݟd̙މҢή˙طଣٙՓܔၾ൙Ԉዚ 27
Փd̈ɓԬਞϽᝈᓃd˸މܝᚃӺၾᜊࠧٙਿᓾf 28
ਞϽ˖ᘠ ˂ɨᕏႦᇜ፨܃d2006dʞɽࠦΣdᏨֱ၅ᘩنɢd˂ɨᕏႦd354d104-111f ϡ౻ᘄeϡᕄeኁފفd2004dή˙ִ݁طଣঐɢ൙Пᅼόʘܔd̨̹̏jБ݁৫Ӻ೯࢝Ͻࣨ։ࡰึ։ৄజѓf ϡᕄd2008dద൙ᛠή˙ִ݁ᐶࣖʘӺ—˸˂ɨʿჃԈՇᕏႦމԷdʮБ݁ኪజd26d105-140f Ϫɽዓd2006dᒕΣή˙طଣÑᙄᕚeଣሞၾྼਕd̨̹̏jʩf Ϫɽዓeੵɢԭd2006dჯኬɢၾή˙طଣٙଣሞڋઞdϗͭیყɽኪʮБ݁ၾ݁ഄኪӻ˴፬ή˙ִ݁eୋɧژၾ͑ᚃ೯࢝ኪஔীึሞ˖f Ϫɽዓeኔd2007dᔷ౬ۨჯኬၾή˙طଣjጤ̹ڗྼᗇʱؓd˰อɽኪБ݁၍ଣኪӻ˴፬TASPAA2007ϋϋึୋɧ֣Շ֦̬ήʮ၍ଣኪஔীึሞ˖f Ϫɽዓeጽؚd2006dٟਜᐄிၾ͑ᚃ೯࢝j֝ᚆ᜕ʿՉܠdʩ౽ɽኪɛ˖ٟึኪ৫˴፬Շ֦̬ήே̹طଣၾή˙͑ᚃ೯࢝ኪஔীึሞf˖ ю٢ࢸᄲࠈd2006dჯኬኪࡡଣၾྼስd̨̹̏j౽௷f юߵeੵՉສd2005dΌଢʷɨٙʮ၍ଣd̨̹̏jਠཻ˖ʷf юࠠᓿd1998dߕʱִͭ݁ၾɓߧִ݁Փ༶Ъʘˢ༰ၾ൙ؓd݁ط߅ኪሞᓉd9d63-65f ю࢝d2004dᔷ౬ۨჯኬeʹۨჯኬၾଡ଼ᔌוፕʘᗫڷķ˸܈؇ጤ̻ήeʆήʮהྼᗇˢ༰d܈؇߅ҦɽኪΆุ၍ଣӻ၂ɻሞ˖f ѐԃ༐d2006dή˙ִ݁၍ଣ—ഐၾ̌ঐٙʱؓd̨̹̏jʩf ѐԃ༐eͭɓd2003dή˙ִ݁ၾІطd̨̏ጤj٤ɽf ҽ̾ฯd2003dٝᗆɨჯኬอܠၪd̨̹̏jᑌf ҽd2005dምᜫή˙୭ߣ౬৶k ጤ̹CEOٙ၍ଣॕd˂ɨᕏႦd332d74-80f ҽd2006d̨̹۬ᝄ25ጤ̹ రҬɓࡈֱ၅۬d˂ɨᕏႦdୋ354ಂdࠫ91-98f ӓڄᙇd2005dჯኬኪʘ˨ ശࡐ．फ̵dჃԈᕏႦd225d66-72f ֙౺౺ᙇd1998dჯኬɢ̻ፅʈЪၾͦᅺd̨̏ጤjʕ͛ପɢʕːf ؍ڿ҃d2002dᔷ౬ۨჯኬeଡ଼ᔌႩΝeଡ଼ᔌ๖ஷ࿁ჯኬࣖঐᅂᚤʘӺÑ˸̨یጤִ݁ଡ଼ᔌᜊࠧމԷdͭʕ͍ɽኪΆุ၍ଣӺה၂ɻሞ˖f ߡߕd2000dڢᐄлԫุዚଡ଼ᔌ˖ʷeᔷ౬ۨჯኬၾࡰʈʈЪ࿒ܓᗫڷʘӺķ˸یɖጤִ̹݁މԷdڗ၍ଣኪ৫ᐄ၍ଣӺה၂ɻሞ˖f ͉ڋd2000dᔷ౬ۨჯኬ࿁ִ̨̹̏݁Б݁ᐶࣖᅂᚤʘӺd̨̹̏jִ̨̹̏݁Ӻ೯࢝Ͻࣨ։ࡰึᇜΙf 29
Ν˖d2003d۾ᛆִ݁Ց͏˴طଣķķ̨ᝄʮБ݁ଣሞၾྼਕʘᜊቋd̨̹̏jʩf ࢱʠሾഃd2004dʮଡ଼ᔌБމd̨̹̏j౽௷f ৷߇ჾd2005dᔷ౬ۨჯኬ࿁Б݁ᐶࣖᅂᚤʘӺj˸ၽ̹̏ਜʮהމԷdͭ݁طɽኪБ݁၍ଣ၂ɻኪ၂ɻሞ˖f ੵԊઽd2005dᔷ౬ۨჯኬ࿁ਜ݁ਕۜሯʘӺd˰อɽኪБ݁၍ଣኪӺה၂ɻሞ˖f ତఙၾ၍ଣd2000dჯኬɢ͟ɧɽঐɢהϓdତఙၾ၍ଣd28j5d23-25f ˖௫d2003dή˙طଣၾ೯࢝ഄଫj֝ᚆ᜕ٙΫᚥၾ࢝ૐdНΈɛ˖ٟึኪ̊d4d169-194f ˖ڲᙇd2005dٟึ߅ኪӺ˙جd̨̹̏jᕐ఼ࣣf ሾeದ㒥d2001d͏ʕٙʱִͭ݁--݁ᙣִٙึʝਗၾڗ݄݁တจܓdଣሞၾ݁ഄd15j3d61-78f රઽd2003dᚥ܄ኬΣٙή˙Б݁ᐶࣖҢጤִ̹݁݁ഄ͏จၾ݄݁တจܓሜݟʘʱؓd̨̏jࠨЬ˖ʷf රઽd2005dࣹ϶ߴήਜጤ̹ڗ݄݁တจ ၾૄ໊ഐʘӺfʕശɛ˖ٟึኪజd3d10-39f රઽd2006adၽᝄήਜʞࡈή˙ִ̹݁ ݁ᐶࣖ൙ˢfʕശɛ˖ٟึኪజd4d10-42f රઽd2006bdࣹ϶ߴήਜ̬ጤִ̹݁ ݁ᐶࣖ൙fˢ݁ഄӺኪజd6d89-132f ර◕చd2007d݁طኪ˙جሞၾБ݁ʱؓͭఙd̨̏jጫᘻf ᄎտᄂd2002dΌଢطଣᒈැɨ֛ٙЗၾ̹۬೯࢝jطଣၣഖٙ༆ၾࠠଡ଼dБ݁݁ഄኪజd34d57-83f ᄎտᄂd2003dή˙طଣၾή˙ִ݁ԉЍᔖঐٙᔷᜊd٤ɽБ݁ኪజd13d233-267f ᄎ֝ёd2004dʺ̹۬ᘩنɢطଣࢰʘӺd݁ഄӺኪజd4d47-80f ᆙʕ༸ഃᙇd2002dӺ˙جӉʷኪ୦ܸیd̨̹̏jኪబf ᒤқɪd2004d܈؇ጤִ݁ʘᔷ౬ۨჯኬeʹۨჯኬၾଡ଼ᔌኪ୦ᗫڷʘӺd܈؇߅ҦɽኪΆุ၍ଣӻ၂ɻሞ˖f ᒤқɪd2004d܈؇ጤִ݁ʘᔷ౬ۨჯኬeʹۨჯኬၾଡ଼ᔌኪ୦ᗫڷʘӺd܈؇߅ҦɽኪΆุ၍ଣӻ၂ɻሞ˖f ᗈຄᙇd1992dอჯኬɢd̨̹̏j˂ɨ˖ʷf ᘽ๎d2005dή˙ִ݁ˀၵطଣഄଫʘӺ—˸֝ᚆጤމԷdͭیყɽኪʮБ݁ၾ݁ഄኪӻ၂ɻሞ˖f Allen, J. ¯ Carr, G., 2002.¨The Tangled Weg-Neighbourhood Governance in Post-Fordist Era©, in G. Carr, P. Healey, A Madanipour, ¯ C. de Magallhas, 30
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