ᳳᴗᅮӋЁⱘ⊶ࡼ⥛ ᨬ 㽕˖ϏՎಾࠡకСଶՇޮۤפຢڕसᄯᆫᄷྑԅࢩৎ࿙ഭᄍྡྷēൎྻწճγԅᆇСޮ ٌТ೭ϏՎެಁԅཙࡎᆫนβۤಇࢹdำ Ⴣྻڂରนैēᆙ ࠒॴϏՎԅసᄵெ ШϏՎē഻ݯϏՎۤ੦ܔϏՎēωדιٓѻୣອԅௐ֥d ڑߏҭġϏՎ ੦ܔ ᄯדफۜ ) ᓩ㿔 > @ ⊶ࡼ⥛ᰃᳳᴗᅮӋЁϔϾ䞡㽕ⱘখ᭄ˈгᰃϔϾϡৃ㾖⌟ⱘব䞣DŽ㨫ৡⱘ % 6 ݀ᓣ Ё⊶ˈࡼ⥛㹿㾚Ўᐌ᭄DŽԚ ᰃӏԩ໘ѢᏖഎЁⱘᡩ䌘㗙䛑ৃҹᯢᰒᛳ㾝ࠄ䌘ѻⱘӋḐ⊶ࡼᄬ ᶤ⾡㘮䲚ᗻˈे᳝ϔ↉ᯊ䯈⊶ࡼ⡍߿࠻⚜㗠ˈ݊Ҫᯊ䯈߭Ⳍᇍᑇ䴭ᇍˈ䌘ѻӋḐᯊ䯈ᑣ߫ ᭄ⱘ㒳䅵Ẕ偠䖯ϔℹ䆕ᅲњ䌘ѻӋḐ⊶ࡼ⥛ᑊ䴲ᐌ᭄DŽѢ ᰃϔѯⷨお㗙ᇚ⊶ࡼ⥛㾚Ў䱣 ᴎব䞣䱣ᴎ䖛䖯㸠њ䞣ⱘⷨおDŽ៥Ӏⶹ䘧Ꮦˈഎ᳝ϡ⹂ᅮ㋴ⱘ⦃๗ϟᕅˈડᳳᴗ ӋḐⱘব䞣ϡҙҙ᳝䱣ᴎᗻⱘ⡍⚍㗠ˈϨ䖬᳝㊞ᗻ䋼ˈℸᇚ㊞⧚䆎ᑨ⫼Ѣᳳᴗᅮ ӋᰃᇍӴ㒳ᅮӋᮍ⊩ⱘϔϾ᳝Ⲟⱘ㸹ܙDŽ䖥 ᑈᴹҎӀᓔྟᇱ䆩ᇚ㊞⧚䆎⫼Ѣ䞥㵡乚ඳᇚˈ ㊞⧚䆎ᓩܹ㒣ᳳᴗᅮӋⱘൟ㞾✊г݊ЁDŽᴀ ᭛ᇚҢҹϟϝϾᮍ䴶ҟ㒡⊶ࡼ⥛ϔ˖ᰃ ᡞ⊶ࡼ⥛ⳟخᐌ᭄ ˄ग़⊶ࡼ⥛䱤⊶ࡼ⥛˅ˈѠ ᰃᡞ⊶ࡼ⥛ⳟخ䱣ᴎব䞣䱣ᴎ䖛 ˄䱣 ᴎ⊶ࡼ⥛˅ˈϝᰃᡞ⊶ࡼ⥛ⳟخϔϾϡ㊒⹂ⱘ᭄ˈ⫼㊞᭄ᡞᅗ㸼⼎ЎϔϾऎ䯈˄㊞⊶ࡼ ⥛˅DŽϝ⾡⊶ࡼ⥛᳝݊Ӌؐ ҹϟᇚߚ߿䅼䆎݊ⓨবঞᇐ䖛DŽ ᐌ᭄⊶ࡼ⥛ ᐌ᭄⊶ࡼ⥛ࣙᣀग़⊶ࡼ⥛䱤⊶ࡼ⥛DŽḍ ग़᭄ᮁߎⱘ⊶ࡼ⥛ⱘԄ䅵ؐিخ ग़⊶ࡼ⥛ᅗˈਞ䆝៥ӀӋḐ䖛এবࡼⱘ᳝ᖿDŽϔ㠀ᚙމϟ䗮ˈ䖛㒳䅵ᄺᮍ⊩㦋ᕫग़ ⊶ࡼ⥛DŽ ؛䆒ϔᅮⱘᯊ䯈↉ ∆ W ҹৢˈ㙵 Ӌ6 Ў䱣ᴎব䞣ˈ߭ Ⳍᇍಲ⥛Ў↨⥛˖ 6− 6 6 DŽ ⓖ⿏⥛µ 㸼⼎ⱘᰃ㒣䖛ϔϾᯊ䯈↉ҹৢ ˈ㙵Ӌⱘᑇഛব࣪ᐙᑺDŽ៥Ӏ؛䆒µ∆W=(66− =(∆ 66 ˈ े µ∆W ᰃᑇഛⳌᇍಲ⥛ˈ᠔ ҹ +µ∆ W ᰃ㙵Ӌ↨⥛ 66 [ ] [ ] ⱘᑇഛؐDŽ⊶ࡼ⥛σ ডⱘᰃⳌᇍಲ⥛ⱘϡ⹂ᅮᗻDŽ៥Ӏ؛䆒ᅗއᅮњᮍᏂ ˖ σ∆W=(66− −µ ∆ W DŽ ⫼㒳䅵ᄺⱘᮍ⊩∖ᕫ⊶ࡼ⥛ σ DŽ ؛䆒 ( ) 6=;6 6= ;6 DŽ䖭䞠 ; ᰃ⣀ゟⱘԃࡾ߽䱣ᴎব䞣DŽ᳝߭ N+ N+ NN QQQ 8= ;− =66 ˈ V=66 −Q8 DŽ ( ) ( ) ∑N∑N− ∑ NN − Q − N= = N = ݊Ё8 V ᰃᴹ㞾ᅲ䰙Ꮦഎ᭄ 6 6 6 6ⱘḋᴀഛؐḋᴀᮍᏂDŽ៥ Ӏৃᕫߎµ Q σ ⱘԄ䅵ؐЎ µ≈8∆W σ ≈V∆W DŽϔ㠀ᴹ䇈ˈՓ⫼䖥 ࠄ ⱘ㒧ᵰ⫼Ѣᇍ⊶ࡼ ⥛ⱘ乘⌟ᬜᵰ↨䕗དDŽ
中国科技论文在线 KWWS ZZZ SDSHU HGX FQ ⫼៤ѸⱘᳳᴗӋḐҷܹ % 6 ݀ᓣ∖ᕫⱘ⊶ࡼ⥛িخ䱤⊶ࡼ⥛DŽᅗ ᰃᣛᏖഎЁ㾖ᆳⱘ ᳳᴗӋḐ᠔㭈ⱘ⊶ࡼ⥛ᅗˈৃ⫼ᴹⲥ㾚Ꮦഎᇍᶤϔ⡍ᅮ㙵⼼⊶ࡼ⥛ⱘᗕᑺгˈৃ⫼ᴹḍ ᶤᳳᴗӋḐԄ䅵ϔϾᳳᴗⱘӋḐˈᰃᏖഎᇍᴹ⊶ࡼ⥛ⱘᛳ㾝DŽ ؛䆒㙵⼼⦄ӋЎ 6 ˈᠻ㸠ӋЎ. ˈ7 Ўࠄᳳᯊ䯈ˈσ Ў⊶ࡼ⥛ˈµ Ў㙵Ӌⓖ⿏⥛ˈU W Ў᮴亢䰽߽⥛DŽ9 ᰃᓣⳟ⍼ᳳᴗⱘӋḐDŽ៥Ӏᡞσ ⳟᰃҹϟᮍЁⱘⶹ᭄ > @ −U 7−W 9=61 G − .H1 G DŽ݊Ё W OQ 6. + U+σ 7− W W G = ˈ σ 7− W OQ 6. + U−σ 7− W W =Gσ DŽ σ 7− W ᇍѢᓣᳳᴗ 䱤⊶ࡼ⥛ⱘ㦋ᕫᕜᆍᯧDŽ㢹䞛⫼ 0DSOH䕃ӊˈা䳔བϟϸϾℹ偸˖ !ZLWK ILQDQFH !VORYH EODFNVFKROHV 6 . U 7 [ = 9 [ 0DSOHህৃҹᠧॄߎσ ⱘ᭄ؐњDŽ 䗮ᐌৃҹᕫࠄѢৠϔ⾡㙵⼼ⱘϾ䱤⊶ࡼ⥛ˈ✊ ৢḍϡৠᳳᴗӋؐᇍ⊶ࡼ⥛ⱘᬣ ᛳᗻ䌟ˈќϡৠⱘᴗ䞡ᕫˈࠄⱘࡴᴗᑇഛህᰃ㙵⼼ⱘ䱤⊶ࡼ⥛DŽ߽⫼ % 6 ݀ᓣᳳᴗⱘᏖ > @ എӋḐㅫߎᴹⱘ䱤⊶ࡼ⥛᳝ҹϟϸϾবࡼ㾘ᕟ DŽϔᰃ⊶ࡼ⥛ᖂュ YRODWLOLW\ VPLOHV ˈᅗਞ䆝៥Ӏᔧᳳᴗߚ߿໘ѢᑇӋˈᅲؐˈ㰮ؐ⢊ᗕᯊˈेՓ݊Ҫᴵӊ䛑Ⳍৠˈᷛ ⱘ䌘ѻⱘ䱤⊶ࡼ⥛гϡӮⳌৠ Ѡᰃ䱤⊶ࡼ⥛Ӯ䱣ᳳᴗࠄᳳᯊ䯈ϡৠ㗠ϡৠˈ䖭িخ⊶ ࡼ⥛ᳳ䰤㒧ᵘ˄YRODWLOLW\ WHUP VWUXFWXUH˅ े݊ҪᴵӊϡবˈᑇӋᳳᴗ᠔ᇍᑨⱘ䱤⊶ ࡼ⥛䱣ࠄᳳ᮹ϡৠ᠔㸼⦄ߎᴹⱘব࣪㾘ᕟDŽϔ㠀ᴹ䇈ϡˈৠⱘᷛⱘ䌘ѻ᠔㸼⦄ߎⱘᳳ䰤㒧ᵘ ԧᔶ⢊Ӯ᳝᠔ϡৠˈԚᅗӀ䛑᳝ҹϟϸϾ⡍⚍˖佪ܜ Ң䭓ᳳᴹⳟˈ⊶ࡼ⥛䛑㸼⦄ ߎഛؐಲᔦ˄PHDQ UHYHUWLQJ˅ ेࠄᳳ᮹䖥ᯊˈ䱤⊶ࡼ⥛ব࣪䕗࠻⚜ˈ䱣ⴔࠄᳳᯊ䯈 ⱘᓊ䭓䱤ˈ⊶ࡼ⥛ᇚ䗤⏤ग़⊶ࡼ⥛ⱘᑇഛؐ䴴䖥˗݊ᰃ⊶ࡼ⥛ᖂュⱘᔶ⢊гফࠄᳳ ᴗࠄᳳᯊ䯈ⱘᕅડDŽᯊˈᳳᴗࠄᳳ᮹䍞䖥ˈ⊶ࡼ⥛ᖂュህ䍞ᰒ㨫ˈࠄᳳ᮹䍞䭓ˈϡৠ ӋḐⱘ䱤⊶ࡼ⥛Ꮒᓖ䍞ᇣˈ䖥Ѣᐌ᭄DŽ 䗮䖛ᡞ⊶ࡼ⥛ᖂュ⊶ࡼ⥛ᳳ䰤㒧ᵘᬒϔ䍋ˈ ৃҹᕫࠄӏԩᠻ㸠ӋḐӏԩࠄᳳᯊ䯈 ⱘᳳᴗ᠔ᇍᑨⱘ䱤⊶ࡼ⥛ˈᑊᔶ៤⊶ࡼ⥛ⶽ䰉˄YRODWLOLW\ PDWUL[˅ ᅗᰃ⫼ᴹ㗗ᆳᑨ ⫼⊶ࡼ⥛বࡼ㾘ᕟⱘᴀᎹПϔDŽⶽ䰉Ёⱘݙᆍᰃ⬅ % 6 ݀ᓣ䅵ㅫᕫࠄⱘ䱤⊶ࡼ⥛ˈ ӏᛣ㒭ᅮⱘᯊࠏ䆹ˈⶽ䰉ЁⱘᶤѯᳳᴗᏖഎЁ᳝ѸᯧҢˈ㗠䖭ѯᳳᴗⱘ⊶ࡼ⥛ৃҹⳈҢ ᅗӀⱘᏖഎӋḐЁ䅵ㅫߎᴹˈ ݊ԭⱘ⚍߭ৃҹ⫼㒓ᗻᦦؐ⊩⹂ᅮˈᔧ ᖙ乏ЎᶤϾᳳᴗᅮӋᯊˈ ѸᯧҎਬህҢⶽ䰉Ёᇏᡒ䗖ᔧⱘ⊶ࡼ⥛DŽ 䱣ᴎ⊶ࡼ⥛ ⊶ࡼ⥛ᖂュ⊶ࡼ⥛ᳳ䰤㒧ᵘⱘᄬˈ䆕 ᯢњ % 6 ݀ᓣ݇Ѣ⊶ࡼ⥛Ўᐌ᭄ⱘᴀ؛䆒ᰃ ϡ៤ゟⱘ㟇ˈᇥᳳᴗᏖഎϡᰃ䖭ḋ乘⌟ⱘDŽℸᬒᵒ⊶ࡼ⥛Ўᐌ᭄ⱘ؛䆒៤ˈЎᳳᴗ⧚䆎ⱘ ϔϾ䞡㽕ᮍDŽ བᇚ⊶ࡼ⥛㾚䱣ᴎব䞣ˈᓎゟⱘ䱣ᴎ⊶ࡼ⥛ൟ˖ G6=µ6GW+ σ 6G: Gσ=S 6 σ W GW+ T 6 σ W G: ˊ ݊Ё G: G: ⱘⳌ݇㋏᭄Ўρ DŽ䖭ᯊᇍߑ᭄ S 6 σ W T 6 σ W ⱘ䗝ᢽᕜ䞡㽕ˈᅗϡ
中国科技论文在线 KWWS ZZZ SDSHU HGX FQ ҙ݇㋏ࠄ⊶ࡼ⥛ⱘ⹂ᅮˈгᇍᳳᴗᅮӋ᳝䞡㽕ᕅડDŽ བᇚ⊶ࡼ⥛؛䆒៤ϔϾ᳡Ңᶤ⾡䱣ᴎ䖛ⱘ┰ব䞣ˈᓎゟⱘ +XOO :KLWH 䱣ᴎ⊶ࡼ⥛ ൟ˖ α G66=UGW+ YG: ˈ G9=D E−9 GW+ε 96G: DŽ V Y ݊Ёˈ D E ε α ᰃᐌ᭄ˈ G: ˈ G: ᰃ㓈㒇䖛ˈ9 ᰃ㙵⼼ⱘᮍᏂ⥛ˈᮍᏂ⥛ᴀ䑿ᰃϔ 6 Y Ͼ䱣ᴎ䖛ˈᑊҹDⱘ䗳ᑺಲᔦࠄ∈ᑇE DŽ 䖬᳝ϔ㉏ᰃᑓН㞾ಲᔦᴵӊᓖᮍᏂൟ˄*$5&+˅ˈᅗЏ㽕ᰃ䗮䖛䅵䞣ⱘᮍ⊩ᴹ乘⌟ > @ ᠔䳔㽕ⱘ⊶ࡼ⥛খ᭄DŽ᳔ᐌ㾕ⱘ *$5&+ ൟ Ў˖ σ=γ9 +αε+ βσ DŽ QQ− Q − ݊Ё γ α β 䛑Ўᐌ᭄ˈϨ γ+α+β = ˈ 9 Ўᘦᅮⱘ䭓ᳳᑇഛᮍᏂ⥛DŽ ㊞⊶ࡼ⥛ > @ ᑈ ᮹ᴀᄺ㗙<RVKLGD ߽⫼Ӵ㒳ⱘᅮӋᗱᛇ % 6ൟㄝӋ䵙⌟ᑺൟⱘ⸔ Ϟ䖤ˈ⫼ᇍ⿄ⱘϝ㾦ᔶ )X]]\ ᭄䆕ᯢњᓣᳳᴗ㊞ӋḐᑇӋ݀ᓣDŽৠᑈজˈ㗗㰥њ㕢ᓣⳟ > @ 䎠ᳳᴗᚙᔶˈҸ㕢ᓣᳳᴗⱘӋḐձ䌪Ѣއㄪ㗙ⱘ㊞Ⳃᷛˈᑊ㒭ߎⳌᑨⱘ㒧ᵰ DŽ ᑈˈ > @ 6 0X]]LROL + 5H\QHDUWV ᇚ㊞⧚䆎ᓩܹњᓣᳳᴗѠঝᷥൟˈ ᑈজ㒭ߎњ߽⫼ > @ ẃᔶ㊞᭄ᴹᦣ䗄㕢ᓣᳳᴗᅮӋ䯂乬 DŽ㊞ѠঝᷥൟЁˈབԩ㦋ᕫϡ㊒⹂ⱘ⊶ࡼ⥛ᰃ ᳔Ў݇䬂ⱘ⦃㡖DŽ៥Ӏৃҹ⫼ẃᔶ㊞᭄ϝ㾦ᔶ㊞᭄ᴹᦣ䗄ϡ㊒⹂ⱘ⊶ࡼ⥛DŽẃᔶ㊞ ᭄ϝ㾦ᔶ㊞᭄ᰃࡴᴗऎ䯈ˈ ݊Ϟ⬠ˈϟ ⬠᳔ৃ㛑ⱘऎ䯈ؐ䛑䳔㽕䱤⊶ࡼ⥛ᴹ⹂ᅮDŽ ݇Ѣ䱤⊶ࡼ⥛ҔМᚙމϟ䖥ᅲ䰙⊶ࡼ⥛ˈ䆌ᄺ㗙䖯㸠њ䅼DŽབ > @ &KULVWHQVHQ 3UDEKDOD 䅸ЎᇍѢⳟ⍼ᳳᴗᴹ䇈ˈ ᑇӋ⢊ᗕᯊ᠔∖ᕫⱘ䱤⊶ࡼ⥛᳔ヺ > @ ড়ᅲ䰙⊶ࡼ⥛˗ ᑈ &KULVWHQVHQ 6WUXQN জᦤߎњߚ߿ᇍᅲؐ⢊ᗕ㰮ؐ⢊ᗕҹঞ ⳟ⍼ⳟ䎠ᳳᴗᚙᔶ䅵ㅫ⊶ࡼ⥛ˈݡ䖯㸠ࡴᴗᑇഛ㗠㦋ᕫⱘ⊶ࡼ⥛䖥ᅲ䰙˗ ᑈˈ > @ (GHULQJWRQ *XDQ 㗗㰥њᭆᅮӋⱘϡৠᇍ⊶ࡼ⥛ⱘᕅડˈ䡈Ѣ⊶ࡼ⥛ᖂュ⦄䈵ˈ䅸Ў䱤 ⊶ࡼ⥛ᑨ䆹ⳟ⍼ᳳᴗⱘ㰮ؐ⢊ᗕⳟ䎠ᳳᴗⱘᅲؐ⢊ᗕ䅵ㅫ㦋ᕫ˗ ᑈˈ0X]]LROL > @ 5H\QDHUWV ⫼ẃᔶ㊞᭄ᢳ⊶ࡼ⥛ᯊˈ݊Ϟϟ⬠ߚ߿⫼ᑇӋ⢊ᗕᯊⱘᦦؐ⊶ࡼ⥛ LQWHUSRODWHG YRODWLOLW\ ϔϾ᳜ᯊᳳⱘ䱤⊶ࡼ⥛ᴹ㦋ᕫˈ᳔ৃ㛑ⱘऎ䯈ؐᰃ䗮䖛䅵 ㅫϔϾᓣⳟ䎠ᳳᴗˈ ݊Ϣ᠔㽕⹂ᅮⱘ㕢ᓣⳟ䎠ᳳᴗ᳝Ⳍৠⱘᠻ㸠ӋḐⳌৠⱘࠄᳳ᮹ˈ 㗙ҹᑇӋ⢊ᗕᯊ䖥ᭆᅮӋⱘᓣⳟ䎠ᳳᴗҢ㗠∖㾷ᕫࠄⱘ䱤⊶ࡼ⥛DŽ ẃᔶ㊞᭄ৃҹ⬅ϔϾಯܗ᭄㒘 σ= σ σ σ σ 㸼⼎ˈϝ㾦ᔶ㊞᭄⫼ϝܗ᭄㒘 ( ) σ= σ σ σ 㸼⼎DŽ⬅ 0X]]LROL 5H\QDHUWV ⱘᮍ⊩ৃҹ∖ᕫ σ σ σ σ ⬅㊞Ѡ ( ) ঝᷥⱘᮍ⊩᠔ᕫࠄⱘ㊞ᳳᴗӋḐ 9= D E F ৃҹЎއㄪ㗙↨䕗⧚䆎ӋḐᏖഎӋḐ ⱘϔϾখ㗗 އㄪ㗙гৃҹࠊᅮ催ⱘ㕂ֵ∈ᑇ α > Փᳳᴗ⧚䆎ӋḐⱘऎ䯈㓽ᇣDŽ 㒧 䆎 ᴀ᭛ᘏ㒧њᳳᴗᅮӋⱘϝ㉏⊶ࡼ⥛ᑊˈߚ߿ҟ㒡њҪӀⱘ∖⊩DŽ݊Ё⡍ˈ߿ҟ㒡њ㊞ ⊶ࡼ⥛ⱘথሩᚙމঞ݊㦋ᕫᮍ⊩DŽ㱑✊䖘ҞЎℶ%ˈ 6 ൟҡ✊ᰃ䞥㵡乚ඳ᳔Ў៤ࡳ㹿 ᑓ⊯Փ⫼ⱘൟПϔDŽԚ ᰃᮄⱘ䌈䖥ᅲ䰙ⱘൟ䖬ϡᮁⱘথሩˈ݊Ёᇍ⊶ࡼ⥛ⱘདⱘ Ԅ䅵⹂ᅮгᇚ㒻㓁៤ЎҎӀⷨおⱘᮍDŽ
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