华中科技大学硕士学位论文过度就业及其对就业的挤出效应研究姓名：王丹申请学位级别：硕士专业：西方经济学指导教师：张卫东2010-05-15
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 햪 튪 뷼벸쓪살ꎬ컒맺샍뚯헟평폚맽뛈뻍튵훂쯀ꆢ훂늡뗄낸샽늻뛏볻훮폚놨뾯ꎬ샍뚯헟맽뛈뻍튵뗄컊쳢닅훰붥뗄틽웰룷랽쏦뗄맘힢ꆣ웤쪵ꎬ맽뛈뻍튵뗄컊쳢평살틑뻃ꎬ컷랽뗄랢듯놾훷틥맺볒퓚늻춬뗄쪱웚튲퓸돶쿖맽늻춬돌뛈뗄맽뛈뻍튵컊쳢ꎬ뛸헢튻쿖쿳쫽짏쫀볍웟냋쪮쓪듺뺭볃랱죙쪱웚뗄죕놾ퟮ캪퇏훘ꎬ횻쫇튻횱캴놻죋훘쫓ꆣ 맽뛈뻍튵벴샍뚯헟뗄쪵볊릤ퟷ쪱볤믲릤ퟷ잿뛈뎬맽램뚨뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤믲헽뎣뗄릤ퟷ잿뛈뗄튻훖뺭볃쿖쿳ꎬ쫇뛔죋솦풴뗄춸횧쪹폃ꆣ놾컄쫗쿈붫뛔맽뛈뻍튵뗄뚨틥뷸탐룅삨뫍뷧뚨ꎬ뛔웤듦퓚뗄샠탍붫듓폃죋떥캻뫍샍뚯헟룶죋틔벰뫪맛틲쯘랽쏦볓틔럖샠ꎬ뷓ퟅ뛔맽뛈뻍튵뗄탎돉믺훆틔벰쯹닺짺뗄뢺쏦펰쿬뷸탐쇋럖컶ꎬퟮ뫳퓋폃쫽뻝쮵쏷쇋쒿잰컒맺샍뚯솦쫐뎡짏럖탐튵ꆢ럖횰튵ꆢ럖쓪쇤ꆢ럖톧샺뗄맽뛈뻍튵뗄쟩뿶ꎬ늢퓋폃2008쓪뗄쫽뻝뛔컒맺ퟜ뗄맽뛈뻍튵싊뫍탐튵맽뛈뻍튵싊뷸탐맀쯣ꎬ틔듋췆떼돶쇋맽뛈뻍튵뛔쒿잰샍뚯솦쫐뎡짏뻍튵룚캻뗄벷햼쟩뿶ꎬ늢퓚듋믹뒡짏쳡돶쇋뮺뫍맽뛈뻍튵뗄헾닟붨틩ꆣ 놾컄죏캪쒿잰뻍튵톹솦뫍짺듦톹솦뗄볓뻧ꎬ웳튵뗄뾼뫋믺훆뫍뷺짽뷵뇪주훆뛈ꎬ쫇퓬돉샍뚯헟놻웈맽뛈뻍튵뗄훷튪풭틲ꎻ뛸ퟔ컒쪵쿖ꆢ뮥쿠엊뇈ꆢ맢튫쏅뗈뒫춳뗄훐맺컄뮯볛횵맛쓮퓲쪹뫜뛠죋퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏뒦폚훷뚯맽뛈뻍튵뗄ힴ첬ꆣ맽뛈뻍튵뗄듦퓚늻뷶붵뗍쇋샍뚯헟뗄탒뢣횸쫽ꎬ볓훘쇋짧믡뗄놣헏뢺떣ꎬ춬쪱튲늻샻폚웳튵뗄뎤풶랢햹뫍뺺헹솦뗄퓶잿ꎻ룼캪훘튪뗄쫇ꎬ쯼퓚뫜듳돌뛈짏벷햼쇋컒맺뗄뻍튵룚캻ꎬ볓뻧쇋짧믡뗄쪧튵ꆣ뻝돵늽맀쯣ꎬ쿖듦뗄퓚횰죋풱뗄맽뛈뻍튵벷햼쇋컒맺풼1600췲룶뻍튵룚캻ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뷢뻶맽뛈뻍튵뗄컊쳢뛔컒맺뻟폐짮풶뛸훘튪뗄틢틥ꆣ 맘볼듊ꎺ맽뛈뻍튵 탎돉믺훆 뻍튵벷돶 I
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 Abstract In recent years, the cases that Chinese workers died or diseased due to overemployment to be found in the press continuously, which was gradually aroused concerns of each respect . In fact, overemployment is a long standing problem, which occurred in the developed Western capitalist countries at different times, and the most serious overemployment appeared in Japan’s economic prosperity in the 1970s and 1980s, but few scholars attached importance to it . Overemployment is a economic phenomenon that workers’ actual working hours or working intensity exceeds the legal working hours or the normal working intensity, is overdraft for human resources. This paper will first generalize the definition of overemployment, and classify the types of its existence according to the relationship between employers and employees as well as the macroeconomic factors; and then analyse the formation mechanism and the negative impact of the overemployment. Finally, the author uses data showing the varying degrees of overemployment on the current labor market by industry, sub-occupation, age, and academic qualifications; and meantime use the 2008’s data estimating the total rate of overemployment and the industry rate of overemployment, and on the ground of the above figuring out the reduced posts at current labor market ; And based on this, the author put forward policy proposals to ease overemployment. The author argues that the employment pressure and the pressure of increased survival, the assessment mechanism and the promotion tournament system of enterprises as the main reasons that force workers to be in overemployment; And self-realization and mutual comparisons, honor to the family and other traditional Chinese cultural values are that many people take the initiative to work more hours to some extent. The existence of overemployment of workers not only reduces the laborers’ happiness index, increases the burden on social security, but against the long-term development and enhancing competitiveness; More importantly, it largely diverted our jobs and worsened social unemployment. According to preliminary estimation, the overemployment of the existing in-service staff diverted about 16 million of our jobs. Therefore, solving the problem of overemployment in China has a profound and important meaning. Keywords: Overemployment Formation Mechanism Crowding-out Effect on Employment II
뛀뒴탔짹쏷 놾죋짹쏷쯹돊붻뗄톧캻싛컄쫇컒룶죋퓚떼쪦횸떼쿂뷸탐뗄퇐뺿릤ퟷ벰좡뗃뗄퇐뺿돉맻ꆣ뺡컒쯹횪ꎬ돽컄훐틑뺭뇪쏷틽폃뗄쓚죝췢ꎬ놾싛컄늻냼몬죎뫎웤쯻룶죋믲벯쳥틑뺭랢뇭믲킴맽뗄퇐뺿돉맻ꆣ뛔놾컄뗄퇐뺿ퟶ돶릱쿗뗄룶죋뫍벯쳥ꎬ뻹틑퓚컄훐틔쏷좷랽쪽뇪쏷ꆣ놾죋췪좫틢쪶떽놾짹쏷뗄램싉뷡맻평놾죋돐떣ꆣ 톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟잩쏻ꎺ췵떤 죕웚ꎺ2010 쓪 5 퓂 18 죕 톧캻싛컄냦좨쪹폃쫚좨쫩 놾톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟췪좫쇋뷢톧킣폐맘놣쇴ꆢ쪹폃톧캻싛컄뗄맦뚨ꎬ벴ꎺ톧킣폐좨놣쇴늢쿲맺볒폐맘늿쏅믲믺릹쯍붻싛컄뗄뢴펡볾뫍뗧ퟓ냦ꎬ퓊탭싛컄놻닩퓄뫍뷨퓄ꆣ놾죋쫚좨뮪훐뿆벼듳톧뿉틔붫놾톧캻싛컄뗄좫늿믲늿럖쓚죝뇠죫폐맘쫽뻝뿢뷸탐볬쯷ꎬ뿉틔닉폃펰펡ꆢ쯵펡믲즨쏨뗈뢴훆쫖뛎놣듦뫍믣뇠놾톧캻싛컄ꆣ 놣쏜□ꎬ 퓚 쓪뷢쏜뫳쫊폃놾쫚좨쫩ꆣ 놾싛컄쫴폚 늻놣쏜□ꆣ ꎨ쟫퓚틔짏랽뿲쓚듲“√”ꎩ 톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟잩쏻ꎺ췵떤 횸떼뷌쪦잩쏻ꎺ 죕웚ꎺ 2010쓪5 퓂 18죕 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 1 탷싛 톡쳢놳뺰폫틢틥 룄룯뾪럅30쓪틔살ꎬ컒맺뺭볃랢햹좡뗃쇋뻙쫀훵쒿뗄돉벨ꆣ1978쓪떽2008쓪맺쓚짺닺ퟜ횵쓪뻹퓶뎤싊풼캪%ꎬ탎돉쇋놻쫀죋맘힢뗄“훐맺뺭볃웦벣”ꆣ뺭볃랢햹쪹뻓쏱뗄쫕죫쮮욽뫍짺믮훊솿뗃떽쇋늻뛏뗘쳡룟ꆣ떫퓚뺭볃룟쯙퓶뎤뗄춬쪱ꎬ죋쏇뗄릤ퟷ톹솦죕틦볓듳ꎬ릤ퟷ쪱볤틠폺살폺뎤ꆣ뛸쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ컒맺뗄쪧튵죋쫽풽살풽뛠ꎬ뛸쟒뺭볃퓶뎤뛔뻍튵뗄듙뷸ퟷ폃돊쿖돶튻훖복죵뗄쟷쫆ꆣ맺컱풺ퟜ샭컂볒놦퓚돶쾯2010쓪훐맺랢햹룟닣싛첳쪱퓚첸떽훐맺뗄쪧튵컊쳢쪱ꎬ뻍횸돶훐맺뗄쪧튵죋뿚폐2틚ꎬ헢튲뻍틢캶ퟅ퓚훐맺욽뻹늻떽7룶죋훐뻍폐튻죋쪧튵ꆣ쇭췢뻝짧믡뿆톧풺랢늼뗄2009쓪ꆶ뺭볃삶욤쫩ꆷ춳볆놨뗀ꎬ2009쓪폐뷼610췲듳톧짺쏦쇙뻍튵ꎬ퓙볓짏뮹쎻폐뻍튵뗄100뛠췲췹뷬뇏튵짺ꎬ듳톧짺탨튪뻍튵뗄죋쫽폐710췲횮뛠ꆣ뿉틔뾴떽컒맺뗄쪧튵뫍뻍튵탎쫆짵쫇퇏뻾ꆣ 떱좻헢웤훐믡폐룷훖틲쯘뗄펰쿬ꎬ떫쫇웤훐폐튻룶틲쯘ꎬ좴늻죝컒쏇뫶쫓ꎬ벴맽뛈뻍튵뗄컊쳢ꆣ퓚쒿잰뗄샍뚯솦쫐뎡짏훚뛠뗄퓚횰헟볓냠볓뗣뗄릤ퟷꎬ퇏훘뗄춸횧뺫솦뫍쳥솦ꎬ퇏훘뗄짵훁돶쿖쇋맽샍뛸쯀ꆣ퓚2010쓪03퓂09죕뗄좫맺헾킭쪮튻뷬죽듎믡틩뗚죽듎좫믡짏ꎬ좫맺헾킭캯풱ꆢ훐뮪좫맺ퟜ릤믡뺭럑짳닩캯풱믡훷죎헅쫀욽퓚랢퇔훐뇭쪾ꎬ뻝좫맺ퟜ릤믡쯹ퟷ뗄쿮뗷닩쿔쪾ꎬ2009쓪폐뷼%뗄횰릤폐뎬쪱샍뚯쿖쿳ꎬ웤훐샍뚯쏜벯탍ꆢ쮽펪웳튵죋뻹훜릤ퟷ뫍킡쪱ꎬ쟒폐%뗄횰릤쇬늻떽믲캴쓜ퟣ뛮쇬떽볓냠럑ꆣꆶ뮷쟲쪱놨ꆷ튲퓸놨뗀ꎬ훐맺뗄죋뻹샍뚯쪱볤틑뎬맽죕놾뫍몫맺ꎬ돉캪좫쟲릤ퟷ쪱볤ퟮ뎤뗄맺볒횮튻ꆣ훐퇫뗧쫓첨ꆶ뚫랽쪱뿕ꆷ삸쒿ퟩ뫍훇솪헐울췸퓚2005쓪6퓂뛔14220퓚횰헟뗄뗷닩뷡맻쿔쪾ꎬ뎬맽튻냫뗄죋쫽뺭뎣볓냠ꎬ쎿쳬볓냠쪱볤퓚2킡쪱ퟳ폒죋쫽캪ퟮ뛠ꆣ뛸뷼벸쓪ꎬ쯦ퟅ쫐뎡뺺헹뗄볓뻧ꎬ컒맺평폚맽뛈뻍튵뛸쯀뗄죋풱풽살풽뛠ꎬ“맽샍쯀”틑뺭돉캪컒맺떱뷱짧믡튻룶럇뎣퇏뻾뗄컊쳢ꆣ 퓚“맽샍쯀”뗄룟랢죋좺훐ꎬ늻뷶폐얩쏱릤헢킩쳥솦샍뚯헟ꎬ뛸쟒뮹폐짧믡룷룶뷗닣뗄뺫펢쓇킩쓔솦샍뚯헟ꎬ쟒쓔솦샍뚯헟맽샍쯀뗄낸샽퓚1
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 뷼벸쓪쏷쿔룟폚쳥솦샍뚯헟ꆣ듓쓔솦샍뚯헟쯹듓쫂뗄탐튵살뾴ꎬIT튵ꆢ맣룦튵ꆢ톯튵ꆢ탂컅튵ꆢ틔벰탐헾믺맘뗈헢킩탐튵뗄죋풱쫇“맽샍쯀”뗄룟랢죋좺ꆣ 쓇쎴“맽샍쯀”뗄늻뛏돶쿖ꆢ쪧튵뗄볓뻧틔벰뺭볃퓶뎤뛔뻍튵듸뚯ퟷ폃뗄복죵폫맽뛈뻍튵쫇럱듦퓚ퟅ쒳훖뇘좻뗄솪쾵쓘?춨맽뷸튻늽뗄쮼뾼컒쏇뿉틔랢쿖ꎬ쿖듦뗄퓚횰죋풱뷏캪퇏훘뗄맽뛈뻍튵볓뻧쇋쪧튵ꆢ퓬돉쇋튻늿럖죋풱뗄맽샍뛸쯀ꆣ잰헟쫇뛔죋솦풴뗄샋럑ꎬ뛸뫳헟퓲쫇뛔죋솦풴뗄맽뛈뾪랢ꆣ뫳헟헢훖뛔죋솦풴뗄맽뛈뾪랢ꎬ듸살쇋퇏훘뗄뫳맻ꎬ쯼붵뗍쇋샍뚯헟뗄탒뢣뫍붡뾵횸쫽ꎬ볓훘쇋짧믡놣헏뢺떣ꎻ튲늻샻폚웳튵뗄뎤풶랢햹ꆢ뺺헹솦뗄퓶잿ꎻ룼캪훘튪뗄쫇ꎬ쯼퓚뫜듳돌뛈짏벷햼쇋컒맺뗄뻍튵뗄퓶뎤ꎬ춬쪱튲퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏볓뻧쇋늻릫욽ꎬ퓬돉쇋욶뢻닮뻠뗄삩듳ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뷢뻶맽뛈뻍튵뗄컊쳢ꎬ뛔컒맺뗄뺭볃랢햹뻟폐짮풶뛸훘튪뗄틢틥ꆣ 맽뛈뻍튵뗄뚨틥뫍럖샠 맽뛈뻍튵뗄뚨틥 맽뛈뻍튵뗄룅쓮쫇평“맽샍쯀”퇝뮯뛸살뗄ꎬ“맽샍쯀”튻듊ퟮ퓧돶쿖퓚뛾쪮쫀볍웟냋쪮쓪듺뺭볃랱죙쪱웚뗄죕놾ꆣ쯹캽“맽샍쯀”ꎬ맺볊짏죏뿉뗄뚨틥캪ꎺ평폚릤ퟷ쪱볤첫뎤ꎬ샍뚯잿뛈맽듳ꎬ탄샭톹솦맽훘ꎬ듦퓚뗄튻훖퇏훘뗄퇇붡뾵ힴ첬ꎬ춻좻틽웰쳥쓚룷훖잱님뗄벲늡뛱뮯ꎬ뻈훎늻폺뛸짭췶뗄튻훖쿖쿳ꆣ 떫쫇쒿잰맘폚맽뛈뻍튵ꎨoveremploymentꎩꎬ맺볊짏늢쎻폐춳튻뗄뚨틥ꎬ컷랽뗄뫜뛠뺭볃톧헟죏캪웤쫇뫍뻍튵늻ퟣꎨunderemploymentꎩ쿠뛔펦뗄ꆣ맺볊샍릤ퟩ횯ꎨILOꎩ뛔뻍튵늻ퟣ뗄뚨틥냼삨솽룶랽쏦ꎺꋙ쯹폐16쯪벰웤뎬맽16쯪뗄놻맍펶뗄죋퓚뗷닩웚쓚쿫릤ퟷ룼뎤뗄쪱볤ꎬ헢틢캶ퟅ쯻쏇퓚쒿잰풭폐릤ퟷ뗄믹뒡짏쿫퓙펵폐튻럝릤ퟷꎬ믲헟쫇틔튻럝펵폐룼뛠릤ퟷ쪱볤뗄릤ퟷ살쳦듺쒿잰뗄릤ퟷꎬ믲헟쫇퓚쒿잰뗄릤ퟷ짏퓶볓ퟜ뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤ꎻꋚ퓚뗷닩웚쓚뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤뗍폚맺볒맦뚨뗄뇪ힼ릤ퟷ쪱볤ꆣ평듋컷랽톧헟룹뻝샍릤ퟩ횯뛔뻍튵늻ퟣ뗄뚨틥뗃돶쇋맽뛈뻍튵뗄뚨틥ꎬ벴쯹폐16쯪벰16쯪틔짏뗄놻맍펶뗄죋쿫퓚쒿잰뗄릤ퟷ훐복짙릤ퟷ쪱볤믲헟쫇믱뗃튻럝뷏횮쒿잰뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤튪짙뗄릤ퟷꎬ폫듋춬쪱풸틢캪복짙뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤붵뗍쿠펦뗄릤놨돪ꆣ볲뛸퇔횮ꎬ컷랽톧헟뛔맽뛈뻍튵뇈뷏죏뿉뗄뚨틥뿉틔룅삨캪ꎺ퓚횰헟뗄쪵볊릤ퟷ쪱2
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 볤뎬맽틢풸릤ퟷ쪱볤ꎬ춬쪱캪쇋복짙릤ퟷ쪱볤늢쟒풸틢럅웺쿠펦쫕죫뗄쿖쿳ꆣ 평폚컒맺뗄뺭볃랢햹쮮욽ꆢ컄뮯볛횵맛쓮ꆢ죋뻹쫕죫쮮욽뫍컷랽랢듯맺볒쿠뇈뻹폐뫜듳뗄닮뻠뫍늻춬ꎬ틲듋컷랽뺭볃톧헟뛔맽뛈뻍튵뗄뚨틥퓚컒맺뗄쫊폃탔폐뫜듳뗄뻖쿞ꆣ본폚듋ꎬ맘폚맽뛈뻍튵ꎬ놾컄ퟷ헟룸돶죧쿂뚨틥ꎺ벴퓚횰헟퓚뻍튵룚캻짏뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤믲릤ퟷ잿뛈뎬맽쇋램뚨릤ퟷ쪱볤믲헟헽뎣릤ퟷ잿뛈뗄튻훖뺭볃쿖쿳ꆣꎨ헢샯뗄램뚨릤ퟷ쪱볤쫇횸맺컱풺맦뚨뗄샍뚯헟쎿죕릤ퟷ쪱볤늻뎬맽8킡쪱ꆢ욽뻹쎿훜릤ퟷ쪱볤늻뎬맽40킡쪱뗄릤쪱훆뛈ꎩꆣ평폚릤ퟷ잿뛈뗄닢솿뫍믱뗃쓑뛈뷏듳ꎬ놾컄뛔쫇럱듦퓚맽뛈뻍튵뗄럖컶믹놾짏틔퓚횰헟뗄쪵볊훜릤ퟷ쪱볤쫇럱뎬맽램뚨훜릤ퟷ쪱볤캪틀뻝ꆣ 맽뛈뻍튵뗄럖샠 맘폚맽뛈뻍튵뗄럖샠ꎬ퓚짦벰맽뛈뻍튵뗄맺쓚췢컄쿗훐벸뫵쎻폐쳡벰ꎬ컒맺톧헟췵났쟠늩쪿듓죋솦풴뗄릩쟳뷇뛈돶랢ꎬ뛔맽뛈뻍튵뷸탐쇋튻룶럖샠ꎬ냑웤럖캪솽훖샠탍ꎺ튻쫇죋솦풴릩늻펦쟳쪱뗄맽뛈뻍튵ꎬ헢훖맽뛈뻍튵뗄듓튵죋풱훷튪랢짺퓚IT튵ꆢ죭볾튵틔벰탂쓜풴ꆢ탂닄쇏뗈튻킩룟탂벼쫵쇬폲ꎻ뛾쫇죋솦풴릩듳폚쟳쪱뗄맽뛈뻍튵ꎬ헢훖샠탍뗄맽뛈뻍튵뗄듓튵죋풱훷튪벯훐퓚샍뚯쏜벯탍뗄훆퓬튵뫍럾컱튵훐ꎬ쿱뻆뗪튵ꆢ럾ힰ볓릤튵ꆢ닉뻲튵뗈탐튵훐ꆣ놾컄듓쇭췢뗄뷇뛈뛔맽뛈뻍튵뗄샠탍뷸탐쇋럖샠ꎬ내헕퓚횰헟뫍폃죋떥캻퓚볓냠볓뗣훐뗄훷놻뚯맘쾵ꎬ컒쏇냑맽뛈뻍튵뗄샠탍럖캪틔쿂3샠ꎺ ꎨ1ꎩ훷뚯맽뛈뻍튵ꆣ헢훖샠탍뗄맽뛈뻍튵훷튪돶쿖퓚틔쿂벸샠죋좺훐ꎬ튻훖쫇훐룟닣쇬떼ꎬ쯻쏇캪쇋웳튵랢햹믲헟쿫춨맽쳡룟릤ퟷ튵벨믱뗃횰캻뷺짽ꎬퟔ풸뗄볓냠볓뗣ꎻ쇭튻훖쫇쓇킩뛔ퟔ짭튪쟳뫜룟ꎬ캪쇋쪵쿖ퟔ컒볛횵ꆢ짺쏼틢틥뫍럾컱짧믡뗄샭쿫ꎬ훷뚯뎬쪱샍뚯ꆣ잰튻훖쟩뿶뗄맽뛈뻍튵폫퓚횰헟뛔룟놨돪뗄풤웚뫍떥캻뗄막좨벤샸볆뮮틔벰떥캻뗄쓪킽훆폐뫜듳뗄맘쾵ꎬ뛸뫳튻훖쟩뿶뗄맽뛈뻍튵퓲폫룶죋뗄볛횵샭쓮폐뫜듳뗄맘쾵ꎬ쿱붨맺돵웚뗄컒쏇뗄뾪맺ퟜ샭훜뛷살ꆢ듳쟬폍쳯뗄췵뷸쾲ꆢ죋쏱뗄뫃릫웍붹풣슻ꆢ죎뎤쾼틔벰잰늻뻃룕좥쫀뗄킡룚듥듥횧쫩짲뫆뗈뗈ꎬ쯻쏇뚼쫇헢샠죋좺뗄뗤탍듺뇭ꆣ 3
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 ꎨ2ꎩ놻뚯맽뛈뻍튵ꆣ놻뚯맽뛈뻍튵ꎬ맋쏻쮼틥ꎬ쫇횸쓇킩돶폚뻍튵ꆢ캬돖짺볆뗈랽쏦뗄톹솦ꎬ뛔폚떥캻뗄볓냠튪쟳늻룒볓틔뻜뻸뗄샍뚯헟ꆣ퓚쒿잰쪧튵싊뻓룟늻쿂ꎬ쪧튵죋쫽늻뛏퓶볓뗄퇏뻾쟩뿶쿂ꎬ죴늻럾듓튪쟳ꎬ폐뿉쓜뻍믡뚪뗴랹췫ꎬ떽쪱뫲쿫볓냠뚼컞뒦뿉좥ꆣ춬쪱컒맺쒿잰뗄룟짺믮돉놾튲쪹뫜뛠죋뒦폚놻뚯맽뛈뻍튵뗄ힴ첬ꎬ퓚랿볛ꆢ뷌폽ꆢ튽쇆뗈럑폃뻓룟늻쿂뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ쪹뗃퓚횰헟늻뗃늻럅웺택쿐ꆢ폩샖뗄쪱볤ꎬ튻쏅탄쮼뗄볓죫볓냠뗄듳뻼ꎬ늻뛏쳴햽ퟔ짭뗄짺샭뫍탄샭벫쿞ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ뷩폚훷뚯폫놻뚯횮볤뗄맽뛈뻍튵ꆣ헢훖쟩뿶튲놻돆캪“틾탔맽뛈뻍튵”ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂ꎬ폃죋떥캻믲헟웳튵늢쎻폐잿웈퓚횰헟볓냠ꎬ뛸쫇춨맽ퟛ뫏릤쪱훆뛈ꆢ떯탔릤ퟷ훆ꆢ릤ퟷ뗄뛠쏦탔ꆢ룸퓚횰헟짨훃맽룟뗄샍뚯뚨뛮믲헟춨맽퇏룱뗄쓚늿뾼뫋훆뛈ꎬ샽죧쒩캻쳔청ꆢ릤ퟷ뷸뛈맜샭뗈쫖뛎살퇓뎤퓚횰헟뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤믲헟퓶듳샍뚯헟뗄잿뛈뇤쿠잿웈퓚횰헟볓냠ꆣ샽죧퓚쪵탐볆볾릤훆뗄웳튵ꎬ웳튵내쫬솷릤죋쯹쓜짺닺뗄볾쫽살ퟷ캪ퟮ뗍뗄샍뚯뚨뛮ꎬ췪늻돉뚨뛮뻍믡뿛릤ꎬ헢퇹뫜뛠풱릤캪쇋췪돉뚨뛮늻뗃늻볓냠볓뗣ꆣ뫜뛠웳튵뗄쿺쫛죋풱퓚쪵탐뚨뛮훆뗄쟩뿶쿂튲죧듋ꆣ퓙뇈죧ꎬ뫜뛠맣룦릫쮾뫍톯릫쮾퓚릤ퟷ뷸뛈뗄쫸뢿쿂ꎬ캪쇋퓚쳘뚨뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤췪돉쿮쒿늻뗃늻볓냠볓뗣릤ퟷꆣ 틔짏뛔맽뛈뻍튵뗄럖샠쫇믹폚룶죋ꆢ웳튵뫍떥캻뗄캢맛틲쯘살뷸탐뮮럖뗄ꎬ뫜듳돌뛈짏좡뻶퓚횰헟믲폃죋떥캻뗄훷맛틲쯘ꎬ퓚쒳킩쟩뿶쿂뫜쓑쟸럖쒳룶퓚횰헟쫇훷뚯맽뛈뻍튵뮹쫇놻뚯맽뛈뻍튵ꎬ믲헟뮹쫇뷩폚솽헟횮볤ꆣ돽듋횮췢ꎬ놾컄ퟷ헟틠듓뫪맛틲쯘뛔맽뛈뻍튵뗄펰쿬랽쏦뛔웤내헕쪧튵뗄샠탍ퟶ쇋럖샠ꆣ훷튪럖캪틔쿂벸훖ꎺ ꎨ1ꎩ훜웚탔맽뛈뻍튵ꆣ퓚뺭볃랱죙쪱웚ꎬ평폚퓚튻뚨쪱웚쓚ꎬ웳튵뗄풱릤죋쫽쫇쿠뛔만뚨뗄ꎬ떱뚩떥솿믲헟맋뿍벤퓶쪱ꎬ뛔쎿룶릤죋릤ퟷ쪱볤뗄탨쟳짏짽뗄쯙뛈뿉쓜뿬폚평쪱볤탨쟳쯹떼훂뗄릤짏짽뗄쯙뛈ꎬ헢훖쟩뿶쿂뻍뿉쓜돶쿖퓚횰헟뗄볓냠볓뗣ꆣ폈웤퓚샍뚯솦릩룸훐ꎬ뛔퓚횰헟살쮵릤킧펦폫쳦듺킧펦쿠뇈ꎬ닮뛮풽듳ꎬ퓚횰헟풽죝틗돶쿖맽뛈뻍튵ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ뷡릹탔맽뛈뻍튵ꆣ헢훖샠탍뗄맽뛈뻍튵뿉쓜쫇평벼쫵뷸늽믲헟쫇벼쫵뛌좱퓬돉뗄ꎬ믲헟쫇평튻킩훆뛈틲쯘퓬돉뗄ꎬ쿱럇ퟩ횯ꆢ맘폚볓냠쪱볤뫍횧뢶맦퓲쯹틽4
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 웰뗄룼뛠뗄캥풼ꎬ헢킩쟩뿶붫떼훂탨쟳랽뛔퓚횰헟샍뚯쪱볤뗄퇓뎤ꆣ볲뛸퇔횮ꎬ뷡릹탔맽뛈뻍튵퓚뫜듳돌뛈짏쫇평샍뚯솦뗄릩룸뫍탨쟳늻욥엤쯹퓬돉뗄ꎬ헢훖샠탍뗄맽뛈뻍튵쫇튻훖뎤웚탔뗄ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ뎣맦탔맽뛈뻍튵ꆣ헢훖샠탍뗄맽뛈뻍튵죋풱믹놾짏쫇뎤쓪샛퓂뗄볓냠볓뗣ꎬ쎻폐택쾢죕ꆣ훷튪듦퓚폚맙풱ꆢ맜샭닣뫍뿆퇐믺릹헢늿럖죋좺훐ꆣ 컄쿗ퟛ쫶 맺췢컄쿗ퟛ쫶 샍뚯헟맽뛈뻍튵뗄쿖쿳퓚뗚튻듎릤튵뮯듳룯쏼쪱웚뻍돶쿖쇋ꎬ퓚펢맺ꎬ평폚믺웷뗄맣랺쪹폃ꎬ펢맺뗄몣쓚췢쫐뎡톸쯙삩헅ꎬ탎돉쇋놾뛔샍뚯솦뗄퇏훘싓뛡ꎬ쫽틔췲볆뗄샍뚯헟볓냠볓뗣뗄릤ퟷꎬ폐뫜뛠샍뚯헟틲캪샍뚯잿뛈맽듳ꎬ릤ퟷ쪱볤맽뎤뛸샛쯀퓚릤ퟷ쿟짏ꆣ십뿋쮼퓚ꆶ놾싛ꆷ훐듓샍뚯솦뗄짌욷뮯ꆢ볆볾릤뫍볆쪱릤ꆢ쪣폠볛횵뗈랽쏦싛쫶쇋헢훖쿖쿳돶쿖뗄풭틲ꆣ 좻뛸맽뛈뻍튵뗄컊쳢퓙듎틽웰죋쏇뗄맘힢틑풶룴튻룶뛠쫀볍횮뻃ꎬ웤돶쿖퓚뛾쪮쫀볍웟냋쪮쓪듺죕놾뺭볃랱죙쪱웚ꎬ웰틲쫇“맽샍쯀”뗄낸샽퓚죕놾뗄욵욵돶쿖ꆣ톧헟쿾뮪ꎨ1997ꎩ죏캪죕놾맽샍쯀헢튻쿖쿳뇈뷏퇏훘뗄풭틲쫇평폚샍뚯헟뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤맽뎤ꆢ샍뚯잿뛈맽듳틔벰릤뗍ꆢ컯볛룟퓬돉뗄ꆣ죕놾톧헟즽뿚튻쓐ꎨ2008ꎩ춨맽뾼달죕놾짧믡뻍튵헟뗄쟩뿶ꎬ뷒쪾쇋맽뛈뻍튵퓚죕놾맣랺듦퓚뗄쫂쪵ꎬ늢룸돶쇋맽뛈뻍튵뗄뚨틥ꎬ벴맽뛈뻍튵캪쪵볊릤ퟷ쪱볤뎬맽쾣췻릤ퟷ쪱볤ꆣ춬쪱뮹횸돶쇋퓚죕놾좫횰풱릤뇈볦횰풱릤뫍쇙쪱릤ꆢ쓐탔뇈얮탔ꆢ맜샭닣뇈웤쯻횰컱죋풱룼죝틗돶쿖맽뛈뻍튵ꎻ쪵쪩떯탔릤ퟷ쪱볤뗄횰뎡뿉틔듳럹뛈복짙맽뛈뻍튵ꎻ춨쟚쪱볤뎤퓶볓쇋럇ퟔ풸뗄좫횰뻍튵ꆣ죧맻폐늻싺6쯪뗄몢ퟓ쪱ꎬ평폚룷웳튵뛔늻춬탔뇰뗄뛔닟늻춬ꎬ쓐얮횮볤뗄릤ퟷ맽뛈닮캪ퟮ듳ꆣퟮ뫳ꎬퟷ헟뮹첽쳖쇋뷱뫳죕놾뮺뫍맽뛈뻍튵뗄춾뺶ꆣ 펢맺톧헟쳆죴쮮ꎨ2000ꎩ춨맽뛔펢맺죋릤ퟷ쪱볤뗄뗷닩튲뷒쪾쇋펢맺죋쏦쇙ퟅ맽뛈뻍튵뗄컊쳢ꎻ듋뫳ꎬMilena Simicꎨ2002ꎩ튲폃쫽뻝럖컶뗃떽쇋펢맺풽살풽뛠뗄듓튵죋풱쾣췻복짙릤ퟷ쪱볤ꎬ벴쪹캪듋쿠펦뗘복짙릤ퟷ놨돪ꎬ뛸헢튻쿖쿳퓚샏릤죋ꆢ5
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 뺭샭닣틔벰쓇킩룟쫕죫뗄횰튵훐폈캪쏷쿔ꎬ늢쟒퓚늻춬뗄뗘쟸맽뛈뻍튵뗄돌뛈쫇폐쯹닮뇰뗄ꎬ쯻춬쪱뮹룸돶쇋맽뛈뻍튵뗄뚨틥ꎬ벴퓚횰헟쿫복짙릤ퟷ쪱볤늢캪듋풸틢럅웺쿠펦뗄쫕죫뗄쿖쿳ꆣ 맽뛈뻍튵뗄컊쳢춬쪱튲삧죅ퟅ쏀맺죋ꎬ맾런듳톧뺭볃톧볒Juliet13. Sehorꎨ1991ꎩ뷌쫚퓸횸돶ꎬ쏀맺죋뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤뇈짏쫀볍뗄웟냋쪮쓪듺퇓뎤쇋뫜뛠ꎻLonnie Golden and Tesfayi Gebreselassieꎨ2007ꎩ죏캪맽뛈뻍튵돌뛈쯦ퟅ릤ퟷ뗄샠탍ꆢ릤ퟷ훜뗄뎤뛌ꆢ쫕죫쮮욽벰릤죋짺쏼훜웚뗄늻춬뷗뛎뛸폐뫜듳뗄늻춬ꆣ 컷냠퇀톧헟Pilar Acostaꎨ2007ꎩ퓋폃떥뇤솿쒣탍뛔컷냠퇀샍뚯솦뗷닩훐뗄쫽뻝뷸탐맽뛈뻍튵뗄럖컶ꎬ뗃떽뗄뷡싛쫇ꎺ맽뛈뻍튵퓚얮탔뫍뎬맽35쯪뗄룟톧샺뗄릤죋훐쫇춳볆짏쿔훸뗄ꎻ늻춬늿쏅뗄맽뛈뻍튵쫇늻춬뗄ꎬ듓쫂붨훾튵뗄얮탔틔벰듓쫂훆퓬튵뫍퓋쫤튵뗄쓐탔듦퓚뷏룟뗄맽뛈뻍튵쿖쿳ꆣ 듓틔짏뗄컄쿗럖컶훐컒쏇늻쓑뾴돶ꎬ컷랽뗄랢듯맺볒퓚늻춬뗄뺭볃랢햹뷗뛎뚼퓸듦퓚ퟅ늻춬돌뛈뗄맽뛈뻍튵뗄쿖쿳ꎬ떫쫇뻍쒿잰뗄퇐뺿살뾴ꎬ뫜짙컄쿗짦벰뛔맽뛈뻍튵탎돉믺훆뗄퇐뺿뫍럖컶ꎬ듳뛠쫽횻쫇쏨쫶헢훖쿖쿳뗄듦퓚ꆣ 맺쓚컄쿗ퟛ쫶 컒맺톧헟뛔맽뛈뻍튵쿖쿳뗄퇐뺿뾪쪼뗄뇈뷏췭ꎬ횱떽뮪캪풱릤헔탂폮평폚맽뛈뻍튵뗄좥쫀벴“맽샍쯀”닅뾪쪼틽웰죋쏇뗄맣랺맘힢ꆣ 톧헟싞닆쾲ꎨ2008ꎩ횸돶“맽샍쯀”쫇샍뚯헟맽뛈샍샛뛸춻좻쯀췶뗄튻훖짧믡쿖쿳ꆣ쫇폃죋떥캻캥랴ꆶ샍뚯램ꆷ맦뚨ꎬ횱뷓믲볤뷓웈쪹샍뚯헟뎤웚뎬돶램싉맦뚨뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤뫍샍뚯잿뛈믲캥랴샍뚯램쳥쾵훐폐맘샍뚯낲좫폫컀짺뗄맦뚨뛸훂샍뚯헟쯀췶뗄쟩탎ꆣ늢횸돶쇋“맽샍쯀”퓚얩쏱릤뇈뷏웕뇩ꎬ늢돊쿖돶쿲쓪쟡죋뫍횪쪶럖ퟓ뷗닣싻퇓뗄쟷쫆ꆣ 톧헟볌맻뫍싀짐뇲ꎨ2005ꎩ횸돶컒맺틑돉캪쫀뷧짏샍뚯쪱볤ퟮ뎤뗄맺볒횮튻ꎬ죋뻹샍뚯쪱볤틑뺭뎬맽쇋몫맺뫍죕놾ꎬ쎿쓪폐60췲죋맽샍뛸쯀ꎬ늢쟒횸돶“맽샍쯀”퓚훐맺돊쿖쓪쟡뮯뿬쯙퓶뎤뗄첬쫆뫍쿲냗쇬ꆢ맇룉ꆢ횪쪶럖ퟓ싻퇓뗄첬쫆ꎻ 톧헟샮킡뫃ꎨ2007ꎩ듓뺭볃톧훐뗄샭탔죋뫍믺믡돉놾뗄뷇뛈뛔맽뛈뻍튵뗄풭틲6
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 ퟷ돶쇋뷢쫍ꎬ늢뷸튻늽럖컶쇋맽뛈뻍튵뛔샍뚯헟룶죋뢣샻붵뗍ꆢ뛔웳튵뎤풶랢햹ꆢ뛔짧믡뺭볃랢햹뗄뢺쏦펰쿬ꎻ 훐릲훐퇫떳킣떳쪷늿톧헟돌솬짽ꎨ2006ꎩ죏캪럇릫웳튵훐뗄뎬쪱볓냠쿖쿳쫇떼훂컒맺뗄뻍튵떯탔늻뛏쿂붵뗄훷튪풭틲횮튻ꎬ맽뛈뻍튵뗄웕뇩탔퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏쮵쏷쇋컒맺“룟퓶뎤ꆢ뗍뻍튵”뗄쒣쪽닺짺뗄풭틲ꆣ 늢쳡돶샍뚯솦뗄릩맽폚쟳ꆢ헾뢮탐캪뗄욫닮뫍샍뚯헟캬좨ퟩ횯뗄좱랦틔벰샍뚯놣헏램훆붨짨뗄퇏훘훍뫳쫇떼훂맽뛈뻍튵랢짺뗄훷튪풭틲ꆣ 쫗뚼뺭볃쎳틗듳톧샍뚯뺭볃톧풺뗄톧헟퇮뫓쟥ꎨ2009ꎩ춨맽뛔놱뺩뗘쟸헾뢮ꆢ웳쫂튵믺릹풱릤뷸탐컊뻭뗷닩쿔쪾ꎬ퓚쯹뗷닩뗄뛔쿳훐ꎬ폐72%뗄죋풱릤ퟷ쪱볤뎬맽40킡쪱ꎬ웤훐폐50%뗄죋풱훜릤ퟷ쪱볤뎬맽48킡쪱ꎬ쇭폐25%뗄죋풱훜릤ퟷ쪱볤뎬맽55킡쪱ꆣ듓탔뇰뫍톧샺랽쏦살뾴ꎬ쓐탔틔벰듳틔쿂죋좺뫍뻟폐늩쪿퇐뺿짺뗄죋좺룼쟣쿲폚맽뛈뻍튵ꎻ듓떥캻탔훊뷇뛈뾴ꎬ톧킣ꆢ뿆퇐ꆢ튽풺뗈쫂튵떥캻뗄샍뚯헟볓냠뗄욵싊뷏룟ꎬ뛸맺웳풱릤뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤퓲뷏짙ꎻ쇭췢춨쟚쪱볤뗄뎤뛌튲쫇펰쿬풱릤맽뛈뻍튵뗄틲쯘횮튻ꆣ 톧헟헅쫷쇫ꎨ2002ꎩ쏨쫶쇋죕놾웳튵ꆰ맽샍쯀ꆱ뗄쿖ힴꎬ늢듓ퟔ좻뮷뺳랽쏦ꆢ짧믡컄뮯랽쏦뫍웳튵맜샭랽쏦럖컶쇋죕놾ꆰ맽샍쯀ꆱ퇏훘뗄풭틲ꎬ죏캪죕놾뗄ퟔ좻풴?랦ꆢퟔ좻퓖몦욵랢ꎬ벯췅훷틥맛쓮뫍뒫춳뗄뗀뗂틢쪶틔벰훕짭맍펶훆엠폽쇋죕놾죋믽벫쟳짺듦뗄뺫짱ꆣ춬쪱횸돶쇋듳늿럖죕놾풱릤ꆰ맽샍쯀ꆱ쫇틲캪훷뚯맽뛈뻍튵뛸틽웰뗄ꎻ 톧헟췵났쟠늩쪿ꎨ2007ꎩ죏캪맽뛈뻍튵쫇샍뚯헟퓚뎤쪱볤쓚돐떣뎬뎤릤ퟷ쪱볤뫍룟잿뛈릤ퟷ죎컱뗄튻훖샍뚯ힴ첬ꎬ헢쫇퓚뺭볃랢햹뗄쳘뚨쪱뛎쯹뻟폐뗄튻훖ힴ첬ꆣ늢쟒웤죏캪돇쿧뛾풪뷡릹뗄듦퓚ꆢ샍뚯놣뮤횴탐솦뛈뗄잷좱쫇떼훂얩쏱릤헢룶좺쳥맽뛈뻍튵뗄훷튪풭틲ꎻ 첨췥톧헟탬뢻헤ꎨ2009ꎩ듓룶죋틲쯘뫍죋볊뾼솿랽쏦뷢쫍쇋맽뛈뻍튵뗄돉틲ꎬ죏캪릤ퟷ헟춶죫풽룟틔벰캪쇋죃훷맜믲춬쫂탎돉ퟔ벺쫇룶뺡횰얬솦뗄헽쏦펡쿳ꎬ튲풽뷏뿉쓜볓냠ꆣ 뫁컞틉컊ꎬ헢킩퇐뺿뚼폐튻뚨뗄틢틥ꆣ떫쫇듓쒿잰맺쓚췢뗄퇐뺿쿖ힴ뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ훷튪쫇뛔맽뛈뻍튵뗄쿖ힴ뷸탐쇋튻킩볲떥쏨쫶뫍춳볆ꎬ첽쳖뗄쫇맽뛈뻍튵듸살뗄“맽7
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 샍쯀”뗄컊쳢ꎬ헢킩뛔맽뛈뻍튵뗄퇐뺿훷튪쫇듓춳볆톧ꆢ짧믡톧뫍탄샭톧돶랢뗄ꎬ듓뺭볃톧럖컶뗄늻뛠ꎬ폈웤뛔맽뛈뻍튵뗄럖샠ꆢ탎돉풭틲ꆢ짧믡킧펦틔벰뛔뻍튵뗄벷돶킧펦듓뺭볃톧뷇뛈퇐뺿짵짙ꆣ컒쏇죏캪ꎬ맽뛈뻍튵늻뷶쫇훘튪뗄짧믡컊쳢ꎬ뛸쟒뮹쫇훘듳뗄뺭볃컊쳢ꎬ뫜횵뗃듓뺭볃톧뷇뛈뷸탐첽쳖ꆣ 퇐뺿쮼슷뫍뷡릹뿲볜 톭ퟅ욵욵랢짺뗄“맽샍쯀” 뗄놨뗀ꎬ놾컄춨맽쇏뗄닩톯ꎬ틔벰ퟷ헟놾죋뗄ퟟ럃뫍뗷닩ꎬ랢쿖쒿잰쫀뷧짏뫜뛠맺볒뚼듦퓚ퟅ늻춬돌뛈뗄맽뛈뻍튵뗄쿖쿳ꎬ뛸헢튻쿖쿳퓚훐맺튲늻샽췢ꎬ짵훁폐맽횮뛸컞늻벰ꆣ좻뫳듓헢룶쿖쿳죫쫖뷧뚨맽뛈뻍튵뗄뚨틥뫍샠탍ꎬ톰헒웤놳뫳듦퓚뗄풭틲ꆢ뛔뺭볃쯹닺짺뗄킧펦벰뷢뻶뗄뛔닟ꆣ춬쪱퓋폃춼탎뫍볆솿랽램럖컶맽뛈뻍튵뛔뻍튵벷돶뗄킧펦ꆣ 놾컄훷튪럖캪컥룶늿럖ꎬ뗚1헂쫇탷싛늿럖ꎬ훷튪뷩짜놾컄뗄퇐뺿놳뺰뫍틢틥ꆢ맽뛈뻍튵뗄맺쓚췢컄쿗ퟛ쫶ꆢ맽뛈뻍튵뗄뚨틥뫍럖샠틔벰컄헂뗄뷡릹낲업뫍뒴탂횮뒦ꎻ뗚2헂뫍뗚3헂럖뇰듓뫪맛뮷뺳뫍캢맛믹뒡살첽컶맽뛈뻍튵뗄탎돉믺훆뫍뺭볃킧펦ꎻ뗚4헂훷튪퓋폃쫽뻝살쮵쏷컒맺쒿잰샍뚯솦쫐뎡짏맽뛈뻍튵뗄돌뛈벰웤뛔뻍튵룚캻뗄벷햼쫽솿ꎻ뗚5헂쫇뷡싛폫헾닟붨틩ꎬ듋늿럖붫뛔좫컄ퟷ틔볲튪뗄룅삨틔벰뛔뮺뷢떱잰뗄맽뛈뻍튵컊쳢쳡돶ퟷ헟뗄헾닟붨틩ꆣ 놾컄뒴탂횮뒦 ꎨ1ꎩ놾컄붫뛔맽뛈뻍튵뗄샠탍뷸탐튻룶뇈뷏뿆톧뫏샭뗄럖샠ꆣ듓퓚횰헟쫇럱ퟔ풸볓냠뗄뷇뛈듳훂뿉틔냑맽뛈뻍튵럖캪죽샠ꎺꋙ훷뚯맽뛈뻍튵ꋚ놻뚯맽뛈샍뚯ꋛ틾탔맽뛈뻍튵ꎻ듓뫪맛틲쯘뛔샍뚯솦쫐뎡뗄펰쿬뿉틔럖캪훜웚탔맽뛈뻍튵ꆢ뷡릹탔맽뛈뻍튵틔벰뎣맦탔맽뛈뻍튵죽룶랽쏦ꎻ ꎨ2ꎩ뛔맽뛈뻍튵탎돉믺훆뗄럖컶ꎬ틔췹뗄퇐뺿뫜짙듓맺볒뗄닆헾쳥훆틔벰웳튵뗄뾼뫋훆뛈ꆢ짧믡뗄컄뮯볛횵맛랽쏦살뷸탐뻟쳥럖컶ꎬ놾컄붫듓헢벸룶랽쏦뛔맽뛈뻍튵뗄탎돉믺훆뷸탐짮죫뗄첽컶ꎻ ꎨ3ꎩ놾컄붫퓋폃맽뛈뻍튵싊뫍맽뛈뻍튵돌뛈뛔컒맺뗄ퟜ맽뛈뻍튵죋쫽뫍탐튵맽뛈뻍튵죋쫽틔벰맽뛈뻍튵뛔룚캻뗄벷돶쫽솿ퟷ튻뻟쳥뗄볆쯣ꆣ 8
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 2 맽뛈뻍튵뗄탎돉믺훆 샍뚯뗄쒿뗄ꎬ쫇캪쇋캬돖ퟔ짭폫짧믡뺭볃랢햹쿠쫊틋뗄짺믮쮮욽ꎬ뛸뿆벼폺랢햹ꎬ캪캬돖튻뚨뗄짺믮쮮욽쯹탨튪뢶돶뗄샍뚯솿펦룃쫇풽살풽짙ꎬ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ짧믡뇘튪샍뚯쪱볤믡풽살풽뛌ꆣ떫컒맺쒿잰뗄쿖ힴ좴폫듋놳뗀뛸돛ꎬ뎬맽튻냫뗄샍뚯헟퓚뎬쪱샍뚯ꎬ뒦폚튻훖맽뛈뻍튵뗄ힴ첬ꆣ죋솦풴쫇쳬뗘볤ퟮ캪놦맳뗄풴ꎬ룄룯뾪럅죽쪮쓪살ꎬ훐맺횮쯹틔쓜릻놣돖돖탸룟쯙랢햹ꎬ퓚뫜듳돌뛈짏틀뾿뗄쫇뿕잰뻸뫳뗄죋뿚뫬샻ꆣ떫쫇컒맺뗄샍뚯헟퓚늻뛏뗄춸횧짺쏼ꎬ짵훁폐뫜뛠쓪쟡놦맳뗄짺쏼캪듋뛸퓉실ꆣ십뿋쮼퓸쮵맽ꎬ짧믡뗄랢햹쫇죋뗄좫쏦ퟔ평랢햹ꎬ컒맺좴퓚캬돖뺭볃퓶뎤뗄맽돌훐뫶싔쇋ퟮ훘튪뗄뚫컷ꎬ헢웤훐뗄풭틲펦룃횵뗃뫃뫃쮼뾼뫍퇐뺿ꆣ놾컄ퟷ헟훷튪듓맺볒ꆢ웳튵뫍룶죋뗄닣쏦살럖컶맽뛈뻍튵탎돉뗄풭틲ꆣ 맽뛈뻍튵듦퓚뗄짧믡풭틲 1ꎩ짧믡탍쪱웚듸살뗄뻍튵톹솦뫍짺듦톹솦 헢훷튪뇭쿖퓚틔쿂벸룶랽쏦ꎺ 쫗쿈ꎬ샍뚯솦릩쟳퇏훘쪧뫢ꎬ뻍튵톹솦듳 튻랽쏦ꎬ컒맺퓚볆뮮뺭볃쪱듺쪵탐뗄“뗍릤ꎬ룟뻍튵”뗄헾닟쪹듳솿뗄맺폐웳튵듦퓚뫜뛠죋풱죟폠ꎬ뛸퓚평볆뮮뺭볃쿲쫐뎡뺭볃뗄뇤맽돌훐ꎬ웳튵룼힢훘킧싊ꎬ헢떼훂듳솿뗄죟폠죋풱쫍럅쇋돶살ꎬ탎돉쇋쪧튵ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ뺭볃퓶뎤랽쪽평듖럅탍쿲놾쏜벯탍뇤ꎬ뛸헢훖랽쪽뗄룄뇤틢캶ퟅ뒴퓬춬퇹뗄뻍튵룚캻쯹탨튪뗄놾솿풽살풽뛠ꎬ뻟쳥뇭쿖캪샍뚯솦놻놾뫍벼쫵좡듺ꎬ듓쫂쒳쿮릤ퟷ뗄쪵볊쯹탨죋쫽복짙ꎬ듓뛸쪹쪧튵죋쫽퓶볓ꎬ샍뚯솦뗄릩룸퓶볓ꆣ뻟쳥살뾴샍뚯솦뗄릩룸랽쏦ꎬ맺컱풺ퟜ샭컂볒놦퓚돶쾯2010쓪훐맺랢햹룟닣싛첳퓚첸떽훐맺뗄쪧튵컊쳢쪱ꎬ횸돶훐맺뗄쪧튵죋뿚폐2틚ꎬ헢튲뻍틢캶ퟅ퓚훐맺욽뻹늻떽7룶죋훐뻍폐튻죋쪧튵ꆣ쇭뻝첨췥뚫컢듳톧퇐뺿뗄뷡맻쿔쪾ꎺ훐맺헦쪵돇헲쪧튵싊=릫뾪쪧튵싊+틾님쪧튵싊+쿂룚릤죋쪧튵싊+얩듥쇷죫쪧튵싊=%ꎬ헢퇹쯣살훐맺뗄쪧튵죋뿚붫듯떽틚ꎬ퓙9
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 볓짏쎿쓪탂퓶뗄뻍튵죋뿚2400췲ꎬ쓇쎴뿉틔뗃떽컒맺탨튪뻍튵뗄샍뚯솦쫽솿뻞듳ꆣ퓙살뾴샍뚯솦뗄탨쟳랽쏦ꎬ뻝죋솦풴뫍짧믡놣헏늿늿뎤틼캵쏱엻슶뗄쫽뻝쿔쪾ꎬ내헕쎿쓪8%뗄뺭볃퓶뎤쯙뛈ꎬ헻룶짧믡쎿쓪탂퓶뗄돇헲뻍튵룚캻횻폐풼1200췲룶ꆣ 평듋뿉볻ꎬ샍뚯솦릩룸풶풶듳폚샍뚯솦탨쟳ꆣ뛸쟒쯦ퟅ닺튵짽벶뫍뺭볃뷡릹뗷헻뗄췆뷸ꎬ컒맺뻍튵뗄뷡릹탔쎬뛜믡룼춻돶ꎬ헢튲퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏퓶볓쇋뻍튵뗄쓑뛈ꆣ퓚샍뚯솦릩듳폚쟳퇏훘쪧뫢뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ잿샍죵ꎬ퓚횰헟폐뫜잿뗄캣믺룐ꎬ퓚쯻쏇뾴살ꎬ쓜릻헒떽릤ퟷ뻍쫇튻럝살ퟔ늻틗뗄탒퓋ꎬ틲듋듳뛠쫽풱릤몦엂퓙듎볓죫떽뻍튵듳뻼훐ꎬ믹놾짏늻믡캪쇋볓냠뗄쫂쟩폫훷맜닺짺늻뿬믲헟쫇쯟훮폚램싉ꎬ벴뇣떱쯻쏇뗄뫏램좨틦쫜떽쟖랸쪱ꎬ튲횻믡톡퓱돁쒬뫍뷓쫜ꆣ헢뻍믡탎돉샠쯆뺭볃톧떱훐랢햹뛱탔톭뮷튻퇹뗄맖좦ꎬ벴퓚횰헟뗄볓냠볓뗣ꎬ삩듳쇋쪧튵뗄죋쫽ꎬ볌뛸엇뮲퓚릤ퟷ쏅췢탨뻍튵뗄샍뚯헟춨맽뺺헹폖볓뻧쇋퓚횰헟뗄톹솦웈쪹쯻쏇늻뗃늻볓냠볓뗣뗄릤ퟷꎬ쓇쎴헻룶짧믡쯹쓜쳡릩뗄룚캻쫽솿뻍믡풽살풽짙ꎬ쪧튵죋풱믡뷸튻늽삩듳ꎬ뻍튵톹솦폺살폺듳ꆣ 웤듎ꎬ짧믡탍듸살뗄짺듦톹솦 룄룯뾪럅틔살ꎬ컒맺뗄닆헾쫕죫늻싛쫇듓뻸뛔횸뇪짏뮹쫇쿠뛔횸뇪짏뚼랢짺쇋랭쳬뢲뗘뗄뇤뮯ꆣ1978쓪떽2009쓪컒맺뗄닆헾쫕죫평틚풪퓶뎤떽68477틚풪ꎬ삩듳쇋뷼60놶ꎬ쪵볊닆헾쫕죫쓪뻹퓶뎤싊풼%ꎬퟮ뷼뗄쫽뻝쿔쪾2010쓪1—4퓂럝컒맺뗄닆헾쫕죫뇈짏쓪춬웚퓶뎤%ꎻ춬쪱컒맺닆헾쫕죫햼GDP뗄뇈싊듓1998쓪뗄%짏짽떽2009쓪뗄%ꆣ뛸폫듋잡잡쿠랴뗄쫇ꎬ컒맺얩듥뻓쏱죋뻹뒿쫕죫ꆢ돇헲뻓쏱죋뻹뿉횧엤쫕죫쓪뻹럖뇰쪵볊퓶뎤횻폐풼%ꆢ%ꎬ컒맺뻓쏱샍뚯놨돪햼GDP뗄뇈훘평1983쓪ퟮ룟뗄%쿂붵떽2005쓪%ꎬ22쓪볤쿂붵쇋뷼20룶냙럖뗣ꆣ평듋뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ닆헾쫕죫뗄퓶뎤쯙뛈쏷쿔룟폚돇헲뫍얩듥뻓쏱뗄죋뻹뒿쫕죫뗄쯙뛈ꎬ뛸닆헾쫕죫믹놾짏살풴폚쮰쫕쫕죫ꆣ듓ꆶ2009쓪훐맺춳볆쓪본ꆷ훐컒쏇뿉틔뗃떽맘폚2008닆헾쫕죫퓶솿뗄살풴ꎬ웤훐횻폐풼8%살ퟔ폚럇쮰쫕쫕죫ꎬ뛸쪣쿂뗄뷼92%뗄뇈샽살ퟔ폚쮰쫕쫕죫ꎬ릤킽뷗닣룶죋쯹뗃쮰뇈훘평10쓪잰뗄49%퓶볓떽60%ꎬ틑뺭돉캪컒맺뗄뗚쯄듳쮰훖ꆣ헢뻍탎돉쇋퓚뺭볃쇬폲듦퓚뗄“튻룟튻뗍”뗄훐맺쳘즫ꎬ튻룟쫇쮰뢳룟ꎬ튻뗍쫇릤햼GDP뗍ꎬ맺볒뗄닆헾쫕죫듳럹뛈짏헇쇋ꎬ10
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 샏냙탕ퟔ벺뗄닆헾쫕죫좴틀좻?뻝ꆣ죧맻퓙쳞돽릫컱풱뫍맺볒슢뛏탐튵뗄풱릤뗄릤퓶뎤ꎬ웤쯻탐튵웕춨횰릤뗄릤퓶뎤럹뛈룼뗍ꆣ뛸퓚쒿잰뗄샍뚯솦쫐뎡짏듳뛠쫽뗄샏냙탕쫇틀뾿릤뛸짺믮뗄ꎬ쯻쏇뗄뗍쫕죫좴튪뢺떣힡랿ꆢ뷌폽뫍튽쇆탂뗄죽ퟹ듳즽ꆣ퓚짧믡놣헏훆뛈늻붡좫뫍늻췪짆뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ랿볛뫍컯볛뗄짏헇듸룸쯻쏇뻞듳뗄뺭볃톹솦ꎬ튽쇆ꆢ뷌폽룄룯듸살뗄늻좷뚨틲쯘뮹퓚퓶볓ꎬ헢훖늻뛏룟헇뗄짺믮돉놾ꎬ쪹죋쏇쏦쇙뗄짺듦톹솦폫죕뻣퓶ꆣ ퟜ횮ꎬ쏦뛔퇏뻾뗄뻍튵탎쫆뫍룟헇뗄짺믮돉놾ꎬ퓚횰헟뫜헤쾧쒿잰뗄뻍튵룚캻ꎬ떱폃죋떥캻춨맽쳡룟횰릤뗄릤ퟷ솿믲웈쪹쯻쏇볓냠뗄쪱뫲ꎬ뫜뛠횰릤쪱룒얭늻룒퇔ꎬ횻폐톡퓱뷓쫜ꎬ볓죫맽뛈뻍튵죋풱뗄듳뻼훐ꆣ 2ꎩ짧믡풴럖엤퇏훘늻릫훂쪹훐킡웳튵짺듦뿕볤쿁킡 퓚컒맺쒿잰뗄뺭볃쳥훆쿂ꎬ늻춬뗄쯹폐훆웳튵쯹뗃떽풴뗄쓑틗돌뛈틔벰쯹떼훂뗄맽뛈뻍튵돌뛈쫇늻춬뗄ꆣ맺폐벰맺폐슢뛏탐튵컞싛쫇퓚헾뢮헾닟랽쏦뮹쫇퓚틸탐탅듻랽쏦ꎬ뚼뷏죝틗뗃떽횧돖뫍헕맋ꎬ틔훁폚퓚뗍돉놾뗄쟩뿶쿂뻛벯쇋듳솿뗄풴ꎬ탎돉쇋쒿잰맺웳횰릤룟릤ꆢ룟늹쳹ꆢ룟뢣샻뗄쿖ힴꆣ퓚헢훖탐튵샯ꎬ맽뛈뻍튵뗄쿖쿳듦퓚뗄뻍짙튻킩ꆣ뻝훐맺죋쏱듳톧뷌쫚ꆢ놱뺩뾪듯뺭볃톧볒훐탄샭쫂뎤뫎캰춳볆ꎬ“좫맺웟룶슢뛏탐튵폐2833췲죋ꎬ늻떽좫맺횰릤죋쫽뗄8%ꎬ떫릤뫍릤1췢쫕죫햼좫맺떱쓪횰릤릤ퟜ뛮뗄뗄뇈샽룟듯55%ꆣ”헢튲튻뚨돌뛈짏뷢쫍쇋캪쪲쎴듳늿럖뗄죋뚼뷟뺡좫솦뗄쿫뷸죫맺웳틔벰튻킩슢뛏탐튵ꆣ퓚헻룶짧믡풴볈뚨뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ맺폐벰맺폐슢뛏뗄웳튵뫍풱릤믱뗃쇋짧믡뗄듳늿럖풴ꎬ쓇쎴쓇킩쓑틔믱뗃헾뢮헾닟횧돖뫍탅듻횧돖뗄훐킡웳튵뗄짺듦뿕볤뻍믡뇤뗃뫜킡ꆣ퓚맺볊뮷뺳뗄펰쿬쿂ꎬ웳튵쏦쇙ퟅ짺쯀듦췶뗄뺺헹톹솦ꎬ캪쇋펮뗃쫐뎡럝뛮늻뗃늻닉좡룷훖랽램ꎬ춬퇹뗄닺욷뇈볛룱ꆢ뇈훊솿ꆢ뇈럾컱ꆣ헢퇹훂쪹웳튵퓚퇐랢ꆢ쿺쫛ꆢ탐헾뫍벼쫵룚캻짏죋풱뗄릤ퟷ솿뚼랭랬ꎬ뇘좻믡떼훂퓚횰헟컞택횹뗄볓냠ꆣ폫듋춬쪱ꎬ웳튵뮹튪돐떣룟쮰뢺ꆣ웳튵퓚샻죳ퟮ듳뮯뗄쟽쪹쿂ꎬ캪쇋볞돉놾ꎬ믡뺡뿉쓜뗄톹뗍횰릤릤ꎬ퇓뎤풱릤뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤믲헟쫇퓶듳풱릤뗄릤ퟷ잿뛈ꆣ 3ꎩ샍뚯놣헏램훆붨짨퇏훘훍뫳ꎬ횴램솦뛈잷좱 1 뫎캰.맺웳틑랢짺뇤틬ꆣꆰ닆뺭췸ꆱ 11
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 쯤좻컒맺ꆶ쿜램ꆷ뫍ꆶ샍뚯램ꆷ훐쏷좷맦뚨ꎬ샍뚯헟폐택쾢뗄좨샻뫍뇪ힼ뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤ꎬ떫쒿잰뗄램싉훐뛔릤쪱훆뛈뗄뷧뚨ꆢ퓵퇹실쪵샍뚯헟택쾢좨샻뗄놣헏듫쪩랽쏦좴쎻폐뗃떽폐킧뗄횴탐ꆣ춬쪱컒맺쒿잰뗄램싉훐늢쎻폐뛔맽샍훂쯀ꆢ훂늡뗄컊쳢ퟶ돶쏷좷뗄맦뚨ꎬ쓇쎴평폚램싉뗄뿕냗ꎬ맽샍훂쯀ꆢ훂늡쫴늻쫴폚쟖좨ꎬ웳튵펦늻펦룃돐떣퓰죎ꎬ폖룃퓵퇹좥뷧뚨뚼컞램뿉틀ꆢ컞램뿉톭ꆣ폫듋춬쪱ꎬ컒맺뛔죎틢퇓뎤샍뚯쪱볤ꆢ늻ퟱ쫘샍뚯램맦ꆢ늻ퟔ뻵캬뮤샍뚯헟좨틦뗄웳튵뫍떥캻뒦랣솦뛈뷏쟡ꎬ볠맜늻떽캻튲퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏쪹샍뚯헟뗄뫏램좨틦쓑틔뗃떽쿭쫜ꆣ뻝2004쓪뗗뗄튻룶쫽뻝뗷닩쿔쪾ꎬ좫맺3틚뛠횰릤ꎬ횻폐횰뗄샍뚯놣헏볠달풱1췲9잧죋ꎬ뛸맺볒샍뚯늿쏅튪쟳ꎬ샍뚯볠달풱폫웳튵풱릤뗄뇈샽펦캪1ꎺ8000ꎬ평듋뾴돶컒맺뗄볠달솦솿풶풶늻ퟣꎬ샍뚯헹틩뫍뻀럗뗃늻떽폐킧뗄뷢뻶ꆣ 4ꎩ컄뮯볛횵맛쓮뫍짧믡폟싛뗄쮫훘펰쿬 퓚컒맺샍뚯헟맽뛈뻍튵뗄풭틲럖컶훐ꎬ돽쇋틔짏뗄쯹쫶횮췢ꎬ룼짮닣듎뗄쫇뒫춳뗄컄뮯볛횵맛쓮뗄펰쿬틔벰짧믡폟싛퓚듋믹뒡짏뛔볓냠뗄맽뛈냽퇯ꆣ헢튻뗣뛔짧믡횪쪶럖ퟓ뫍듓헾뷗닣뗄펰쿬폈웤룼짵ꆣ 튻랽쏦ꎬ훐맺튻횱쫇튻룶돧짐뒫춳죥볒뗀뗂컄뮯쳥쾵뗄맺뛈ꎬ붲뺿뗄쫇ꆰ죊ꆱꆢꆰ틥ꆱꆢꆰ샱ꆱꆢꆰ훇ꆱꆢꆰ탅ꆱ뗄캪죋뒦쫀풭퓲ꎬ뛸헢웤훐폖냑ꆰ죊ꆱퟷ캪웤볛횵쳥쾵뗄뫋탄ꆣ뿗쏏풻ꎺꆰ죊헟낮죋ꆱꎬꆰ퇔죊뇘벰죋ꆱꆣ폃컒쏇떱뷱뗄뮰룅삨쮵ꎬ뿗쏏잿뗷뗄쫇튻훖뛔짧믡ꆢ뛔맺볒ꆢ뛔쯻죋컞쮽럮쿗뗄뺫짱ꆣ훐맺뗄횪쪶럖ퟓ듓킡쫜뿗쏏뒫춳쮼쿫컄뮯뗄뛺쒿좾ꎬ냑뛔맺볒ꆢ뛔짧믡뗄럮쿗ퟷ캪웤죋짺ힷ쟳뗄쒿뇪살얬솦ꆣ퓚헾뷧ꎬ죽맺쪱웚뗄훮룰쇁ꆢ뾪맺ퟜ샭훜뛷살틔벰잰늻뻃좥쫀뗄킡룚듥쫩볇짲뫆뗈뗈헢킩죋컯쫇컞쮽럮쿗뗄뗤횤ꎻ퓚뿆톧뷧튲폐뫜뛠뺫펢맽샍뛸쯀ꆣ퓙볓짏짧믡폟싛퓚듋믹뒡짏뛔볓냠뗄맽뛈냽퇯뫍맣랺탻뒫ꎬ탭뛠죋뚼탎돉쇋ꆰ캪쇋릤ퟷ컾짼룶죋뗄쪱볤ꆱ쫇튻훖럮쿗뺫짱ꆢ쫇횵뗃탻뒫뫍맄샸뗄맛쓮ꆣ뛸퓚헢훖컄뮯럕캧쿂ꎬ풽쫇짧믡뺫펢풽뿉쓜쫜듋맛쓮뗄펰쿬ꎬ훷뚯뗘캪쇋릤ퟷ럅웺택쿐ꆢ럅웺폫볒죋뫍엳폑퓚튻웰뗄쪱볤ꆣ죧맻쒳죋캪쇋췪돉죎컱특틔볌죕뗄볓냠뛸믱뗃쇋쿈뷸뗄돆뫅ꎬ쯻뗄쫂벣뻍믡놻맣랺탻뒫ꎬ폚쫇볓냠뻍돉쇋튻훖럮쿗ꎬ돉캪쇋쯻죋횵뗃톧쾰뗄탐캪ꆣ뎤듋틔췹ꎬ맽뛈뻍튵ꆢ볓냠볓뗣뻍믡돉캪쓑틔쓦뗄잱맦퓲ꎬ헢훖잱맦퓲뗄쪢탐뻍믡훰붥12
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 뗄쏖싾뾪살ꎬ탎돉쯹캽뗄ꆰ볓냠컄뮯ꆱꆣ 쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ횪쪶럖ퟓ뫍짧믡뺫펢맽뛈뻍튵뗄풭틲폫훐맺뎤웚틔살쯹탎돉뗄뷗벶틢쪶쏜늻뿉럖ꎬ쯹캽뷗벶틢쪶ꎬ뻍쫇틔쯹뒦뗄뷗닣뫍횰돆뗄룟뗍ퟷ캪돟뛈살뫢솿튻룶죋뗄죋짺볛횵뫍짧믡뗘캻ꆣ쯼쫇훐맺뒫춳짧믡뫢솿죋뗄볛횵뇪ힼꎬ뺡맜쪱듺폐쯹룄뇤ꎬ떫뒫춳컄뮯뗄뻞듳맟탔뛔쿖듺뛠풪뮯뷱쳬뗄펰쿬좴폐퓶컞복ꎬ뷗벶틢쪶틑돉캪죋쏇쮼쿫훐뫱훘뗄믽뗭ꎬ째춸퓚짺믮훐랽랽쏦쏦ꆣ헢훖뷗벶틢쪶뗄듦퓚ꎬퟳ폒ퟅ죋쏇뗄횰튵볛횵맛ꆢ쫀뷧맛뫍죋짺맛ꎬ늢뗃떽쇋짧믡듳훚뫍폟싛뗄맣랺횧돖뫍탻뒫ꎬ짮짮펰쿬ퟅ죋쏇뗄볛횵에뛏ꆣ퓚떱뷱짧믡ꎬ잮좨틑돉캪에뛏튻룶죋쫇럱돉릦뗄맘볼ꆣ뷗닣늻춬ꎬ죋쏇뗄쫕죫뫍뗘캻뻍폐뫜듳뗄쟸뇰ꆣ뻍틔룟킣캪샽ꎬ횰돆뗈벶쫇뛔룟킣뷌쪦톧쫵뗘캻뫍짧믡뗘캻폨틔죏뿉뗄훷튪뇪ힼꎬ횰돆뗄룟뗍횱뷓뻶뚨쇋샏쪦뗄룷훖뢣샻뫍뿎쪱럑ꆣ떫훚쯹훜횪ꎬ횰돆뗄움뚨뫍죋풱뗄뷺짽뛔싛컄뫍뿎쳢뚼폐뫜듳뗄튪쟳ꎬ짪놨뗄횰돆풽룟ꎬ뛔싛컄뗄훊솿튪쟳풽룟ꎬ쫽솿튪쟳풽뛠ꎬ폐뗄뮹튪쟳짪놨뗄뷌쪦ퟶ맽맺볒뿎쳢ꆣ헢훖솿뮯뗄움뚨뇪ힼ쪹뫜뛠샏쪦뺫뷟솦ꎬ캪쇋랢컄헂뷊뺡쓔횭ꎬ욣폚놼쏼ꎬ짵훁맽샍뛸쯀ꆣ뛸춬쪱훐맺뗄횪쪶럖ퟓ폖뇈뷏뫃쏦ퟓꎬ뫜퓚틢뇰죋뗄퇛맢뫍움볛ꎬ죧맻퓚떥캻릤ퟷ쇋뫃벸쓪횰캻뮹쎻폐쯹뇤뮯뗄뮰ꎬ뻍믡놻뇰죋쟆늻웰ꎬ짵훁믡닺짺ퟔ놰뗄탄샭ꆣ뮹쫇틔룟킣캪샽ꎬ죧맻튻룶뷌쪦ퟶ룶뫃벸쓪붲쪦틀좻쎻폐뷺짽캪뢱뷌쫚뗄뮰ꎬ쯻뻍믡룐뻵ퟔ벺뫜쎻쏦ퟓꎬ뇈뇰죋뗍튻뗈ꆣ퓚헢훖뷗벶틢쪶뗄펰쿬쿂ꎬ뫜뛠죋캪쇋쏻샻ꎬ캪쇋쏦ퟓꎬ룸ퟔ벺짨뚨맽룟뗄죋짺쒿뇪ꎬ쿝죫쇋맽뛈뻍튵뗄쓠헓훐늻쓜ퟔ냎ꆣ 맽뛈뻍튵탎돉뗄캢맛믹뒡 폃죋떥캻닣쏦 1ꎩ맽뛈뻍튵쓜듸살뻞듳뗄뺭볃킧틦 뛔샭탔뗄웳튵뺭펪헟살쮵ꎬ웤쒿뇪쫇ힷ쟳샻죳ퟮ듳뮯ꆣ믲헟쫇퓚짺닺돉놾튻뚨뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬힷ쟳닺돶ퟮ듳뮯ꎻ믲헟쫇퓚닺돶튻뚨뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬힷ쟳돉놾ퟮ킡뮯ꆣ퓚웳튵닺돶삩듳믲헟뚩떥퓶볓뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ웳튵뻍믡뾼싇쫇퇓뎤퓚횰죋풱뗄샍뚯쪱볤뮹쫇춨맽헐울탂풱릤살쏦뛔탂뗄탎쫆ꎬ듋쪱뺭펪헟뻍믡뛔솽헟횮볤쯹탨뗄돉놾뷸탐뇈뷏ꆣ13
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 튻냣살쮵ꎬ웳튵퓚헐울탂풱릤쪱ꎬ믡폐튻뚨뗄만뚨돉놾ꎬ헢쪱뗄만뚨돉놾쫇횸웳튵쎿맍펶튻쏻풱릤뛸탨튪횧뢶뗄늻쯦릤ퟷ쪱볤뇤뚯뗄돉놾ꎬ냼삨풱릤헐울돉놾ꆢ엠통돉놾ꆢ톧쾰쟺쿟돉놾틔벰쳡릩룸풱릤뗄짧믡뢣샻뗈ꆣ웤훐풱릤헐울돉놾훷튪냼삨ꎺ헐울ힼ놸릤ퟷꆢ즸톡볲샺ꆢ쏦쫔돉놾ꆢ슼폃ힼ놸돉놾ꆢ냬샭슼폃쫖탸뗈돉놾ꎻ엠통돉놾훷튪냼삨ꎺ룚잰엠통ힼ놸ꆢ엠통쇏ꆢ엠통맜샭돉놾뗈ꎻ톧쾰쟺쿟돉놾쫇횸탂풱릤평폚닙ퟷ늻쫬솷뛸뛠닺짺뗄돉놾ꆣ죧맻퓙볓짏믺믡돉놾뗄뮰ꎨ쿱룸탂울풱릤뷸탐엠통뗄죋풱튻냣쫇릫쮾퓚횰뗄맇룉뫍뺫펢죋풱ꎬ쯻쏇퓚엠통웚볤믡룸웳튵퓬돉튻뚨뗄킧틦쯰쪧ꎩꎬ퓲돉놾믡룼룟ꆣ떱탂풱릤춶죫떽릤ퟷ훐쪱ꎬ뮹탨튪뛔웤횧뢶튻뚨뗄릤ꎬ헢쪱퓶볓튻쏻풱릤뗄뇟볊돉놾=만뚨돉놾+릤+믺믡돉놾ꆣ쓇쎴퇓뎤퓚횰헟샍뚯쪱볤뗄뇟볊돉놾퓲캪뛔웤볓냠쯹횧뢶뗄럑폃ꎬ평폚컒맺샍뚯놣뮤훆뛈뗄뢲룇쏦뷏햭ꎬ뫜뛠웳튵뫍떥캻퓚뫜뛠쟩뿶쿂쫇컞탨쳡릩볓냠늹뎥뗄ꆣ헢퇹웳튵뺭펪헟뺭맽뛔솽헟뗄좨뫢ꎬ랢쿖퇓뎤퓚횰풱릤뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤쯹탨뗄돉놾폫탂퓶풱릤쯹탨뗄돉놾쿠뇈뗄뮰쫇뫜짙뗄ꎬ헢쪱웳튵뗄뺭펪헟뻍믡톡퓱잰헟ꎬ벴퇓뎤퓚횰풱릤뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤살쏦뛔탂탎쫆ꆣ 2ꎩ뾼뫋믺훆폫뷵뇪주 쒿잰폐뫜뛠뗄웳튵뛔풱릤쯹닉좡뗄뾼뫋믺훆쫇벨킧뾼뫋ꎬ벴뛔풱릤퓚릤ퟷ맽돌훐뇭쿖돶살뗄릤ퟷ튵벨ꆢ릤ퟷ쓜솦ꆢ릤ퟷ첬뛈틔벰룶죋욷뗂뗈뷸탐움볛ꎬ늢폃횮에뛏풱릤폫룚캻뗄튪쟳쫇럱쿠돆ꆣ뛸퓚틔짏뗄쯄룶랽쏦훐폖틔릤ퟷ튵벨ퟮ캪죝틗뛈솿ꆢퟮ틗복짙볠뚽돉놾뛸ퟮ캪훘튪ꆣ퓚뾼싇쫇럱튪뛔횰릤뷸탐뷺짽믲헟쫇볓킽뗄쪱뫲ꎬ풱릤횮볤뗄쿠뛔릤ퟷ튵벨뗄뇈뷏뫍업쏻쫇ퟮ훷튪뾴훘뗄랽쏦ꆣ웳튵헢훖틔쿠뛔릤ퟷ튵벨ퟷ캪횰릤뷺짽ퟮ훘튪뾼뫋횸뇪뗄췆탐ꎬ냑횰릤훃폚잿폐솦뗄뺺헹뮷뺳훐ꎬ틲캪뷺짽폫늻뷺짽ꎬ웤쯹쓜헆컕뗄풴뫍쯹좡뗃뗄놨돪쫇돊쿖뷗쳝쪽뗄쳸풾뗄ꎬ쫇듦퓚뻞듳닮틬뗄ꆣ헢뻍믡쪹닎폫뇈뷏뗄풱릤쿝죫뷺짽뷵뇪주샭싛뗄뺺헹믺훆훐ꆣ쯹캽뷺짽뷵뇪주ꎬ웤샭싛뗄훷튪뫋탄쮼쿫쫇횸폫볈뚨뷺짽쿠솪쾵뗄릤퓶뎤럹뛈ꎬ믡펰쿬떽캻폚룃릤ퟷ뗈벶틔쿂뗄풱릤뗄릤ퟷ믽벫탔ꎻ횻튪뷺짽뗄뷡맻짐캴쏷컺ꎬ풱릤뻍폐뚯솦캪믱뗃뷺짽뛸얬솦릤ퟷꆣ퓚헢훖믺훆뗄벤샸쿂ꎬ룷닎주풱릤캪쇋퓚뺺헹훐좡뗃쪤샻ꎬ좡뗃뇈뇰죋룼뫃뗄뺺주쏻듎ꎬ뻍믡뺺쿠얬솦ꎬ볓냠볓뗣뗄릤ퟷꎬ늻ퟔ뻵뗄쿝14
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 죫맽뛈뻍튵뗄샍뚯죋좺훐ꆣ 3ꎩ웳튵폃릤훆뛈늻뿆톧ꎬ맜샭킧싊뗍쿂 뫜뛠웳튵뗄풱릤룸죋뗄룐뻵쫇헻쳬쎦쎦습습ꎬ벸뫵쫇쳬쳬볓냠볓뗣ꎬ헢폫웳튵폃릤훆뛈뗄늻뫏샭ꆢ맜샭킧싊뗍쿂늻컞맘쾵ꆣ웤튻ꎬ릤ퟷ탔훊ꆢ릤ퟷ샠탍늻춬ꎬ탨튪훆뚨뗄릤쪱훆뛈틔벰쯹탨튪뗄풱릤쯘훊뫍쓜솦쫇쿠틬뗄ꆣ퓚뫜뛠쟩뿶쿂ꎬ웳튵뗄죋솦풴맜샭늿쏅늻쓜릻뫏샭뗘룹뻝풱릤ퟔ짭뗄쯘훊뫍쓜솦살낲업웤짃뎤뗄릤ퟷ샠탍ꎬ훆뚨죃웤ퟮ폐릤ퟷ킧싊뗄릤쪱훆뛈뫍뫏쫊뗄릤ퟷ솿ꆣ웤뛾ꎬ웳튵뗄룷늿쏅횮볤퓰죎늻쏷좷믲릤ퟷ쇷돌짨볆뗄늻뫏샭ꎬ떼훂훘뢴탔뗄릤ퟷ퓶뛠ꎬ헢퇹뻍믡쪹ퟜ뗄릤ퟷ솿믲릤ퟷ잿뛈볓듳ꎬ캪쇋췪돉웳튵쯹짨뚨뗄쒿뇪ꎬ뇘좻탨튪퓚횰죋풱퇓뎤릤ퟷ쪱볤ꆣ웤죽ꎬ웳튵늻힢훘캪풱릤펪퓬솼뫃뗄릤ퟷ뮷뺳뫍릤ퟷ럕캧살쳡룟웤릤ퟷ킧싊ꎬ뛸쟒뫜뛠웳튵늻힢훘폫풱릤뷸탐폐킧릵춨뫍붻쇷ꎬ떼훂풱릤뗄릤ퟷ좱랦ퟔ훷좨ꎬ늻쓜내헕탐횮폐킧뗄랽램좥췪돉릤ퟷ죎컱ꆣ 룶죋닣쏦 1ꎩ죋솦놾뗄춶쳘탔떼훂쫕죫킧펦듳폚쳦듺킧펦ꎬ쪱볤뗄믺믡돉놾룟 뛔쓇킩죋솦놾춶뷏룟뗄죋살쮵ꎬ쪱볤뗄믺믡돉놾뫜룟ꆣ헢킩죋늻뷶탨튪뛔웤쯹뷓쫜뗄뷌폽뫍엠통춶죫뷰ꎬ뮹럅웺쇋퓚톧쾰헢뛎쪱볤뷸탐릤ퟷ믱뗃쫕죫뗄믺믡ꆣ헢킩죋늻뷶쾣췻쫕믘춶ꎬ뮹쾣췻믱뗃룼룟뗄믘놨살늹뎥웤쯹럅웺뗄벴웚쫕죫뫍쿭샖ꆢ뢶돶뗄얬솦뫍웤쯻랽쏦뗄춶죫ꆣ헢킩뛔죋솦놾춶뷏룟뗄샍뚯헟ꎬ튻냣쫜뷌폽쓪쿞뷏뛠ꎬ듓쫂릤ퟷ뗄쪱뫲쓪쇤뷏듳ꎬ쟒듓쫂뗄릤ퟷ뛠캪놾쏜벯탍뫍룟뛋럾컱탐튵뗄ꎬ샽죧ITꆢ맣룦뫍톯탐튵ꆢ뷰죚탐튵ꆣ헢킩탐튵쯹뗃뗄놨돪뷏룟ꎬ퓙볓짏쯻쏇ퟜ뗄샍뚯쪱볤쿠뛔폚쓇킩뷓쫜뷏뗍뷌폽쮮욽뗄죋살쮵뷏뛌ꎬ틲듋럅웺볓냠뗄믺믡돉놾쿠뛔뷏룟ꆣ캪쇋쫕믘춶뫍믱뗃늹뎥ꎬ쯻쏇믡퓚ퟮ듳쿞뛈뗘쳡릩샍뚯릩룸ꎬ복짙폩샖뫍택쿐ꆣ퓚헢킩죋떱훐ꎬ폐뫜듳튻늿럖쫇훷뚯맽뛈뻍튵뗄ꆣ 2ꎩ돉릦뚯믺 돉릦뚯믺쫇평쏀맺맾런듳톧뗄싳뿋삳싗뷌쫚쫗듎쳡돶살뗄ꎬ횸뗄쫇췆뚯룶쳥좥ힷ쟳ꆢ췪돉ퟔ벺죏캪ퟮ훘튪ퟮ뻟볛횵뗄릤ퟷꎬ늢짨램붫웤듯떽쒳훖샭쿫뺳뷧뗄튻훖15
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 쓚쟽솦ꆣ돉릦뚯믺뛔쒳킩죋뗄톧쾰ꆢ릤ퟷ뻟폐벫듳뗘벤샸ퟷ폃ꆣ튻냣뛸퇔ꎬ짧믡짏뇈뷏쓪쟡뗄뺫펢뻟폐뫜룟뗄돉릦뚯믺ꎬ쯻쏇뚷횾낺퇯ꆢ뢻폐쎰쿕뫍뒴탂뺫짱ꎬ믡룸ퟔ벺짨볆뫜룟뗄죋짺쒿뇪ꎬ폃릤ퟷ훐쯹좡뗃뗄돉뻍ꆢ놻뇰죋죏뿉뗄돌뛈ꆢ짧믡짏뗄뗘캻ꆢ쫜죋ퟰ뺴뗄돌뛈살뫢솿ퟔ짭뗄볛횵ꆣ캪쇋듯떽쒿뇪ꎬ쪱쪱뇞닟ퟔ벺ꎬ돐쫜쇋뷏룟뗄탄샭톹솦ꎬ뫜죝틗쪹ퟔ벺뒦폚맽샍뗄ힴ첬ꆣ 16
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 3 맽뛈뻍튵뗄펰쿬 맽뛈뻍튵틑돉캪뫜뛠웳튵뗄짺듦랽쪽ꎬ헢튻쿖쿳뗄쪢탐ꎬ늻맜쫇뛔샍뚯헟룶죋뮹쫇뛔웳튵틔벰뛔헻룶짧믡뺭볃뗄헽뎣퓋탐뚼폐뻞듳뗄뢺쏦펰쿬ꎬ놾컄훷튪듓짧믡ꆢ웳튵뫍룶죋죽룶닣쏦살뷸탐럖컶ꆣ 짧믡닣쏦 1ꎩ맽뛈뻍튵떼훂쇋뻍튵떯탔쾵쫽뗄쿂붵ꎬ틖훆쇋짧믡뻍튵뗄삩듳 쯹캽뻍튵떯탔쾵쫽ꎬ쫇횸뻍튵퓶뎤쯙뛈폫뺭볃퓶뎤쯙뛈뗄뇈횵ꎬ벴뺭볃쎿퓶뎤튻룶냙럖뗣ꎬ뻍튵쿠펦퓶뎤뗄냙럖뗣ꆣ쏀맺뺭볃톧볒냂뿏뺭맽쪵횤퇐뺿ꎬ죏캪GDP쎿퓶뎤죽룶냙럖뗣ꎬ쪧튵싊뇣쿂붵튻룶냙럖뗣ꎬ벴뺭볃퓶뎤뫍쪧튵싊횮볤듦퓚ퟅ랴쿲뇤뚯맘쾵ꆣ룄룯뾪럅틔살ꎬ컒맺뺭볃놣돖쇋룟쯙뗄퓶뎤ꎬ뻍튵퓚80쓪듺튲뗃떽쇋쿔훸탔뗄퓶볓ꎬ떫뷸죫90쓪듺틔살ꎬ뺭볃퓶뎤뛔뻍튵뗄듸뚯ퟷ폃쏷쿔복죵ꆣ뻝퇇훞뾪랢틸탐뗄맀볆ꎬ20쫀볍80쓪듺ꎬ뻍튵쎿퓶뎤1%횻탨훐맺뺭볃퓶뎤3%ꎬ떫떽쇋90쓪듺ꎬ뺭볃퓶뎤%닅쓜듸뚯뻍튵퓶뎤튻룶냙럖뗣ꆣ쟒컒맺뗄뻍튵떯탔쾵쫽뷼쪮쓪살돖탸ퟟ뗍ꎬ쒿잰늻떽ꆣ퓚90쓪듺돵웚ꎬ뺭볃쎿퓶뎤튻룶냙럖뗣듸뚯100췲ퟳ폒뻍튵룚캻뗄퓶볓ꎻ뛸떽쇋ꆰ쪮컥ꆱ웚볤ꎬ뺭볃쎿퓶뎤튻룶냙럖뗣횻쓜듸뚯80췲룶뻍튵룚캻뗄퓶볓ꎻ2008쓪헢튻쫽ퟖ복짙떽63췲룶ꆣ뇭쏷컒맺쎿튻떥캻뗄GDP뗄퓶뎤쯹쓜듸뚯뗄뻍튵룚캻뗄퓶볓풽살풽짙ꆣ헢훖쿖쿳뗄랢짺폫쒿잰웳튵훐웕뇩듦퓚뗄뎬쪱볓냠늻컞맘쾵ꎬ뫜뛠웳튵뗄쿖ힴ쫇튻룶죋쎿쳬릤ퟷ쪮벸룶킡쪱ꎬ헢퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏뻍뗈폚햼폃쇋솽룶릤ퟷ룚캻ꆣ볙짨튻룶죋쎿훜릤ퟷ60룶킡쪱ꎬ폫맺볒맦뚨뗄뇪ힼ릤ퟷ쪱볤40룶킡쪱쿠뇈뛠쇋20룶킡쪱ꎬ헢쪱뗄쟩뿶쫇튻룶죋돐쫜뗄릤ퟷ솿펦룃쫇룶죋살ퟶ뗄ꆣ쓇쎴헢퇹뗄뮰2008쓪뗄뻍튵떯탔쾵쫽뻍뿉틔쳡룟1/3ꎬGDP쎿퓶뎤튻룶냙럖뗣뻍뿉틔뛠듸살21췲룶뻍튵룚캻뗄퓶볓ꆣ평듋뾴살ꎬ뎬쪱볓냠쿖쿳뗄웕뇩쇷탐뛔헾뢮삩듳뻍튵뗄얬솦웰떽쇋튻훖뗖쿻ퟷ폃ꎬ헢뛔컒맺뗄뻍튵룄짆쪱뫜늻샻뗄ꆣ 17
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 뇭 1990쓪틔살훐맺GDP퓶뎤싊ꆢ뻍튵퓶뎤싊틔벰뻍튵떯탔쾵쫽퓶뎤싊 떥캻ꎺ% 쓪럝 GDP퓶뎤싊 뻍튵퓶뎤싊 뻍튵떯탔쾵쫽쓪럝GDP퓶뎤싊뻍튵퓶뎤싊 뻍튵떯탔쾵쫽1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ훐맺춳볆쓪본2009ꎬ훐맺샍뚯춳볆쓪본2009 2ꎩ맽뛈뻍튵떼훂욶뢻닮뻠뷸튻늽삩듳 쒿잰컒맺웳튵훐웕뇩듦퓚ퟅ볓냠볓뗣뗄쿖쿳ꎬ웤쪵퓚헢룶맽돌훐ꎬ샍뚯헟듓훐쯹뗃떽뗄놨돪쫇뫜캢놡뗄ꎬ뛸ퟮ듳뗄뗃샻헟쫇맍훷ꎬ쫇놾볒ꎬ쯻쏇춨맽횱뷓잿웈샍뚯헟퓶볓릤ퟷ쪱볤믲헟춨맽웤쯻쫖뛎뇤쿠퇓뎤샍뚯헟뗄샍뚯쪱볤믲볓듳웤릤ퟷ잿뛈ꎬ살향좡샍뚯헟뗄뻸뛔뫍쿠뛔쪣폠볛횵ꆣ춨맽헢훖뛔샍뚯헟짺쏼뗄냾뛡ꎬ쪵쿖놩샻ꆣ헢퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏뇘좻믡퓬돉욶뢻닮뻠뗄뷸튻늽삩듳ꆣ뷼쓪살ꎬ컒맺쫕죫럖엤닮뻠돊늻뛏삩듳뗄쟷쫆ꎬ욶뢻닮뻠듓룄룯뾪럅돵웚뗄ꎺ1짏짽떽2008뗄ꎺ1ꆣ춬쪱쫀뷧틸탐뗄쫽뻝쿔쪾ꎬ컒맺뻓쏱쫕죫뗄믹쓡쾵쫽튲평룄룯뾪럅잰뗄짏짽떽2006쓪뗄ꎬ뎬맽캪뺯뷤ힴ첬ꎬ죴듯떽퓲쫴폚캣쿕ힴ첬ꆣ죴욶뢻닮뻠늻뛏삩듳뗄뮰ꎬ뛔컒맺짧믡뗄컈뚨뫍뺭볃뗄뿉돖탸랢햹붫듸살뫜듳뗄틾뮼ꆣ 3ꎩ맽뛈뻍튵늻샻폚맺쏱뺭볃뗄뿉돖탸랢햹ꎬ춬쪱튲퓶듳쇋짧믡놣헏톹솦 맽뛈뻍튵짵훁“맽샍쯀”쫇뛔샍뚯헟뗄튻훖냾뛡ꆣ쒿잰컒맺헽뒦폚짧믡뺭볃탍쪱웚ꎬ죧맻튻캶뗘춨맽싓뛡죋솦풴살랢햹ꎬ튻랽쏦믡쪹컒맺뺭볃ퟟ짏늻붡뾵뗄톪몹릤뎧랢햹횮슷ꎬퟮ훕퓚횪쪶뺭볃뗄듳뮷뺳쿂닒퓢쳔청ꎻ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ뛔컒맺룟벼쫵ꆢ룟횪쪶탍죋닅뗄맽뛈쪹폃ꎬ믡쪹샍뚯솦쫐뎡뗄뷡릹탔쎬뛜룼캪춻돶ꎬ헢컞틉믡뛔컒맺쒿잰뗄뺭볃뷡릹뗷헻톩짏볓쮪ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ맽뛈뻍튵죃튻엺퓢쫜붡뾵캣믺뗄샍뚯헟맽퓧뗄췋돶샍뚯솦쫐뎡ꎬ헢늻뷶쫇뛔죋솦풴뗄튻훖샋럑ꎬ뛸쟒볓듳쇋컒맺뻓쏱뗄튽쇆돉놾ꆣ폈웤뛔쓇킩얩쏱릤살쮵ꎬ퓚컒맺짧믡놣헏쳥쾵늻붡좫ꆢ뢲룇쏦뷏햭뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ맽뛈뻍튵쪹쯻쏇뗄붡뾵쫜쯰ꎬ튽쇆돉놾뗄퓶볓퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏볓뻧쇋쯻쏇뗄욶삧ꆣ 18
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 웳튵닣쏦 1ꎩ맽뛈뻍튵늻샻폚웳튵쯘훊쳡짽뫍뎤풶랢햹 맽뛈뻍튵쫇폃죋떥캻뛔죋솦풴뗄싓뛡탔쪹폃ꎬ뛔튻킩폃죋떥캻살쮵ꎬ풱릤뎬쪱샍ퟷ뿉쓜뗃튻쪱횮샻ꎬ떫헢훖랽쪽늻뷶늻샻폚웳튵죋솦풴뗄뿉돖탸랢햹ꎬ뿉쓜뮹믡쪹웳튵평폚풱릤뗄릤ퟷ킧싊뗍쿂돐떣쿠펦뗄쯰쪧ꆣ죋솦풴볒돆ꎬ뎤쪱볤뗄ꆢ룟욵싊뗄볓냠볓뗣늻뷶믡퇏훘춸횧풱릤뗄뺫솦뫍쳥솦ꎬ뮹퓬돉풱릤뗄릤ퟷ킧싊뗍쿂뫍죋솦풴뗄맽뛈쯰뫄ꎬ쪹웳튵뗄랢햹ퟟ짏뛱탔톭뮷뗄뗀슷ꆣ헢훖맽럖틀삵뗍솮샍뚯솦뗄랢햹횮슷ꎬ믡쪹웳튵퓚벼쫵뷸늽뫍벼쫵뒴탂ꆢ쳡룟닺욷뗄훊솿ꆢ룄짆맜샭뫍럾컱ꆢ쯜퓬뫋탄뺺헹솦쏦잰춣훍늻잰ꆣ웳튵뗄헢훖랢햹쒣쪽쪹웤퓚벤쇒뗄맺볊뺺헹뮷뺳쿂컞솢ퟣ횮뗘ꆣ 2ꎩ맽뛈뻍튵퓬돉쇋웳튵짧믡퓰죎룐뗄쪧실ꎬ볓뻧쇋샍쎬뛜캣믺 컷랽뗄웳튵샭싛룦쯟컒쏇ꎬ웳튵퓚랢햹뗄맽돌훐샭펦돐떣튻뚨뗄짧믡퓰죎ꆣ쯼펦룃뛔룄짆샻틦쿠맘헟뗄뢣샻쮮욽ꆢ놣뮤짺첬뮷뺳ꆢퟱ쫘뫍캬뮤맺볒뗄헾닟램맦ퟶ돶튻훖돐억ꆣ웤훐풱릤쫇웳튵ퟮ훘튪뗄샻틦쿠맘헟ꎬ샭펦뗃떽ퟰ훘뫍놣뮤ꎬ뛸폫듋잡잡쿠랴ꎬ뗷닩쿔쪾ꎬ횻폐늻떽죽돉뗄웳튵훘쫓풱릤뗄붡뾵컊쳢ꎬ뛸웤폠뗄듳뛠쫽웳튵뛔듋쒮늻맘탄ꆣ뫜뛠웳튵뗄샏냥죏캪쒿잰ퟮ늻좱뗄뻍쫇죋ꎬ퓚폐뷺짽뗄쏻뛮쫇ꎬ쫗쿈뾼싇뗄쫇쓇킩훷뚯볓냠ꎬ쯹캽 “뺴튵”뗄풱릤ꎬ뛸쓇킩쯻죏캪뗄“늻뺴튵”뗄풱릤퓲쫇닒퓢쳔청뗄뛔쿳ꆣ볓냠컄뮯뗄쪢탐ꎬ쪹듳뛠쫽뗄웳튵뫍샏냥횻뾴떽쇋ퟔ벺뗄샻틦ꎬ뛸쎻폐쿠펦뗘쪹풱릤뗃떽룼뛠뗄랢햹뫍뢣샻ꎬ튲쎻폐룸짧믡듸살쫕틦뫍룄짆ꆣ뎤듋틔췹ꎬ뇘좻퓬돉웳튵짧믡퓰죎룐뗄쪧실ꆣ폫듋춬쪱ꎬ웳튵캪쇋쒱좡ퟮ듳뮯샻죳ꎬ잿웈풱릤뎬쪱볓냠ꎬ뛸풱릤웈폚짺믮톹솦늻뗃늻볓냠ꆣ뛔폚풱릤살쮵ꎬ릤ퟷ늻쫇튻훖쿭쫜뛸뇤돉쇋튻훖쓑틔죌쫜뗄뢺떣ꎬ헢퇹믡쪹풱릤뫍웳튵닺짺돥춻뗄벸싊퓶듳ꎬ볓뻧샍쎬뛜ꎬ뛱뮯웳튵뫍풱릤뗄맘쾵ꎬ헢퇹랢햹쿂좥ꎬ쫆뇘뛔짧믡뗄뫍킳컈뚨싱쿂틾뮼ꆣ 룶죋닣쏦 1ꎩ맽뛈뻍튵붵뗍쇋샍뚯헟뗄탒뢣횸쫽 19
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 룶죋뗄탒뢣룐늻뷶탨튪컯훊짏뗄싺ퟣꎬ뮹탨튪뺫짱짺믮뗄횧독ꆣ쫊뛈뗄샍뚯뿉틔캪샍뚯헟쳡릩뇘튪뗄짺믮놣헏ꎬ떫맽뛈뗄샍뚯퓲냾뛡쇋샍뚯헟폩샖택쿐틔벰랢햹짭탄뗄쪱볤ꎬ헢뛔쯻쏇뺫짱닣쏦쫇튻훖쯰짋ꆣ뮹뿉쓜틲캪릤ퟷ햼뻝쇋짺믮첫뛠뗄쪱볤뫍뺫솦ꎬ쪹샍뚯헟돩늻돶살쪱볤폫볒죋췅뻛ꎬ퓚쒳훖돌뛈짏믡쪹샍뚯헟폫웤볒춥닺짺돥춻ꆣ춬쪱맽뛈뻍튵쪹샍뚯헟짭탄욣놹ꎬ톹솦뻞듳ꎬ죕믽퓂샛뗄뮰뿉쓜믡폕랢짭쳥쓚잱퓚뗄룷훖벲늡ꎬ퇏훘뗄짵훁맽샍뛸쯀ꆣ쒿잰 “맽샍쯀”늻뷶췾킲퓚짺닺쿟짏샍ퟷ뗄웕춨릤죋ꎬ튲췾킲ퟅ쓇킩퓚룟뿆벼쇬폲듓쫂릤ퟷ뗄“냗쇬”뷗닣ꆣ헢훖훖쟩뿶뗄랢짺ꎬ컞틉믡퓶볓샍뚯헟뗄늻낲좫룐ꎬ쫆뇘믡퓬돉쯻쏇탒뢣룐뗄쿂붵ꆣ 2ꎩ맽뛈뻍튵퓬돉쇋죋뗄탅퇶캣믺 맽뛈뻍튵튻랽쏦쪹폃죋떥캻샏냥쿝죫쇋맽럖ힷ훰뷰잮뗄폎쾷떱훐ꎬ튻랽쏦쪹샍뚯헟쿝죫쇋믺킵뗄컯훊짺듦솴쳵뗄뿠몣훐ꎬ쪹쯻쏇뗄죋짺맛ꆢ볛횵맛닺짺퇏훘뗄얤쟺ꆣ쿖듺짧믡짺믮훐놩솦폎쾷쪢탐ꎬ듌벤컄뮯랺샄ꎬ믄떮컄뮯쏖싾ꎬ헢놳뫳뗄룹풴뻍쫇죋쏇뗄뺫짱캣믺ꎬ탅퇶캣믺ꆣ뛸쟒쿖퓚횻폐뫜짙뗄죋쫇캪샭쿫뛸믮ꎬ쯻쏇ힷ훰뗄쫇짺믮뗄뢻ퟣꎬ릤ퟷ뗄쫦쫊돌뛈뫍폅뫱뗄믘놨ꆣ 20
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 4 맽뛈뻍튵뗄뻍튵벷돶킧펦럖컶 춨맽잰벸헂뗄럖컶ꎬ컒쏇쇋뷢쇋튻쿂맽뛈뻍튵뗄럖샠ꆢ탎돉풭틲벰웤뛔짧믡ꆢ폃죋떥캻뫍룶죋뗄훷튪펰쿬ꎬ퓚쒳훖돌뛈짏뛔맽뛈뻍튵뗄벷돶킧펦튲폐쇋튻뚨뗄죏쪶ꎬ놾헂붫훘뗣듓쪵횤뷇뛈뛔맽뛈뻍튵뗄뻍튵벷돶킧펦뷸탐럖컶ꎬ퓚듋컒쏇붫퓋폃맽뛈뻍튵싊벰웤맽뛈뻍튵돌뛈살뛔뻍튵뗄벷돶뛠맑뷸탐뫢솿ꎬ늢ퟮ훕퓚쿂튻헂뛔퓵퇹뮺뷢맽뛈뻍튵쳡돶튻킩헾닟붨틩ꆣ 맽뛈뻍튵뗄뛈솿 캪쇋뛈솿쒿잰컒맺샍뚯솦쫐뎡짏듦퓚뛠짙맽뛈뻍튵죋풱ꎬ컒쏇룸돶맽뛈뻍튵싊뗄룅쓮ꆣ쫗쿈럖ퟜ맽뛈뻍튵싊뫍탐튵맽뛈뻍튵싊살뷸탐쳖싛ꆣ쯹캽ퟜ맽뛈뻍튵싊ꎬ벴횸헻룶짧믡훐뎬쪱릤ퟷ뗄죋쫽폫ퟜ뗄뻍튵죋쫽뗄뇈샽ꆣ볙죧헻룶짧믡훐뗄ퟜ뻍튵죋쫽캪5틚ꎬ뛸뎬쪱릤ퟷ뗄죋쫽캪틚ꎬ퓲짧믡훐ퟜ뗄맽뛈뻍튵싊캪50%ꎻ쯹캽탐튵맽뛈뻍튵싊ꎬ벴횸늻춬탐튵훐뎬쪱릤ퟷ뗄죋쫽햼놾탐튵훐뻍튵죋쫽뗄뇈샽ꆣ볙죧훆퓬튵탐튵훐ퟜ뗄뻍튵죋쫽캪3잧췲ꎬ뛸뎬쪱샍뚯뗄죋쫽캪2잧췲ꎬ퓲훆퓬튵탐튵뗄맽뛈뻍튵싊캪67%ꆣ웤듎ꎬ퓚헢킩맽뛈뻍튵뗄죋풱훐ꎬ쯻쏇뗄맽뛈뻍튵돌뛈튲믡틲탐튵ꆢ릤ퟷ탔훊뫍룚캻뗈뗈틲쯘뗄닮틬뛸폐뫜듳뗄늻춬ꆣ헢쪱컒쏇폃퓚횰헟뗄쪵볊릤ퟷ쪱볤폫램뚨릤ퟷ쪱볤횮닮햼램뚨릤ퟷ쪱볤뗄뇈훘살뇭쪾샍뚯헟맽뛈뻍튵뗄돌뛈ꆣ퓚듋룸돶죧쿂뇭듯쪽ꎺ R−Lα= L짏쪽훐α뇭쪾퓚횰헟맽뛈뻍튵돌뛈ꎬR뇭쪾퓚횰헟쎿훜쪵볊릤ퟷ쪱볤믲잿뛈ꎬL뇭쪾램뚨훜릤ퟷ쪱볤믲잿뛈ꆣ맘폚램뚨훜릤ퟷ쪱볤ꎬ컒쏇헢샯내헕맺컱풺뛔횰릤샍뚯쪱볤뗄맦뚨ꎬ벴쎿쳬릤ퟷ8킡쪱ꎬ튻훜릤ퟷ40킡쪱ꆣ평폚샍뚯잿뛈늻틗뛈솿ꎬ쟒늻춬탐튵ꆢ늻춬횰튵ꆢ늻춬룚캻뗄샍뚯잿뛈폐뫜듳뗄닮틬ꎬ틲듋ꎬ컒쏇헢샯튲폃RꆢLꎬ벴샍뚯쪱볤살뇭쪾ꆣ벴L=40ꆣ 21
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 평짏쪽뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ떱R=L쪱ꎬ벴퓚횰헟뗄쪵볊훜릤ퟷ쪱볤믲잿뛈폫램뚨뗄훜릤ퟷ쪱볤믲잿뛈쿠뗈ꎬ헢쪱퓚횰헟늻듦퓚맽뛈뻍튵뗄쿖쿳ꆣ 떱R>L쪱ꎬ벴퓚횰헟뗄쪵볊훜릤ퟷ쪱볤믲잿뛈듳폚램뚨뗄훜릤ퟷ쪱볤믲잿뛈ꎬ헢쪱듦퓚맽뛈뻍튵ꎬ솽헟뗄닮풽듳ꎬ맽뛈뻍튵뗄돌뛈풽듳ꆣ 떱R<L쪱ꎬ벴퓚횰헟뗄쪵볊훜릤ퟷ쪱볤믲잿뛈킡폚램뚨뗄훜릤ퟷ쪱볤믲잿뛈쪱ꎬ헢쪱샍뚯헟늻듦퓚맽뛈뻍튵ꆣ 맽뛈뻍튵돌뛈룅쓮뗄쳡돶캪컒쏇뫢솿맽뛈뻍튵뛔뺭볃훐뻍튵룚캻벷돶쫽솿뗄뛠짙쳡릩쇋튻룶욽첨ꆣ본폚듋ꎬ볙죧쒳튻탐튵훐뗄맽뛈뻍튵죋쫽뿉틔믱뗃ꎬ뛸맽뛈뻍튵돌뛈폖틑횪ꎬ쓇쎴평폚맽뛈뻍튵뛸떼훂뗄놻벷햼뗄뻍튵죋쫽믲헟뻍튵룚캻뻍뿉틔볆쯣돶살ꆣ볙짨붨훾튵탐튵훐뗄맽뛈뻍튵죋쫽캪500췲ꎬ욽뻹맽뛈뻍튵돌뛈캪ꎬ퓲붨훾탐튵쯹벷햼뗄뻍튵죋쫽믲뻍튵룚캻캪250췲ꆣ 웤쪵ꎬ놾컄퓚럖컶맽뛈뻍튵싊뫍맽뛈뻍튵돌뛈뗄쪱뫲폐튻뚨뗄좱쿝ꎬ뫢솿맽뛈뻍튵돌뛈퇏훘폫럱뗄뇪ힼ펦룃쫇쪵볊릤ퟷ쪱볤믲잿뛈폫쾣췻릤ퟷ쪱볤뗄듳킡ꎬ캪쇋붵뗍릤ퟷ뗄랱쯶탔ꎬ퓚짏쏦뗄럖컶훐평폚릤ퟷ잿뛈뫜쓑뛈솿ꎬ컒쏇틔릤ퟷ쪱볤살쳦듺ꎻ뛸쟒퓚늻춬뗄뺭볃랢햹뷗뛎ꎬ틢풸뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤틀릤ퟷ탐튵ꆢ릤ퟷ샠탍ꆢ웳튵쪵탐뗄릤쪱훆ꆢ퓚횰헟뗄쫕죫쮮욽뫍쯹뒦뗄짺쏼훜웚뷗뛎ꆢ탔뇰틔벰짧믡볛횵맛쓮뫍룶죋욫뫃뛸폖뫜듳뗄닮틬ꆣ헢퇹뗄뮰ꎬ맽뛈뻍튵싊틔벰맽뛈뻍튵뗄돌뛈튲폐뫜듳뗄늻춬ꆣ 맽뛈뻍튵뛔뻍튵벷돶뗄쫽뻝럖컶 퓚틔쿂뗄헂뷚럖컶훐컒쏇붫퓋폃샍뚯뫍뻍튵놣헏늿틔벰맺볒춳볆뻖ꆶ2009훐맺죋뿚뫍뻍튵춳볆쓪본ꆷ뫍ꆶ2009훐맺샍뚯춳볆쓪본ꆷ훐뗷닩뗄돇헲뻍튵죋풱뗄훜욽뻹릤ퟷ쪱볤살뛔맽뛈뻍튵뛔뻍튵뗄벷돶쟩뿶뷸탐럖컶ꆣ 맽뛈뻍튵싊틀릤죋쯹뒦뗄탐튵ꆢ쯹듓쫂뗄릤ퟷ샠탍ꆢ쯹쫜뷌폽뗄돌뛈ꆢ틔벰탔뇰뗄닮틬뫍늻춬뗄짺쏼훜웚뷗뛎뛸폐뫜듳뗄늻춬ꎬ쿂쏦튻튻뷸탐럖컶ꆣ 뇭쿔쪾쇋2001쓪—2008쓪냋쓪볤돇헲뻍튵죋풱훜욽뻹릤ퟷ쪱볤틔벰내쓪쇤22
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 뫍쫜뷌폽돌뛈살럖뗄돇헲뻍튵죋풱훜욽뻹릤ퟷ쪱볤뗄춳볆쫽뻝ꆣ듓헢냋쓪살뗄쫽뻝뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ돇헲뻍튵죋풱훜욽뻹릤ퟷ쪱볤뚼뎬맽쇋컒맺ꆶ샍뚯램ꆷ맦뚨뗄쎿훜늻뎬맽40킡쪱뗄맦뚨ꎬ뺡맜2008쓪컒맺뺭볃랢짺쇋쮥췋ꎬ떫뻍튵죋풱뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤틀좻뎬맽쇋40킡쪱ꆣ뻟쳥떽쎿룶쓪쇤뛎ꎨ뻍튵죋풱늻춬뗄짺쏼훜웚뷗뛎ꎩꎬ돽쇋50—54ꆢ55—59ꆢ60—64틔벰65틔짏뗄헢4룶쓪쇤뛎ꎬ웤폠쓪쇤뛎퓚횰헟뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤뚼뎬맽쇋40킡쪱ꆣ헢훖쿖쿳뗄랢짺폫헢킩쓪쇤뛎뗄뻍튵죋풱쯹돐떣뗄볒춥짧믡톹솦폐뫜듳뗄맘쾵ꎬ쯻쏇볈튪횧뢶쒿잰뗄쿻럑ꆢ튽쇆ꆢ뷌폽럑폃ꎬ뮹튪캪쇋틔뫳뗄퇸샏뷸탐튻뚨뗄뒢탮ꆣ컒쏇퓙살뾴튻쿂내쫜뷌폽돌뛈럖ퟩ뗄뻍튵죋풱뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤ힴ뿶ꎬ쫽뻝쿔쪾ꎬ쫜맽돵훐뫍룟훐뷌폽뗄헢늿럖죋좺릤ퟷ쪱볤뷏뎤ꎬ맽뛈뻍튵쿖쿳뷏퇏훘ꎻ뷓쫜맽듳틔짏뷌폽뗄뻍튵죋풱릤ퟷ쪱볤뷏뛌ꎬ뛸헢훖쟩뿶뗄랢짺폫컒쏇쯹맛달뗄뫍뺭샺뗄폐뫜듳뗄늻춬ꎬ훷튪쫇틲캪헢샠쫜맽룟뗈뷌폽뗄릤ퟷ죋풱폐뫜듳뗄튻늿럖죋캪쇋횰튵랢햹뛸톡퓱훷뚯볓냠ꎬ믲헟틲캪릫쮾쯹닉좡뗄뾼뫋훆뛈뫍릤쪱훆뛈뛸놻웈틾탔뻍튵ꎬ뛸헢튻늿럖늢쎻폐냼몬퓚춳볆쫽뻝훐ꆣ 뇭쿔쪾쇋듓2001—2008쓪냋쓪볤내탐튵럖ퟩ뗄돇헲뻍튵죋풱뗄뗷닩훜욽뻹릤ퟷ쪱볤ꆣ듓헢냋쓪뗄쫽뻝훐컒쏇뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ뻍튵죋풱뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤뎬맽램뚨릤ퟷ쪱볤40킡쪱뇈뷏퇏훘뗄탐튵훷튪폐틔쿂벸룶ꎬ럖뇰쫇ꎺ닉뿳튵ꎬ훆퓬튵ꎬ붨훾튵ꎬ붻춨퓋쫤ꆢ닖뒢뫍폊헾튵ꎬ엺랢뫍쇣쫛튵ꎬ힡쯞뫍닍틻튵ꎬퟢ쇞뫍짌컱럾컱튵ꎬ뻓쏱럾컱뫍웤쯻럾컱튵뗈ꆣ웤훐훆퓬튵ꆢ붨훾튵ꆢ엺랢뫍쇣쫛튵ꆢ힡쯞뫍닍틻튵ꆢ뻓쏱럾컱뫍웤쯻럾컱튵뗄릤ퟷ죋풱뷼냋쓪살뗄훜욽뻹릤ퟷ쪱볤캪50룶킡쪱ퟳ폒ꆣ헢킩탐튵훷튪쫇샍뚯쏜벯탍뗄탐튵ꎬ쯹듓쫂뗄죋풱튻냣쫜뷌폽쓪쿞뷏뛌ꎬ벼쓜뷏뗍ꎬ훷튪평폐컒쏇쯹쮵뗄얩쏱릤살ퟶꆣ헢샯뗄쫽뻝믹놾짏폫컒쏇잰쏦뛔얩쏱릤뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤뫍탐튵쯹뷸탐뗄뗷닩쿠튻훂ꎨ볻뢽슼1ꎩꆣ죧맻헢튻늿럖죋맽뛈뻍튵뗄ힴ뿶폐쯹뮺뷢뗄뮰ꎬ쓇쎴뛔뷢뻶얩듥쪣폠샍뚯솦뗄뻍튵믡폐뫜듳뗄듙뷸ퟷ폃ꆣ23
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 뇭 내쓪쇤뫍쫜뷌폽돌뛈럖ퟩ뗄돇헲뻍튵죋풱뗷닩훜욽뻹릤ퟷ쪱볤ꎨ2001--2008ꎩ 떥캻ꎺ킡쪱/훜 쓪럝 2001쓪2002쓪2003쓪2004쓪2005쓪2006쓪2007쓪2008쓪럖ퟩ 10퓂 10퓂 11퓂 11퓂 11퓂 11퓂 11퓂 11퓂 좫늿 내쓪쇤럖ퟩ 16-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65+ 컞 내쫜뷌폽돌뛈럖ퟩ 캴짏맽 톧 킡톧 돵훐 룟훐 듳 듳톧놾 뿆 퇐뺿짺 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ맺볒춳볆뻖ꆶ2009쓪훐맺샍뚯춳볆쓪본ꆷꆢ샍뚯뫍뻍튵놣헏늿ꆶ2009훐맺죋뿚뫍뻍튵춳볆쓪본ꆷ 24
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 뇭 내탐튵럖ퟩ뗄돇헲뻍튵죋풱뗷닩훜욽뻹릤ퟷ쪱볤ꎨ2001--2008ꎩ 떥캻ꎺ킡쪱/훜 쓪럝2001쓪10퓂2002쓪10퓂2003쓪11퓂2004쓪11퓂2005쓪11퓂2006쓪11퓂2007쓪11퓂2008쓪11퓂럖ퟩ얩ꆢ쇖ꆢ쓁ꆢ폦튵닉뿳튵훆퓬튵뗧솦ꆢ좼웸벰쮮뗄짺닺뫍릩펦튵붨훾튵붻춨퓋쫤ꆢ닖뒢뫍폊헾튵탅쾢뒫쫤ꆢ볆쯣믺럾컱뫍죭볾튵엺랢뫍쇣쫛튵힡쯞뫍닍틻튵뷰죚튵랿뗘닺튵ퟢ쇞뫍짌컱럾컱튵뿆톧퇐뺿ꆢ벼쫵럾컱뫍뗘훊뾱닩튵쮮샻ꆢ뮷뺳뫍릫릲짨쪩맜샭튵뻓쏱럾컱뫍웤쯻럾컱튵뷌폽컀짺ꆢ짧믡놣헏뫍짧믡뢣샻튵컄뮯ꆢ쳥폽뫍폩샖튵릫릲맜샭뫍짧믡ퟩ횯맺볊ퟩ횯 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ맺볒춳볆뻖ꆶ2009쓪훐맺샍뚯춳볆쓪본ꆷꆢ샍뚯뫍뻍튵놣헏늿ꆶ2009훐맺죋뿚뫍뻍튵춳볆쓪본ꆷ 뇭쿔쪾쇋2001—2008쓪내횰튵럖ퟩ뗄돇헲뻍튵죋풱뗷닩훜욽뻹릤ퟷ쪱볤ꆣ평뇭훐뗄쫽뻝컒쏇뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ좫늿횰튵훐뗄뻍튵죋풱뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤뚼뎬맽쇋램뚨훜릤ퟷ쪱볤40킡쪱ꎬ웤훐뇈뷏퇏훘뗄횰튵폐떥캻뢺퓰죋ꎬ짌튵ꆢ럾컱죋풱ꎬ짺닺ꆢ퓋쫤짨놸닙ퟷ죋풱벰폐맘죋풱ꎬ웤쯻뗈ꆣ웤훐떥캻뢺퓰죋뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤돊쿖돶튻훖뫜쏷쿔뗄짏짽쟷쫆ꎬ 평2001—2004쓪뗄44룶킡쪱ퟳ폒짏짽떽2005쓪뗄47룶킡쪱ퟳ폒ꎬ쟒뷼벸쓪놣돖퓚헢룶쮮욽ퟳ폒ꆣ헢폫웳튵쯹쏦쇙뗄벤쇒뗄맺쓚췢뺺헹뮷뺳쯹떼훂뗄짺듦펯샻톹솦뗄퓶듳ꎬ틔벰쯻쏇룶죋뗄돉뻍뚯믺ꆢ쯹믱좡뗄킽돪랽쪽늻컞맘쾵ꆣ헢튲쮵쏷쇋캪쪲쎴풽살풽뛠뗄“맽샍쯀”뗄샽ퟓ랢짺퓚헢킩룟닣쇬떼죋풱짭짏ꆣ 뷓쿂살컒쏇붫퓋폃2008쓪돇헲뻍튵죋풱릤ퟷ쪱볤뗄릹돉살뛔컒맺쒿잰샍뚯솦쫐뎡뗄맽뛈뻍튵뗄죋쫽틔벰웤뛔뻍튵룚캻뗄벷햼돌뛈살뷸탐뻟쳥뗄럖컶ꆣ 25
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 뇭캪내탐튵럖뗄돇헲뻍튵죋풱뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤릹돉ꆣ듓뇭훐컒쏇뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ욽뻹훜릤ퟷ쪱볤퓚40킡쪱틔짏ꎨ늻냼삨40킡쪱ꎩ뗄죋풱릹돉뇈샽틑룟듯50%ꆣ헢튻뇈샽쮵쏷쇋쒿잰컒맺샍뚯솦쫐뎡짏폐냫쫽뗄뻍튵죋풱듦퓚맽뛈뻍튵뗄쿖쿳ꆣ뻟쳥떽룶뇰탐튵ꎬ맽뛈뻍튵뗄돌뛈룼캪퇏훘ꆣ춨맽쫽뻝컒쏇뿉틔랢쿖ꎬ퓚훆퓬튵훐뻍튵죋풱릤ퟷ쪱볤퓚48킡쪱틔짏뗄뇈샽쫇%ꎻ퓚붨훾튵훐뗄뇈샽쫇%ꎻ퓚붻춨퓋쫤ꆢ닖뒢뫍폊헾튵훐뗄뇈샽쫇쫇%ꎻ퓚엺랢뫍쇣쫛튵훐뗄뇈샽쫇%ꎻ퓚힡쯞뫍닍틻튵훐헢튻뇈샽뺹좻룟듯ꎻ퓚뻓쏱럾컱뫍웤쯻럾컱튵훐뗄뇈샽쫇%ꆣ퓚짏쫶뗄헢벸룶탐튵훐ꎬ뻍튵죋풱쎿훜릤ퟷ쪱볤뎬맽맺볒맦뚨뗄40킡쪱죋풱뗄뇈샽욽뻹풼캪63%ꎬ웤훐퓚힡쯞뫍닍틻탐튵훐헢튻뇈샽룟듯70%ꆣ 뇭 내횰튵럖ퟩ뗄돇헲뻍튵죋풱뗷닩훜욽뻹릤ퟷ쪱볤ꎨ2001--2008ꎩ 떥캻ꎺ킡쪱/훜 쓪럝2001쓪10퓂2002쓪10퓂2003쓪11퓂2004쓪11퓂2005쓪11퓂2006쓪11퓂2007쓪11퓂2008쓪11퓂럖ퟩ떥캻뢺퓰죋튵벼쫵죋풱냬쫂죋풱뫍폐맘죋풱짌튵ꆢ럾컱죋풱얩쇖쓁폦쮮샻짺닺죋풱짺닺ꆢ퓋쫤짨놸닙ퟷ죋풱벰폐맘죋풱웤쯻 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ맺볒춳볆뻖ꆶ2009쓪훐맺샍뚯춳볆쓪본ꆷꆢ샍뚯뫍뻍튵놣헏늿ꆶ2009훐맺죋뿚뫍뻍튵춳볆쓪본ꆷ 뇭쏨쫶뗄쫇룷탐튵훐맽뛈뻍튵죋풱뗄죋쫽뫍평폚퓚횰죋풱뗄맽뛈뻍튵뛔뻍튵룚캻뗄벷햼뗄쫽솿ꆣ웤훐ꎬR뇭쪾룷탐튵뻍튵죋풱뗄쪵볊릤ퟷ쪱볤ꎻα뇭쪾룷탐튵뗄맽뛈뻍튵돌뛈ꎬ죧짏컄쯹쫶ꎻS뇭쪾룷탐튵훐뻍튵죋풱쪵볊릤ퟷ쪱볤뎬맽뇪ힼ릤ퟷ쪱볤40킡쪱죋풱뗄뇈샽ꎻM뇭쪾룷탐튵훐맽뛈뻍튵죋풱뗄죋쫽ꎬ폃룷탐튵훐뗄뻍튵26
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 죋쫽돋틔S벴뿉뗃떽ꎻN뇭쪾룷탐튵훐퓚횰죋풱뗄맽뛈뻍튵벷햼뗄뻍튵죋쫽ꎬ폃룷탐튵훐뗄뻍튵죋쫽돋틔α벴뿉뗃떽ꆣ 듓뇭뗄볆쯣뷡맻뿉횪ꎬ컒맺룷탐튵훐돇헲죋풱뗄맽뛈뻍튵쟩뿶뫜웕뇩ꎬ맽뛈뻍튵돌뛈뷏퇏훘ꎬ뛔컒맺뻍튵룚캻뗄벷햼뺭돵늽볲떥볆쯣튲듯떽쇋1600췲ퟳ폒ꎬ헢떱훐뮹쎻폐춳볆뫜뛠평얩쏱릤듓쫂뗄훐킡샍뚯쏜벯탍웳튵ꎬ헢늿럖죋풱뗄맽뛈뻍튵돌뛈룼퇏훘ꎬ죧맻볓짏헢튻늿럖뗄뮰ꎬ뛔컒맺샍뚯솦쫐뎡훐뻍튵룚캻뗄벷햼쫽솿펦룃룼뛠ꆣ떫쫇듓컒쏇뗄쫽뻝떱훐늻쓑쇋뷢헢퇹튻룶쫂쪵ꎬ벴듓20쪵볊90쓪듺틔살ꎬ평폚폃죋떥캻훐볓냠볓뗣쿖쿳뗄싻퇓ꎬ떼훂쇋훐맺뺭볃짙퓶볓쇋훁짙2000뛠췲뗄뻍튵룚캻ꆣ헢튲쳡쪾컒쏇ꎬ춨맽뫏샭뗄복짙맽뛈뻍튵죋풱뛔컒맺뻍튵죋쫽뗄퓶볓폐늻뿉뫶쫓뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ 뇭 내탐튵럖뗄돇헲뻍튵죋풱릤ퟷ쪱볤릹돉ꎨ2008ꎩ떥캻ꎺ% 쿮 쒿뫏 볆1-8킡쪱9-19킡쪱20-39킡쪱40킡쪱41-48킡쪱48킡쪱틔짏ퟜ 볆얩ꆢ쇖ꆢ쓁ꆢ폦튵닉뿳튵훆퓬튵100…뗧솦ꆢ좼웸벰쮮뗄짺닺뫍릩펦튵붨훾튵붻춨퓋쫤ꆢ닖뒢뫍폊헾튵탅쾢뒫쫤ꆢ볆쯣믺럾컱뫍죭볾튵엺랢뫍쇣쫛튵힡쯞뫍닍틻튵뷰죚튵랿뗘닺튵ퟢ쇞뫍짌컱럾컱튵뿆톧퇐뺿ꆢ벼쫵럾컱뫍뗘훊뾱달튵쮮샻ꆢ뮷뺳뫍릫릲짨쪩맜샭튵뻓쏱럾컱뫍웤쯻럾컱튵뷌폽컀짺ꆢ짧믡놣헏뫍짧믡뢣샻튵컄뮯쳥폽뫍폩샖튵릫릲맜샭뫍짧믡ퟩ횯100100맺볊ퟩ횯 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ맺볒춳볆뻖ꆶ2009쓪훐맺샍뚯춳볆쓪본ꆷꆢ샍뚯뫍뻍튵놣헏늿ꆶ2009훐맺죋뿚뫍뻍튵춳볆쓪본ꆷ 27
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 뇭 룷탐튵맽뛈뻍튵뗄벷돶쟩뿶ꎨ2008ꎩ R뻍튵죋쫽ꎨ킡쪱/쿮쒿αꎨ%ꎩSꎨ%ꎩMꎨ췲죋ꎩNꎨ췲죋ꎩꎨ췲죋ꎩ훜ꎩ얩ꆢ쇖ꆢ쓁ꆢ폦튵닉뿳튵훆퓬튵뗧솦ꆢ좼웸벰쮮뗄짺닺뫍릩펦튵붨훾튵붻춨퓋쫤ꆢ닖뒢뫍폊헾튵탅쾢뒫쫤ꆢ볆쯣믺럾컱뫍죭볾튵엺랢뫍쇣쫛튵힡쯞뫍닍틻튵뷰죚튵랿뗘닺튵ퟢ쇞뫍짌컱럾컱튵뿆톧퇐뺿ꆢ벼쫵럾컱뫍뗘훊뾱달튵쮮샻ꆢ뮷뺳뫍릫릲짨쪩맜샭튵뻓쏱럾컱뫍웤쯻럾컱튵뷌폽컀짺ꆢ짧믡놣헏뫍짧믡뢣샻튵컄뮯쳥폽뫍폩샖튵릫릲맜샭뫍짧믡ퟩ횯ퟜ볆------ 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ맺볒춳볆뻖ꆶ2009쓪훐맺샍뚯춳볆쓪본ꆷꆢ샍뚯뫍뻍튵놣헏늿ꆶ2009훐맺죋뿚뫍뻍튵춳볆쓪본ꆷ 28
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 5 뮺뷢맽뛈뻍튵뗄헾닟붨틩 춨맽틔짏뛔맽뛈뻍튵뗄럖컶ꎬ컒쏇뇈뷏쟥돾뗄쇋뷢떽헢훖쿖쿳뗄맣랺듦퓚뛔컒맺뺭볃ꆢ짧믡ꆢ웳튵뫍룶죋볒춥쯹듸살뗄캣몦ꎬ폈웤쫇뛔쒿잰샍뚯솦쫐뎡짏쪧튵죋풱뗄퇏훘뗄뻍튵벷돶킧펦펰쿬룼짵ꆣ틲듋ꎬ죧맻맽뛈뻍튵뗄쿖ힴ뫍돌뛈폐쯹복쟡뗄뮰ꎬ붫뛔뮺뷢컒맺퇏뻾뗄뻍튵탎쫆웰떽뫜듳뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ캪뷢뻶맽뛈뻍튵뗄쿖ힴꎬ룶죋벰볒춥ꆢ웳튵뫍폃죋떥캻ꆢ맺볒펦룟뛈훘쫓ꎬ웫탄킭솦ꆣ ꎨ1ꎩ췪짆솢램ꎬ볓듳횴램솦뛈뫍횴램잿뛈 퓚샍뚯맘쾵훐ꎬ랽뒦폚잿쫆뗘캻ꎬ퓚횰헟뒦폚죵쫆뗘캻ꎬ쟒뛔캥랴샍뚯헟ퟔ짭좨틦뗄웳튵뫍폃죋떥캻좱랦폐킧뗄훆뫢믺훆ꆣ쫗쿈ꎬ컒맺펦뺡뿬붫“맽샍쯀”쓉죫솢램랶돫ꆣ쒿잰횮쯹틔돶쿖풽살풽뛠맽샍쯀뗄샽ퟓꎬ듳늿럖쫇평폚웳튵뫍폃죋떥캻쒮쫓샍뚯램맦ꎬ잿웈믲뇤쿠잿웈퓚횰헟볓냠볓뗣ꎬ뎤듋틔췹ꎬ샍뚯헟믽샍돉벲뛸훁듋ꆣ떫쫇평폚컒맺뛔“맽샍쯀”뗄뚨틥뫍뷧뚨퓚램샭뫍튽샭짏늢늻쏷좷ꎬ샍뚯헟틲“맽샍쯀”캬좨뫜쓑ꆣ틲듋컒맺펦뛔맽샍쯀퓚램싉짏볓틔맦뚨뫍쏷좷ꆣ컒쏇뿉틔뷨본쫀뷧짏튻킩맽샍컊쳢뇈뷏퇏훘뗄맺볒퓵퇹살뒦샭헢훖ힴ뿶뗄ꎬ샽죧몫맺뫍죕놾냑맽샍쯀쇐죫릤짋랶돫ꎬ쟒폐쏅뗄믺릹뛔웤죏뚨ꎬ컒맺샍뚯램튲펦룃냑맽샍쯀뗄뷧뚨짨훃튻룶쏅뗄쳵뿮ꆣ웤듎ꎬ퓶잿샍뚯늿쏅횴램솦뛈뫍횴램잿뛈ꆣ쒿잰튻랽쏦컒맺샍뚯볠달풱폫웳튵풱릤뗄뇈샽풶풶뗍폚1ꎺ8000ꎬ쟒평폚쒳킩뗘랽뗄놣뮤훷틥ꎬ퓚뛔샍뚯쪱볤뫍잿뛈뗄뗷닩횴램맽돌훐ꎬ뎣뎣믡쫜떽뗘랽헾뢮뗄탐헾룉풤ꎬ쪹샍뚯볠달뗄뛀솢탔쓑틔쳥쿖뫍뷸탐폐킧쪵쪩ꎬ퓚쒳킩쟩뿶쿂ꎬ샍뚯볠달늿쏅탎춬탩짨ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦램싉뛔쟖랸샍뚯헟좨틦뗄웳튵뫍폃죋떥캻뗄돍랣솦뛈튲늻릻ꆣ틲듋ꎬ튻랽쏦튪볓잿샍뚯놣헏늿쏅뗄횴램솦솿ꎬ늢쟒퓶볓웤ퟔ짭뗄뛀솢탔뫍늻쫜헾뢮뗄룉풤탔ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ뛔캥랴샍뚯헟좨틦뗄폃죋떥캻쪵탐룼퇏룱뫍폐킧뗄돍랣ꎬ늻뷶뛔웤뺭볃짏쪵쪩퇏샷뗄뒦랣ꎬ뮹튪뛔웤ퟔ짭뗄탅폾뫍훊뗈컞탎뗄닺볓틔볇슼뫍뾼솿ꆣ헢튻쟐뗄폐킧쪵쪩ꎬ뮹탨튪램싉뗄뷸튻늽췪짆ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ뗷헻늢쳡룟샍뚯솦튪쯘퓚쫕죫럖엤훐뗄뗘캻 29
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 컒맺쫇튻룶죋뿚듳맺ꎬ샍뚯솦풴쿠뛔살쮵뇈뷏럡뢻ꎬ뛸놾뗈튪쯘좴쿠뛔쾡좱ꆣ퓚뺭볃랢햹뗄맽돌훐ꎬ평폚헢튻쿖ힴ뗄듦퓚ꎬ퓚닺욷뗄럖엤짏ꎬ샍뚯솦튪쯘뒦폚죵쫆뗘캻ꎬ놾튪쯘뒦폚잿쫆뗘캻ꎬ놾튪쯘쯹뗃퓚뫜듳돌뛈짏톹훆쇋죋솦놾쯹뗃뗄뗄랢햹ꎬ솽헟횮볤뗄럖엤쪮럖늻뫏샭ꆣ뻝쟥뮪듳톧냗훘뛷뷌쫚뗈죋뗄퇐뺿랢쿖ꎬ퓚릤튵쓚늿ꎬ샍뚯헟릤햼웳튵뗄퓶볓횵뗄뇈훘퓚쿂붵ꆣ뛸쟒컒맺뻓쏱쫕죫퓚맺쏱쫕죫훐돵듎럖엤훐뗄뇈샽평1995쓪뗄68%튲쿂붵떽2007쓪뗄50%ꆣ뺭볃뗄랢햹ퟮ훘튪뗄쫇튪뻟폐웕믝킧펦ꎬ뛸쒿잰짧믡듳훚듳뛠쫽뚼늻쓜럖쿭뺭볃랢햹쯹듸살뗄돉맻ꆣ릫욽럖엤늢늻쫇틢캶ퟅ늻힢훘킧싊ꎬ튲늻쫇쯹캽뗄욽뻹럖엤ꎬ뛸쫇퓚뺭볃랢햹뗄맽돌훐ꎬ퓚쳥훆뇈뷏뫏샭뗄뮷뺳훐ꎬ샍뚯솦쫐뎡쯹폐뗄샍뚯헟뚼뿉틔릫욽뗘믱좡ퟔ벺샍뚯쯹뒴퓬뗄쫕죫ꎬ헢룶컊쳢뗄폐킧뷢뻶뻟폐뛠랽쏦뗄킧폃ꎬ늻떫뿉틔뮺뷢퓚횰헟맽뛈뻍튵뗄컊쳢ꎬ퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏뮹뿉틔뷢뮺뷢컒맺쒿잰쫕죫닮뻠볓뻧뗄컊쳢틔벰쿻럑늻ퟣ뗄컊쳢ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ뮺뷢뻍튵톹솦ꎬ췪짆짧믡놣헏쳥쾵 튻랽쏦뻍튵쓑ꎬ훂쪹훚뛠뗄퓚횰헟캪쇋놣힡살횮늻틗뗄릤ퟷ믺믡뛸뛔폃죋떥캻뗄잿웈믲뇤쿠잿웈뗄볓냠볓뗣룒얭뛸늻룒퇔ꆣ뛸짧믡웕뇩볓냠볓뗣뗄듦퓚ꎬ폖믡쪹뗃폃죋떥캻뛔샍뚯솦뗄탨쟳복짙ꎬ뻍튵톹솦폖믡뷸튻늽볓듳ꎬ뛸뻍튵톹솦뗄볓뻧폖믡쪹헒릤ퟷ룼쓑ꎬ퓚횰헟늻뗃늻뷓쫜룼뗍뗄릤뫍뎤쪱볤뫍뎬잿뛈뗄릤ퟷꎬ헢뻍탎돉쇋쯹캽뗄“뻍튵쿝?”믲“뻍튵뗄뛱탔톭뮷”ꆣ틲듋뮺뷢뻍튵톹솦ꎬ믽벫뒴퓬뻍튵룚캻뻍쿔뗃폈캪훘튪ꆣ럾컱튵쫇컼쓉샍뚯솦뗄훘튪탐튵ꎬ컒맺펦ퟅ솦랢햹쿱볒헾럾컱ꆢ닍틻ꆢ싃폎뗈탐튵뗄랢햹ꎬ춬쪱헾뢮튲튪맄샸웳튵쿲짮볓릤ꆢ룟뢽볓횵뗄탍ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ컒맺뗄짧놣쳥쾵늻붡좫튲쫇퓬돉맽뛈뻍튵뗄튻룶훘튪풭틲ꆣ컒맺헾뢮펦볓듳짧놣쳥쾵붨짨뗄뷰춶죫ꎬ삩듳짧놣쳥쾵쯹뢲룇뗄랶캧ꎬ첽쯷쫊폃폚좫쏱뗄뗄짧믡놣헏훆뛈ꎬ쪹맣듳뻓쏱뗄튽쇆ꆢ놣쿕ꆢ쪧튵ꆢ퇸샏뫍힡랿폐튻룶뇈뷏췪짆뗄놣헏ꎬ헢퇹뿉틔듳듳복쟡퓚횰헟뗄톹솦ꆣ ꎨ4ꎩ헽좷틽떼짧믡폟싛ꎬ뎫떼뿆톧뫏샭뗄릤ퟷ볛횵맛쓮 뛔폚맽뛈뻍튵짵훁“맽샍쯀”뗄쿖쿳ꎬ짧믡폟싛쯹돖뗄솢뎡늻펦룃쫇퓞짍뫍냽퇯ꎬ뿉쓜헢킩죋풱훐폐뗄캪짧믡ퟶ돶쇋튻뚨뗄릱쿗ꎬ떫헢놳뫳뗄듺볛쫇짺쏼뗄쿻쫅믲쫇30
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 짭탄뗄뻣놹ꆣ짧믡폟싛펦룃뛔쓇킩쯁틢햼폃퓚횰헟쪣폠쪱볤뫍쯦틢볓듳퓚횰헟샍뚯잿뛈뗄폃죋떥캻뷸탐놨뗀ꎬ늢볓틔엺움뫍잴퓰ꆣ춬쪱짧믡폟싛뫍맺볒튪듳솦뎫떼헽좷뗄릤ퟷ볛횵맛쓮ꎬ룄뇤쓇훖냑볓냠볓뗣뾴돉쫇릤ퟷ믽벫얬솦뗘듭컳맛쓮ꎬ쪹죋쏇탎돉튻훖폐헅폐돚쿭쫜짺믮뫍릤ퟷ뗄탂샭쓮ꆣ ꎨ5ꎩ잿뮯웳튵뗄짧믡퓰죎ꎬ쳡룟웳튵뗄맜샭킧싊 폃죋떥캻뫍웳튵쫇볓냠뗄쪵쪩훷쳥ꎬ뛔듋컊쳢펦룃뢺훷튪퓰죎ꆣ퓚뷢뻶맽뛈뻍튵헢룶컊쳢짏ꎬ폃죋떥캻뫍웳튵뇘탫쏷좷ퟔ벺뗄짧믡퓰죎ꎬ퓚ퟔ벺믱샻뗄춬쪱ꎬ펦룃죃웕춨뗄샍뚯헟믱뗃룼뛠뗄랢햹뫍탒뢣ꆣ헢뻍탨튪웳튵퓚쓚늿펪퓬튻훖뫏ퟷ릲펮뗄웳튵컄뮯뫍붨솢뫍킳뮥샻뗄샍뚯맘쾵ꆣ맽뛈뻍튵컊쳢듦퓚늻뷶뷶쫇틲캪웳튵좱랦짧믡퓰죎룐퓬돉뗄ꎬ뮹폐뫜뛠웤쯻랽쏦뗄틲쯘ꎬ웤훐맜샭킧싊뗍쿂튲쫇튻룶뫜훘튪뗄풭틲ꆣ퓚뷢뻶웳튵틲맜샭킧싊뗍쿂쯹퓬돉뗄맽뛈뻍튵컊쳢짏ꎬ쫗쿈ꎬ맜샭헟퓚룸풱릤럖엤릤ퟷ솿뗄쪱뫲펦ퟛ뫏뛠랽쏦뗄틲쯘ꎬ뷡뫏놾웳튵뗄쪵볊쟩뿶뫏샭뗘럖엤룸룷룶풱릤ꆣ웤듎웳튵펦뺫볲늻뇘튪뗄맜샭뮷뷚뫍뇜쏢맜샭믬싒뗄쿖쿳ꎬ틔복짙맜샭돉놾뫍복짙훘뢴샍ퟷ뗄돉놾ꆣ퓚듋웳튵뿉틔닉폃탅쾢뮯뗄맜샭랽쪽ꎬ헢퇹뿉틔쪹룷룶뷗닣횮볤뗄붻쇷뫍릵춨룼톸쯙뫍폐킧ꆣ ꎨ6ꎩ샍뚯헟튪훘쫓ퟔ컒뗷뷚 컒맺쒿잰헽뒦퓚짧믡탍뗄쪱웚ꎬ살ퟔ룷랽쏦뗄뺺헹톹솦풽살풽벤쇒ꎬ짺믮릤ퟷ뗄뷚ퟠ튲풽살풽뿬ꎬ죋쏇쏦쇙뗄룷랽쏦뗄톹솦튲풽살풽듳ꎬ튪뇜쏢맽뛈뻍튵짵훁맽샍쯀늻뷶탨튪맺볒짧믡뫍웳튵뗄얬솦ꎬ뮹탨튪룶죋뛔붡뾵뷌폽뗄훘쫓뫍뛔ퟔ컒뗄뗷뷚ꆣ쫗쿈ꎬ샍뚯헟룶죋뇘탫쫷솢헽좷뗄죋짺맛ꆢ볛횵맛뫍쫂튵맛ꎬ랲쫂늻쓜첫잿쟳ퟔ벺ꎬ쫂튵뗄돉릦늢늻쓜췪좫듺뇭헦헽뗄죋짺ꎬ튲늻쓜듺뇭튻뚨믡탒뢣뫍뿬샖ꆣ웤듎ꎬ샍뚯헟튪쎿쳬쇴돶튻뚨뗄쪱볤뷸탐쳥폽뛍솶ꎬ틔뮺뷢욣샍ꎬ춬쪱뮹튪뫏샭짅쪳뫍뷸탐뚨웚뗄쳥볬뗈뗈ꆣ퓙듎ꎬ샍뚯헟튪놣돖샖맛ꆢ뾪샊뗄탄첬ꎬ엠퇸튻뚨뗄탋좤뫍낮뫃ꎬ킭뗷뫃릤ퟷꆢ짺믮뫍택쿐횮볤뗄맘쾵ꎬ헦헽ퟶ떽릤ퟷ뫍짺믮폐헅폐돚ꆣ 31
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 뷡 싛 놾컄듓컒맺쒿잰웕뇩듦퓚뗄볓냠볓뗣뗄쿖ힴ죫쫖ꎬ쳡돶쇋맽뛈뻍튵헢룶탂쏻듊ꎬ늢듓맽뛈뻍튵헢룶뷇뛈돶랢ꎬ럖컶쇋맽뛈뻍튵뗄탎돉믺훆벰웤뛔맺볒짧믡ꆢ웳튵뫍룶죋벰볒춥뗄펰쿬ꎬ춬쪱뮹뻟쳥럖컶쇋맽뛈뻍튵뛔쒿잰컒맺샍뚯솦쫐뎡짏죋풱뗄벷돶킧펦ꆣ놾컄뗄훷튪퇐뺿뷡싛죧쿂ꎺ 1ꎩ춨맽뛔퓚횰헟릤ퟷ쪱볤뗄뗷닩ꎬ랢쿖맽뛈샍뚯뗄쿖쿳퓚컒맺뻍튵쫐뎡짏웕뇩듦퓚ꎬ늻춬뗄탐튵뫍횰튵틔벰늻춬뗄쫕죫뷗닣맽뛈샍뚯뗄돌뛈쫇늻춬뗄ꆣ 2ꎩ쒿잰맺볒뗄닆헾쳥훆뫍웳튵뗄뾼뫋훆뛈볓뻧쇋짧믡뗄뺺헹ꎬ쫇퓬돉샍뚯헟놻웈맽뛈샍뚯뗄훷튪풭틲ꎬ뛸ퟔ컒쪵쿖ꆢ짽횰쳡킽ꆢ맢튫쏅뗈뒫춳뗄훐맺컄뮯볛횵맛쓮퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏쪹뫜뛠죋뒦폚튻훖훷뚯맽샍뗄ힴ첬ꆣ 3ꎩ맽뛈샍뚯벷햼쇋컒맺뗄뻍튵룚캻ꎬ뿉틔퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏뷢쫍컒맺“룟퓶뎤ꎬ뗍뻍튵”뗄랢햹싛ꎬ맽뛈샍뚯뗄듦퓚뛔컒맺뺭볃탍ꆢ웳튵뗄뎤웚뺺헹솦뗄탎돉ꆢ죋솦풴뗄랢햹폐뫜듳뗄늻샻펰쿬ꆣ 평폚튻킩훷뿍맛랽쏦뗄풭틲ꎬ놾컄뗄킴ퟷ뮹폐뫜뛠뗄늻ퟣ횮뒦ꆣ죃ퟷ헟ퟮ짮캪틅몶뗄쫇좱짙볆솿쒣탍뗄퓋폃ꆣ퓚킴ퟷ뗄맽돌훐ꎬ놾듲쯣춨맽쪵뗘뗷퇐살뛔펰쿬컒맺맽뛈뻍튵뗄펰쿬틲쯘붨솢볆솿쒣탍ꎬ늢뛔웤뷸탐쿔훸탔볬퇩ꎬ컞쓎죎컱횮훘ꆢ탨튪뗄쫽뻝횮뛠ꆢ쯹탨뗄뗷퇐럑폃횮뛠뎬맽쇋컒뗄쿫쿳ꎬ횻뫃틽폃쇋맺볒춳볆뻖쯹룸돶뗄쫽뻝뷸탐럖컶ꆣ평폚춳볆뻖뗄쫽뻝캴냼삨뫜뛠훐킡탍뗄샍뚯쏜벯탍웳튵풱릤뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤ꎬ뿉쓜뻝듋쯹뗃떽뗄뷡맻폐튻킩욫닮ꆣ놾컄ퟷ헟뛔듋컊쳢틔뫳뮹믡볌탸퇐뺿ꎬ뛔웤뷸탐튻룶뇈뷏췪헻탔뗄룅쫶뫍퇐뺿ꆣ 32
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 훂 킻 솽쓪뗄퇐뺿짺짺믮뫜뿬뻍튪맽좥쇋ꎬ맽췪쫮볙컒튲튪뾪쪼탂뗄쟳톧헷돌ꆣ헢욪싛컄쫇뛔컒솽쓪컷랽뺭볃톧톧쾰뗄튻룶ퟜ뷡ꎬ튲쫇쿲쯹폐맘탄컒ꆢ낮뮤컒ꆢ탁쟚뷌떼컒뗄샏쪦뗄튻룶믣놨ꆣ 쫗쿈튪룐킻컒뗄떼쪦헅컀뚫뷌쫚ꆣ놾컄쫇퓚쯻뗄뺫탄횸떼쿂췪돉뗄ꆣ뷼솽쓪뗄쪱볤ꎬ떼쪦늻싛쫇퓚톧쾰짏뮹쫇퓚짺믮짏뚼뛔컒맘탄놸훁ꆣ떼쪦풨늩뗄횪쪶ꆢ퇏뷷뗄훎톧첬뛈ꆢ뿆톧쟳쪵뗄뺫짱ꆢ뛔톧짺톭톭짆폕뗄엠퇸뫍컞쮽럮쿗뗄뿭듳탘뮳룸컒컞뺡뗄웴뗏ꎬ쇮컒훕짺쓑췼ꆣ퓚듋ꎬ컒뷷쿲쯻훂틔ퟮ돏횿뗄킻틢ꆣ 춬쪱튲룐킻뺭볃톧풺웤쯻횪쪶풨늩뗄샏쪦쏇ꎬ룐킻탬뎤짺ꆢ췵짙욽ꆢ췴킡쟚ꆢ쯎뗂폂뗈뷌쫚뗄뺫닊쫚뿎뫍잮톩쯉ꆢ튦쯬샏쪦뛔놾컄룸폫뗄놦맳틢볻ꆣ 룐킻뮪훐뿆벼듳톧뗄톧폑쏇ꎬ쳘뇰쫇탭맣퓂ꆢ컢퇠량ꆢ몫붨ꆢ랶샘ꆢ쏧죰쟭ꆢ쳯쓈ꆢ헔뒺퇠ꆢ쯯뗈춬톧퓚싛컄킴ퟷ훐룸폨쇋컒뗄놦맳뗄냯훺ꆣ뮹폐ꎬ컒튪룐킻컒쯹폐뗄엳폑뫍쯹폐냯훺맽컒뗄죋ꆣ 쳘뇰룐킻컒뗄뢸쒸쟗뫍쟗낮뗄쓐폑ꎬ퓚컒ힷ쟳톧튵ꆢ톧쾰횪쪶뗄맽돌훐ꎬ쯻쏇늻뷶퓚컯훊짏룸폨컒냯훺ꎬퟮ훷튪쫇퓚뺫짱짏튻횱룸폨컒늻킸뗄횧돖ꎬ쯻쏇뛔컒좭좭뗄낮탄뫍틳쟐뗄웚탭쫇컒돉뎤뗀슷짏폀늻쮥뷟뗄뚯솦ꆣ 룐킻뮪훐뿆벼듳톧룸컒쳡릩럡뢻뗄톧쾰풴ꎬ춬쪱쿲쯹폐움짳싛컄뗄샏쪦뫍볒뇭쪾돏횿뗄킻틢ꆣ 췵떤 2010쓪4퓂28죕33
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뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 뢽슼1 퓚횰헟맽뛈뻍튵쿖쿳뗷닩 ꎨ튻ꎩ얩쏱릤샍뚯쪱볤뗄쫕벯 좫맺ퟜ쳥쟩뿶ꆣ훐맺죋쏱틸탐퓚ꆶ2006쓪뗚튻벾뛈훐맺믵뇒헾닟횴탐놨룦ꆷ맘폚얩쏱릤뗄뗷닩럖컶쿔쪾ꎬ풼폐85%뗄얩쏱릤릤ퟷ쪱볤뎬맽램뚨릤ퟷ쪱볤ꆣ뛸쟒얩쏱릤듓쫂뗄릤ퟷ웕뇩뻟폐“훘ꆢ퓠ꆢ뿠ꆢ샛ꆢ쿕”뗄쳘헷ꎬ릤ퟷ쪱볤욫뎤ꎬ짧믡놣헏잷좱ꎬ릤쮮욽뷏뗍ꆣ퓚뗷닩뗄뛔쿳훐ꎬ쎿훜릤ퟷ쪱볤퓚41—60룶킡쪱뗄햼1/2ꎬ뎬맽61킡쪱뗄햼1/3ꆣ쇭췢뻝맺컱풺퇐뺿쫒랢늼뗄ꆶ훐맺얩쏱릤뗷퇐놨룦ꆷ튲뇭쏷ꎬ86%뗄얩쏱릤릤ퟷ쪱볤퓚8킡쪱횮짏ꆣ 맣뚫쪡뚫?쫐뗄쟩뿶ꆣ맣뚫쪡뚫?쫐쫇컒맺훸쏻뗄“쏱릤돇쫐”ꎬ웤쪵볊췢살컱릤죋풱뎬맽600췲ꆣ2007쓪쓪돵ꎬ뚫?쫐샍뚯뻖믡춬쫐뢾솪ꆢ쫐ퟜ릤믡뾪햹쇋튻듎좫맺탔뗄샍뚯횴램듳볬닩ꎬ볬닩뷡맻쿔쪾ꎬ웳튵훐듳늿럖뗄짏냠쪱볤쎿쳬뎬맽8킡쪱ꎬ쎿퓂뎬맽21룶릤ퟷ죕ꆣ웤훐쳁쿃쟬풶쯜붺뗧ퟓ뎧1룶퓂쓚풱릤뗄볓냠쪱볤뛠듯킡쪱ꎬ풶풶뎬돶쇋ꆶ샍뚯램ꆷ쯹튪쟳뗄쎿퓂볓냠ퟮ뛠36킡쪱뗄맦뚨ꆣ 헣붭쪡뗄쟩뿶ꆣ2006쓪뗗맺볒춳볆뻖헣붭뗷닩ퟜ뛓퓚헣붭쪡뛔얩쏱릤뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤뫍짺믮훊솿ퟶ쇋튻듎뗷닩ꆣ뗷닩쿔쪾ꎬ듳뛠쫽얩쏱릤릤ퟷ쪱볤뎬맽뇪ힼ릤ퟷ쪱볤ꎬ욽뻹쎿쳬릤ퟷ쪱볤뫍욽뻹쎿훜릤ퟷ쳬쫽뚼뎬맽뇪ힼ릤ퟷ쪱볤ꆣퟜ쳥욽뻹쎿쳬릤ퟷ쪱볤캪킡쪱ꎬ웤훐ꎬ욽뻹쎿쳬릤ퟷ쪱볤뎬맽12킡쪱뗄햼%ꎬ룶뇰뗄욽뻹쎿쳬릤ퟷ쪱볤뎤듯16킡쪱ꆣ냋돉틔짏얩쏱릤쎿훜릤ퟷ쳬쫽뎬맽5쳬ꆣ폐%뗄얩쏱릤쎻폐쿭쫜쮫택죕ꎻ%뗄얩쏱릤쎻폐쿭쫜듸킽택볙ꎻ%뗄얩쏱릤쎻폐쿭쫜볓냠늹쳹ꆣ 붭쯕쪡뗄쟩뿶ꆣ붭쯕쪡춳볆뻖퓚2007쓪뛔좫쪡뗄얩쏱릤릤ퟷ쪱볤ퟶ쇋튻듎돩퇹뗷닩ꎬ뷡맻쿔쪾ꎬ뎬맽냋돉뗄얩쏱릤듦퓚뎬쪱릤ퟷ뗄쿖쿳ꆣ춳볆쿔쪾ꎬ얩쏱릤훜욽뻹릤ퟷ쪱볤캪킡쪱ꎬ룟폚돇헲뻍튵죋뿚뗄욽뻹쫽ꎨ킡쪱ꎩꆣ웤훐ꎬ럻뫏램뚨릤ퟷ쪱볤ꎨ벴훜릤ퟷ쪱볤퓚40킡쪱벰틔쿂ꎩ뗄늻ퟣ15%ꎬ훜릤ퟷ쪱볤퓚41—48킡쪱뗄햼12ꎥꎬ내쎿쳬킡8쪱릤ퟷ쪱볤쯣ꎬ튪릤ퟷ떽뷼6쳬ꎻ훜릤ퟷ쪱볤퓚49ꎭ56킡쪱룟듯ꎥꆣ듋췢ꎬ뮹폐ꎥ뗄죋튻훜튪릤ퟷ56킡쪱틔짏ꎬ쎿쳬릤ퟷ뚼뎬맽37
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 8킡쪱ꎬ벸뫵쎻폐택쾢쪱볤ꆣ 쿃쏅쫐뗄쟩뿶ꆣ샮펨뷜퓚2007쓪뛔쿃쏅쫐뗄얩쏱릤뗄믹놾쟩뿶ꆢ짺믮ힴ뿶ꆢ릤ퟷힴ뿶뗈벸룶랽쏦뷸탐쇋컊뻭뗷닩ꎬ쫽뻝쿔쪾ꎬ붫뷼폐85%뗄얩쏱릤뗄릤ퟷ쪱볤뎬맽램뚨릤ퟷ쪱볤ꎬ웤훐쎿쳬릤ퟷ8—10킡쪱뗄햼%ꎬ릤ퟷ10킡쪱틔짏뗄햼%ꎬ뛸쟒폐%뗄얩쏱릤쎻폐택쾢죕ꆣ 즽뚫쪡뗄쟩뿶ꆣ2006쓪즽뚫뗷닩ퟜ뛓뛔즽뚫늿럖돇쫐얩쏱릤뗄릤ퟷힴ뿶뷸탐쇋뗷닩ꎬ뗷닩쿔쪾ꎬ얩쏱릤듓쫂뗄탐튵훷튪쫇훆퓬튵ꆢ붨훾튵뫍엺쇣쎳틗닍틻튵ꆢ짧믡럾컱튵뗈샍뚯쏜벯탍탐튵ꆣ웕뇩뗄ힴ첬쫇샍뚯잿뛈뷏듳ꎬ릤ퟷ쪱볤뷏뎤ꎬ쿐쾾쪱볤뷏짙ꆣ얩쏱릤욽뻹쎿훜릤ퟷ쳬ꎬ쎿쳬릤ퟷ듯9룶킡쪱ꎬ웤훐폐41%뗄얩쏱릤볓냠쎻폐놨돪ꎻ92%뗄얩쏱릤쎻폐쮫택죕ꎻ%뗄얩쏱릤쎿쳬릤ퟷ쪱볤뎬맽12킡쪱ꆣ 짮?쫐뗄쟩뿶ꆣ짮?쫐얩쏱릤샍뚯놣헏늿쏅폚2006쓪뛔얩쏱릤뗄믹놾샍뚯놣헏쟩뿶ퟶ쇋튻듎컊뻭뗷닩ꎬ뗷닩뷡맻쿔쪾ꎬ%뗄얩쏱릤쎿훜릤ퟷ7쳬ꎬ%뗄얩쏱릤쎿훜릤ퟷ쪱볤캪6쳬ꎬ%뗄얩쏱릤쎿훜릤ퟷ쪱볤캪5쳬ꎬ횻폐%뗄얩쏱릤쎿훜릤ퟷ쪱볤퓚4쳬틔쿂ꆣ 쟠몣쪡뗄쟩뿶ꆣ맺볒춳볆뻖쟠몣뗷닩ퟜ뛓폚2006쓪퓚쟠몣쪡뗘벶쫐뫍쿘벶쫐랶캧쓚뾪햹쇋돇쫐얩쏱릤짺믮훊솿ힴ뿶뗷닩릤ퟷꎬ뷡맻쿔쪾ꎬ퓚돇샯컱릤뺭짌뗄얩쏱릤릤ퟷ쪱볤맽뎤ꎬ뷼냋돉얩쏱릤쎿죕릤ퟷ쪱볤뎬맽8킡쪱ꎬ얩쏱릤욽뻹쎿훜릤ퟷ6ꎮ43쳬ꎬ욽뻹쎿쳬릤ퟷ9ꎮ98룶킡쪱ꆣ ꎨ뛾ꎩ냗쇬뷗닣뗄릤ퟷힴ첬 2006쓪ꎬ평ꆶ훐맺쟠쓪놨ꆷ짧믡뗷닩훐탄뫍퇫쫓톶뫏ퟷ쪵쪩뗄튻쿮뗷닩쿔쪾ꎬ컒맺쎿쳬릤ퟷ쪱볤뎬맽8킡쪱뗄죋폐65ꎮ6ꎥꎬ폐20ꎥ뗄죋쎿쳬릤ퟷ쪱볤뎬맽10킡쪱ꎬ폐82ꎥ뗄죋톡퓱볓냠ꎬ폈웤쫇쓪쇤퓚20ꎭ40쯪뗄죋훐뷏캪웕뇩ꆣ뛸헢훖뎬쪱볓냠퓚듓쫂쓔솦샍뚯뗄냗쇬뷗닣뷏캪웕뇩ꆣ쿂쏦살뾴튻쿂벸룶듳돇쫐맘폚냗쇬릤ퟷힴ뿶뗄튻룶뗷닩ꆣ 쳬뷲쫐뗄쟩뿶ꆣ2005 쓪6퓂ꎬ쳬뷲ꆶ쎿죕탂놨ꆷ뷸탐쇋튻듎“샍뚯헟릤ퟷ쿖ힴ38
뮪 훐 뿆 벼 듳 톧 쮶 쪿 톧 캻 싛 컄 좫뗷닩”뗄쇏쿔쪾,쎿쳬릤ퟷ쪱볤퓚8킡쪱틔짏ꆢ룐뻵뇈뷏샛뗄죋햼%ꎬ헢웤훐폐30%뗄죋쎿쳬릤ퟷ10킡쪱틔짏ꎬ8%뗄죋쎿쳬릤ퟷ12킡쪱틔짏ꎬ뛸횻폐늻떽25%뗄죋쎿쳬릤ퟷ8 킡쪱믲늻ퟣ8 킡쪱ꆣ 놱뺩쫐뗄쟩뿶ꆣ놱뺩쇣뗣뗷닩릫쮾랢늼뗄ꆶ2003 쓪냗쇬릤ퟷ톹솦퇐뺿놨룦ꆷ쿔쪾,폐풼튻냫뗄놱뺩냗쇬쏇헽쏦쇙ퟅ뷏듳뗄릤ퟷ톹솦,쫇릤ퟷ톹솦뷏킡뗄냗쇬죋쫽뇈샽20%뗄솽놶뛠ꎬ뛸쟒폐쇹돉뗄냗쇬돶쿖쇋늻춬돌뛈뗄탄샭욣샍ꎬ냗쇬쏇뗄붡뾵ힴ뿶쇮죋떣폇ꆣ쇭뻝훐맺짧믡뿆톧풺샍뚯뺭볃톧퇐뺿쯹뗄튻캻뷌쫚뷩짜,퓚놱뺩뗄뫜뛠웳튵훐,뇈뷏쇷탐뗄릤쪱훆뛈쫇벴쎿훜릤ퟷ6 쳬,쎿쳬릤ퟷ11 룶킡쪱ꆣ 짏몣쫐뗄쟩뿶ꆣ2005 쓪뗗,웖뚫탂쟸ퟜ릤믡뛔헅붭룟뿆벼뾪랢쟸ꆢ췢룟쟅놣쮰쟸ꆢ뷰쟅돶뿚볓릤쟸뫍웖뚫죭볾풰뗄50폠볒럇릫웳튵훐400쏻냗쇬뗄짺듦ힴ첬뷸탐쇋쾸훂뗄뗷닩ꆣ뷡맻쿔쪾ꎬ뻟폐뷏룟횰튵짹췻뫍짧믡뗘캻뗄냗쇬뷗닣ꎬ튲폐뫜듳뗄횰튵톹솦뫍짧믡톹솦ꆣ뗷닩쿔쪾,폐50%틔짏뗄냗쇬쎿쳬릤ퟷ10킡쪱ퟳ폒ꎬ뮹폐10%ퟳ폒뗄냗쇬쎿쳬릤ퟷ11킡쪱틔짏ꆣ2009쓪3퓂8죕맺볊샍뚯뢾얮뷚ꎬ훇솪헐울뷸탐쇋“짏몣냗쇬얮탔횰뎡짺듦ힴ뿶”뗄뗷닩쿔쪾ꎬ폐뷼쇹돉뗄냗쇬얮탔돶쿖쇋붡뾵컊쳢ꎬ웤훐폐71%뗄쫜럃헟죏캪쫇평폚릤ퟷ쪱볤뎤뫍릤ퟷ톹솦듳쯹훂ꆣ 39
