股票 研 究 其他小金属 [T[Tabalbel_eM_TaiitnleI]n fo] [ 评Tab级le_:Invest] 增持 特斯拉——为何不用永磁电机? 上次评级: 增持 行[细Ta分bl行e_业In评du级str y] 业 更 桑永亮(分析师) 新021-38676052 sangyongliang@ 证书编号 S0880511010034 本报告导读: 特斯拉的异步电动机相对传统永磁电机,具有对工作温度要求低、输出扭矩范围大、[相Ta关bl报e_告Re port] 体积小、重量轻等优势。 其他小金属:《特斯拉——领导电动车走向摘要:成熟》 [Table_Summary] 其他小金属:《特斯拉带动下的有色金属投 特斯拉公司使用的电机是三相感应电动机,而非传统电动车所用的稀土永磁电机。这其中有哪些缘由呢?资》 其他小金属:《三帆竞技交替发力,稀土板 感应电动机和永磁电动机的区别。永磁电动机是同步电动块再度上攻》 机。其转子使用永磁体,定子产生电磁转矩来推动转子的磁 场围绕轴心线进行旋转,定子和转子的磁场是同步的。而感其他小金属:《预期好转及市场热情推动稀土持续走高》 应电动机是异步电动机,是由定子绕组形成的旋转磁场与转 证子绕组中感应电流的磁场相互作用而产生电磁转矩驱动转其他小金属:《供给控制成效初显,需求改子旋转的交流电动机。善苗头略现》 券 研 特斯拉上使用的异步电动机技术取得了突破。过去异步电动究机的最大的缺陷就是很难控制转子的旋转速度,但随着现代报半导体控制技术的发展,这一问题已经被解决。 告 异步电动机优势一:能忍受大幅度的工作温度变化。而相反,温度大幅度变化会损坏永磁电动机。 异步电动机优势二:感应电动机的输出扭矩可以在大范围内调整,因此无需安装第二套乃至第三套传动机构。特斯拉设计的电机转速能达到6000转/分钟并且能产生最高为400牛顿米的扭矩,能在加速或爬坡时强制提高输出扭矩(虽然时间很短),而永磁电机的电动车要通过齿轮箱来输出更多的扭矩来实现提速。 异步电动机优势三:体积小、重量轻。一方面,由于对温度忍受范围大,特斯拉的电动机不需要像其他电动车那样安装散热器,冷却风扇、水泵及相关的管路等。另一方面,无需安装多余的传动机构。因此其电机体积和重量大大缩小。特斯拉电机体积类似西瓜,重量不过52公斤。 综上,特斯拉的这种电机动力系统具有重量轻、效率高及结构紧凑的优点。 特斯拉电机采购自台湾富田电机。2005年特斯拉公司与富田电机签订“全电式电动跑车专用马达”,2007年产品量产签约。 请务必阅读正文之后的免责条款部分
行业更新 信息来源于 《The Difference Engine: Nikola's revenge》 ONCE again, worrywarts in Washington are wringing their hands over possible shortages of so-called “critical materials” for America’s high-tech industries. In particular, the Department of Energy frets about certain metals used in manufacturing wind turbines, electric vehicles, solar cells and energy-efficient lighting. The substances in question include a bunch of rare-earth metals plus a handful of other elements which—used a pinch here, a pinch there—enhance the way many industrial materials perform. Tesla's invention is, in essence, a rotating transformer. Its primary windings reside in a stationary steel casing (the stator) and and secondary conductors are attached to an inner shaft (the rotor). The stator surrounds—but does not touch—the rotor, which is free to rotate about its axis. An alternating current applied to the stator’s windings creates a rotating magnetic field, while simultaneously inducing a current in the separate conductors attached to the rotor. With an alternating current now circulating within it, the rotor creates a rotating magnetic field of its own, which then proceeds to chase the stator’s rotating field—causing the rotor to spin in the process and thereby generate torque. Modern induction motors usually have three (or more) sets of stator windings, each using a different phase of the alternating current being applied. Having three “waves” of magnetism induced in the rotor with every revolution, instead of just one, smooths out the induction process and allows more torque to be generated. Such machines are known as asynchronous motors, because the rotor’s magnetic field never catches up with the stator’s field. That distinguishes them from synchronous motors that use a permanent magnet in their rotors instead of a set of aluminium or copper conductors. In a synchronous motor, the stator’s rotating magnetic field imposes an electromagnetic torque directly on the fixed magnetic field generated by the rotor's permanent magnet, causing the rotor-magnet assembly to spin on its axis in sync with the stator field. Hence the name. In the past, the main disadvantage of asynchronous induction motors was the difficulty of varying their speed. That is no longer an issue, thanks to modern semiconductor controls. Meanwhile, the induction motor’s big advantage—apart from its simplicity and ruggedness—has always been its ability to tolerate a wide range of temperatures. Providing adequate cooling for the Toyota Prius’s permanent-magnet motor adds significantly to the vehicle’s weight. An induction motor, by contrast, can be cooled passively—and thereby dispense with the hefty radiator, cooling fan, water pump and associated plumbing. Better still, by being able to tolerate temperatures that cause permanent magnets to break down, an induction motor can be pushed (albeit briefly) to far higher levels of performance—for, say, accelerating hard while overtaking, or when climbing a steep hill. Hybrid vehicles like the Toyota Prius or the Chevrolet Volt have to use their petrol engines to get extra zip. Pure electric vehicles such as the Nissan Leaf depend on gearboxes to generate the extra torque for arduous tasks. By contrast, the Tesla Roadster uses just one gear—such is the flexibility of its three-phase induction motor. So far, Toyota has remained mum about its neodymium-free electric motor-generator. The design used in the current version of the Toyota Prius (the car actually has two such units, one for propulsion and regenerative braking, and the other to run all the on-board accessories) combines both conductors and a permanent magnet in its rotor core. On light loads, the unit works more like a permanent-magnet motor. On heavier loads, the induction features predominate. In moving to a pure induction design, Toyota could do worse than take a page out of the Tesla car company's manual. Weighing in at 52kg (115lb), the Tesla Roadster’s tiny three-phase induction motor is no bigger than a watermelon. Yet it packs a hefty 288 horsepower punch. More impressively, the motor’s 400 Newton-metres (295 lb-ft) of torque is available from rest to nearly 6,000 revolutions per minute. Having access to such a wide torque band eliminates the need for a second or third gear in the transmission. The result is a power unit that is light, compact and remarkably efficient. Overall, the Tesla Roadster is said to achieve a battery-to-wheels efficiency of 88%—three times better than 请务必阅读正文之后的免责条款部分 2 of 4
行业更新 a conventional car. With Nikola Tesla's robust and reliable induction motor making such a successful comeback, it is puzzling to see why anyone should worry about potential shortages of neodymium and other rare-earths for alternative power and transport. 请务必阅读正文之后的免责条款部分 3 of 4
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