华中科技大学硕士学位论文西方行政学的结构与目的——行政学方法论研究姓名：张明红申请学位级别：硕士专业：科学技术哲学指导教师：万小龙20070530
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 햪 튪 탐헾톧ퟷ캪튻쏅뛀솢뗄톧뿆닺짺폚19쫀볍쒩20쫀볍돵뗄컷랽ꆣ쏀맺훸쏻탐헾샭싛톧볒췾뛻톷폚1887쓪랢뇭ꆶ탐헾톧퇐뺿ꆷ튻쫩ꎬ쏷좷횸돶ꆰ헾훎쫇헾훎볒뗄쳘쫢믮뚯랶캧ꎬ뛸탐헾맜샭쫇벼쫵탔횰풱뗄쫂쟩ꆱꎬ듓뛸쪹탐헾톧헽쪽듓헾훎톧훐럖샫돶살ꆣ퓚틔뫳튻냙쓪뗄랢햹샺쪷훐훷튪폐벸톧엉ꎺ맅뗤톧엉ꎬ탐캪톧엉ꎬ뻶닟톧엉ꎬ쾵춳톧엉뗈ꆣ룷훖샭싛뺺쿠랢햹ꎬ늢쟒늻춬뗄탂샭싛쫓뷇놻벰쪱뗄컼쓉뷸살ꆣ 퓚헢튻냙뛠쓪뗄랢햹훐ꎬ캧죆탎돉탐헾톧뗄랶쪽뇘탫폐쓄킩틲쯘살뮮럖ꎬ탎돉쇋늻춬뗄뮮럖쳥쾵ꆣ쫂쪵짏ꎬ뮹쎻폐죎뫎튻훖샭싛랽램뗃떽탐헾톧쫵뷧폫쪵볹뷧듳뛠쫽죋쪿뗄횧돖ꆣ퓚뿢뛷뾴살ꎬ떱뷱탐헾톧쇬폲헽쫇좱랦튻룶컒쏇헢룶톧뿆듳뛠쫽[1]죋죏춬뫍횧돖뗄뗤랶(벴햼춳훎뗘캻뗄샭싛)ꆣ헢쮵쏷쇋탐헾톧뗄횪쪶뒫춳쎻폐튻룶춳튻뗄햼춳훎뗘캻뗄샭싛랶쪽ꎬ탐헾톧뗄횪쪶뒫춳쫇뛠샭싛랶쪽뗄ꆣ떫쫇늻춬뗄뮮럖뚼믡폐튻쳗틀뻝ꎬ놾컄쫇퓚늻춬뗄랶쪽뮮럖뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ퓋폃뿢뛷랶쪽샭싛뗄좦닣뷡릹ꎬ럖컶쇋탐헾톧뗄샭싛뷡릹닣듎ꆣ탐헾톧뗄뫋탄샭싛살풴폚헾훎톧ꎬ믹뒡샭싛쫇뺭볃톧뫍맜샭톧ꎬ퓙췢튻닣쫇탐헾뺭퇩뗄샭싛퇐뺿ꎬퟮ췢튻닣쫇탐헾뺭퇩ꆣ헢훖쳥쾵듲웆쇋평훷맛ꆢ뿍맛뫍볛횵죽늿럖살싛쫶탐헾톧뷡릹뗄쳥쾵ꆣ 춬쪱놾컄뮹럖컶쇋탐헾톧뗄훷튪죎컱쫇첽쳖뫍랢쿖탐헾맜샭믮뚯뗄뿍맛퓋탐맦싉ꎬ탎돉뿆톧샭싛ꎬ쪹탐헾맜샭붨솢퓚뿆톧믹뒡횮짏ꆣ탐헾톧샭싛뗄쒿뗄쫇풤닢ꎬ톡퓱튻룶ퟮ쫊뫏뗄탐헾쳥쾵살쪵쿖탐헾맜샭뗄쒿뇪ꆣ 탐헾톧랽램싛ꎬ쯼평랽램싛샭싛ꆢ뻟쳥퇐뺿랽램뫍퇐뺿벼쫵죽랽쏦쓚죝릹돉ꆣ랽램싛샭싛ꎬ쫇횸릫릲탐헾맜샭톧퇐뺿랽램훐뗄ꆰ풪샭싛ꆱꎬ쫇맘폚랽램뗄랽램ꆣ랽램싛샭싛퓚ퟜ쳥짏좷뚨탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿쒿뇪폫횸떼쮼쿫ꎬ늢릹돉맘폚퇐뺿랽램폫퇐뺿벼쫵뗄샭싛ꎬ뛔릫릲탐헾뗄퇐뺿랽램뻟폐튻뚨뗄틽쇬ퟷ폃ꎻ뻟쳥퇐뺿랽램훷튪횸맦랶럖컶ꆢ쪵횤럖컶ꆢ뇈뷏럖컶ꆢ쾵춳럖컶뗈샭싛퇐뺿뗄랽램ꎻ퇐뺿벼쫵쫇횸쓇킩뻟폐룟뛈릤뻟탔뗄ꆢ뻟쳥뗄ꆢ폐맘쯑벯폫럖컶쿠맘쇏뗄쫖뛎뫍랽램ꎬ죧뗷닩ꆢ컊뻭폫돩퇹짨볆ꆢ쓚죝럖컶ꆢ춳볆ꆢ솿뮯ꆢ쒣쪽붨솢ꆢ볆쯣믺퓋폃뗈폐맘벼쫵ꆣ탐헾I
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 톧퇐뺿뻟폐틔쿂벸룶랽쏦뗄틢틥ꎺ폐훺폚쪵쿖탐헾뗄쒿뗄ꎻ탐헾톧퇐뺿춨맽ힼ좷죏쪶탐헾쿖쿳ꎬ냑컕웤믮뚯맦싉ꎬ폐훺폚헫뛔뻟쳥탐헾믮뚯ꎬ톡퓱잡떱뗄쳥훆ꆢ맦랶ꆢ랽쪽ꆢ랽램뫍쫖뛎ꎬ듓뛸쳡룟탐헾뗄킧싊ꎬ룼뫃뗘쪵쿖탐헾쒿뗄ꎻ폐훺폚맺볒뗄헾훎춳훎뫍짧믡뗄컈뚨폫랢햹ꆣ 맘볼듊ꎺ탐헾톧랶쪽ꎻ탐헾톧뷡릹ꎻ탐헾톧쒿뗄폫퇐뺿뗄틢틥 II
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 Abstract Administration Science as an independent discipline arises from the late 19th century and early 20th century when western United States famous theoretical scientist Wilson published “The Administrative Studies ” in 1887 .This book Clearly pointed out that “politics is for politicians special activities, and the technical things for administrative staff ”.So that Administration Science separated from political science. There were several major schools in its 100 years history: the classical school, the behavior school, the decision-making school, the system school. During the 100 years development, it formed different classification systems according to the administration paradigm factors. In fact, there is no Chief theory which majority of academics and practitioners support. In Kuhn’s opinion, Administration Science today is lack of a model which majority of our people in this subject approve and [1] shows that the knowledge of administration without a unified dominant theoretical paradigm, but it is more theoretical paradigm. This paper uses the theory of kuhn’s layered structure. The core theory of Administration Science comes from political science, and the basic theory is from economics and management science, then the theoretical study of administrative experience, and the outermost layer is administrative experience. This system breaks the three-part structure of the Administration Science system: the subjective, objective and value. This paper also analyzes the Administration Science 's main task is to explore and discover the objective operating rules, form a scientific theory, build administration in a scientific basis. The goal of Administration Science is to forecast, and to choose the best one to achieve the administrative goal. Administration Science methodology consists of theoretical methodology, the specific research methods and technology. Methodology theory is the "Theory" of administration research methods. Theoretical methodology is to determine the overall III
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 objectives and guiding ideology of administration, and form the theory of research methods and technology; specific research methods mainly refers to normative analysis, empirical analysis, comparative analysis, systems analysis, and other theoretical research methods; research technology are those highly instrumental, concrete, the means and methods of the collection and analysis of relevant information ,such as the investigation, the questionnaire and sampling design, content analysis, statistics quantitative, model building, the use of computer technology and so on. Administrative Studies with the following dimensions: contribute to the achievement of administrative purposes; through an accurate understanding of the executive, to grasp the laws of their activities and choose the appropriate system, standardized forms, ways and means to enhance administrative efficiency and get better administrative purposes; contribute to the country's political and social stability and development. Keywords: Administration Science paradigm; Administration Science structure; the purpose and significance of Administration Science. IV
뛀뒴탔짹쏷 놾죋짹쏷쯹돊붻뗄톧캻싛컄쫇컒룶죋퓚떼쪦횸떼쿂뷸탐뗄퇐뺿릤ퟷ벰좡뗃뗄퇐뺿돉맻ꆣ뺡컒쯹횪ꎬ돽컄훐틑뺭뇪쏷틽폃뗄쓚죝췢ꎬ놾싛컄늻냼몬죎뫎웤쯻룶죋믲벯쳥틑뺭랢뇭믲킴맽뗄퇐뺿돉맻ꆣ뛔놾컄뗄퇐뺿ퟶ돶릱쿗뗄룶죋뫍벯쳥ꎬ뻹틑퓚컄훐틔쏷좷랽쪽뇪쏷ꆣ놾죋췪좫틢쪶떽ꎬ놾짹쏷뗄램싉뷡맻평놾죋돐떣ꆣ 톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟잩쏻ꎺ 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕 톧캻싛컄냦좨쪹폃쫚좨쫩 놾톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟췪좫쇋뷢톧킣폐맘놣쇴ꆢ쪹폃톧캻싛컄뗄맦뚨ꎬ벴ꎺ톧킣폐좨놣쇴늢쿲맺볒폐맘늿쏅믲믺릹쯍붻싛컄뗄뢴펡볾뫍뗧ퟓ냦ꎬ퓊탭싛컄놻닩퓄뫍뷨퓄ꆣ놾죋쫚좨뮪훐뿆벼듳톧뿉틔붫놾톧캻싛컄뗄좫늿믲늿럖쓚죝뇠죫폐맘쫽뻝뿢뷸탐볬쯷ꎬ뿉틔닉폃펰펡ꆢ쯵펡믲즨쏨뗈뢴훆쫖뛎놣듦뫍믣뇠놾톧캻싛컄ꆣ 놣쏜ꇵ ꎬ퓚_____쓪뷢쏜뫳쫊폃놾쫚좨쫩ꆣ 놾싛컄쫴폚 늻놣쏜ꇵꆣ ꎨ쟫퓚틔짏랽뿲쓚듲ꆰꇌꆱꎩ 톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟잩쏻ꎺ 횸떼뷌쪦잩쏻ꎺ 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 잰 퇔 릫릲탐헾톧ퟷ캪튻쏅뛀솢뗄톧뿆닺짺폚19쫀볍쒩20쫀볍돵뗄컷랽ꆣ쏀맺훸쏻탐헾샭싛톧볒췾뛻톷폚1887쓪랢뇭ꆶ탐헾톧퇐뺿ꆷ튻쫩ꎬ쏷좷횸돶ꆰ헾훎쫇헾훎볒[2]뗄쳘쫢믮뚯랶캧ꎬ뛸탐헾맜샭쫇벼쫵탔횰풱뗄쫂쟩ꆱꎬ듓뛸쪹탐헾톧헽쪽듓헾훎톧훐럖샫돶살ꆣ쯤좻릫릲탐헾톧닺짺뗄쪱볤늢늻뎤ꎬ떫퓚듋횮잰ꎬ컷랽듓맅쾣산떽19쫀볍쒩뗄2000뛠쓪볤ꎬ탭뛠쮼쿫볒ꆢ헾훎볒듓맺볒뫍돇냮훎샭뗄뎤웚쪵볹훐ꎬퟜ뷡쇋럡뢻뗄탐헾쮼쿫ꎬ돉캪쿖듺탐헾톧뗄샭싛풨풴ꆣ탐헾좨솦쫇탐헾뗄짺쏼쿟ꆣ튻쟐탐헾믮뚯뚼쫇틔맺볒릫릲좨솦캪믹뒡뗄ꆣ틔릫릲좨솦캪쿟쯷냑ퟮ뻟듺뇭탔뗄샭싛럖컶죧쿂ꎺ ꎨ1ꎩ맺볒샭싛ꆪꆪꆪ릫릲좨솦뗄탎돉폫놾훊 맺볒샭싛쫇헾훎톧ꆢ탐헾톧뗄믹놾쏼쳢ꆣ췾뛻톷횸돶ꎺꆰ맘폚맺볒뗄맛쓮헽쫇탐헾맜샭뗄쇩믪ꆣꆱ컷컄ꆰ맺볒ꆱstateꎨ펢ꎩꆢetatꎨ램ꎩꆢstaatꎨ뗂ꎩ뷔평싞십폯status 퇝뇤뛸살ꎬ횸쫐쏱ퟜ쳥ꆣ뛸맅쾣산폫ꆰ맺볒ꆱ쿠떱뗄듊쫇 polisoꎬ횸돇냮ꎬ떽쇋 16 쫀볍ꎬ틢듳샻죋십믹퇅뢥샻뫍펢맺죋쮹쯾믹닅쿠볌헽쪽쪹폃 stato [3]떽stateꎬ횸몬폐췁뗘ꆢ죋쏱벰헾뢮훮튪쯘뗄헾훎췅쳥ꆣ뿉볻ꎬ듓듊풴짏뾴ꎬ맺볒쫇횸내뗘폲탎돉뗄펵폐ퟮ룟좨솦뗄짧믡ꆣ 첽쳖릫릲좨솦뗄탎돉ꎬ뻍늻쓜늻듓퇐뺿맺볒뗄웰풴죫쫖ꆣ퇇샯쪿뛠뗂듓ퟔ좻웰풴싛돶랢ꎬ죏캪맺볒쫇듓쿖쪵돇냮짺믮훐믱뗃뗄ꆣ쯻쏷좷쳡돶ꆰ죋쫇쳬짺뗄헾훎뚯컯ꆱ헢튻믹놾쏼쳢ꎬ죏캪죋샠쳬짺뻍폐뫏좺뗄탔쟩ꎬꆰ죋샠ퟔ좻쫇쟷쿲폚돇냮짺믮[4]뗄뚯컯ꆱꆣ퓚쯻뾴살ꎬ맺볒쫇웤쯻룷벶짧췅ퟔ좻랢햹뗄닺컯ꎬ떫맺볒ꆰ폖쫇짧믡췅[5]쳥랢햹뗄훕뗣ꎬ쫇훁짆뗄짧믡췅쳥ꆱꆣ십믹퇅뢥샻튲죏캪ꎬ맺볒뗄탎돉쫇돶폚죋탔놾짭뗄탨튪ꆣ퓚쯻뾴살ꎬ죋샠ퟮ돵뫍뚯컯튻퇹쫇럖즢믮뚯뗄ꎬ떫죋샠쫇튻좺뻟폐컞쟮폻췻뗄짧믡뚯컯ꎬ죋샠횻튪폐믺믡뻍믡내헕ퟔ벺첰삷뗄놾탔탐쫂ꎬ뛸평폚죋탄훐뗄폻췻ퟜ쫇뎬맽쯻쏇뗄쯹뗃ꎬ뷡맻퓬돉쇋햽헹폫늻뫍ꆣ폚쫇ꎬ죋쏇캪쇋짺쏼ꆢ닆닺뫍낲좫ꎬ뻍솪뫏웰살ꎬ톡좡ퟮ폐솦ꆢퟮ폂룒뗄죋떣죎쇬탤ꎬ냤랢램싉ꎬ맺볒뻍헢퇹1
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 닺짺쇋ꆣ싥뿋뫍슬쯳퓲폃ퟔ좻ힴ첬쮵ꆢퟔ좻램뫍짧믡웵풼샭싛살횤쏷맺볒닺짺뗄뇘튪탔ꆣ쯻쏇죏캪ꎬ퓚맺볒횮잰죋샠짺믮퓚ퟔ좻ힴ첬횮훐ꎬ퓚ퟔ좻램횧엤쿂짺믮ꎬ죋죋뚼쿭폐짺쏼ꆢퟔ평뫍닆닺뗈믹놾좨샻ꆣ떫평폚ퟔ좻ힴ첬좱짙튻훖뷢뻶죋쏇횮볤뻀럗뗄릲춬돟뛈ꎨ램싉ꎩꎬ좱짙튻룶릫헽뗄닃에ꎬ춬쪱폖좱짙좨솦살횧돖뫍횴탐헽좷뗄에뛏ꎬ쯹틔ꎬ캪쇋쓜룼컈뚨뗘쿭쫜ퟔ좻좨솦ꎬ캪쇋룼낲좫뗘놣뮤죋쏇뗄닆닺ꆢ짺쏼뫍ퟔ평ꎬ샭탔틽떼죋쏇뷸죫헾훎ힴ첬ꎬ듳볒쿠뮥킭짌ꎬ릲춬잩뚨웵풼ꎬ듓뛸ퟩ돉맺볒ꆣ듓틔짏훖훖싛쫶훐뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ맺볒쫇죋퓬뗄ꎬ뛸늻쫇짱퓬뗄ꆣ릫릲좨솦살풴폚ퟩ돉맺볒뗄죋쏱ꎬ살풴폚죋샠뛔짆뗄쿲췹ꎬ뛔쿭폐짺쏼ꆢퟔ평ꆢ욽뗈뫍닆닺뗈믹놾좨샻뗄ힷ쟳ꆣ듓맺볒뗄웰풴돶랢ꎬ뇣늻쓑췆떼돶ꎬ맺볒벰릫릲좨솦뗄놾훊뫍쒿뗄컞틉펦룃쫇캪맺쏱쒱샻틦ꆢ싺ퟣ맺쏱뗄탨튪ꆢ쪵쿖맺쏱뗄탒뢣ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ 헾쳥샭싛ꆪꆪꆪ릫릲좨솦뗄럖엤폫랶캧 맺볒샭싛뷢뻶쇋릫릲좨솦뗄살풴폫놾훊뗄컊쳢ꎬ떫릫릲좨솦쫇튻룶돩쿳뗄룅쓮ꆣ캪쇋럀횹릫릲좨솦뗄쪵볊퓋폃욫샫웤퓶뷸릫릲뢣샻뗄쒿뗄ꎬ듓뛸랢짺틬뮯ꎬ뻍뇘탫뺫탄짨볆튻룶좨솦럖엤뗄뿲볜ꎬ평듋뻶뚨맺볒춳훎믺릹뫍헾좨뗄낲업ꎬ헢뻍쫇헾쳥샭싛튪뷢뻶뗄컊쳢ꆣ 퇇샯쪿뛠뗂뛔맅쾣산150뛠룶돇냮뗄헾쳥탎쪽뾼달뫳ꎬ쳡돶쇋뮮럖헾쳥뗄솽쳵풭퓲ꎺ튻쫇듓헾쳥뗄ퟚ횼뾴ꎬ쫇캬뮤좫돇냮뗄릫릲샻틦ꎨ헽떱믲헽ퟚ뗄헾쳥ꎩꎬ뮹쫇횻캬뮤춳훎헟놾짭뗄샻틦ꎨ듭컳뗄헾쳥믲헽ퟚ헾쳥뗄뇤첬ꎩꎻ뛾쫇듓헆컕ퟮ룟춳훎좨뗄죋쫽뾴ꎬ쫇튻룶죋ꆢ짙쫽죋ꆢ뮹쫇뛠쫽죋ꆣ퇇샯쪿뛠뗂뮹뷸튻늽쳡돶쇋튻쟐헾쳥뚼냼몬ퟅ죽룶튪쯘ꎬ벴틩쫂늿럖ꆢ탐헾늿럖뫍짳에ꎨ쮾램ꎩ늿럖ꆣ룷룶튪쯘뗄ퟩ횯늻춬ꎬ튲믡떼훂헾쳥뗄늻춬ꆣ횻폐떱죽룶튪쯘뚼ퟩ횯솼뫃쪱ꎬ쿠펦뗄헾쳥닅쫇솼뫃뗄ꆣ쯻뗄헢킩맘폚헾쳥횰쓜벴맺볒횰쓜뗄뮮럖ꎬ돉캪뫳살컷랽헾훎쮼쿫볒쳡돶럖좨샭싛뗄쮼쿫풴춷ꆣ십믹퇅뢥샻퓚싛횤릲뫍헾쳥뇈웤쯻헾쳥룼뻟폅쫆쪱횸돶ꎬ퓚릲뫍맺훐ꎬ룷훖헾훎쫆솦퓚쿜램짏뚼햼폐튻뚨뗘캻ꎬ좨솦틀헕룷랽쏦뗄헦쪵솦솿럖엤ꎬ룷훖좨솦횮볤탎돉튻훖쿠뮥훆풼뗄뻹쫆ꎬ퓚헢훖뻹쫆훐쯹폐떳엉뚼닎볓헾훎쫂컱ꎬꆰ뇋듋놣돖쿠뮥볠뚽ꆱꎬ헢퇹뻍쓜ꆰ럀횹뢻죋뗄냁싽ꆱ뫍ꆰ쟮죋뗄럅쯁ꆱꆣ싥뿋퓚ퟜ뷡펢맺닺뷗벶룯쏼뷼냫룶쫀볍랴럢붨뚷헹뺭퇩뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ쳡돶쇋뇈뷏쾵춳2
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뗄럖좨샭싛ꆣ쯻횸돶ꎬ맺볒뻟폐솢램좨ꆢ횴탐좨뫍뛔췢좨죽훖좨솦ꆣ웤훐ꎬ횴탐좨뫍뛔췢좨펦룃뫏캪탐헾좨틔뇣쳡룟킧싊ꎬ떫솢램좨폫럁탐좨뇘탫럖뾪ꆣ퓚헢죽훖좨솦횮훐ꎬ솢램좨쫇ퟮ룟뗄ꆣ뫳살ꎬ쏏뗂쮹컼좡쇋싥뿋럖좨샭싛뗄뺫뮪ꎬ붫웤룄퓬캪죽좨럖솢톧쮵ꎬ늢쟒쏷좷쳡돶ꆰ늻럖좨뻍쫇쎻폐ퟔ평ꆱ뗄쮼쿫ꆣ틔짏폐맘헾쳥샭싛쮵쏷ꎬ헾뢮쯹헆컕뗄릫릲좨솦뇘탫뗃떽훆풼ꎬ헾뢮뇘탫쫇폐쿞뗄헾뢮ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ램훎샭싛ꆪꆪꆪ릫릲좨솦뗄퓋탐폫풼쫸 릫릲좨솦횻폐실떽쪵뒦ꎬ돉캪죋쏇탐캪뗄맦랶ꎬ닅쓜헦헽랢믓웤ퟷ폃ꎬ쳥쿖웤듦퓚ꆣ헢뻍틽랢쇋ꆰ램훎ꆱ폫ꆰ죋훎ꆱ뗄헹싛ꎬ냘삭춼쳡돶쇋ꆰ헜톧췵ꆱ훎맺뗄샭쿫ꎬ떫쯻뗄톧짺퇇샯쪿뛠뗂늢늻퓞춬ꆣ쯻죏캪컞싛쫇쪲쎴퇹뗄헾쳥ꎬ횻튪쎻폐램싉뗄ퟮ룟좨췾ꎬ춳훎헟늻ퟱ톭램싉뗄믹놾뺫짱훎샭맺볒ꎬ헢퇹뗄맺볒뻍늻쓜폐뫃뗄헾훎ꆣ퇇샯쪿뛠뗂뮹횸돶ꎬ램훎펦냼몬솽훘몬틥ꎬ벴ꆰ틑돉컄뗄램싉믱뗃웕뇩뗄럾듓ꎬ[6]뛸듳볒쯹럾듓뗄램싉펦룃놾짭쫇훆뚩뗄솼뫃뗄램싉ꆱꆣ 쇭췢ꎬ램싉놾짭펦룃폐튻뚨뗄컈뚨탔ꎬ늻쓜쟡틗뗘뇤룼ꆣ싥뿋뗈뷼듺닺뷗벶쮼쿫볒룼쫇벫솦훷헅램훎ꎬ헢뛔폚컷랽맺볒탐헾맜샭훐틀램탐헾뗄풭퓲닺짺쇋훘듳펰쿬ꆣ쯻쮵ꆰ늻맜믡틽웰죋쏇퓵퇹뗄컳뷢ꎬ램싉뗄쒿뗄늻쫇럏돽믲쿞훆ퟔ평ꎬ뛸쫇놣뮤뫍삩듳ퟔ평ꆣ헢쫇틲캪ퟔ평틢캶ퟅ늻쫜쯻죋뗄쫸뢿뫍잿놩ꎬ뛸쓄샯쎻폐램싉ꎬ[7]쓄샯뻍쎻폐헢훖ퟔ평ꆱꆣ싥뿋뮹쳡돶쇋틀램탐헾뗄믹놾튪쟳뫍뻟쳥훷헅ꆣ죧헾뢮뇘탫틔헽쪽릫늼뫍뎤웚폐킧뗄램싉살뷸탐훎샭ꎻ훆뚨뗄램싉펦룃놻횴탐ꎻ횴탐램싉쫇탐헾믺맘뗄ퟮ룟횰퓰ꎻ램싉쏦잰죋죋욽뗈ꎻ탐헾믺맘쯤좻폐튻뚨뗄ퟔ평닃솿좨떫튲뇘탫쫜떽뇘튪뗄쿞훆뗈ꆣ슬쯳죏캪ꎬ램싉쫇맺볒뗄쇩믪뫍짺쏼ꎬ쫇헾훎쳥뗄캨튻뚯솦ꎬ뛸죋쏱쫇솢램헟ꎬ솢램좨폀풶쫴폚죋쏱ꆣ ꎨ4ꎩ 룯쏼샭싛ꆪꆪꆪ릫릲좨솦뗄뷢쳥폫뇤룯 릫릲좨솦튻떩닺짺뻍뻟폐쿠뛔뗄뛀솢탔ꎬ뛸릫릲좨솦튻떩놻샄폃ꎬ탎돉놩헾ꎬ뻍믡룸짧믡뫍죋쏱듸살뻞듳뗄퓖쓑ꆣ뛔듋ꎬ싥뿋듓놣뮤죋뗄짺쏼ꆢퟔ평뫍닆닺뗈쳬뢳좨샻ꎬ럀횹헾뢮훆돶랢ꎬ쳡돶쇋헾뢮뷢쳥뗄쮼쿫ꆣ쯻죏캪ꎬ헾뢮늢늻쫇짺뛸?맅뗄뚫컷ꎬ쯼쫇폐뿉쓜뷢쳥뗄ꎬ떼훂헾뢮뷢쳥뗄춾뺶폐솽훖ꎺ튻쫇짧믡뷢쳥떼훂헾뢮뷢쳥ꎬ퓬돉헢훖짧믡뷢쳥뗄캨튻춾뺶쫇췢맺커솦뗄죫쟖뫍헷럾ꎻ뛾쫇헾뢮쓚삣떼3
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 훂헾뢮뷢쳥ꆣ헢샯쏦튲냼몬솽훖쟩탎ꎺ튻랽쏦ꎬ평폚뻽훷뗄뛀뛏탐믲췦뫶횰쫘ꎬ쪹솢램믺맘퓢떽웆뮵쪱ꎬ쯦횮뛸살뗄뇣쫇헾뢮뗄뷢쳥폫쿻췶ꎻ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ솢램믺맘믲뻽훷헢솽헟뗄죎뫎튻랽쏦퓚탐뚯짏캥놳죋쏱뛔쯻쏇뗄캯췐ꎬ헾뢮뻍믡뷢쳥ꆣ싥뿋횸돶ꎬ떱솢램믺맘뇤룼믲솢램믺맘폫뻽훷놳샫죋쏱뗄캯췐쪱ꎬ죋쏱폐좨샻폃룯쏼쫖뛎붨솢탂뗄헾뢮ꆣ슬쯳퓲듓럖컶헾뢮맙풱룶죋짭짏듦퓚뗄죽훖놾훊늻춬뗄틢횾ꎨ룶죋틢횾ꆢ좫쳥탐헾맙뗄릲춬틢횾ꆢ죋쏱뗄틢횾믲훷좨틢횾ꎩ죫쫖ꎬ횸돶ꆰ헾뢮훐뗄쎿룶돉풱뚼쫗쿈쫇쯻ퟔ벺놾죋ꎬ좻뫳닅쫇탐헾맙ꎬ퓙좻뫳닅쫇릫쏱ꎬ뛸헢훖벶닮쫇[8]폫짧믡훈탲쯹튪쟳뗄벶닮횱뷓쿠랴뗄ꆱꆣ헽틲캪죧듋ꎬ헾뢮맙풱뻍뿉쓜캪쇋쮽샻뫍헾뢮놾짭뗄샻틦뛸캥놳좫쳥죋쏱뗄샻틦ꎬ떼훂샄폃횰좨ꎬ볙릫볃쮽ꎬ짵훁랴웍캪훷ꆣ늢쟒쯦ퟅ헾뢮좨솦솿뗄늻뛏삩듳뫍헾뢮횰컱폕믳솦뗄훰늽퓶볓ꎬ헢훖캣쿕뻍폺듳ꎬ죋쏱뻍룼펦룃헆컕룼듳뗄솦솿살풼쫸헾뢮ꆣ슬쯳죏캪ꎬ떱횴헾헟샄폃횰좨ꎬ늻싄탐웵풼뛸쯰몦죋쏱샻틦뗄쪱뫲ꎬ죋쏱폐좨좡쿻헢훖웵풼ꆣ떱죋쏱뗄ퟔ평뫍닆닺놻놩솦뛡좥쪱ꎬ죋쏱펦떱폃놩솦붫ퟔ평뫍닆닺퓙뛡믘살ꆣ쯻횸돶ꆰꎺ헾뢮웵풼틑놻훆헾훎웆뮵떽헢훖돌뛈ꆣ틔뷊즱믲럏돽놩뻽캪뷡뻖뗄웰틥탐뚯ꎬ폫놩뻽잰튻죕죎틢뒦샭뎼쏱짺쏼닆닺뗄탐캪쫇춬퇹뫏램ꎬ놩솦횧돖쯻ꎬ놩솦튲췆랭쯻ꆣ튻쟐쫂컯뚼쫇내헕ퟔ좻뗄쮳탲뷸탐ퟅꎬ컞싛헢킩뛌듙뛸욵랱뗄룯쏼뗄뷡맻죧뫎ꎬ죎뫎죋뚼늻쓜놧풹뇰[9] 죋뗄늻릫헽ꎬ쯻횻쓜풹뫞ퟔ벺뗄맽듭믲늻탒ꆱꆣ컷랽탐헾톧닺짺ꆢ퇝뷸뫍랢햹뗄뷸돌훐ꎬ돶쿖쇋훮뛠뗄샭싛폫톧엉ꆣ룷훖탂뗄샭싛폫톧엉늻뛏탎돉ꎬ탂뗄퇐뺿쇬폲뫍퇐뺿랽쪽늻뛏돶쿖ꎬ햹쪾쇋죋샠첽뺿릫릲탐헾벰웤랢햹맦싉뗄쮼쿫뷡뺧ꆣ쯦ퟅ뷼쿖듺뺭볃ꆢ뿆벼뗄톸쏍랢햹뫍짧믡뗄늻뛏뷸늽ꎬ탐헾톧퇐뺿룼뻟뚯첬탔ꆢ뒴탂탔ꆢ펦폃탔ꆢퟛ뫏탔뫍벼쫵탔쳘뗣ꎬ릫릲탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿돊쿖돶럡뢻뛠닊뗄뛠랽쿲췘햹뗄랢햹쟷쫆ꆣ (1)맅뗤톧엉ꎬ폖돆돌탲톧엉믲훆뛈톧엉ꆣ20쫀볍돵훁30쓪듺쫇헢튻톧엉뗄뚦쪢쪱웚ꎬ70쓪듺폖폐맽뢴탋ꆣ뷱쳬ꎬ쯼죔좻퓚탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿훐닺짺ퟅ훘튪펰쿬ꆣ쯼뗄퇐뺿돶랢뗣뫍쒿뇪쫇ꆰ킧싊뫍뺭볃ꆱꎬ힢훘탐헾돌탲ꆢퟩ횯뷡릹뫍탐헾풭샭뗄퇐뺿ꎬ퇐뺿ퟅ훘폚맦뮮ꆢퟩ횯ꆢ죋쫂ꆢ횸믓뫍뿘훆헢킩맜샭릦쓜ꆣ폐죽룶훘튪죋컯ꎺ램맺죋뫠샻ꆤ램풼뛻ꎬ쏀맺첩샕뗄뿆톧맜샭쮼쿫ꎬ뗂맺짧믡톧볒십뿋쮼ꆤ캤늮뗄맙4
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 쇅훆샭싛ꆣ뿆톧맜샭뗄탐헾샭싛탎돉폚20쫀볍돵ꎬ훷튪쫜떽쏀맺ꆰ뿆톧맜샭횮뢸ꆱ뢥샗뗂샯뿋ꆤ첩싞뗄샭싛뫍램맺릤돌쪦ꆢ놻폾캪ꆰ맜샭샭싛횮뢸ꆱ뗄뫠샻ꆤ램풼뛻샭싛뗄펰쿬ꆣ뿆톧맜샭훐튻쾵쇐탐횮폐킧뗄맜샭풭퓲뫍맜샭랽램놻틽폃떽탐헾샭싛횮훐ꎬ뛔릫릲탐헾톧뗄탎돉뫍랢햹닺짺쇋짮풶뗄펰쿬ꆣ첩싞뒴솢뗄뿆톧맜샭샭싛뫍랽램ꎬ쫇틔볓잿맜샭뗄뿆톧탔ꎬퟮ듳돌뛈뗘쳡룟릤ퟷ킧싊캪뫋탄쓚죝ꆣ퓚쳡룟맜샭킧싊헢튻쒿뇪뗄횸틽쿂ꎬ쪵탐튵럖릤ꆢ췆맣뇪ힼ뮯릤ퟷꎬ잿뗷퇏쏜뗄맦헂훆뛈뫍퇏룱맜샭ꎬ뾪뒴쇋쿖듺맜샭뗄탂쪱듺ꆣ퓚헢킩뿆톧맜샭샭싛뗄펰쿬쿂ꎬ맜샭킧싊돉캪돵뒴뷗뛎탐헾톧헟퇐뺿뗄훐탄컊쳢ꎬ뿆톧맜샭샭싛돉캪릫릲탐헾샭싛뗄훘튪믹뒡ꆣ[10]첩싞죏캪ꎬ쯻쯹뎫떼뗄뿆톧맜샭쫇튻뎡ꆰ캰듳뗄탄샭룯쏼ꆣꆱ뿆톧맜샭풭샭뗄쫊폃랶캧쫇벫웤맣랺뗄ꎬꆰ쓜틔뗈솿뗄췾솦쫊폃폚쯹폐뗄짧믡탐캪ꆱ냼삨ꆰ컒쏇뗄헾[11]뢮룷늿쏅뗄튵컱맜샭짏ꆣꆱ첩싞쳡돶뗄붨솢맜샭쒿뇪ꎬ맜샭뿘훆뇪ힼꎬ맜샭돌탲뮯ꎬퟩ횯횰쓜뮯풭샭ꎬ뿆톧뗄ퟩ횯럖릤폫킭ퟷꎬ쏷좷좨퓰ꎬ킧싊뮯풭퓲틔벰퓚맜샭훐쪹폃뿆톧랽램뗈튻쾵쇐샭싛ꎬ릹돉뒫춳탐헾톧샭싛뗄훘튪살풴횮튻ꆣ 뫠샻ꆤ램풼뛻ꎬ쫇맜샭맽돌톧엉튲돆돌탲톧엉뗄뒴쪼죋ꆣ1908쓪랢뇭ꆶ싛튻냣맜샭풭퓲ꆷꎬ1916쓪돶냦ꆶ릤튵맜샭폫튻냣맜샭ꆷꆣ램풼뛻냑맜샭뾴ퟷ쫇튻룶맽돌ꎬ쫔춼춨맽뛔맜샭쳵볾뫍맜샭틲쯘뗄럖컶ꎬ톰쟳웕뇩뗄맜샭풭퓲ꆣ쯻듓룟닣맜샭뗄뷇뛈짏ꎬ틔룼맣삫뗄쫓뷇뾴듽쳡룟킧싊뗄컊쳢ꆣ램풼뛻죏캪ꎬ릤튵믮뚯뿉틔뮮럖캪쇹룶랽쏦ꎬ벴벼쫵믮뚯ꆢ짌튵믮뚯ꆢ닆컱믮뚯ꆢ낲좫믮뚯ꆢ믡볆믮뚯뫍맜샭믮뚯ꆣ냑맜샭릤ퟷ럖컥룶뮷뷚ꎺ벴좷솢쒿뇪ꆢ뮮럖튵ꆢ킭뗷릤ퟷꆢ좷죏좨췾ꆢ쏷좷좨퓰ꆣ쳡돶쇋맜샭믮뚯냼삨컥훖늻춬뗄릦쓜ꎺ볆뮮ꎻퟩ횯ꎻ횸믓ꎻ킭뗷ꎻ뿘훆ꆣ램풼뛻뮹퓚맜샭쪵볹뗄믹뒡짏쳡돶쇋14쳵맜샭풭퓲ꆣ램풼뛻뗄맜샭샭싛듳듳췆뷸쇋뿆톧맜샭샭싛뗄랢햹ꆣ쏀맺뗄릫릲탐헾샭싛쫜떽램풼뛻뗄벫듳펰쿬ꆣ탐헾톧볒맅솢뿋볌돐늢랢햹쇋램풼뛻뗄맜샭릦쓜샭싛ꎬ쪹쯻뗄쮼쿫죚죫쏀맺뗄뒫춳릫릲탐헾톧엉ꎬ쏀맺릫릲탐헾톧뗄랢햹돶쿖쇋뗚튻룶룟럥ꆣ 십뿋쮹ꆤ캤늮쫇뗂맺훸쏻뗄짧믡톧볒뫍맙쇅훆샭싛뗄뗬믹죋ꆣ쯻냑탐헾맜샭컊쳢럅떽뇈뷏맣랺뗄짧믡뺭볃ꆢ헾훎뮷뺳훐좥뾼달ꆣ쯻뗄맙쇅뿆닣ퟩ횯샭싛놻죏캪쫇탐헾톧뗄ퟮ훘튪뗄샭싛횮튻ꆣ퓚캤늮뗄룅쓮훐ꎬꆰ맙쇅ꆱ늢늻몬폐쿖퓚쇷탐뗄ꆰ맙5
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 쇅훷틥ꆱ뗄틢쮼ꎬ뛸쫇횸튻훖ퟩ횯탎첬벰웤뷡릹쳘뗣ꎬ쫇펦폃폚뢴퓓ퟩ횯뗄ퟮ폐킧ꆢퟮ뫏샭뗄탎쪽ꎬ뫏샭뫏램뗄횰좨쫇맙쇅룅쓮뗄쓚몭ꆣ캤늮뛔맙쇅훆뗄퇐뺿ꎬ쫇듓ퟩ횯뗄좨췾탔뾪쪼뗄ꆣ캤늮횸돶좨췾폐죽훖탎쪽ꎺ(1)룶죋솦뗄좨췾ꎬ틔짱쫚죋컯뎬죋뗄쳘헷ꆢ쳬뢳뫍솦뛔ힷ쯦헟닺짺펰쿬ꎬ틔룶죋돧냝캪틀뻝ꎻ(2)뒫춳뗄좨췾ꎬ틔뒫춳ꆢ쾰쯗ꆢ맟샽뫍릫죏뗄맦랶캪틀뻝ꎻ(3)뫏램뫏샭뗄좨췾ꎬ틔샭탔뫍램싉캪틀뻝ꆣ뛸뫏램뫏샭뗄좨췾쫇맙쇅훆뗄믹뒡ꎬ헢훖탂뗄폫릤튵짧믡쿠컇뫏뗄ퟩ횯쳥훆쫇쫊펦짧믡랢햹탨튪뗄ퟮ샭쿫탐헾ퟩ횯쳥쾵ꎬ쯼쎻폐짱쏘즫닊ꎬ늻쫜뒫춳풼쫸ꎬ쫇틀헕램맦샭탔뗘뷸탐짨훃뫍맜샭ꎬ폐샭쿫뗄ퟩ횯닣벶뫍맜샭랽램ꎬ쪵탐퇏룱뗄럖벶맜샭뫍뿘훆ꎬ룷벶뇰좨솦폫퓰죎럖쏷ꎬ폐쏷좷뗄솥쫴맘쾵뫍볠뚽믺훆ꎬ틔폐킧뗘쪵쿖맜샭쒿뇪ꆣ (2)탐캪톧엉ꆣ룃톧엉뺭샺쇋듓ꆰ죋볊맘쾵ꆱ떽죋샠탐캪뿆톧뗄랢햹맽돌ꆣ퓧웚뗄탐헾퇐뺿힢훘ퟩ횯뷡릹ꆢퟩ횯돌탲틔벰탐헾맜샭풭샭뗄퇐뺿ꎬ뛔죋뗄볙짨쫇ꆰ뺭볃죋ꆱ뫶쫓쇋뛔폚ꆰ췅쳥죋ꆱ뗄퇐뺿ꆣ믴즣쫔퇩폃ꆰ짧믡죋ꆱ좡듺쇋ꆰ뺭볃죋ꆱꎬ붫럇헽쪽ퟩ횯뗄맛쓮틽죫맜샭톧ꆣퟔ듋십쮹싥뗄ꆰ탨쟳닣듎쮵ꆱꆢ싳뿋룱샗룪뗄X샭싛뫍Y샭싛ꆢ뫕듄늮룱뗄쮫틲쯘샭싛ꆢ런싞쒷뗄웚췻샭싛뗈샭싛뚼쫇붨솢퓚죋탔뗄볙짨믹뒡짏ꎬ맘힢죋탔뗄샭싛ꆣ붫탐캪뿆톧뗄랽램퓋폃폚릫릲탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿ꎬ듓탂뗄맜샭샭쓮뫍쫓뷇퇐뺿릫릲탐헾샭싛ꆣ (3)뻶닟톧엉ꆣ컷쏉퓚20쫀볍40쓪듺돶냦뗄ꆶ탐헾탐캪ꎺ탐헾ퟩ횯훐뻶닟돌탲뗄퇐뺿ꆷ튻쫩뾪뒴쇋뛔뻶닟뗄퇐뺿ꆣ퓚쯻뾴살ꎬ맜샭뻍쫇뻶닟,뻶닟돤싺ퟩ횯맜샭뗄좫맽돌ꎬ쫇ퟩ횯뗄훐탄틲쯘ꎬ뻶닟쫇탐헾뗄훐탄ꆣ쯻뗄뻶닟샭싛ퟛ뫏쇋ퟔ좻뿆톧뗄뚨솿럖컶ꆢ짧믡탄샭톧ꆢ죋샠톧ꆢ싟벭톧ꆢ짧믡톧뫍헾훎톧뗈뛠랽쏦뗄돉맻ꎬ죏캪뻶닟헟퓚뻶닟맽돌훐쫇폐쿞샭탔뗄ꎬ훷헅폃ꆰ싺틢ꆱ좡듺ퟮ폅뻶닟쒣쪽ꆣ컷쏉쳡돶ꎬ뻶닟쫇튻룶뿆톧뗄맽돌ꎬ냼삨쟩놨믮뚯ꆢ짨볆믮뚯ꆢ톡퓱믮뚯뫍짳닩믮뚯뷗뛎ꎬ쎿튻뷗뛎놾짭폖쫇튻룶뢴퓓뗄뻶닟맽돌ꆣ퓚컷쏉뗄폐쿞샭탔뗄뻶닟돌탲샭싛훐ꎬ뻶닟벼쫵쫇쯻맘힢뗄훘튪쓚죝ꆣ쇖뗂늼슳쒷뗄붥뷸뻶닟샭싛튲쫇폐펰쿬뗄뻶닟샭싛ꆣ쇖뗂늼슳쒷잿뗷뻶닟쫇튻룶훰늽췪짆뗷쫊뗄맽돌ꎬ붥뷸쪽뗄뻶닟쫇틔쿖탐헾닟ꎨ벴틔췹뗄뻶닟돉맻ꎩ캪믹놾랽낸ꎬ뺭맽폫웤쯻탂랽낸뗄쿠뮥뇈뷏횮뫳ꎬ쯹ퟶ돶뗄뛔쿖탐6
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 헾닟뗄탞룄뻶뚨ꎬ헾닟짏듳웰듳실뗄뇤뮯쫇늻뿉좡뗄ꎬ헢믡캣벰짧믡뗄컈뚨ꆣ듓놾훊짏뾴ꎬ맽돌붥뷸뗄뻶닟뻟폐쿠떱듳뗄늹뻈탔ꎬퟅ훘폚룄룯쿖쪵ꆣ헢튻샭싛뛔20쫀볍60쓪듺틔뫳뗄뻶닟샭싛뫍릫릲헾닟샭싛뚼닺짺쇋훘튪펰쿬ꆣ낣ퟴ쓡퓚쓪랢뇭뗄훸쏻싛컄ꆶퟛ뫏짳쫓ꎺ뻶닟뗄ꆰ뗚죽훖ꆱ랽램ꆷ훐ꎬ닻쫶쇋ퟛ뫏짳쫓뻶닟샭싛ꆣ헢튻샭싛볦쫕늢탮쇋샭탔뻶닟샭싛뫍붥뷸뻶닟샭싛튪쯘ꎬ쿲뻶닟헟쳡릩튻훖탂뗄ꆢ폐룼듳톡퓱랶캧뗄뻶닟쒣쪽ꆣퟛ뫏짳쫓쒣쪽냑뻶닟맽돌뮮럖캪솽룶쿠솬뗄돌탲ꎬ벴캪뻶닟좷뚨믹놾랽쿲뗄ꆰ룹놾탔ꆱ뻶뚨ꎬ캪ꆰ룹놾탔ꆱ뗄뻶뚨ퟷ돶ힼ놸뗄ꆰ붥뷸탔ꆱ뻶뚨ꆣ잰헟퓋폃샭탔쒣쪽짳쫓튻냣탔뻶닟튪쯘ꎬ맘힢랽쿲ꎬ뫶싔쾸뷚ꎻ뫳헟퓋폃붥뷸쒣쪽뾼달쾸뷚ꎬ훘뗣럖컶뻶닟헟죏캪ퟮ뇘튪뗄쳘쫢튪쯘ꆣ낣ퟴ쓡뮹틔뮷죆뗘쟲뗄룟뿕웸쿳컀탇뗄짣펰릤ퟷ캪샽ꎬ뇈쓢쮵쏷쇋ퟛ뫏짳쫓뗄훘튪탔ꆣ (4)쾵춳톧엉ꆣ쾵춳샭싛ퟮ퓧쫇평짺컯톧볒놴쯾샊럆폚20쫀볍30쓪듺쳡돶뗄ꆣ1968쓪ꎬ쯻돶냦쇋ꆶ튻냣쾵춳샭싛뗄믹뒡ꆢ랢햹뫍펦폃ꆷ튻쫩ꎬ좫쏦뗘닻쫶쇋튻냣쾵춳샭싛ꆣ쾵춳샭싛폃좫쏦뗄ꆢ쿠뮥맘솪뗄맛뗣살럖컶뫍퇐뺿ퟩ횯맜샭쿖쿳ꎬ잿뗷ퟩ횯늿럖횮볤틔벰늿럖폫헻쳥뗄붻뮥ퟷ폃ꎬ훘쫓ퟩ횯뛔뮷뺳뗄펰쿬뫍뮷뺳뛔ퟩ횯뗄펰쿬ꎬ냑ퟩ횯뾴돉캪튻룶쿠뮥솪쾵뗄ꆢ뚯첬뗄ꆢ뾪럅뗄쾵춳ꆣ 냍쓉뗂쫇틔쾵춳맛뗣퇐뺿ퟩ횯뗄쿈쟽헟ꆣ쯻죏캪ꎬퟩ횯쫇ꆰ튻훖ퟔ뻵뗘킭뗷솽[12] 룶믲룼뛠죋뗄탐뚯뫍솦솿뗄쾵춳ꆣꆱ 냍쓉뗂쳡돶ꎬퟩ횯뗄듦퓚뇘탫뻟놸죽룶쳵볾ꎺ킭ퟷ틢풸ꆢퟩ횯쒿뇪뫍탅쾢릵춨ꆣ퓚듋믹뒡짏ꎬ쳡돶쇋ퟩ횯욽뫢샭싛ꆣퟩ횯욽뫢뿉틔럖캪뛔쓚욽뫢뫍뛔췢욽뫢솽듳랽쏦ꎬ잰헟쫇횸ퟩ횯쾵춳쓚늿뗄욽뫢ꎬ헢퓚틔뫳랢햹캪뚯믺벤샸샭싛ꎻ뫳헟쫇횸ퟩ횯폫췢늿듳뮷뺳뗄맘쾵ꆣ쯻싛쫶쇋럇헽쪽ퟩ횯퓚헽쪽ퟩ횯훐뗄훘튪ퟷ폃ꎬ잿뗷튪붫ퟩ횯쒿뇪폫ퟩ횯돉풱뗄룶죋탨쟳쿠킭뗷ꎬퟩ횯춨맽쿲룶죋쳡릩듌벤ꎬ틔쪹룶죋ퟷ돶믘놨ꎬ듓뛸쪹ퟩ횯뫍룶죋횮볤캬돖튻훖욽뫢ꎬퟩ횯뗄맜샭퓚폚캬돖헢퇹튻훖욽뫢ꆣ잿뗷훘쫓뛔헻룶ퟩ횯쾵춳뫍췢뷧뮷뺳뗄ퟛ뫏쇋뷢ꎬ튪쟳뛔뺭볃폕틲뫍럇뺭볃폕틲룸폨춬퇹뗄맘힢ꎬ폐킧뗘퓋폃좨췾뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ뗈뗈ꆣ냍쓉뗂뗄쾵춳맛ꎬ벴ퟩ횯쫇튻룶룼듳뗄쒸쾵춳훐뗄ퟓ쾵춳ꎬ쯼튪폫웤쯻ퟓ쾵춳쿠킭뗷ꎬ쾵춳튪폫췢늿뮷뺳쿠쫊펦ꎬ헢튻훘튪맛뗣ꎬ돉캪틔뫳랢햹웰살뗄좨뇤샭싛뗄믹뒡ꆣ듋췢ꎬ폐펰쿬뗄쾵춳샭싛듺뇭뮹폐엁즭쮹ꆢ뾨쮹쳘ꆢ싞즭듄캤뿋ꆢ뾨듄뫍뾨뛷뗈ꆣ7
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 쾵춳샭싛폖틽랢돶솽듳샭싛ꎬ튻쫇좨뇤샭싛ꎬ쇭튻쫇샯룱쮹뗄짺첬샭싛ꆣ 좨뇤샭싛뻍쫇틔쾵춳샭싛캪믹뒡뗄ꎬ쯼럱죏튻돉늻뇤ꆢ웕뇩쫊폃뗄ꆰퟮ병ꆱ맜샭샭싛뫍랽램ꎬ잿뗷좨틋춨듯ꆢ펦뢶뇤뮯ꆣ퓚좨뇤샭싛랽쏦뷏폐펰쿬뗄폐뾨쮹쳘뗄폃좨뇤맛뗣뛔ퟩ횯뗄럖컶ꎬ틔벰럆뗂샕뗄쇬떼좨뇤샭싛틔벰벪늮즭ꆢ쏷듄늮룱뗄좨뇤짨볆ퟩ횯샭싛뗈ꆣ좨뇤맛잿뗷맜샭쿖쿳뗄뛠뇤탔ꎬ죏캪죎뫎ퟩ횯뚼폐웤쳘뚨뗄짧믡뮷뺳뫍쓚늿쳵볾ꎬ뇘탫좷쟐뗘쇋뷢ퟔ벺쯹뒦쟩뺳뗄룷훖뿉뇤쫽틔벰헢킩뇤쫽횮볤뗄쿠뮥맘쾵뫍쿠뮥ퟷ폃ꎬ냑컕ퟩ횯맜샭맽돌훐룷훖뢴퓓뗄틲맻맘쾵ꆣ틲듋ꎬ쯦믺펦뇤ꎬ튻쟐틔쪱볤ꆢ뗘뗣뫍쳵볾캪틆쫇ퟩ횯맜샭뗄맘볼ꆣ 탐헾짺첬샭싛쫇튻냣쾵춳샭싛폫탐헾맜샭톧쿠뷡뫏뛸탎돉뗄ꆣ쏀맺톧헟룟쮹ퟮ퓧퓋폃짺첬맛뗣살퇐뺿릫릲탐헾쿖쿳ꆣ쯻폚1936쓪랢뇭ꆶ쏀맺짧믡폫릫릲탐헾ꆷ튻컄ꎬ1947쓪돶냦쇋ꆶ헾뢮뗄짺첬톧ꆷꎬ닻쫶쇋헾뢮벰웤탐헾탐캪펦떱폫짺첬뮷뺳쿠쫊펦ꎬ잿뗷헾뢮폫짧믡뮷뺳쿠뮥맘쾵뗄훘튪탔ꆣ맾런듳톧톧헟샯룱쮹쫇탐헾짺첬샭싛뗄듺뇭죋컯ꎬꆶ릫릲탐헾짺첬톧ꆷꎨ1961쓪ꎩ쫇웤샭싛뗄듺뇭ퟷꆣ샯룱쮹죏캪탐헾짺첬튪첽쳖룷맺뗄뻟쳥맺쟩뛔릫릲탐헾뗄펰쿬틔벰릫릲탐헾뛔짧믡뗄뇤잨뫍랢햹뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ쯻쳡돶ꎬ뛔탐헾탐캪뗄쇋뷢ꎬ뇘탫뎬돶탐헾쾵춳놾짭ꎬ듓짧믡짺첬놳뺰훐좥뾼달ꎬ춨맽럖컶퇐뺿짧믡뺭볃뷡릹ꆢ컄뮯놳뺰ꆢ샺쪷뒫춳ꆢ짧믡탄샭뗈틲쯘폫릫릲탐헾횮볤뗄쿠뮥펰쿬벰웤맘쾵ꎬ죏쪶짧믡뗄탐헾쳥훆뫍헾뢮뗄탐헾탐캪ꆣ샯룱쮹ퟛ뫏퓋폃뷡릹릦쓜샭싛뫍맢웗럖컶랽램ꎬ쮵쏷룷훖샠탍짧믡뗄탐헾쒣쪽ꎬ쳡돶쇋죚뫏탍벴얩튵탍탐헾쒣쪽ꆢ샢훹탍벴맽뛉탍탐헾쒣쪽ꆢ퇜짤탍벴릤튵탍탐헾쒣쪽ꎬ헢죽훖쒣쪽랴펳늻춬짧믡탎첬뗄랢햹쮮욽ꆣ뮹듓짧믡뷗벶뷡릹ꆢ짧믡릵춨췸싧ꆢ짧믡헾훎샭쓮뗈랽쏦쮵쏷쇋릫릲탐헾폫짺첬뮷뺳횮볤뗄맘쾵ꆣ (5)뺭볃톧볒뗄릱쿗ꆣ20쫀볍80쓪듺뫍90쓪듺ꎬ뺭볃톧훐뗄릫릲톡퓱샭싛뫍탂훆뛈뺭볃샭싛뛔컷랽뗄릫릲탐헾닺짺쇋훘듳뗄펰쿬ꆣ틔늼뾲쓏캪쫗뗄릫릲톡퓱샭싛볒뗄럖컶돶랢뗣쫇죋쫇샭탔뗄ퟔ샻훷틥헟ꎬ쯻뗄탐캪뚯믺쫇ퟔ샻뗄ꆢ탐뚯짏폖쫇샭탔뗄ꎬ틔믱뗃ퟔ짭샻틦뗄ퟮ듳뮯ꎬ평듋틽랢쇋뛔헾뢮ퟷ폃뫍횰쓜뗄쿞훆ꆣ평웳튵쯹폐좨뫍뺭펪좨럖샫틽랢뗄듺샭샭싛튲놻틽폃떽헾훎뫍탐헾쇬폲ꆣ탂릫릲맜샭샭싛뻍쫇믹폚헢킩샭싛뛸닺짺뗄ꎬ틔냂쮹놾뗄웳튵볒헾뢮샭싛캪듺뇭ꆣ쯼훷튪쫇잿뗷맜샭8
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뗄ퟔ평뮯뫍쫐뎡뮯ꎬ뛸듯떽쳡룟릫릲늿쏅풴엤훃뗄킧싊ꎬ쯵킡헾뢮맦쒣ꎬ복짙헾뢮뾪횧ꎬ쳡룟럾컱훊솿ꆣ뗇맾쳘뗄탂릫릲럾컱샭싛쫇믹폚뛔냼삨웳튵볒헾뢮샭싛퓚쓚뗄탂릫릲맜샭샭싛뷸탐랴쮼뫍엺에뗄믹뒡짏닺짺뗄ꎬ쯼뗄샭싛살풴쫇릫쏱좨샭싛ꆢ짧쟸폫릫쏱짧믡뗄샭싛ꆢퟩ횯죋놾훷틥폫탂릫릲탐헾톧ꆢ뫳쿖듺릫릲탐헾샭싛ꆣ쯼뗄믹놾쓚몭쫇헾뢮뗄횰쓜쫇럾컱ꎬ뛸늻쫇헆뛦ꎻ릫릲샻틦쫇쒿뇪뛸럇뢱닺욷ꎻ퓚쮼쿫짏튪폐햽싔탔퓚탐뚯짏튪폐쏱훷탔ꎻ캪릫쏱럾컱ꎬ뛸늻쫇캪맋뿍럾컱ꎻ퓰죎늢늻볲떥ꎻ훘쫓죋ꎬ뛸늻쫇횻훘쫓짺닺싊ꆣ탂릫릲맜샭뇭쿖쇋쯼뗄쫐뎡ꆢ웳튵쪽뗄맜샭좡쿲ꎬ틔쳡룟릫릲늿쏅풴엤훃뗄킧싊ꎬ쯵킡헾뢮맦쒣ꎬ붵뗍헾뢮돉놾ꎬ쳡룟럾컱훊솿ꆣ탂릫릲맜샭샭싛쫇뛔뒫춳뗄릫릲탐헾톧뗄튻훖퇏뻾뗄쳴햽ꎬ쯼쫇튻훖맣랺뛸ퟛ뫏뗄횪쪶뿲볜ꎬ냑떱듺뺭볃톧ꆢ맜샭톧ꆢ헾닟럖컶ꆢ헾훎톧뫍짧믡톧뗈톧뿆뗄쿠맘횪쪶뫍랽램죚뫏떽릫릲맜샭뗄퇐뺿횮훐ꎬ쯼듓쿖듺뺭볃톧쳘뇰쫇릫릲톡퓱샭싛뫍탂뺭볃훆뛈톧훐벳좡펪퇸ꎬ붫뺭볃죋볙쮵ꆢ쫐뎡뺺헹ꆢ돉놾킧틦럖컶ꆢ붻틗돉놾ꆢ벨킧맜샭ꆢ죋솦풴뾪랢ꆢ맋뿍훁짏ꆢ벨킧릤훆뗈맜샭뗄샭싛ꆢ랽램뫍벼쫵펦폃폚헾뢮릫릲맜샭뗄샭싛폫쪵볹횮훐ꆣ릫릲맜샭톧짦벰틔췹릫릲탐헾톧쯹캴짦벰뗄듳솿훷쳢ꎬ돉쇋떱듺컷랽헾뢮맜샭퇐뺿쇬폲뗄훷쇷ꎬ쳘뇰쫇돉캪떱듺컷랽헾뢮룄룯뗄튻훖횸떼탔샭싛ꆣ릫릲맜샭톧헟쯹쳡뎫뗄헾뢮맜샭틔쪵볊컊쳢캪뫋탄ꎬ췘햹쇋탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿랶캧뫍훷쳢ꆣ 컷랽탐헾톧듓맅쾣산떽쿖듺뗄벸잧쓪뗄랢햹ꎬ평헾훎톧훐럖샫돶살ꎬ떽ퟔ돉쳥쾵싽싽랢햹ꎬ컼쫕쇋뛠톧뿆뗄횪쪶뫍샭싛ꆣ떫쫇퓚헻룶톧뿆뗄랢햹훐헹뇧튲쫇튻횱듦퓚뗄ꆣ맘폚톧엉뗄뮮럖틔벰랶쪽뗄좷솢뫍뇤뮻뚼듦퓚뛠훖뾴램ꎬ룷톧헟뮹쎻폐탎돉튻훂뗄맛쓮ꆣ맘폚탐헾톧뗄랶쪽폐톧헟죏캪훁뷱튻횱쫇췾뛻톷ꆪ캤늮랶쪽ꎬ횮뫳쯹폐샭싛뗄랢햹횻쫇뛔헢튻뿆톧랶쪽뗄늹돤뫍췪짆ꎻ튲폐톧헟죏캪탐헾톧뗄랶쪽뺭샺쇋쇹룶쪱웚뗄뮻ꎬ쎿룶쪱웚뗄맘힢뗄붹뗣쫇늻춬뗄ꎬ돖헢훖맛뗣뗄맺쓚췢뚼폐ꆣ떫쫇돖맙쇅훆탐헾랶쪽뫍쏱훷훆랶쪽ꎬ틔벰럾컱탐헾랶쪽헢훖죽럖맛뗣뗄톧헟뷏뛠ꆣ웤쪵쎿튻훖맛뗣뚼폐튻뚨뗄뫏샭탔뫍틀뻝ꎬ맘볼쫇쓄훖샭싛룼쫊뫏헢튻톧뿆뗄랢햹ꆣ춨맽퓚톧뿆붨솢횮뫳뗄튻냙쓪뗄랢햹뿉틔뾴돶퓚틀뻝풭폐뗄헾훎톧샭싛뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ늻뛏뗄컼쫕맜샭톧ꆢ뺭볃톧ꆢ짧믡톧틔벰탄샭톧뗄잰퇘뫍뺭뗤샭싛횪쪶ꎬ훰붥뗄돉9
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 캪쇋튻쏅췪짆뗄톧뿆ꎬ톧뿆뗄샭싛뷡릹튲믹놾뗄만뚨쿂살ꆣ뛔폚탐헾톧랢햹샺쪷뗄믘맋쫇캪햹뾪톧뿆뷡릹뗄싛쫶ퟶ워뗦ꎬ뷓쿂살붫럖컶맘폚탐헾톧랶쪽뗄샭싛ꎬ좻뫳퓋폃뿢뛷뗄ꆶ뿆톧룯쏼뗄뷡릹ꆷ훐닻쫶뗄뿆톧랶쪽뗄샭싛럖컶ꎬ탐헾톧뺭샺뗄뎣맦뿆톧틔벰캣믺뗈쪱웚ꎬ늢죏캪탐헾톧뗄톧뿆뷡릹쫇튻룶좦닣뗄뷡릹ꆣ 10
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 1 컷랽탐헾톧랶쪽룅쫶 퓚탐헾톧랢햹뗄샺쪷훐쫇럱폐튻룶ꆰ랶쪽ꆱ(뗤랶)퇝뇤?죧맻폐ꎬ쓇쎴폖쫇죧뫎ꆰ퇝뇤ꆱ뗄ꎿ맺췢톧헟뻍죏캪ꎬꆰ쫂쪵짏ꎬ뮹쎻폐죎뫎튻훖샭싛랽램뗃떽탐헾톧쫵뷧폫쪵볹뷧듳뛠쫽죋쪿뗄횧돖ꆣ퓚뿢뛷뾴살ꎬ떱뷱탐헾톧쇬폲헽쫇좱랦튻룶컒쏇헢[1]룶톧뿆듳뛠쫽죋죏춬뫍횧돖뗄뗤랶(벴햼춳훎뗘캻뗄샭싛)ꆱꆣ헢쮵쏷쇋릫릲탐헾톧뗄횪쪶뒫춳쎻폐튻룶춳튻뗄햼춳훎뗘캻뗄샭싛랶쪽ꎬ릫릲탐헾톧뗄횪쪶뒫춳쫇뛠샭싛랶쪽뗄ꆣ맺쓚췢톧헟냑릫릲탐헾톧랢햹ꆰ랶쪽ꆱ뮮럖쇋늻춬뗄쪽퇹ꆣ 맺쓚퇐뺿뗄컷랽탐헾톧랶쪽 췵붨잿죏캪평잰웚릫릲탐헾톧ퟟ쿲뫳웚릫릲탐헾톧ꎬ퓙랢햹캪뷼웚릫릲탐헾톧ꎬ벴릫릲맜샭톧ꆣ헢볈쫇릫릲탐헾톧ퟔ짭싟벭햹뾪뗄뷡맻ꎬ튲쫇캪쇋쫊펦헾뢮맜샭뺭볃짧믡릫릲쫂컱횰쓜룄룯튪쟳뛸ퟶ돶뗄튻킩믽벫믘펦뫍뗷헻ꆣ쯤좻뻍랶쪽살쮵ꎬ뮹쎻폐쪵쿖룹놾쿲ꎬ떫릫릲맜샭톧퓌몬쇋릫릲탐헾톧캴살탎첬ꎬ벴럾컱탐헾랶쪽ꆣ횻폐럾컱탐헾랶쪽햼뻝쇋릫릲탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄훷떼뗘캻ꎬ닅뇪횾릫릲탐헾톧헦헽쪵쿖쇋랶쪽쿲ꆣ 쳆탋쇘닉폃훷떼볛횵맛ꆢ랽램싛ꆢ릲춬뗄컊쳢뫍캧죆ퟅ헢죽룶랽쏦뗄믹놾룅쓮랶돫살뮮럖릫릲탐헾ꎬ럖뇰쫇훆뛈ꎭ릦쓜탐헾맛ꆢ탐캪ꎭ맽돌탐헾맛ꆢ뛠풪뮯탐헾맛ꆣ훆뛈ꎭ릦쓜탐헾맛쫇퓚릫릲탐헾퇐뺿훐틔킧싊뫍뺭볃캪돶랢뗣ꎬ쫇튻훖뺲첬뗄퇐뺿랽램ꎬ잿뗷탐헾뗄좨솦뷡릹ꆢ릦쓜ꆢ돌탲뫍맦헂훆뛈ꎬ잿뗷탐헾ퟩ횯뗄럖릤ꆢ맦뮮ꆢ죋쫂ꆢ횸믓뫍뿘훆ꆣ탐캪ꎭ맽돌탐헾맛횸퓚릫릲탐헾톧퇐뺿훐틔탐캪뿆톧캪믹뒡ꎬ잿뗷죋뗄탐캪뛔탐헾뗄펰쿬ꆢ탐헾ퟩ횯뗄뻟쳥맽돌ꆢ샭탔뛔탐헾맽돌뗄훆풼ꆣ뛠풪뮯탐헾맛잿뗷퓚탐헾톧퇐뺿훐ꎬ쎻폐튻룶훷떼뗄탐헾톧랶쪽ꆣ 돂헱쏷죏캪뺭샺쇋죽듎퇐뺿랶쪽뗄뮻ꎬ벴뒫춳뗄릫릲탐헾톧ꆢ탂릫릲탐헾톧ꆢ탂릫릲맜샭톧ꆣ뒫춳뗄릫릲탐헾탎돉폚20쫀볍20훁30쓪듺,웤쮼쿫믹뒡뗬뚨폚1911
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 쫀볍쒩20쫀볍돵ꆣ틔췾뛻톷ꆢ맅뗂억뗄헾훎폫탐헾뛾럖램ꆢ캤늮뗄뿆닣훆샭싛ꆢ첩샕뗄뿆톧맜샭샭싛캪쮼쿫뫍샭싛믹뒡,틔킧싊풭퓲캪ퟮ룟뇪ힼ,틔헽쪽뗄ퟩ횯믺릹캪퇐뺿뗄훷튪쇬폲,닉폃훆뛈뫍램샭뗄퇐뺿랽램,훂솦폚튻냣믲웕춨풭퓲뗄첽쯷ꆣ뮳쳘뗄ꆶ탐헾톧퇐뺿떼싛ꆷ뫍췾싥뇈뗄ꆶ릫릲탐헾톧풭샭ꆷ쫇헢튻랶쪽탎돉뗄뇪횾,잿뗷뗄쫇킧싊ꆣ탂릫릲탐헾톧ꎬ20쫀볍40훁60쓪듺쫇뛔뒫춳릫릲탐헾톧뗄엺움폫룃톧뿆뗄뇤쪱웚,웤뇪횾쫇탂릫릲탐헾톧뫍헾닟뿆톧뗄돶쿖ꆣ탂릫릲탐헾톧틔짧믡릫욽캪뫋탄,엗웺쇋헾훎폫탐헾뛾럖램뗄맛뗣,톰쟳쇩믮뛠퇹뗄맙쇅훷틥탎쪽,탐헾퇐뺿뗄훘뗣듓믺릹맜샭떽헾닟뿆톧ꆣ뛸탂릫릲맜샭ퟜ뫍쇋뛠훖톧뿆뗄샭싛뫍랽램ꎬ틔컷랽ퟔ평훷틥뺭볃톧캪믹뒡ꎬ캧죆ퟅ죧뫎폐킧싊뗄쳡룟릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱헢튻쒿뇪ꎬ쳡돶쇋틔쫐뎡믺훆뫍웳튵뺫짱살룄퓬릫릲늿쏅뗄뿚뫅뫍샭쓮ꆣ탂릫릲맜샭뗄샭싛믹뒡쫇쿖듺뺭볃톧ꎨ훷튪쫇릫릲톡퓱샭싛ꆢ탂훆뛈뺭볃톧샭싛ꆢ붻틗럑폃샭싛ꆢ캯췐듺샭샭싛ꎩ뫍쮽펪늿쏅뗄맜샭샭싛ꎬ쯼춻웆쇋뒫춳탐헾톧뗄톧뿆뷧쿞ꎬ죚뫏쇋떱듺뺭볃톧ꆢ맜샭톧(ퟩ횯폫맜샭샭싛)ꆢ헾닟럖컶ꆢ헾훎톧뫍짧믡톧뗈톧뿆뗄쿠맘횪쪶ꎬ탎돉튻룶뿧톧뿆믲붻닦톧뿆뗄퇐뺿쇬폲ꆣ 퇮뫪즽쳡돶쿜헾훷틥ꆢ맜샭훷틥뫍헾닟훷틥죽훖랶쪽ꆣ쿜헾훷틥쫇틔쏱훷ꆢ릫쏱닎폫뫍럖좨캪풭퓲ꎬ잿뗷헽틥ꆢퟔ평뫍퓰죎뗈볛횵쒿뇪ꆣ맜샭훷틥틔맜샭킧싊캪좡쿲ꎬ맘힢ퟩ횯뷡릹ꆢ뿆톧맜샭뫍ퟩ횯킧싊뗈컊쳢ꆣ헾닟훷틥잿뗷헾닟닺돶뫍훊솿ꆣ 헅쏎훐뷌쫚퓚ꆶ싛릫릲탐헾(톧)뗄웰풴폫랶쪽뇤ꆷ튻컄훐ꎬ죏캪틀헕뿢뛷뗄싛쫶ꎬ맦랶뿆톧(normal science)쫇믹폚맽좥뿆톧돉뻍뗄퇐뺿ꎬ헢킩돉뻍쫇튻뚨뗄뿆톧짧믡퓚튻뚨쪱웚쓚릲춬죏뿉뗄뷸튻늽쪵볹뗄믹뒡ꆣ헢킩돉뻍폐솽룶쳘헷ꎬ튻쫇돉뻍뿕잰ꎬ쓜붫ힷ쯦헟듓웤쯼폐뺺헹솦뗄뿆톧믮뚯쒣쪽훐컼틽맽살ꎬ뛾쫇늻쫇럢뇕뗄쾵춳ꎬ쪵볹헟쓜릻퓋폃룃돉뻍뷢뻶폐듽뷢뻶뗄컊쳢ꎬ뻟놸헢솽룶쳘헷튲뿉틔돆횮캪ꆰ랶쪽ꆱꆣ떫쫇ꎬퟷ캪랶쪽뗄샭싛쯤좻폅폚웤쯼뺺헹헟ꎬ쯼좴늻뿉쓜뷢뻶쯹폐뗄컊쳢ꆣ튻떩탂뗄샭싛폅폚뻉뗄샭싛뻍믡랢짺랶쪽틆ꎬ듓뛸뻉뗄랶쪽캪탂뗄랶쪽쯹좡듺ꆣ쯻죏캪ꎬ뷼쿖듺틢틥뗄릫릲탐헾톧뺭샺쇋쇹듎랶쪽뮻ꎺ뿆톧맜샭ꎻ맜샭뿆톧ꎻ릫릲쫂컱ꎻ헾닟럖컶ꎻ탂릫릲탐헾ꎻ탂릫릲맜샭ꆣ 뚡믍퓚ꆶ컷랽탐헾톧샭싛룅튪ꆷ훐내샺쪷쪱웚뷸탐쇋붲쫶ꎬ떫쫇쯻죏캪탂릫릲12
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 맜샭샭싛랶쪽훷헅맜샭뗄ퟔ평뮯뫍쫐뎡뮯ꎬ쫇뛔뒫춳랶쪽뗄튻듎쳴햽ꆣ 쎫쫙쇺죏캪폐맙쇅훆탐헾뫍쏱훷훆탐헾ꆣ쯻뮹퓚ꆶ릫릲탐헾뗄랶쪽톡퓱ꆷ훐뛔컄즭쳘ꆤ냂쮹쳘싞쒷뗄샭싛볓틔닻쫍ꎬ늢쟒죏캪쏱훷훆탐헾쫇탐헾톧랢햹뗄쟷쫆ꆣ 쯎욼퓚웤쮶쪿싛컄훐죏캪죧맻냑탐헾랶쪽뇤뗄맘볼뇤솿좷뚨캪틔릤튵룯쏼뫍릤튵뮯캪믹훡뗄쫀뷧뗄쿖듺뮯뷸돌벰웤뷗뛎탔ꎬ퓚ퟮ뷼솽룶뛠쫀볍샯ꎬ탐헾랶쪽퓚쫀뷧룷훷튪뗄쿈뷸맺볒쓚뺭샺쇋죧쿂퇝뇤ꎺꎨ1ꎩ헾훎쇬탤랶쪽ꆣ쿖듺맺볒뗄탐헾좨솦쳥훆쫇퓚얷훞훐쫀볍췭웚뻽훷훆훷틥쪱듺쏱ퟥ맺볒웰뗄맽돌훐뾪쪼탎돉뗄ꎬ웤퓧웚뷗뛎뗄췪놸탎첬쫇1799ꆫ1871쓪웚볤램맺뗄헾뢮믺웷ꎬ십뿋쮼뛔헢튻믺웷뗄웊컶쪹쯻돉캪쿖듺맙쇅훆샭싛뗄뗬믹죋횮튻ꆣ뛸듓릤튵룯쏼뗄랢짺떽19쫀볍50쓪듺쒩웚볤뗄펢맺ꎬ틔벰듓붨맺웰떽19쫀볍80쓪듺잰냫튶웚볤뗄쏀맺ꎬ헾좨붨짨뗄쒣쪽퓲쫇ꆰ잿헾뢮ꎬ죵탐헾ꆱ헢퇹뻍퓚맛쓮탎첬짏탎돉쇋탐헾좨솦쳥훆뗄헾훎쇬탤랶쪽ꆣꎨ2ꎩ맙쇅훆랶쪽ꆣ튲돆ퟷ췾뛻톷ꎭ캤늮랶쪽ꆣ쯻쏇뛾죋뚼뛔헢튻랶쪽뗄릹붨ퟷ돶쇋릱쿗ꎬ뛸틔캤늮캪ퟮꆣ캤늮잿뗷횸돶ꎬ맙쇅훆뗄쿖듺탎첬뗄탎돉ꎬ쫇폐웤짧믡뗄뫍뺭볃뗄잰쳡쳵볾뗄ꆣ헢샯횮쯹틔쿠떱쿪뺡뗘뷩짜쇋캤늮맘폚맙쇅훆뗃틔닺짺뗄잰쳡쳵볾ꎬ횼퓚잿뗷횸돶튻뗣ꎬ벴맙쇅훆룺웤쯻뗄쫂컯튻퇹ꎬ퓚웤잰쳡쳵볾짐캴쿻쪧틔잰ꎬ쯼뻍믡췧잿뗘듦퓚쿂좥ꆣ틲듋ꎬ떱듺죎뫎튻룶맺볒뗄죎뫎튻듎탐헾룄룯ꎬ늻맜쯼벤쇒ꆢ뎹뗗떽쪲쎴돌뛈ꎬ뚼늻뿉쓜룹놾럏돽맙쇅훆ꆣꎨ3ꎩ웳튵탍헾뢮랶쪽ꆣ듓20쫀볍60쓪듺돵웰ꎬ퓚컷랽뺭볃톧ꆢ헾훎톧ꆢ탐헾톧ꆢ맜샭톧뗄퇐뺿훐쿠볌웰뗄릫릲톡퓱톧엉ꆢ춨폃맜샭톧엉뫍탂릫릲맜샭톧엉뗈ꎬ뛔맙쇅훆랶쪽닺짺쇋뮳틉ꆣ퓚릹붨탂랶쪽랽쏦쫗췆듷캬냂쮹놾뫍쳘뗂룇늼샕ꆣ퓚쯻쏇횮잰ꎬ쏀맺떱듺좨췾뗄탐헾톧퇐뺿헟췾뛻톷뺭맽쏜뗄쪵횤퇐뺿ꎬ죏쪶떽훷튪쫇죽훖틲쯘뗄ퟷ폃쪹뗃쮽죋퓙듳뛠쫽릫릲럾컱쇬폲뗄뺭펪룼뻟폐킧틦ꎬ헢킩틲쯘쫇ꎺ뷏뗍뗄샍뚯솦돉놾ꆢ룼폐킧뗄맜샭ꆢ룼잿뗄뺺헹쓜솦ꆣ냂쮹놾뫍룇늼샕믲룹뻝놾죋떣죎탐헾뎤맙뗄뺭퇩ꎬ믲룹뻝놾죋횱뷓맛달뫍쯑벯살뗄쪵횤쇏ꎬ뺭맽뛔릫릲믺맘폫쮽죋웳튵룷ퟔ뗄폅쫆뗄죏헦뇦컶ꎬ쳡돶쇋웳튵탍헾뢮랶쪽ꎨ톧쫵뷧쳡돶쇋샠쯆뗄탂뗄훎샭랶쪽ꎬ죧ꆰ탐헾듳쟷쫆ꆱꆰ탂릫릲맜샭ꆱꆰ훘쯜헾뢮ꆱꆰ뫳뿆닣룄룯랶쪽ꆱ뗈ꎩꆣꎨ4ꎩ헾뢮훎샭랶쪽ꆣ뻍쫇춨맽훘탂죏쪶뫍뷧뚨헾뢮ꆢ쫐뎡폫짧믡ퟩ횯횮볤뗄쿠뮥맘쾵ꎬ훘탂좷솢13
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 헾뢮훎샭샭쓮ꎬ웤놾훊퓚폚톰쟳뺭볃좫쟲뮯뗄ꆢ룼뻟킧싊ꆢ킧솦뫍믘펦쓜솦뗄탂뗄헾뢮훎샭쒣쪽ꆣ 맺췢퇐뺿뗄컷랽탐헾톧랶쪽 컄즭쳘ꆤ냂쮹쳘싞쒷쿪쾸첽쳖쇋쏀맺릫릲탐헾톧뗄쮼쿫캣믺ꎬ랴쮼쇋쏀맺탐헾뗄쮼쿫훷쇷ꎬ첽쳖쇋떱듺쏀맺헾훎뺭볃톧볒뛔릫릲훎샭컊쳢뗄퇐뺿ꎬ룅삨쇋ꆶ솪냮떳죋컄벯ꆷ뫍췐뿋캬뛻뛔폚쏱훷훆탐헾뗄럖컶ꎬ죏캪릫릲탐헾톧뇘탫퓚맜쇅훆탐헾퇐뺿뗄믹뒡짏틽죫쏱훷훆탐헾퇐뺿ꎬ릫릲탐헾뗄쪵볹튲뇘탫퓚맙쇅훆탐헾뗄믹뒡짏틽죫쏱훷훆탐헾뗄쪵볹ꆣ쯻횸돶듓맙쇅훆탐헾ퟟ쿲쏱훷훆탐헾틢캶ퟅ릫릲탐헾쇬폲뗄룧냗쓡쪽뗄룯쏼ꆣ쯻냑웤럖캪맙쇅훆탐헾랶쪽뫍쏱훷훆탐헾랶쪽ꆣ맙쇅훆탐헾뗄뫋탄쫇잿뗷좨솦훐탄뗄떥튻뮯뫍뗈벶훈탲ꆣ퓚쏱훷훆탐헾훐ꎬ맙쇅훆탐헾쓚늿뗄웕뇩뗄뗈벶탲쇐쳵볾뿉틔럅쯉ꆣ쏱훷훆탐헾돌탲뇘좻틀뾿뿉ퟷ폃폚죎뫎릫릲웳튵뺭펪뗄쏱훷훆뿘훆믺웷ꆣ 쓡맅삭쮹ꆤ뫠샻퓚ꆶ릫릲탐헾톧ꆷ(뗚웟냦)훐쳡돶쇋컥훖랶쪽ꎺ헾훎폫탐헾뛾럖램(1900ꆫ1926)ꎻ탐헾톧뗄풭퓲(1927ꆫ1937)ꎻퟷ캪헾훎톧뗄릫릲탐헾톧1950ꆫ1970ꎻퟷ캪맜샭톧뗄릫릲탐헾톧(1956ꆫ1970)ꎻퟷ캪릫릲탐헾톧뗄릫릲탐헾톧(1970ꆫ)ꆣ쯻쫇춨맽캻훃뫍붹뗣살샭뷢뗄ꆣ랶쪽튻잿뗷뗄쫇캻훃ꎬ늢쟒탎돉쇋헾훎폫탐헾뛾럖램ꆣ랶쪽뛾잿뗷붹뗣ꎬ폈웤쫇릫릲탐헾톧뗄풭퓲ꎬ떫쫇쎻죏헦쮼뾼릫릲탐헾톧뿆뗄캻훃ꆣ랶쪽죽훘탂뚨캻폚헾뢮맙쇅쳥훆ꎬ떫좱랦쿠펦뗄붹뗣ꎬ뫜듳돌뛈짏쫇붨솢헾훎뿆톧폫릫릲탐헾횮볤뗄솪쾵ꆣ랶쪽쯄맜샭톧쳡릩쇋붹뗣(뺫쾸뗄벼쫵ꆢ튵뮯뗄횪쪶)뛸늻쫇캻훃ꆣ떫뛌퓝뗄탂릫릲탐헾톧뗄붹뗣뮹쫇폫맜샭톧뗄붹뗣폐킩닮틬ꎬ쯼훷튪쫇맘힢맦랶샭싛ꆢ헜톧뫍탐뚯훷틥ꆣ뗀뗂뗄짹틴퓚탂릫릲탐헾톧훐쫇훷뗷ꆣ랶쪽컥훐ꎬ1970쓪좫쏀릫릲쫂컱릫릲탐헾풺킣솪뫏믡뗄돉솢뇪횾릫릲탐헾돉캪쇋튻룶뛀솢뗄퇐뺿쇬폲ꆣ 볲ꆤ삳뛷붫웤럖캪뒫춳릫릲탐헾톧엉ꆢ맜샭톧엉ꆢ헾닟톧엉뫍탂릫릲맜샭톧엉ꆣ뒫춳릫릲탐헾톧뗄컥룶뫋탄ꎺ(1)횰캻폫죋풱펦룃쿠럖샫ꎻ(2)릫릲늿쏅훎샭뗄맦퓲14
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 좡쿲ꎻ(3)뿆닣훆폐샻폚쳡룟릫릲늿쏅뗄킧싊ꎻ(4)쒿뇪ꎭ쫖뛎ꆢ쫂쪵ꎭ볛횵ꆢ벼쫵ꎭ쏱훷뗄쿠럖샫ꎻ(5)릫릲늿쏅뗄뚯솦폫쮽죋늿쏅폐룹놾뗄쟸뇰ꆣ쯹틔뒫춳릫릲탐헾뗄퇐뺿훷튪쫇맦랶탔뗄ꎬ맙쇅믺릹뫍릫릲웳튵쫇뒫춳톧엉뗄솽훖릫릲맜샭뗄믹놾믺훆ꆣ맜샭톧엉잿뗷ꎺ(1)릫릲늿쏅뗄탐뚯퓚폚쒿뇪뗄쪵쿖ꎻ(2)릫릲훎샭뻍쫇룹뻝쒿뗄ퟔ평톡퓱쫊떱뗄쫖뛎ꎻ(3)릫릲뻶닟뗄폐쿞샭탔ꎻ(4)ힷ쟳쇮죋싺틢뗄뻶닟뛸늻쫇ퟮ폅뻶닟ꆣ헾닟톧엉뗄컥룶뫋탄샭쓮ꎺ(1)릫릲훎샭릹돉튻룶퓚헾닟훆뚨뫍횴탐횮볤늻뛏톭뮷뗄훜웚ꎻ(2)헾닟뗄훆뚨뫍횴탐뗄늻뿉럖ꎻ(3)럖좨뗄헾닟횴탐뇈ퟔ짏뛸쿂뗄횴탐룼폐킧싊ꎻ(4)헾닟훜웚훷튪쫇헾훎맽돌ꎬ뛸늻쫇맜샭킧싊ꎻ(5)퓚헾닟횴탐맽돌훐ꎬ헾닟췸싧뇈뿆닣훆룼폐킧싊ꆣ탂릫릲맜샭뗄훘뗣쫇릫릲늿쏅훎샭훐뗄웵풼퓋폃ꆣ 닩뛻쮹ꆤJꆤ뢣뿋쮹뫍택Tꆤ쏗샕퓚ꆶ뫳쿖듺릫릲탐헾ꆷ훐쳡돶쯄랶쪽ꎺ뒫춳훎샭랶쪽ꆢ탂훆뛈훷틥랶쪽ꆢ짧좺훷틥랶쪽ꆢ뫳쿖듺릫릲탐헾랶쪽ꆪꆪ뮰폯샭싛ꆣ쯼쏇쫇캧죆죧뫎쪵쿖폐킧쏱훷뗄늻춬랽램뫍춾뺶ꎬ잰죽훖쫇럢뇕뗄뮷쪽쏱훷ꎬ늻쓜쳡릩죋쏇뷸탐폐킧닎폫뫍헦쪵뛔뮰뗄믹뒡ꆣ뛸뫳쿖듺릫릲탐헾랶쪽쫇튻킩퓚릫릲쓜솿뎡뗄헦쪵폫뾪럅뗄뛔뮰쪽뗄쏱훷ꆣ붨릹쇋튻룶믹폚쿖쿳톧ꆢ엺에샭싛뫍뷡릹뮯샭싛뗄릫릲탐헾뗄ꆰ뮰폯ꆱ샭싛ꆣ 탐헾랶쪽뷢컶 랶쪽ꎬ펢컄쫇Paradigmꎬ쯼살ퟔ쾣산컄ꎬ풭살냼삨ꆰ릲춬쿔쪾ꆱ뗄틢쮼ꆣ랶쪽ퟷ캪튻룶뿆톧룅쓮쫇평쏀맺훸쏻뗄뿆톧쪷톧볒뫍뿆톧헜톧볒췐십쮹ꥱ뿢뛷ퟮ퓧퓚쯻1962쓪돶냦뗄ꆶ뿆톧룯쏼뗄뷡릹ꆷ튻쫩훐쳡돶살ꆣ맘폚랶쪽ꎬ뿢뛷횸돶ꎬ튻룶뿆톧뗄랶쪽뻍쫇튻쳗맘폚쿖쪵뗄볙짨ꎬ헢쳗볙짨뚼폐쯼ퟔ벺뗄맦퓲살쮵쏷쯼쏦뛔뗄쫂쪵ꆣ죋쏇퓚죏쪶짧믡쿖쪵쪱ꎬ헢쳗맦퓲돉캪헻샭룐탔닄쇏뗄횸떼ꆣ뿢뛷맣랺뗄쪹폃쇋랶쪽튻듊ꎬ펢맺폯퇔헜톧볒싪룱샶쳘ꥱ싪쮹쳘싼ퟷ맽튻룶늻췪좫뗄쯷틽ퟜ횮ꎬ랢쿖퓚ꆶ뿆톧룯쏼뗄뷡릹ꆷ튻쫩훐ꎬ랶쪽훁짙폐뛾쪮튻훖늻춬뗄폃램ꆣ 랶쪽뗄믹놾몬틥뿉틔듓죽룶랽쏦살샭뷢ꎺ(1)퓚탄샭짏ꎬ쯼쫇ꆰ뿆톧릲춬쳥탅15
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 쓮ꆱꆣ횻폐폐쇋샭싛짏뫍랽램짏뗄탅쓮ꎬ닅쓜뷸탐톡퓱ꆢ움볛뫍엺움ꆣ(2)퓚샭싛짏ꎬ쯼쫇뿆톧릲춬쳥쯹뻟폐뗄ꆰ쒣탍ꆱ믲ꆰ쒣쪽ꆱꆣ(3)퓚쪵볊닙ퟷ짏ꎬ쯼쫇뿆톧릲춬쳥쯹뻟폐뗄웰뗣ꆢ폯퇔벰뷌폽쓚죝ꎬ벴랶쪽랽램ꆣퟜ횮ꎬ랶쪽쫇랽램ꆢ쒣쪽믲쒣탍ꆢ릲춬쳥탅쓮죽헟뗄폐믺춳튻ꆣ랶쪽캪쳘뚨튵쇬폲뗄퇐뺿쳡릩쇋뗤탍뗄컊쳢벰쿠펦뗄뷢듰ꎬ틠벴짨볆쇋럖컶폫퇐뺿뗄샭싛잰쳡ꆢ뿲볜뫍췆샭뷡릹ꆣ뿆톧릤ퟷ헟퓚랶쪽뗄뿲볜쓚뷸탐쇋퇐뺿ꎬ첽쳖헢튻랶쪽쓜릻볓틔쮵쏷뗄쫂쪵ꎬ뷸튻늽쿪쾸뇭듯랶쪽놾짭ꎬ헢뻍쫇튻훖듙뷸횪쪶뷸늽뗄뿆톧쪵볹ꆣ 내헕뿢뛷뗄맛뗣ꎬ샭싛쳥쾵횻쫇뿆톧퇐뺿뗄돉맻ꎬ뷶욾샭싛쳥쾵늻쓜쮵쏷뿆톧랢햹뗄놾훊랽쏦ꎻ랶쪽쫇쪹튻쏅톧뿆돉캪뿆톧뗄ꆰ뇘튪쳵볾ꆱ 믲ꆰ돉쫬뇪횾ꆱꎬ횻폐룹뻝랶쪽쪵쳥뗄뇤뮯ꎬ닅쓜쪹컒쏇룼볓쟥컺뗘냑컕뿆톧랢햹뗄싶싧ꆣ뻝듋ꎬ쯻퓚ꆶ뿆톧룯쏼뗄뷡릹ꆷ튻쫩훐쳡돶쇋틔랶쪽듦퓚랽쪽캪틆뗄뎣맦뿆톧폫뿆톧룯쏼쿠붻쳦뗄랢햹쒣쪽ꆣ뿢뛷죏캪ꎬ죎뫎튻쏅톧뿆퓚쎻폐탎돉랶쪽틔잰ꎬ횻뒦퓚잰랶쪽쪱웚믲잰뿆톧쪱웚ꆣ튻룶톧뿆튻떩돶쿖쇋춳튻뗄랶쪽틔뫳ꎬ뻍뷸죫붥뷸탔랢햹뗄뎣맦뿆톧쪱웚ꆣ퓚뎣맦뿆톧쪱웚믡돶쿖랴뎣뫍캣믺쿖쿳ꎬ뛸탂랶쪽뗄돶쿖뇪횾ퟅ캣믺뗄훕뷡ꎬ뷸죫쇋뿆톧룯쏼쪱웚ꆣ떱탂랶쪽ퟮ훕햽쪤늢좡듺쇋뻉랶쪽ꎬ헢뻍틢캶ퟅ뿆톧룯쏼쪱웚뗄뷡쫸ꎬ뾪쪼쇋탂뗄뎣맦뿆톧쪱웚ꆣ퓚탂쪱웚ꎬ뿆톧퇐뺿틔탂랶쪽ퟷ캪뿆톧릲춬쳥뗄릲춬탅쓮ꎬ늢퓚쯼뗄횸틽쿂볌탸믽샛쪽뗘잰뷸ꆣ헢훖뿆톧랢햹뗄뚯첬쒣쪽뿉ퟷ헢퇹뗄룅삨ꎺ잰뿆톧쪱웚ꆪ뎣맦뿆톧쪱웚ꆪ랴뎣폫캣믺ꆪ뿆톧룯쏼ꆪ탂뗄뎣맦뿆톧쪱웚ꆣ 뿆톧랶쪽뗄뒴솢쫇폐웤맽돌뗄ꎬ헢샯뗄랶쪽쫇횸췾뛻톷ꆪ캤늮랶쪽ꆣ쿖듺쏀맺탐헾톧볒췾뛻톷퓚1887쓪랢뇭뗄ꆶ탐헾톧퇐뺿ꆷ튻컄훐,쳡돶쇋ꆰ헾훎ꆢ탐헾ꆱ뛾럖뗄쮼쿫,좷뚨쇋릫릲탐헾퇐뺿뗄샭싛잰쳡,좷솢쇋릫릲탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄뒫춳뫍훷쳢ꆣ퓚쯻뾴살,릫릲탐헾퇐뺿쫗쿈튪랢쿖헾뢮쓜잡떱뛸돉릦뗘ퟶ쪲쎴쫂쟩,틔벰죧뫎틔ퟮ룟뗄킧싊뫍ퟮ뗍뗄돉놾ퟶ뫃헢킩잡떱뗄쫂쟩ꆣ퓚췾뛻톷횮뫳,쏀맺탐헾톧볒맅뗂억퇯웺쇋헾훎톧짏뗄솢램ꆢ쮾램뫍탐헾뗄죽럖램,뛔췾뛻톷쳡돶뗄헾훎폫탐헾뛾럖쮼쿫ퟶ쇋뷸튻늽뗄닻쫍뫍랢믓,좷솢쇋탐헾톧뗄샭싛믹뒡ꆣ쯻죏캪,ꆰ헾훎쫇쏱틢뗄뇭쿖,틠[13]쫇헾닟뗄뻶뚨,탐헾쫇쏱틢뗄횴탐,틠쫇헾닟뗄횴탐ꆱꆣ뫳살,쏀맺탐헾톧볒뮳쳘뷸16
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 튻늽잿뗷ꆰ헾훎늻펦룃쟖죫탐헾,맜샭ퟔ짭뻍쫇튻훖뿆퇐뛔쿳,릫릲탐헾ퟔ짭쓜릻돉[14]캪튻훖뎬풽볛횵뗄뿆톧,탐헾톧뗄쒿뗄쫇ퟶ떽뺭볃뫍킧싊ꆱꆣ듓듋,죋쏇뇣냑헾뢮맜샭뺭볃짧믡릫릲쫂컱ퟷ캪튻룶뿆톧퇐뺿쇬폲,뾪쪼쏅퇐뺿헾뢮벰릫릲맜샭컊쳢,틔웚퓚뺭볃짧믡릫릲쫂컱맜샭쇬폲ퟮ듳쿞뛈뗘쪵쿖뺭볃뫍킧싊,듓뛸뒴솢쇋탐헾톧뗄맙쇅탐헾샭싛랶쪽ꆣ 십뿋쮼ꆤ캤늮춨맽뛔맙쇅훆샭싛뗄붨릹,냑췾뛻톷뗈죋쯹뒴솢뗄탐헾맜샭풭퓲뇤돉쇋뿉틔쪵쪩뗄훆뛈탔낲업ꆣ퓚웤훸ퟷꆶ짧믡ퟩ횯폫뺭볃샭싛ꆷ훐뛔맙쇅훆뛈ퟶ쇋쾵춳뗄럖컶ꆣ퓚쯻뾴살,쯦ퟅ뒫춳짧믡뷡릹뗄뷢쳥뫍탂탋릤튵뮯뷸돌뗄볓뿬,룷훖짧믡ퟩ횯랢햹뗄ퟮ맘볼뗄컊쳢쫇ퟩ횯뫏샭뮯ꆢ맜샭뫏샭뮯,듓뛸캪탂뗄놾훷틥헾뢮맜샭랽쪽쳡릩쯹탨뗄킧싊,뛸맙쇅벯좨ퟩ횯잡잡쫇뿉틔싺ퟣ헢훖탨튪뗄ퟩ횯탎쪽ꆣ쯻죏캪맙쇅훆쫇튻훖붨솢퓚좨췾믹뒡짏뗄ퟮ폐킧싊뗄ퟩ횯탎쪽ꆣ캪듋,쯻쿪쾸럖컶쇋맙쇅ퟩ횯뗄릦쓜ꆢ뷡릹뫍맜샭랽램,뷒쪾쇋탐헾ퟩ횯뗄탭뛠훘튪쳘헷뫍맜샭풭퓲,첽쯷쇋릫릲탐헾뗄뿆톧뮯ꆢ벼쫵뮯돶슷ꆣ쯻냑헾뢮맜샭컊쳢뫍킧싊컊쳢뷴뷴뷡뫏퓚튻웰,훷헅헾뢮맜샭뗄쪵훊뻍쫇ퟮ듳쿞뛈뗘ힷ쟳킧싊ꆣ듋췢,뿆톧맜샭퓋뚯벰웤톧쮵뛔릫릲탐헾톧샭싛랶쪽뗄탎돉튲닺짺쇋훘튪펰쿬ꆣ뿆톧맜샭뗄쒿뗄뻍퓚폚펦폃뿆톧벼쫵좥뺭볃뛸폐킧뗘뷢뻶ퟩ횯폫맜샭컊쳢ꆣ헢킩탐헾맛쓮뫍풭퓲릹돉쇋릫릲탐헾톧뗄맙쇅탐헾샭싛랶쪽뗄믹놾쓚몭ꆣ 쯦ퟅ릫릲탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄짮죫랢햹,맙쇅탐헾샭싛뗄좱쿝풽살풽춹쿔돶살ꆣ평폚맙쇅탐헾샭싛뫶쫓쇋릫릲탐헾톧폫짧믡뮷뺳뗄쏜쟐솪쾵,틲뛸톧헟쏇훰붥뾪쪼뛔맙쇅탐헾샭싛쳡돶훊틉,짵훁뛔웤뷸탐엺에ꆣ죋쏇랢쿖헾훎폫탐헾ꆢ쫂쪵폫볛횵늢럇쫇뻶좻럖뾪뗄,뛔킧싊풭퓲뗄맽럖췆돧헚뇎쇋릫릲탐헾뗄짧믡릫욽볛횵ꆣ틲듋,릫릲탐헾톧헟뾪쪼잿뗷펦냑짧믡릫욽ퟷ캪릫릲탐헾쯹ힷ쟳뗄쒿뇪,뎫떼튻훖짧믡탔킧싊,벴킧싊뇘탫폫릫릲샻틦ꆢ룶죋볛횵ꆢ욽뗈ퟔ평뗈볛횵쒿뇪뷡뫏웰살ꆣ샽죧,컷쏉춨맽틽죫탐캪훷틥퇐뺿랽램뫍뻶닟룅쓮뛔틔췹뗄릫릲탐헾톧쯹훷헅뗄헾뢮맜샭뺭볃짧믡릫릲쫂컱풭퓲뷸탐쇋엺움뫍룄룯ꆣ쯻죏캪탐헾탐캪훐튲뇘좻냼몬쒳킩뻶닟믮뚯,폐뻶닟뻍뫜쓑뇜쏢뻶닟헟뗄볛횵맛쓮ꆣ쯻쫔춼좷솢튻훖틔뻶닟맽돌캪뫋탄뗄탂릫릲탐헾톧샭싛랶쪽ꆣ쫜웤펰쿬,탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄붹뗣평뛔훆뛈ꆢ뷡릹뗈뺲첬닣쏦뗄퇐뺿뇤캪뛔뻶17
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 닟맽돌뗄뚯첬퇐뺿ꆣ ퟜ횮,릫릲탐헾톧뾪쪼룼뛠뗘맘힢볛횵맛ꆢ싗샭뗈컊쳢,훰붥ퟟ쿲쇋볈뛀솢폚헾훎톧,폖뛀솢폚맜샭톧뗄쏱훷탐헾샭싛랶쪽ꆣ쏱훷탐헾샭싛랶쪽틔릫욽캪뫋탄,틔뫃뗄맜샭캪쒿뇪,톰쟳뻟폐쇩믮탔뗄탐헾ퟩ횯뷡릹믲맙쇅ퟩ횯뷡릹탎쪽ꆣ쏱훷탐헾샭싛랶쪽뗄돶쿖볈쫇릫릲탐헾톧ퟔ짭랢햹뗄싟벭뫳맻,룼훷튪뗄쫇컷랽헾뢮횰쓜쪵쿖랽쪽뗄쒳훖뇤뮯퓚릫릲탐헾톧퇐뺿짏뗄튻훖믘펦ꆣ쯦ퟅ맙쇅훆뗄좫쏦쪵탐,헾뢮늿쏅풽랢뇤뗃럢뇕ꆢ놣쫘ꆢ뗍킧,풽살풽늻쓜싺ퟣ릫훚죕틦퓶뎤뗄샻틦탨쟳ꆣ헽쫇퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂,컷랽짧믡뾪쪼쫔춼룄뇤틔췹헾뢮횰쓜뗄쪵쿖랽쪽,틔뛔릫훚뗄튪쟳ퟶ돶믽벫뗄믘펦,뛸늻쫇뷶뷶틔ힷ쟳헾뢮ퟔ짭탨튪뗄싺ퟣ캪쒿뗄,듓뛸떼훂쇋쏱훷탐헾샭싛랶쪽뗄닺짺ꆣ 떽쇋20쫀볍70쓪듺,펢쏀뗈컷랽맺볒뗄헾뢮뛔뺭볃짧믡릫릲쫂컱뗄맽뛈룉짦틽랢쇋뗍뺭볃퓶뎤ꆢ룟춨믵엲헍ꆢ룟닆헾돠ퟖ뫍룟쪧튵싊춬쪱늢듦뗄ꆰ훍헇ꆱ쿖쿳,헾뢮맜샭돉놾퓶듳,킧싊뗍쿂,죋쏇돆횮캪ꆰ헾뢮쪧쇩ꆱ,뇭쏷헾뢮맜샭뺭볃짧믡릫릲쫂컱뗄쓜솦쫇폐쿞뛈뗄ꆣꆰ헾뢮뗄헾닟폫볆뮮늻뷶쎻폐룸죋쏇뗄짺믮듸살틦뒦,랴뛸뮹[15]붵뗍쇋죋쏇뗄짺믮훊솿,헾뢮ퟔ짭퓬돉뗄릫릲컊쳢뇈쯹뷢뻶뗄컊쳢뮹뛠ꆣꆱ맣듳쏱훚뛔헾뢮쪧좥쇋탅탄,쿖쪵뛔볈폐뗄탐헾톧샭싛릹돉쇋쳴햽,탂ퟔ평훷틥돋믺탋웰,잿뗷ꆰ뺭볃ퟔ평ꆱ,랴뛔헾뢮뛔뺭볃짧믡쫂컱뷸탐맽럖룉풤,죋쏇튪쟳쿞훆헾뢮룉풤뗄뫴짹훰붥퓶잿ꆣ폚쫇,듓20쫀볍80쓪듺웰,컷랽탋웰쇋튻뎡헾뢮횰쓜쪵쿖랽쪽뗄룄룯퓋뚯ꆣ헢뎡룄룯퓋뚯뇭쿖캪:훘탂뗷헻헾뢮폫짧믡ꆢ쫐뎡뗄맘쾵,폅뮯헾뢮횰쓜,틔쟳쪹헾뢮ꆰ맜뗄짙튻킩,떫튪맜뗄뫃튻킩ꆱꎻ룄룯헾뢮늿쏅뗄쓚늿맜샭쳥훆,쪵탐럖좨뮯맜샭,쪵쪩맋뿍떼쿲,붨솢뇢욽ힴ뗄헾뢮ퟩ횯믺릹쳥쾵,틔쳡룟헾뢮늿쏅뗄릤ퟷ킧싊뫍캪짧믡럾컱뗄훊솿,듓뛸쪹헾뢮뎹뗗ퟟ돶닆헾캣믺ꆢ맜샭캣믺뫍탅죎캣믺뗄삧뺳ꎻ뺡뿉쓜뗘쪵쿖짧믡ퟔ컒맜샭,벴헾뢮냑튻늿럖뛔짧믡릫릲쫂컱맜샭뗄죎컱붻룸짧믡럇헾뢮ퟩ횯,늢틽죫뺺헹믺훆,쪵쪩헾뢮늿쏅튵컱뫏춬돶ퟢ훆ꎻ헾뢮얬솦톰쟳뺭볃짧믡릫릲쫂컱뗄쫐뎡뗷뷚뫍헾뢮룉풤뗄ퟮ병뷡뫏뗣ꆣ평듋뾴살,헾뢮뗄믹놾횰쓜뇤캪릫릲헾닟뗄훆뚨뫍볠뚽횴탐ꆣ헢틢캶ퟅ짧믡ퟔ컒맜샭뗄쓜솦뗃떽쇋뷸튻늽뗄랢햹,맜샭짧믡뮯틑돉캪떱듺헾뢮릫릲맜샭횰쓜뇤뮯뗄탂쟷쫆ꆢ탂쳘뗣ꆣ헢뎡헾뢮룄룯18
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 퓋뚯랴펳쇋튻룶샺쪷쟷쫆,뻍쫇헾뢮릫릲헾닟뮯뫍릫릲맜샭짧믡뮯,ퟮ훕붫ퟟ쿲릫릲맜샭럾컱뮯,붫릫릲맜샭뇤돉튻훖릫릲럾컱,쪹쳡릩릫릲럾컱돉캪탐헾뗄놾훊횮쯹퓚ꆣ컞싛쫇탐헾톧맙쇅탐헾샭싛뮹쫇쏱훷탐헾샭싛,뚼컞램췪좫뷢뻶짏쫶헾뢮퓚맜샭뺭볃짧믡릫릲쫂컱랽쏦쯹쏦쇙뗄삧뺳,벴ꆰ헾뢮쪧쇩ꆱ쿖쿳ꆣ폚쫇,탐헾톧헟쏇럗럗쳡돶튻킩탂뗄샭싛살좡듺ꆰ뻉뗄샭싛ꆱ,탐헾톧ퟟ쿲럾컱탐헾샭싛랶쪽,틔믘펦헾뢮횰쓜쪵쿖랽쪽뗄룄룯퓋뚯ꆣ럾컱탐헾샭싛랶쪽뗄훷튪쓚죝냼삨릫릲컊쳢뗄좷솢ꆢ릫릲헾닟뗄훆뚨ꆢ릫릲쿮쒿뗄톡퓱ꆢ릫릲풴뗄ퟩ횯킭뗷뫍뿘훆ꆢ릫릲컯욷뗄뫏샭럖엤폫볠뚽틔벰캪짧믡돉풱쳡릩룷훖럾컱ꆣ쯼죚뫏룷룶쿠맘톧뿆,탎돉쇋뿧톧뿆믲붻닦톧뿆뗄퇐뺿쇬폲ꆣ쯼퓚뒦샭릫릲맜샭쪵볹폈웤쫇헾뢮폫쫐뎡ꆢ헾뢮폫웳튵ꆢ헾뢮폫짧믡쪱쳡릩쇋튻쳗늻춬폚틔췹릫릲탐헾톧뗄탂쮼슷,퓚퇐뺿쇬폲벰훷쳢짏폐늻짙춻웆뫍뒴탂,짦벰훮죧릫릲컯욷ꆢ릫릲럾컱릩룸ꆢ릫릲톡퓱뗈뿎쳢ꆣ럾컱탐헾샭싛랶쪽훷헅퓚쳡릩릫릲샻틦뫍럾컱쪱,듲웆뒫춳뗄평헾뢮슢뛏뗄맜샭랽쪽,냑맜샭훷쳥삩듳떽럇헾뢮뗄릫릲믺릹쇬폲,퓋폃쫚좨ꆢ캯췐ꆢ듺샭뗈랽쪽,뗷뚯럇헾뢮믺릹닎폫릫릲럾컱ꆣ럾컱탐헾샭싛랶쪽잿뗷헾뢮뗄럾컱횰쓜,죏캪헾뢮럾컱뇘탫쪵탐ꆰ맋뿍떼쿲ꆱ,쳡룟럾컱뗄릫훚싺틢뛈ꆣ쯼훷헅릫릲탐헾ퟩ횯펦춨맽폫맣듳쏱훚뛔뮰ꆢ릵춨살쿻뷢헾뢮뗄탅죎캣믺,듙뷸죋샠탒뢣ꆣ 컞싛쫇뛔헾훎폫탐헾럖샫ꆢ킧싊훁짏뗄잿뗷,뮹쫇뛔헾훎폫탐헾쿠뮥킭뗷ꆢ킧싊폫릫욽쿠뮥킭뗷뗄잿뗷,탐헾톧맘힢뗄쫓튰믲훘탄뚼쫇헾뢮놾짭,틔훁폚죋쏇냑헾뢮맜샭뺭볃짧믡릫릲쫂컱뗄횰쓜평잿뮯떽쿞훆돆횮캪헾뢮평ꆰ좫쓜ꆱ뇤캪ꆰ폐쿞ꆱꆣ탐헾톧퇐뺿돶쿖맽뗄샭싛랶쪽쿲뚼쫇캪쇋쫊펦헾뢮횰쓜쪵쿖랽쪽뗄뇤룯튪쟳뛸ퟶ돶뗄튻킩믽벫믘펦뫍뗷헻ꆣ쯦ퟅ죋샠짧믡뗄랢햹,뿆톧벼쫵퓚헻룶죋샠짺믮훐뻟폐쇋룹놾탔뗄ퟷ폃,헢뇭쏷뒫춳탐헾맛쓮믲쮼쿫ퟟ쿲뿆톧뮯뫍벼쫵뮯튲쫇뛔럾듓뿆벼샭탔ꆢ릤뻟샭탔뗄쿖듺탐헾맜샭뗄튻훖뫴펦ꆣ뿆벼샭탔ꆢ릤뻟샭탔ퟷ캪튻훖볛횵맛,쿞훆ퟅ죋샠뗄짺듦랽쪽,쪹쿖듺죋좱랦짺믮틢틥뗄룐쫜,헢폖듙쪹톧헟뾪쪼맘힢죋뗄탨튪뫍볛횵,맘힢짧믡헽틥,듓뛸췆뚯탐헾톧뗄늻뛏랢햹,ퟮ뫳ퟟ쿲럾컱탐헾샭싛랶쪽뷗뛎ꆣ 19
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 2 컷랽탐헾톧뗄뷡릹 훚뛠톧헟퓚싛훸훐냑탐헾톧뗄샭싛뷡릹럖돉쇋늻춬뗄헂뷚ꎬ떫쫇ퟛ맛룷훖뗄쳥쾵ꎬ뚼쫇평훷맛ꆢ뿍맛뫍볛횵죽늿럖뗄뷡릹살싛쫶뗄ꆣ퓚폃뿢뛷랶쪽샭싛뗄뿲볜뷡릹럖컶횮뫳ꎬ탐헾톧뗄뫋탄샭싛살풴폚헾훎톧ꎬ믹뒡샭싛쫇뺭볃톧뫍맜샭톧ꎬ퓙췢튻닣쫇탐헾뺭퇩뗄샭싛퇐뺿ꎬퟮ췢튻닣쫇탐헾뺭퇩ꆣ뛸쫇헢퇹뗄튻룶좦닣뷡릹ꆣ춬쪱헢튲쫇퓚럖컶맺쓚췢뗄늻춬랶쪽럖샠훐뗃돶뗄튻룶릲춬뗄뷡싛ꆣ 탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿쓚죝 탐헾톧쫇튻쏅랢햹훐뗄톧뿆ꆣ탐헾톧뗄샭싛늻쫇붩쯀뗄뷌쳵ꎬ쯼뇘탫룹뻝짧믡쪵볹ꆢ맜샭릤ퟷ뗄뺭퇩뷌통ꎬ늻뛏쳡돶탂뗄샭싛살럡뢻뫍랢햹ꎬ틔쫊펦쪱듺뷸늽뫍짧믡랢햹뗄탨튪ꆣ뷼냙쓪살ꎬ탐헾톧뗄샭싛풭퓲ꆢ벼쫵랽램뚼퓚늻뛏뗘뒴탂ꎬ탐헾톧뗄쓚죝튲퓚늻뛏랢햹ꆣ탐헾톧퇐뺿볈폐ꆰ펲볾ꆱ늿럖뗄퇐뺿ꎬ폖폐ꆰ죭볾ꆱ늿럖뗄퇐뺿ꎻ볈튪뷸탐ꆰ뺲첬ꆱ퇐뺿ꎬ폖튪뷸탐ꆰ뚯첬ꆱ퇐뺿ꆣ폫횮쿠펦ꎬ탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿튲쯦횮늻뛏짮뮯ꆢ쾸뮯ꎬ늢샻폃웤쯻톧뿆뗄돉맻ꎬ탎돉튻쾵쇐럖횧톧뿆ꆣ뷱쳬ꎬ탐헾톧틑돉캪냼몬탭뛠럖횧톧뿆뗄톧뿆좺뗄ퟜ돆ꆣ탐헾톧쫇퇐뺿맺볒탐헾ퟩ횯캪쪵쿖헾뢮쒿뇪ꎬ틀램뛔맺볒쫂컱ꆢ짧믡릫릲쫂컱뷸탐폐킧맜샭뗄믮뚯ꆢ탎쪽ꆢ맘쾵벰웤랢햹맦싉뗄뿆톧ꆣ 헢튻뚨틥춻돶쇋탐헾좨솦ꆢ탐헾횰쓜뫍탐헾쒿뇪퓚릫릲탐헾훐뗄훷떼뗘캻ꎬ헾뢮캪듯떽튻뚨뗄쒿뇪ꎬ퓋폃탐헾좨솦ꎬ싄탐탐헾횰쓜쫇맡뒩폚헻룶릫릲탐헾횮훐ꎬ죧맻샫뾪쇋헢튻훐탄쓚죝ꎬ릫릲탐헾뻍믡쪧좥랽쿲ꆣ탐헾쒿뇪뗄좷뚨폫실쪵돌뛈ꎬ탐헾좨솦뗄엤훃벰웤퓋ퟷꎬ탐헾횰쓜뗄뇤폫뫏샭뚨캻뗈ꎬ쫇탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄훘튪쓚죝ꆣ 헢튻뚨틥쏷좷쇋맺볒탐헾ퟩ횯벰웤죋풱퓚릫릲탐헾톧퇐뺿훐뗄훷쳥뗘캻ꎬ릫릲탐헾믮뚯쫇퓚튻뚨ퟩ횯믹뒡짏뷸탐뗄ꎬ탐헾쇬떼벰웤탐헾죋풱쫇탐헾믮뚯뗄훷쳥뷇20
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 즫ꆣ탐헾쳥훆룄룯ꎬ탐헾ퟩ횯뷡릹뗄짨볆폫퓙짨볆ꎬ탐헾쇬떼쳥훆ꆢ릫컱풱훆뛈뗄췪짆뫍볓잿탐헾뗀뗂붨짨ꎬ탐헾ퟩ횯뗄뇤룯폫뒴탂뗈ꎬ쫇탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄훷쳢쓚죝ꆣ 헢튻뚨틥뮮뚨쇋짧믡릫릲쫂컱뫍헾뢮쓚늿쫂컱캪헾뢮탐헾맜샭뗄뛔쿳ꆣ캪쇋맜샭짧믡릫릲쫂컱ꎬ쳡릩폅훊뗄릫릲럾컱ꎬ탐헾쾵춳뻍뇘탫뻟놸튻뚨뗄믮뚯랽쪽ꆢퟩ횯ꆢ돌탲ꆢ벼쫵뫍죋풱뗈쳵볾ꆣ맜샭짧믡릫릲쫂컱뫍헾뢮쓚늿쫂컱뗄탐헾탐캪죧ퟩ횯ꆢ뻶닟ꆢ횴탐ꆢ볠뚽ꆢ킭뗷ꆢ죋쫂ꆢ닆컱ꆢ믺맘맜샭뗈ꎬ릹돉쇋탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄훘튪쓚죝ꆣ 헢튻뚨틥잿뗷쇋ힷ쟳릫릲탐헾뗄폐킧탔쫇탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄뫋탄쓚죝ꆣ헻룶릫릲탐헾믮뚯쪼훕캧죆ퟅ탐헾킧싊뫍킧틦뛸햹뾪ꎬ쳥쿖퓚릫릲탐헾뗄볆뮮ꆢퟩ횯ꆢ뻶닟ꆢ폃죋ꆢ횸믓ꆢ킭뗷ꆢ뿘훆뫍볠뚽뗈뻟쳥퓋ퟷ릦쓜짏ꆣ쳡룟탐헾킧싊뫍탐헾쓜솿ꎬ붵뗍헾뢮돉놾ꎬ쳡룟릫릲럾컱훊솿ꎬ볓뿬헾뢮뗄탅쾢뮯ꆢ췸싧뮯뷸돌ꎬ붨솢헾뢮뿬쯙랴펦믺훆뗈ꎬ헢킩릹돉쇋탐헾톧뗄벼쫵탔닣쏦뗄퇐뺿쓚죝ꆣ 헢튻뚨틥쮵쏷쇋탐헾톧탨튪첽쳖뫍퇐뺿탐헾믮뚯ꆢ탎쪽뫍맘쾵뗄맦싉ꆣ탐헾쫇튻훖횴탐짧믡릫릲좨췾ꎬ듯떽퓶뷸짧믡릫릲샻틦ꎬ췆뷸짧믡랢햹뗄믮뚯ꆣ튻뚨뗄탐헾믮뚯ퟜ쫇퓚튻뚨뗄탐헾탎쪽훐햹뾪뗄ꎬ죧쳥훆샠탍ꆢퟩ횯탎쪽뗈ꎬ탐헾탎쪽뿉틔훆풼탐헾믮뚯ꆣ퓚늻춬뗄릫릲탐헾믮뚯ꆢ탎쪽횮볤ꎬ듦퓚ퟅ튻뚨뗄릫릲탐헾맘쾵ꎬ죧탐헾쳥쾵폫짧믡뮷뺳뗄맘쾵ꎬ헾뢮폫짧믡뗄맘쾵ꆢ헾뢮폫쫐뎡뗄맘쾵ꎬ탐헾훷쳥폫웤쯻헾훎훷쳥뗄맘쾵ꎬ탐헾쾵춳쓚늿뗄좨솦맘쾵ꆢퟩ횯맘쾵ꆢ죋볊맘쾵ꆢ릵춨맘쾵뗈뗈ꆣ릫릲탐헾믮뚯튲쫇죋ꆢ뷡릹ꆢ릦쓜뫍맽돌뗈틲쯘뮥쿠솪쾵ꆢ뮥쿠ퟷ폃뗄뷡맻ꆣ탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄쒿뗄퓚폚뷒쪾릫릲탐헾뗄뿍맛맦싉ꎬ듙뷸짧믡뗄랢햹뫍뷸늽ꆣ 탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿뛔쿳뻶뚨쇋탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄쓚죝폫랶캧ꆣ맘폚탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿쓚죝ꎬ퓚톧뿆늻춬뗄랢햹쪱웚폐늻춬뗄룅삨ꎬퟮ폐듺뇭탔뗄폐틔쿂벸훖ꆣ퓚탐헾톧닺짺돵웚ꎬ쏀맺톧헟뮳쳘퓚ꆶ탐헾톧떼싛ꆷ튻쫩훐ꎬ붫탐헾톧뗄쓚죝맩쓉캪탐헾ퟩ횯ꆢ죋쫂탐헾ꆢ닆컱탐헾뫍탐헾램맦쯄듳늿럖ꆣ뛔탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿닺짺쇋튻뚨뗄펰쿬ꆣ 쏀맺탐헾톧볒맅솢뿋폚1937쓪쳡돶쇋탐헾맜샭웟듳믹놾릦쓜ꎬ벴볆뮮ꆢퟩ횯ꆢ죋쫂ꆢ횸믓ꆢ킭뗷ꆢ놨룦ꆢ풤쯣ꆣ틔맜샭웟릦쓜쮵캪릫릲탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿쓚죝쫇웄폐펰쿬뗄ꆣ 21
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 20쫀볍30쓪듺뫳ꎬ뻶닟톧엉냑탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄훘뗣듓횰쓜랽쏦쿲뻶닟랽쏦ꆣ퓚컷쏉뗄탐헾톧쳥쾵훐ꎬ탐헾톧랽램싛ꆢ뻶닟샭싛햼폐훘튪뗄캻훃ꆣ퓋폃탐캪퇐뺿랽램뫍뚨솿퇐뺿랽램ꎬ틔뻶닟샭싛캪탐헾톧쳥쾵뗄뫋탄살퇐뺿탐헾탐캪믲탐헾맽돌ꎬ쓚죝냼삨맜샭뻶닟뗄맽돌ꆢ샠탍뫍벼쫵ꎬ뻶닟맜샭탐캪폐쿞샭탔뫍싺틢탐캪ꎬ틔뻶닟캪믹뒡뗄ퟩ횯펰쿬솦ꆢퟩ횯쒿뇪ꆢퟩ횯욽뫢ꆢퟩ횯짨볆ꆢퟩ횯뗄탅쾢릵춨ꆢ볆쯣믺폫맜샭ퟩ횯뗈ꆣ뾪뒴쇋탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄탂쇬폲뫍탂랶돫ꎬ쪵쿖쇋탐헾톧뗄랶쪽뮻ꆣ 컒맺첨췥탐헾톧좨췾헅뷰본뷌쫚쳡돶ꆰ15M샭싛살룅삨탐헾톧뗄훷튪쓚죝ꎬ벴쒿뇪ꆢ볆뮮ꆢ죋풱ꆢ뺭럑ꆢ쇬떼ꆢ랽램ꆢퟩ횯ꆢ컯ꆢ쪿웸ꆢ릵춨ꆢ벤샸ꆢ릵춨쪿웸ꆢ뫍킳ꆢ쪱볤ꆢ뿕볤ꆢ룄뷸ꆣ벸뫵짦벰떽릫릲맜샭뗄좫늿튪쯘ꆣ 탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿쓚죝뿉맩쓉캪틔쿂벸룶랽쏦: ꎨ1ꎩ탐헾풭샭퇐뺿ꆣ냼삨뛔탐헾뗄뚨틥ꆢ탔훊ꆢ횰쓜뫍뮷뺳뗄퇐뺿ꎬ튲냼삨 뛔탐헾뻙톧뿆놾짭뗄퇐뺿ꆣ웤훐탐헾탔훊뗄퇐뺿퓚탐헾풭샭룶뻓폚뫋탄뗘캻ꆣ횻폐춨맽뛔탐헾폫헾훎ꆢ탐헾폫맜샭뗄솪쾵폫쟸뇰뗄럖컶뇈뷏ꎬ냑컕탐헾뗄탔훊ꎬ닅쓜헽좷뗘짳쫓뫍퇐뺿탐헾쇬폲훐뗄컊쳢ꆣ탐헾풭샭퇐뺿쫇탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄믹뒡ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ탐헾훷쳥퇐뺿ꎻ벴뛔돐떣탐헾횰퓰뗄맺볒믺맘(탐헾믺맘)뗄퇐뺿ꆣ맺볒탐헾쫇평룷벶탐헾믺맘(헾뢮)릲춬췪돉뗄ꎬ훚뛠뗄탐헾믺릹벰웤릤ퟷ죋풱ퟩ돉튻벶헾뢮ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뛔탐헾훷쳥뗄퇐뺿ꎬ냼삨쳥훆ꆢ믺릹(벴탐헾ퟩ횯)ꆢ죋풱죽늿럖ꆣ탐헾훷쳥퇐뺿뗄쒿뗄ꎬ퓚폚붨솢튻룶췪짆뫏샭뗄탐헾쳥훆ꎬ뿆톧뗘낲업탐헾믺릹벰웤죋풱ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ탐헾훷쳥맜샭퇐뺿ꆣ튪쪹탐헾훷쳥돤럖랢믓웤킧싊폫킧틦ꎬ돽탨튻룶췪 짆뫏샭뗄쳥훆췢ꎬ뮹탨튪춨맽맜샭붨솢튻룶쇩믮폐킧뗄퓋믺훆ꆣ캪듋튪뛔릹돉ퟩ횯뗄훮튪쯘(믺릹ꆢ죋ꆢ닆ꆢ퓋ퟷ돌탲)뗄맜샭뷸탐퇐뺿ꎬ쯼냼삨뇠훆탐헾ꆢ죋쫂탐헾ꆢ닆컱탐헾ꆢ믺맘탐헾뗈쓚죝ꆣ죋쫂탐헾퇐뺿쫇퇐뺿뛔탐헾죋풱뗄맜샭ꎬ훷쳥퇐뺿훐뗄탐헾죋풱퇐뺿쫇퇐뺿ퟩ횯훐룷훖횰캻탐헾죋풱뗄쳘볾ꆢ튪쟳폫ퟷ폃ꆣ솽헟쯤폐솪쾵ꎬ떫퇐뺿쓚죝돤좫늻춬ꆣ ꎨ4ꎩ탐헾맽돌퇐뺿ꆣ탐헾쒿뇪뗄쪵쿖ꎬ탐헾쒿뗄뗄듯떽ꎬ쫇춨맽뻟쳥탐헾믮릦살췪돉뗄ꆣ틲듋뛔탐헾맽돌뗄훮뮷뷚틔벰쿠맘틲쯘뗄퇐뺿ꎬ릹돉탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄튻22
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 룶훷튪쓚죝ꆣ탐헾맽돌놾짭쫇튻룶맜샭맽돌ꎬ틲뛸탨튪돤럖퓋폃맜샭톧뗄돉맻ꎬ쯼냼삨탐헾쇬떼ꆢ탐헾뻶닟ꆢ탐헾횴탐ꎬ틔벰탐헾탅쾢ꆢ탐헾릵춨ꆢ탐헾킭뗷훮뛠쓚죝ꆣ ꎨ5ꎩ탐헾맦랶퇐뺿ꆣ탐헾쫇맺볒탐캪ꎬ쫇퓋폃맺볒좨솦틀램뷸탐뗄ꎬ틲뛸탨튪퇐뺿탐헾맦랶ꆣ쯼냼삨탐헾볠뚽ꆢ볠뚽탐헾폫틀램탐헾뗈쓚죝ꎬ훘뗣퇐뺿탐헾믺맘벰웤죋풱탐헾쪱펦폐뗄탐캪맦랶ꎬ틔벰죧뫎놣횤헢ꆪ맦랶뗃떽ퟱ쫘ꆣ ꎨ6ꎩ탐헾랢햹퇐뺿ꆣ탐헾퓚늻춬맺볒폐늻춬뇭쿖ꎬ늢쯦ퟅ쪱듺ꆢ짧믡뗄랢햹뛸늻뛏랢햹뇤뮯ꆣ틲듋ꎬ폐뇘튪듓탐헾놾짭쳘탔돶랢ꎬ춨맽뇘튪뗄뇈뷏퇐뺿ꎬ첽쯷탐헾쇬폲쓚뗄랢햹쟷쫆뫍ퟷ캪헻쳥뗄탐헾뗄랢햹쳘뗣ꆣ 뒫춳퇐뺿훐뗄컷랽탐헾톧뷡릹 냑폫죋샠짧믡쿠맘뗄쫀뷧뮮럖캪뿍맛쾵춳ꆢ훷맛쾵춳뫍볛횵쾵춳ꎬ쫇죋샠돶폚죏쪶샭뷢뫍냑컕쫀뷧뗄튪쟳ꆣ뛸쟒ꎬퟔ듓죋샠짧믡닺짺틔살ꎬ튻쟐틲죋샠짧믡짺믮뗄탨쟳뛸탎돉뗄쾵춳뚼냼몬ퟅ헢죽룶랽쏦뗄쓚죝ꆣ듓쫂맺볒폫짧믡릫릲쫂컱맜샭뗄탐헾톧튲늻샽췢ꎬ쯼쫇평뿍맛뷡릹쾵춳ꆢ훷맛뷡릹쾵춳뫍볛횵뷡릹쾵춳헢퇹죽룶쾵춳릹돉뗄튻훖쳘뚨뗄폐믺헻쳥ꆣ 탐헾톧쳥쾵뗄뿍맛뷡릹쫇탐헾쳥훆ꆢ탐헾ퟩ횯ꆢ탐헾뷡릹뫍탐헾죋쫂풴뗈컯훊탔튪쯘횮볤맘쾵뗄듦퓚뫍퓋ퟷ랽쪽ꆣ룷튪쯘룷ퟔ틔웤쯼튪쯘뗄듦퓚캪잰쳡ꎬ쎿튻튪쯘뚼훆풼뫍펰쿬ퟅ웤쯼튪쯘ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ튻룶짧믡쫇톡퓱쏱훷뗄뮹쫇뛀닃뗄탐헾쳥훆ꎬ퓚탐헾ퟩ횯ꆢ탐헾믺릹뫍탐헾죋쫂풴뗄엤훃뗈랽쏦뗄ힴ뿶튲쫇췪좫늻춬뗄ꆣ쿠랴ꎬ탐헾ퟩ횯ꆢ믺릹뫍탐헾죋쫂풴뗄엤훃튲뻶뚨ퟅ탐헾쳥훆뗄탔훊ꎬ탐헾쳥훆뗄폅쇓튲뇘탫춨맽탐헾ퟩ횯ꆢ믺릹틔벰탐헾죋쫂풴엤훃뗈튪쯘쳥쿖돶살ꆣ틲듋ꎬ탐헾쳥훆ꆢ탐헾ퟩ횯ꆢ탐헾믺릹ꆢ탐헾죋쫂풴뗈튪쯘횮볤뗄쿠뮥솪쾵뫍쿠뮥펰쿬릹돉쇋튻룶뚯첬뗄ꆢ쾵춳뗄뷡릹헻쳥ꆣ 훷맛뷡릹쾵춳쫇횸탐헾좨솦ꆢ탐헾램싉ꆢ탐헾헾닟뫍탐헾맜샭랽램뗈뺫짱탔뗄훷맛튪쯘릹돉뗄룷훖맘쾵뗄ퟜ뫍ꆣ퓚맣틥짏ꎬ탐헾톧쳥쾵뗄훷맛뷡릹쾵춳튲펦냼삨23
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 햼춳훎뗘캻뗄헾훎맛쓮ꆢ쮼쿫틢쪶탎첬뫍컄뮯탄샭뷡릹뗈틲쯘ꆣ룷룶튪쯘횮볤쫇쿠뮥솪쾵ꎬ쿠뮥펰쿬뫍쿠뮥늹돤뗄ꆣ좨솦탨튪뗃떽램싉뗄횧돖뫍평램싉살볓틔좷뚨ꎬ뛸램싉퓲탨튪뷨훺폚좨솦볓틔횴탐뫍듓좨솦쓇샯믱뗃ퟷ캪탐헾맦랶짵훁짧믡맦랶뗄잿훆솦솿ꆣ헾닟쫇쇙쪱탔뗄램싉ꎬ쫇램싉뗄뻟쳥뮯뫍폐킧늹돤ꆣ춬퇹ꎬ탐헾맜샭랽램폖쫇좨솦ꆢ램싉ꆢ헾닟뗈틲쯘뗄ퟛ뫏쳥쿖ꆣ 듦퓚ퟅ탐헾틢횾ꆢ탐헾틥컱ꆢ탐헾퓰죎뫍탐헾죋룱뗈믹놾튪쯘ꎬ헢킩튪쯘틔탐헾훷쳥캪퓘쳥ꎬ늢뷨훺폚탐헾훷쳥뛸릹돉튻룶춳튻뗄헻쳥ꎬ탎돉쇋탐헾톧볛횵뷡릹쾵춳ꆣ맺볒틢횾뗄탐헾횴탐뫍짧믡릫릲쫂컱뗄탐헾맜샭쫇평탐헾훷쳥살돐떣뗄ꎬ탐헾훷쳥뇘좻폫ퟷ캪맜샭뛔쿳뗄탐헾뿍쳥횮볤랢짺룷훖룷퇹뗄맘쾵ꎬ뛸볛횵맘쾵뻍쫇듦퓚폚튻쟐탐헾맘쾵횮훐ꎬ늢뛔헢킩맘쾵웰ퟅ룐탔횧엤ퟷ폃뗄틲쯘ꆣ볛횵맘쾵쫗쿈쫇튻훖솪쾵뗄쓚죝ꎬ떫쯼퓚탐헾쳥쾵훐폖늻쫇튻훖뛀솢듦퓚뗄맘쾵ꎬ틲캪ꎬ퓚짧믡쾵춳훐듦퓚ퟅ훮죧믩틶ꆢ볒춥ꆢퟚ뷌ꆢퟔ랢ퟩ횯뗄짧췅뗈뗈뒿듢볛횵맘쾵뗄쇬폲ꎬ뛸퓚탐헾톧쳥쾵훐ꎬ볛횵맘쾵쫇냼몬퓚웤쯼탐헾맘쾵횮훐뗄ꆣ 탐헾볛횵맘쾵늻쿱웤쯼뗄탐헾맘쾵쓇퇹쏷쿔뗘뇭슶폚췢ꆣ뺡맜죧듋ꎬ탐헾볛횵맘쾵폖쫇탐헾톧쳥쾵훐늻뿉좱짙뗄틲쯘ꎬ틲캪늻뷶웤쯼탐헾맘쾵탨튪뗃떽볛횵맘쾵뗄횧돖ꎬ뛸쟒헻룶탐헾톧쳥쾵쫇럱붡좫튲쫇틔볛횵맘쾵캪뇪돟뗄ꆣ뺡맜죋쏇퓚탐헾쳥쾵훐췹췹쫗쿈뾴떽뗄쫇좨솦맘쾵ꆢ램싉맘쾵뫍죋쫂맘쾵뗈뗈ꎬ죧맻헢킩맘쾵늻춬쪱냩짺ퟅ볛횵맘쾵뻍뫜쓑퓚탐헾톧쳥쾵훐랢믓ퟷ폃ꆣ틲캪ꎬ탐헾볛횵맘쾵쫇웤쯼탐헾맘쾵뗄뗷뷚틲쯘ꎬ뿉틔늹돤웤쯼탐헾맘쾵뗄좱쿝뫍늻ퟣꆣ 쯤좻탐헾볛횵맘쾵쫇틾뇎뗘듦퓚폚웤쯼탐헾맘쾵횮훐뗄ꎬ떫좴펵폐ퟔ벺뗄뫡쿲췸싧뫍ퟝ쿲닣듎뷡릹ꆣ샭뷢탐헾볛횵뷡릹쾵춳ꎬ탨튪듓ퟷ캪헻쳥뗄탐헾훷쳥ꆪꆪ탐헾ퟩ횯뫍ퟷ캪룶쳥뗄탐헾훷쳥ꆪꆪ탐헾죋풱ꎬ틔벰탐헾훷쳥폫탐헾뿍쳥뗄맘쾵ퟅ쫖ꆣ 쫗쿈ꎬ탐헾ퟩ횯쫇탐헾쳥쾵훐ퟮ훷튪뗄쪵쳥탔틲쯘ꎬ쫇튻룶듓훐퇫떽뗘랽닣닣럖샠뗄ퟩ횯쳥쾵ꎬ헻룶맺볒뻍쫇튻룶ퟩ횯쳥쾵ꎬ탐헾쳥쾵튲쫇튻룶ퟩ횯쳥쾵ꎬ퓚탐헾쳥쾵뗄쎿튻닣벶짏폖폐ퟅ탭뛠럖샠ퟩ횯ꎬ틲뛸듦퓚ퟅ짏쿂릵춨ꆢퟳ폒킭뗷ꆢ쏜쟐엤뫏뗄ퟝ쿲뫍뫡쿲뗄ퟩ횯맘쾵ꆣ 웤듎ꎬ탐헾ퟩ횯믮뚯믲탐헾탐캪쫇평탐헾죋풱살횴탐뗄ꎬ쎻폐탐헾죋풱튲뻍컞24
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 쯹캽탐헾ퟩ횯ꎬ늻뷶탐헾ퟩ횯볤뗄릵춨ꆢ킭뗷뫍엤뫏틀삵폚탐헾죋풱횴탐ꎬ뛸쟒탐헾ퟩ횯쓚늿튲듦퓚ퟅ럖릤뫏ퟷ뗄맘쾵ꆢ쇬떼뫍놻쇬떼뗄맘쾵ꆢ뻶닟폫횴탐뗄맘쾵ꆣ 퓙듎ꎬ탐헾ퟩ횯뗄듦퓚폫랢햹탨튪뻟놸컯훊쳵볾ꎬ헢룶컯훊쳵볾훷튪쫇횸죋쫂풴ꆣ죋쫂풴뗄ퟩ횯뫍뗷엤ꆢ죋쫂맘쾵뗄뗷헻ꆢ죋뗄짽잨폫뷺벶틔벰죋쫂뾼움뫍본뚨뗈ꎬ뚼쫇탐헾ퟩ횯ퟔ컒뗷헻뫍ퟔ컒췪짆뗄훘튪쓚죝ꆣ 뗚쯄ꎬ탐헾쳥쾵늢늻쫇짧믡짺믮훐캨튻뗄쾵춳ꎬ튻쟐탐헾맘쾵뫍탐헾탐캪뚼쫇랢짺뫍듦퓚폚뻟쳥뗄짧믡뮷뺳횮훐뗄ꎬ틲뛸듦퓚ퟅ탐헾훷쳥폫탐헾뮷뺳횮볤뗄맘쾵ꆣ 뗚컥ꎬ떣뢺ퟅ맺볒뫍짧믡릫릲쫂컱맜샭뗄탐헾ퟩ횯쫇튻룶좨솦ퟩ횯ꎬ헢훖좨솦ퟜ쫇횱뷓믲볤뷓뗘횧엤ퟅ짧믡짺믮뗄룷룶랽쏦ꎬ뛸좨솦췹췹폖튪실쪵떽뻟쳥뗄탐헾죋풱쫖훐ꆣ 틲뛸ꎬ좨솦뗄퓋탐랽쪽쫇럱쪼훕놣돖웤릫릲탔훊ꎬ뚼뛔짧믡닆뢻뗄럖엤ꆢ짧믡짺믮뗄낲뚨ꆢ헾훎맛쓮뗄죏춬폐ퟅ훘듳뗄펰쿬ꆣ틲듋ꎬ탐헾틢횾ꆢ탐헾틥컱ꆢ탐헾퓰죎뫍탐헾죋룱랢믓ퟅ훘튪뗄뗷뷚ퟷ폃ꆣ떱좻ꎬ탐헾램싉맦랶뫍탐헾헾닟뺫짱퓚뗷헻헢킩맘쾵랽쏦뇭쿖돶쇋ퟔ뻵뗄ꆢ폐틢쪶뗄쳘헷ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ탐헾램싉맦랶췹췹쫇튻냣탔맦뚨ꎬ뛔럡뢻뛠퇹뫍쇩믮뻟쳥뗄탐헾맘쾵ꆢ탐헾탐캪뛸퇔ꎬ램싉맦랶늢늻뿉쓜컞쯹늻벰ꎬ뛸쟒뛔램싉뗄샭뷢뫍횴탐튲퓚뫜듳돌뛈짏좡뻶폚탐헾틢횾ꆢ탐헾틥컱ꆢ탐헾퓰죎뫍탐헾죋룱뗄ힴ뿶ꆣ탐헾헾닟췹췹쫇틲펦램싉뗄늻ퟣ뛸닉폃뗄쫖뛎ꎬ쫇헫뛔램싉맦랶뗷헻횮췢뗄쇙쪱탔뫍쳘쫢탔컊쳢뛸훆뚨뗄ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ튻쿮탐헾헾닟뗄돶첨ꎬ뇘좻틢캶ퟅ쯼튪뷢뻶뗄컊쳢틑뺭퓚짧믡짺믮훐퓬돉쇋뫜듳뗄펰쿬ꎬ쯹틔헾닟ퟜ쫇쿠뛔훍뫳뗄틲쯘ꆣ탐헾틢횾ꆢ탐헾틥컱ꆢ탐헾퓰죎뫍탐헾죋룱뗈볛횵틲쯘퓲늻춬ꎬ쯼퓚뗷뷚탐헾맘쾵뫍탐헾탐캪랽쏦뇭쿖돶쇋쿈퓚탔ꆢ쇩믮탔ꆢ뻟쳥탔뗄쳘헷ꆣ퓚탐헾볛횵뷡릹쾵춳훐ꎬ탐헾틢횾ꆢ탐헾틥컱ꆢ탐헾퓰죎뫍탐헾죋룱뗈틲쯘쫇쿠뢨쿠돉뗄ꎬퟜ쫇틔쾵춳헻쳥뗄탎쪽퓚탐헾맘쾵뫍탐헾탐캪훐랢믓뗷뷚ퟷ폃ꆣ탐헾훷쳥퓚탐헾쳥쾵훐뗄뗘캻늻춬ꎬ췹췹믡쪹탐헾볛횵뷡릹쾵춳뗄쒳튻튪쯘춹쿔돶살ꎬ떫탐헾훷쳥뻶늻뿉쓜톡퓱쒳튻튪쯘뛸?웺웤쯼튪쯘ꎬ톡퓱쇋튻룶튪쯘튲뻍틢캶ퟅ뷓쫜쇋탐헾볛횵뷡릹쾵춳뗄헻쳥ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ탐헾틢횾뗄잿죵ꎬ놾짭뻍쫇탐헾틥컱룐ꆢ탐헾퓰죎틢쪶뫍탐헾죋룱뗄ퟛ뫏쳥쿖ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ탐헾볛횵뷡릹쾵춳쫇웤룷튪쯘뮥뚯릲듦뗄폐믺헻쳥ꆣ 25
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 랶쪽샭싛뷢뛁뗄컷랽탐헾톧뷡릹 탐헾톧쮼쿫죧춬웤쯻뗄죎뫎쫂컯튻퇹ꎬ튲쫇늻뛏뗘뒦폚랢햹횮훐뗄ꎬ뛸쟒헢훖랢햹뻟폐붻닦탔ꆢ믘뢴탔뗄쳘뗣ꆣ쯹캽ꆰ붻닦탔ꆱꎬ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ웤훐뗄쒳킩훷튪듺뇭죋컯쫇뿧쪱듺뗄ꎬ웤탐헾쮼쿫쫇돐잰웴뫳뗄ꆣ뇈죧ꎬ쏀맺훸쏻뗄탐헾톧볒뫕늮쳘ꆤAꆤ컷쏉ꎬ퓚죽쯄쪮쓪듺쫇탐캪훷틥톧엉뗄듺뇭죋컯ꎬ쯻냑쏀맺짧믡뿆톧뷧랢햹뗄탐캪훷틥뷩짜뫍펦폃폚탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿ꎻ퓚뗚뛾듎쫀뷧듳햽뫳쯻폖붫탐캪뿆톧ꆢ쾵춳샭싛ꆢ퓋돯톧ꆢ볆쯣믺돌탲뗈톧뿆뗄쓚죝컼쫕뫍펦폃폚탐헾뻶닟ꎬ퓚뻶닟샭싛뗄퇐뺿랽쏦ퟷ돶쇋훘듳릱쿗ꎬ쫇뻶닟샭싛톧엉뗄뿽쫗ꆣ쯹캽ꆰ믘뢴탔ꆱꎬ뻍쫇횸탐헾쮼쿫뗄랢햹늻쫇뻸뛔뗄좡듺ꎬ튻훖탐헾쮼쿫쿲쇭튻훖탐헾쮼쿫뗄퇝뇤ꎬ뻶늻틢캶ퟅ잰튻훖탐헾쮼쿫뗄쿻쪧ꆣ뿆톧맜샭쮼쿫ꆢ탐캪뿆톧샭싛퓚떱듺죔좻뻟폐맣랺뗄펰쿬ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ뛔폚룷훖탐헾쮼쿫벰웤훷튪듺뇭죋컯뗄죏쪶ꎬ컒쏇늻쓜맽폚믺킵ꎬ룣ꆰ튻떶쟐ꆱꆣ 룹뻝뿢뛷랶쪽뗄뷢뛁ꎬ탐헾톧뗄뫋탄샭싛살풴폚헾훎톧ꎬ믹뒡샭싛쫇뺭볃톧뫍맜샭톧ꎬ퓙췢튻닣쫇탐헾뺭퇩뗄샭싛퇐뺿ꎬퟮ췢튻닣쫇탐헾뺭퇩ꆣ 쫗쿈쫇탐헾톧폫헾훎톧뗄맘쾵ꆣ퓚췾뛻톷횮잰ꎬퟷ캪탐헾톧퇐뺿뛔쿳뗄탐헾룅쓮ꎬ튻횱쫇냼몬퓚헾훎룅쓮횮훐뗄ꎬ틲듋튲늻뿉쓜폐튻쏅뛀솢뗄탐헾톧ꆣퟷ캪탐헾톧뗄뒴쪼죋ꎬ췾뛻톷ퟮ듳뗄릱쿗퓚폚쳡돶쇋헾훎ꆪ탐헾뛾럖램ꎬ늢뻝듋붫탐헾톧ퟷ캪튻쏅뛀솢뗄톧뿆듓헾훎톧훐럖샫돶살ꆣ췾뛻톷죏캪ꎺꆰ탐헾맜샭쫇헾뢮릤ퟷ훐벫캪쿔훸뗄튻늿럖ꎬ쯼쫇탐뚯훐뗄헾뢮ꎻ쯼뻍쫇헾뢮뗄횴탐ꎬ헾뢮뗄닙ퟷꎬ뻍쫇헾뢮[16]릤ퟷ훐ퟮ쿔퇛뗄늿럖ꎬ늢쟒뻟폐폫헾뢮놾짭춬퇹폆뻃뗄뺭샺ꆣꆱ뻍탐헾폫헾훎뗄맘쾵살뾴ꎬ튻랽쏦ꎬ탐헾늻춬폚헾훎ꎬꆰ탐헾맜샭쫇훃짭폚ꆮ헾훎ꆯ쯹쳘폐뗄랶캧횮췢뗄ꆣ탐헾맜샭뗄컊쳢늢늻쫴폚헾훎컊쳢ꆣ쯤퓲탐헾맜샭뗄죎컱쫇평헾훎볓틔좷[17]뚨뗄ꎬ떫헾훎좴컞탨ퟔ헒싩랳좥횱뷓횸믓탐헾맜샭믺릹ꆱꎬꆰ헾훎쫇ꆮ퓚훘듳뛸쟒듸웕뇩탔뗄쫂쿮ꆯ랽쏦뗄맺볒믮뚯ꎬ뛸퓚쇭튻랽쏦ꎬꆮ탐헾맜샭ꆯ퓲쫇ꆮ맺볒퓚룶뇰뫍쾸캢쫂쿮랽쏦뗄믮뚯ꆣ틲듋ꎬ헾훎쫇헾훎볒뗄쳘쫢믮뚯랶캧ꎬ뛸탐헾맜샭벼쫵탔횰풱뗄쫂쟩ꆣꆯꆮ헾닟죧맻쎻폐탐헾맜샭뗄냯훺뻍붫튻쫂컞돉ꎬꆯ떫탐헾맜샭26
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 [18]늢늻틲듋뻍쫇헾훎ꆣꆱ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ탐헾폫헾훎폖쏜쟐쿠맘ꎬꆰ탐헾뿆톧쫇헾훎뿆톧뗄ퟮ탂돉맻ꎬ헾훎뿆톧쫇듳풼솽잧뛾냙쓪잰뻍뾪쪼쇋뗄튻쏅톧컊ꆣ탐헾뿆톧쫇컒[18]쏇놾쫀볍뗄닺컯ꎬ늢쟒벸뫵쫇컒쏇헢튻듺뗄닺컯ꆣꆱ 떫늻죝뫶쫓뗄튻룶쫂쪵쫇ꎺ탐헾톧랢햹샺돌훐죔좻쫜헾훎톧랽램뗄펰쿬ꆣ죧20쫀볍40ꆪ60쓪듺뗄컷랽탐캪훷틥헾훎톧뻍벫듳뗘펰쿬떽탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿ꎬ떱쪱뗄탐헾톧볒컷쏉ꆢ듯뛻ꆢ컖뛻뛠ꆢ삭쮹캤뛻뫍쇖뗂늼싥쒷뗈죋튲쫇헾훎톧볒ꎻ뛸70쓪듺돵뗄탂릫릲탐헾톧룼놻돆ퟷꆰ쫇냑헾훎뿆톧뫍탐헾뿆톧솪뷡퓚튻웰뗄릫릲탐헾톧뗄뒫춳횪쪶뗄훘탂퇐뺿ꆱꆣ헾훎톧퓚퇐뺿헾훎뗄놾훊벴헾훎맘쾵벰웤랢햹맦싉뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ튲튪뛔헾훎뗄볛횵탎첬ꆢ탐캪탎첬ꆢퟩ횯탎첬ꆢ컄뮯탎첬ꆢ맦퓲뫍훆뛈탎첬벰웤헢킩탎첬뗄랢햹뗈럖뇰햹뾪퇐뺿ꆣ헽쫇뛔짧믡헾훎쿖쿳뗄헢킩뻟쳥췢퇓탎첬뗄퇐뺿ꎬ릹돉쇋헾훎톧퇐뺿뗄럡뢻뗄뛠랽쏦쓚죝ꆣ퓚죋샠퇐뺿헾훎쿖쿳뗄뎤웚샺쪷맽돌훐ꎬ헾훎톧뗄쓚죝ꎬ쫇쯦ퟅ짧믡헾훎짺믮뗄랢햹뫍죋쏇뛔폚헾훎쿖쿳뗄죏쪶뗄짮뮯뛸늻뛏랢햹뗄ꎬ쪱훁뷱죕ꎬ헾훎톧뗄쓚죝틑뺭쿠떱맣랺ꆣ내헕늻춬뗄뇪ힼꎬ죋쏇뿉틔뛔헾훎톧뗄쓚죝ퟷ늻춬뗄럖샠ꎬ뇈죧내헕웤쫀뷧맛뫍랽램싛뗄뇪ힼꎬ뿉틔뮮럖캪십뿋쮼훷틥헾훎톧폫럇십뿋쮼훷틥헾훎톧ꎻ내헕웤릦쓜ꎬ뿉틔뮮럖캪샭싛퇐뺿뫍펦폃퇐뺿ꎻ내헕웤럖컶뗄뷇뛈뫍닣듎ꎬ뿉틔뮮럖캪뫪맛헾훎톧뫍캢맛헾훎톧ꎻ내헕웤퇐뺿뛔쿳쫇럱틔헾뢮캪훷ꎬ뿉틔뮮럖캪헾뢮뗄헾훎톧폫럇헾뢮뗄헾훎톧ꆣ뻍웤퇐뺿쇬폲살뾴ꎬ늻춬쪱웚뫍늻춬맺볒뛔헾훎톧뗄퇐뺿쓚죝튲폐늻춬뗄뮮럖뫍좷뚨ꆣ1948쓪맺볊헾훎뿆톧킭믡돉솢듳믡짏ꎬ죋쏇냑헾훎뗄퇐뺿뮮럖캪헾훎샭싛ꎬ헾훎훆뛈ꎬ헾떳ꆢ폟싛뫍헾훎췅쳥ꎬ맺볊헾훎뗈쯄룶믹놾쇬폲ꆣ쏀맺톧헟룱쇖쮹첹뫍늨뛻쮹뇈훷뇠뗄냋뻭놾뗄ꎨ헾훎톧쫖닡ꆷ훐ꎬ냑헾훎톧럖캪냋룶랽쏦뗄퇐뺿쓚죝ꎬ벴헾훎톧뗄랶캧폫샭싛ꆢ캢맛헾훎ꆢ뫪맛헾훎ꆢ럇헾뢮헾훎ꆢ헾뢮쳥훆폫맽돌ꆢ헾닟폫헾닟훆뚨ꆢ퇐뺿랽램ꆢ맺볊헾훎뗈ꆣ 컒맺뗄헾훎톧듓놾훊짏살붲ꎬ컞틉펦룃쫇십뿋쮼훷틥헾훎톧ꆣ듓헾훎톧쓚죝뗄벼쫵럖샠살붲ꎬ컒맺뗄헾훎톧ퟜ쳥짏럖캪쯄듳샠ꎬ벴헾훎톧샭싛ꎨ냼몬훐췢헾훎쮼쿫ꎩꆢ훐췢헾훎훆뛈ꆢ탐헾맜샭ꆢ맺볊헾훎ꆣ헾훎톧횸쏷쇋탐헾톧뗄믹놾틀뻝벰웤랢햹맦싉퓚쪵볊짧믡짺믮훐ꎬ헾뢮뷸탐뗄릫릲맜샭믮뚯ꎬ쫇맺볒릫릲좨솦횱뷓탐쪹뗄맽돌ꎻ뛸럇헾뢮릫릲ퟩ횯뷸탐뗄릫릲맜샭믮뚯ꎬ튲쫇캯췐뫍쫚폨헢킩ퟩ횯뗄맺볒27
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 릫릲좨솦탐쪹뗄맽돌ꎬ틲듋ꎬ컞싛헾뢮뮹쫇럇헾뢮뗄릫릲ퟩ횯뷸탐뗄릫릲맜샭믮뚯ꎬ뚼쫇틔맺볒릫릲좨솦ퟷ캪믹놾틀뻝뗄ꆣ맘폚맺볒릫릲좨솦뗄닺짺풭틲ꆢ놾훊쫴탔ꆢ믹놾쳘뗣뫍랢햹맦싉뗄닻쫶ꎬ맘폚릫릲좨솦탎돉뗄릫릲좨췾쿖쿳ꆢ짧믡헾훎훈탲틔벰늻춬샠탍뗄릫릲좨솦횮볤맘쾵뗄럖컶ꎬ릹돉쇋헾훎톧퇐뺿뫍뷌폽뗄믹놾쓚죝ꆣ평듋뿉볻ꎬ횻폐뺭맽헾훎톧뗄톧쾰ꎬ죋쏇닅쓜짮뿌샭뷢뫍냑컕뷸탐릫릲맜샭ꆢ맡뎹뫍쪵쪩릫릲헾닟뗄좨솦욾뷨ꎬ듓뛸내헕릫릲좨솦뗄쳘탔뫍랢햹맦싉살뿆톧뗘뷸탐릫릲맜샭믮뚯ꆣ헾훎톧닻쏷쇋릫릲맜샭뗄믹놾볛횵좡쿲벰웤랢짺뫍랢햹뗄룹풴ꆣ릫릲맜샭쫇쪵쿖릫릲샻틦뗄맜샭믮뚯ꎬ뻍짧믡볛횵닣듎살뾴ꎬ릫릲샻틦뻟폐뛠훘볛횵ퟛ뫏릹돉탔ꎬ쯼냼삨짺듦ꆢ낲좫ꆢ훈탲ꆢ킧싊ꆢ릫욽ꆢ릫헽ꆢ쏱훷뫍킧틦뗈믹놾볛횵ꆣ헢킩볛횵펰쿬ퟅ릫릲맜샭뗄ퟩ횯뫍훆뛈릹돉ꎬ뻶뚨ퟅ릫릲좨솦뗄뫏램탔돌뛈뫍쪵볊퓋탐랽쿲ꎬ횧엤ퟅ릫릲헾닟뗄훆뛈뫍쪵쪩좡쿲ꎬ뻍듋뛸퇔ꎬ릫릲맜샭쫇릫릲볛횵쪵쿖뗄맽돌ꆣ헾훎톧뛔헢킩릫릲볛횵뗄쓚몭뫍닺짺룹풴햹뾪닻쫶ꎬ쪹죋쏇쓜릻헽좷냑컕짧믡릫릲짺믮뗄볛횵좡쿲ꎬ짮뿌샭뷢릫릲맜샭뗄볛횵쓚몭ꎬ뷸뛸톡퓱쟐쪵뿉탐뗄릫릲볛횵ꎬ훆뚨헽좷뗄릫릲맜샭햽싔ꎬ뷸탐훆뛈룄룯뫍뒴탂ꎬ쪵쿖헾닟뗷헻뫍뒴탂ꎬ듓뛸쳡룟맜샭뗄뿆톧탔ꆢ폐킧탔ꆣ 늻짙훸쫶뚼횸돶ꎬ탐헾맜샭벴횸탐헾ꎬ탐헾톧뻍쫇탐헾맜샭톧ꎬ뷸뛸쳡돶탐헾톧볈쫇헾훎톧뗄럖횧ꎬ폖쫇맜샭톧뗄럖횧ꆣ헢훖쳡램뛔탐헾톧뗄톧뿆랢햹펰쿬뫜듳ꎬ쪹탐헾톧퓚톧뿆쳥쾵훐뻓폚듎튪뗄뗘캻ꆣ펦룃쏷좷뗘횸돶ꎬ탐헾폫탐헾맜샭쫇폐쟸뇰뗄ꎺ탐헾쫇횸맺볒뛔짧믡뷸탐뗄릫릲맜샭ꎬ탐헾맜샭퓲쫇횸탐헾쇬폲훐뗄맜샭믮뚯ꆣ탐헾맜샭춨뎣폐맣틥폫쿁틥솽훖샭뷢ꆣ맣틥뗄탐헾맜샭횸뻟쳥탐헾쇬폲쓚뗄ꆪ쟐맜샭믮뚯ꎬ쿁틥뗄탐헾맜샭퓲횸뛔탐헾훷쳥쯹뷸탐뗄맜샭ꆣ춨뎣죋쏇쯹붲뗄탐헾맜샭쳥훆벴듓쿁틥뷇뛈살쪹폃탐헾맜샭튻듊ꆣ맣틥뗄탐헾맜샭쳥훆퓚뻟쳥짦벰룷룶쇬폲죧뷌폽ꆢ뿆벼ꆢ뺭볃쪱ꎬ퓲돆캪맺볒뗄뷌폽쳥훆ꆢ뿆벼쳥훆ꆢ뺭볃쳥훆ꆣ틲듋ꎬ탐헾맜샭톧쫇탐헾톧뗄튻룶럖횧ꎬ춬쪱튲쫇맜샭톧뗄튻룶럖횧ꎬ쫇맜샭뿆톧풭샭퓚탐헾쇬폲훐뗄뻟쳥퓋폃ꆣ탐헾톧ퟷ캪튻쏅듳톧뿆쯹튪퇐뺿뗄뛔쿳ꆣ늻뷶냼삨탐헾뗄맜샭맽돌ꎬ룼튪퇐뺿탐헾뗄풭샭ꆢ탐헾뗄훷쳥ꆢ탐헾뗄랢햹뗈쓚죝ꆣ 웤듎쫇맜샭톧폫탐헾톧뗄맘쾵ꆣ맜샭톧랢뛋폚웳튵맜샭ꎬ뷸뛸랢햹캪뛔짧믡맜28
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 샭쿖쿳뫍맦싉뗄퇐뺿ꎬ웤닠훘뗣죔퓚폚뛔웳튵맜샭뗄퇐뺿ꎬ퇐뺿죧뫎쳡룟킧싊ꆣ뛸탐헾톧훷튪퇐뺿뛔쿳쫇헾뢮맜샭ꎬ쫇퓋폃릫릲좨솦뛔짧믡릫릲쫂컱뗄맜샭ꎬ웤ힷ쟳뗄뫋탄볛횵쫇릫욽뫍킧싊ꆣ컷랽탐헾맜샭쮼쿫뗄랢햹폫맜샭쮼쿫뗄퇝뷸볈쿠뮥펰쿬폖쿠뮥째춸ꎬ튻킩톧엉뗄듺뇭죋볈쫇맜샭톧볒튲쫇탐헾톧볒ꆣ쯻쏇퓚튻뚨쪱웚뗄맜샭샭싛춬쪱튲쫇춬쪱웚뗄탐헾맜샭샭싛ꆣ틔첩샕캪듺뇭뗄뿆톧맜샭샭싛횱뷓췆뚯쇋탐헾뗄뇤룯뫍뛔탐헾뗄퇐뺿ꆣ튻킩헾뢮맜샭헟냑뿆톧맜샭뗄풭퓲퓋폃폚믺맘냬릫쫒맜샭ꎬ냑뿆톧맜샭샭싛퓋폃떽뷌폽뫍쫐헾믺릹ꆣ헢튻쪱웚뗄탐헾톧볒듓뿆톧맜샭샭싛훐뗃떽웴뗏ꆣ쳡돶쇋탐헾맜샭뗄튻킩풭퓲뫍풭샭ꎬ틔듋살횸떼튻쟐탐헾릤ퟷꎬ듯떽쳡룟탐헾킧싊뗄쒿뗄ꆣ뮳쳘뗄ꆶ탐헾톧떼싛ꆷꆢ췾샍뇏뗄ꆶ탐헾톧풭샭ꆷ뫍럑뢻쓉뗄ꆶ탐헾톧ꆷ쫜뿆톧맜샭샭싛뗄펰쿬ꎬ뛔탐헾맜샭뗄풭샭ꆢ풭퓲ꆢ쳥쾵뗈뷸탐쇋뷏캪쿪뺡뗄럖컶ꆣ탐헾톧쳥쾵듳쳥탎돉ꎬ늢ퟷ캪튻쏅뛀솢톧뿆ퟮ훕좷뚨쿂살ꆣ뿆톧맜샭훘킧싊뗄쮼쿫ꎬ횱뷓펰쿬떽탐헾맜샭뗄볛횵샭쓮ꆣ 탐헾ퟩ횯쫇탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄믹놾컊쳢횮튻ꆣ틔램풼뛻뫍캤늮캪듺뇭뗄맜샭ퟩ횯샭싛횱뷓펰쿬떽탐헾ퟩ횯뗄샭싛뫍쪵볹ꆣ램풼뛻뗄맜샭컥튪쯘뫍쪮쯄쿮풭퓲ꎬ닺짺쇋맣랺뗄펰쿬ꎬ탭뛠탐헾톧뗄맛뗣뫍쫵폯뚼틔듋캪믹뒡ꆣ뇈죧쯻뗄맜샭컥튪쯘뻍쫇탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄탐헾맽돌뗄컥쿮횰쓜ꎺ벴볆뮮횰쓜ꆢퟩ횯횰쓜ꆢ횸믓횰쓜ꆢ킭뗷횰쓜뫍뿘훆횰쓜ꆣ캤늮뗄맙쇅벯좨ퟩ횯샭싛캪탭뛠탐헾ퟩ횯샭싛톧볒쯹볌돐ꎬ쿖듺컷랽맺볒뗄탐헾ퟩ횯쳥훆뻍쫇캤늮뗄맙쇅벯좨ퟩ횯쳥훆ꆣ뺡맜헢훖쳥훆퓚떱듺쫜떽훚뛠엺움ꎬ떫맙쇅벯좨ퟩ횯샭싛뛔탐헾ퟩ횯샭싛뗄펰쿬쫇짮풶뗄ꆣ 탐캪뿆톧쪱웚냍쓉뗂죏캪헽쪽ퟩ횯쫇튻룶킭ퟷ뗄쾵춳ꎬ냼몬킭ퟷ뗄틢풸ꆢ릲춬뗄쒿뇪뫍탅쾢솪쾵ꎬ늢쟒냑ퟔ벺뗄릱쿗훷튪맩뷡캪튻킩ꆰ뷡릹탔ꆱ룅쓮뫍ꆰ뚯첬탔ꆱ룅쓮ꆣ쯻쫇럇헽쪽ퟩ횯룅쓮뗄쳡돶헟ꎬ튲쫇뻹뫢샭싛뗄쳡돶헟ꆣ쯻쳡돶쇋탐헾훷맜죋풱뗄횰쓜ꎬ죏캪ퟷ캪튻룶탐헾훷맜죋풱ꎬ웤횰쓜퓚폚캬돖튻룶킭ퟷ얬솦뗄쾵춳ꎬ캬돖ퟩ횯퓋ꆣ컷쏉죏캪퓧웚탐헾톧헟쫔춼붨솢웕뇩쫊폃뗄탐헾풭퓲쫇늻뿆톧뗄ꎬ쯻훷헅탐헾톧퇐뺿펦떱틔쫂쪵컊쳢캪뛔쿳ꎬ헫뛔쫂컯뗄맦싉탔ퟷ뺭퇩탔ꆢ쪵횤탔퇐뺿ꎬ펦떱ퟅ훘뛔죋뗄탐캪뻶닟믮뚯ꆢ탅쾢릵춨뗈뚯첬뗄뚫컷뷸탐퇐뺿ꎻ퓚탐헾뻶닟샭싛랽쏦ꎬ컷쏉죏캪뻶닟쫇탐헾뗄훐탄ꎬ쯻쾵춳뗄퇐뺿쇋탐헾뻶닟맽돌ꎬ퇐뺿쇋뻶29
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 닟맽돌훐뗄쫂쪵틲쯘뫍볛횵틲쯘ꎻ퓚탐헾ퟩ횯랽쏦ꎬ컷쏉듓뻶닟맽돌뷇뛈살뾼달탐헾ퟩ횯뗄탔훊뫍ퟷ폃ꎬ죏캪탐헾ퟷ폃퓚폚쳡릩튻룶폐샻폚ퟶ돶뫏샭뻶닟뗄ퟩ횯뷡릹ꎬ쯻냑탐헾ퟩ횯뷡릹쫓캪평튻쾵쇐뻶닟탐캪탎돉뗄뻶닟맽돌ꆣ탐캪뿆톧냑맜샭뗄훘탄틆떽틔죋캪훐탄ꎬ퓋폃탐캪뿆톧뗄샭싛퇐뺿탐헾톧ꎬ탐헾톧좡뗃뎤ퟣ랢햹ꆣ릫릲헾닟ꆢ탐헾탄샭ꆢ릫릲맘쾵ꆢ탐헾쇬떼탐캪ꆢ탐헾싗샭뗈뚼뷸죫탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄쫓튰ꎬ헢늻떫췘햹쇋탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿쓚죝ꎬ뛸쟒퓚룼짮뗄닣듎짏첽쯷탐헾맜샭뗄맦싉ꆣ 퓙듎쫇뺭볃톧폫탐헾톧뗄맘쾵ꆣ쿖듺맜샭쪱웚돉릦퓋폃쇋쾵춳싛ꆢ뺭볃톧뗈샭싛ꎬ돶쿖쇋쾵춳맜샭톧엉ꆢ좨뇤샭싛톧엉ꆢ릫릲탐헾톧엉ꆢ탂릫릲맜샭톧엉뗈훚뛠톧엉ꎬ틔훁폚쏀맺톧헟뿗듄돆횮캪ꆰ맜샭샭싛뗄듔쇖ꆱ쪱웚ꆣ뺭볃톧훐뗄릫릲톡퓱샭싛뫍탂훆뛈뺭볃샭싛뛔컷랽뗄릫릲탐헾닺짺쇋훘듳뗄펰쿬ꆣ틔늼뾲쓏캪쫗뗄릫릲톡퓱샭싛볒뗄럖컶돶랢뗣쫇죋쫇샭탔뗄ퟔ샻훷틥헟ꎬ쯻뗄탐캪뚯믺쫇ퟔ샻뗄ꆢ탐뚯짏폖쫇샭탔뗄ꎬ틔믱뗃ퟔ짭샻틦뗄ퟮ듳뮯ꎬ평듋틽랢쇋뛔헾뢮ퟷ폃뫍횰쓜뗄쿞훆ꆣ평웳튵쯹폐좨뫍뺭펪좨럖샫틽랢뗄듺샭샭싛튲놻틽폃떽헾훎뫍탐헾쇬폲ꆣ탂릫릲맜샭뗄샭싛믹뒡쫗쿈쫇릫릲늿쏅뺭볃톧,웤뫋탄늿럖쫇릫릲닆헾톧ꆣ탂릫릲맜샭샭싛뗄뺭볃톧믹뒡훐폖삨쇋탂훆뛈뺭볃톧쳥쾵훐뗄훮훖샭싛ꆣ웤튻,캯췐ꆪ듺샭샭싛ꆣ퓚헾뢮폫릫릲탐헾쇬폲,릫쮾폫헾훎볒ꆢ헾훎볒폫탐헾맙풱횮볤뻹듦퓚ퟅ튻훖캯췐ꆪ듺샭맘쾵,캯췐죋폫듺샭죋뗄쒿뇪돥춻폫탅쾢늻뛔돆쫇캯췐듺샭컊쳢뗄뫋탄ꆣ퓚폐킧샭탔폫믺믡훷틥뗄ꆰ뺭볃죋ꆱ잰쳡쿂,듺샭죋샻틦폫캯췐죋샻틦캴뇘튻훂,쯻뫜뿉쓜뻍좥ힷ쟳룶죋샻틦뛸냑캯췐죋뗄샻틦럅퓚듎튪캻훃,짵훁늻쾧틔컾짼캯췐죋뗄샻틦캪듺볛ꆣ캪쇋놣횤맙풱뫍헾뢮믺릹쓜릻내헕캯췐죋뗄틢횾탐쫂,뇘탫붨솢뛔헾뢮ퟩ횯뗄볠뚽믺훆ꆣ웤뛾ꎬ붻틗돉놾샭싛ꆣ헢쫇탂훆뛈뺭볃톧벰웤닺좨샭싛뗄뫋탄ꆣ퓚닺좨맘쾵뷧뚨쒣뫽늻쟥ꆢ뮷뺳늻좷뚨ꆢ탅쾢늻뛔돆틔벰죋샠폐쿞샭탔폫맦퓲?랦뗈쟩뿶쿂,붻틗돉놾믡룟뗃틬뎣ꆣ틲듋,헾뢮잿뮯퓚닺좨훆뛈ꆢ좷솢쿠맘뗄램싉훈탲뗄ퟷ폃,춨맽뫏샭뗄훆뛈낲업뫍훆뛈뒴탂,뿉틔폐킧뗘뿘훆폫복짙붻틗돉놾뗄횧돶,쳡룟뺭볃믮뚯횮쓚퓚킧싊ꆣퟜ횮,탂훆뛈뺭볃톧뿏뚨쇋탂릫릲맜샭샭싛뗄훷맛쓜뚯탔,쳘뇰쫇뛔폚훆뛈릩룸뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ틔냂쮹놾뗄웳튵볒헾뢮샭싛캪듺뇭ꆣ쯼훷튪쫇잿뗷맜샭뗄ퟔ평뮯뫍쫐뎡뮯ꎬ뛸듯떽쳡룟릫릲늿쏅풴엤훃뗄킧싊ꎬ쯵킡헾뢮맦쒣ꎬ복짙헾뢮뾪횧ꎬ30
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 쳡룟럾컱훊솿ꆣ뗇맾쳘뗄탂릫릲럾컱샭싛쫇믹폚뛔냼삨웳튵볒헾뢮샭싛퓚쓚뗄탂릫릲맜샭샭싛뷸탐랴쮼뫍엺에뗄믹뒡짏닺짺뗄ꎬ쯼뗄샭싛살풴쫇릫쏱좨샭싛ꆢ짧쟸폫릫쏱짧믡뗄샭싛ꆢퟩ횯죋놾훷틥폫탂릫릲탐헾톧ꆢ뫳쿖듺릫릲탐헾샭싛ꆣ쯼뗄믹놾쓚몭쫇헾뢮뗄횰쓜쫇럾컱ꎬ뛸늻쫇헆뛦ꎻ릫릲샻틦쫇쒿뇪뛸럇뢱닺욷ꎻ퓚쮼쿫짏튪폐햽싔탔퓚탐뚯짏튪폐쏱훷탔ꎻ캪릫쏱럾컱ꎬ뛸늻쫇캪맋뿍럾컱ꎻ퓰죎늢늻볲떥ꎻ훘쫓죋ꎬ뛸늻쫇횻훘쫓짺닺싊ꆣ ퟮ뫳쫇탐헾뺭퇩닣쏦ꆣ냑쪵볹훐뗄탐헾뺭퇩폃헾훎톧ꆢ맜샭톧ꆢ뺭볃톧틔벰램톧뗄샭싛살퇐뺿ꎬ뻍믡뗃떽뎬풽쪵볹놾짭뗄탂뗄샭싛ꆣ뿆톧퇐뺿늻쓜듓쇣뾪쪼ꎬ뛔폚탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿튲쫇죧듋ꆣ췾뛻톷죏캪ꎬ탐헾톧퇐뺿헟ꆰ뛔폚잰죋퓚헢춬튻쇬폲쯹[19]틑뺭ퟶ맽뗄릤ퟷ펦룃폐쒳훖맀볆ꎬ헢튲뻍쫇쮵튪쇋뷢튻쿂헢튻퇐뺿릤ퟷ뗄샺쪷ꆱꆣ쯻쮵ꎺꆰ펢맺죋쏱뎤웚뛸쟒돉릦뗘퇐뺿쇋틖훆탐헾좨솦뗄틕쫵ꎮ좴틲뛸뻍뺭뎣뫶쫓[20]쇋룄짆탐헾랽램뗄틕쫵ꆣꆱꆰ펢맺뫍쏀맺뗄헾훎쪷늢늻쫇튻늿랢햹탐헾맜샭뗄샺쪷ꎬ뛸쫇튻늿맘탄솢램릤ퟷ뗄샺쪷ꆪꆪ늢늻쫇맘폚헾뢮ퟩ횯릤ퟷ횮룄짆ꎬ뛸쫇맘폚램싉뗄훆뚨뫍헾훎움싛랽쏦횮퇝뷸뗄샺쪷ꆣ틲듋ꎬ컒쏇헽뒦퓚헢퇹튻룶쪱웚ꎬ벴뛔폚컒쏇헢룶뎤웚놳ퟅ훆뚨쿜램뗄훖훖쾰맟냼뢤뗄헾뢮살쮵ꎬ쯼뗄붡뾵웈쟐탨튪폐맘[21]탐헾맜샭뗄퇐뺿뫍뒴퓬살볓틔놣뮤ꆣꆱ퓚쯻뾴살ꎬꆱ탐헾뗄늩쪿뚼닺짺퓚얷훞ꆣ헢쏅뿆톧늢늻쫇컒쏇쯹뒴퓬뗄ꎬ쯼쫇튻쏅췢살뗄뿆톧ꎬ뫜짙쪹폃펢맺쪽믲쏀맺쪽뗄폯퇔맦퓲ꆣ쯼쯹쪹폃뗄뷶뷶쫇췢맺잻뗷ꎬ쯼쯹돂쫶뗄뚫컷뛔컒쏇뗄춷쓔살쮵좫뚼쫇킩틬벺뗄룅쓮ꆣ쯼뗄쒿뇪ꆢ쫂샽뫍뮷뺳ꎬ벸뫵냙럖횮냙쫇틔췢맺쏱ퟥ뗄샺쪷ꆢ췢맺훆뛈뗄쿈샽뫍췢맺룯쏼뗄뷌통캪룹뻝뗄ꆣ쯼평램맺뫍뗂맺뗄뷌쫚쏇쯹랢햹웰살뗄ꎬ웤룷룶ퟩ돉늿럖뺭뎣쫇폫튻룶떥튻맺볒뗄탨튪쿠쫊펦뗄ꎬ늢쟒쫇캪쇋쫊펦룟뛈벯훐뗄헾뢮탎쪽뛸붨솢웰살뗄ꆣ틲듋ꎬ캪쇋싺ퟣ컒쏇뗄튪쟳ꎬ뛔쯼뇘탫볓틔룄퓬ꎮ쪹횮늻횻쫊펦폚튻룶떥튻뛸쟒뷴쏜뷡뫏뗄맺볒ꎬ뛸쟒쫊펦폚튻룶뢴퓓뛸쟒탎쪽뛠퇹뮯뗄맺볒ꎬ늢쟒쪹횮내헕쫊펦폚좨솦룟뛈럖즢뗄헾뢮탎쪽붨솢웰살ꆣ죧맻컒쏇튪펦폃헢훖뿆톧ꎬ컒쏇뇘탫쪹횮쏀맺뮯ꎬ늢쟒늻횻쫇탎쪽짏믲뷶뷶듓폯퇔짏쏀맺뮯ꎬ뛸쫇뇘[22]탫퓚쮼쿫ꆢ풭퓲뫍쒿뇪랽쏦듓룹놾짏볓틔쏀맺뮯ꆱꆣ폐본폚듋ꎬ쯻쏷좷뗘쳡돶쇋쯻뗄탐헾톧맛뗣ꆣ샭싛뗄닺짺ퟜ쫇살풴폚쪵볹ꎬ폖믘맩폚쪵볹뗄ꆣ 31
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 훐맺뗄탐헾톧춬퇹튲폐튻룶놾췁뮯뗄맽돌ꆣ훐맺쫇쫀뷧짏샺쪷ퟮ폆뻃뗄훸쏻뗄컄쏷맅맺횮튻ꎬ폐럡뢻뗄탐헾맜샭뺭퇩ꆣ퓚싾뎤뗄럢붨짧믡ꎬ붨솢쇋튻헻쳗퇏쏜뗄럢붨탐헾맜샭쳥훆ꎬ돶쿖쇋뷏췪헻뗄탐헾맜샭쮼쿫ꆣ퓚뿗ퟓ뗄ꆶ싛폯ꆷꆢ짌뗄ꆶ짌뻽쫩ꆷꆢ쯯커뗄ꆶ쯯ퟓ뇸램ꆷꆢ쮾십잨뗄ꆶ쪷볇ꆷꆢ쮾십맢뗄ꆶ훎춨본ꆷ뗈맅벮훐ꎬ뚼뛔탐헾맜샭폐뷏짮뗄퇐뺿ꆣ웤훐틔훐퇫벯좨뗄듳튻춳맺볒탐헾쳥훆뛈뫍뗈벶즭퇏뗄럢붨맙쇅훆뛈ꎻ훜쏜뗄맙샴맜샭훆뛈ꎬ죧뿆뻙훆ꆢ뾼뫋폫붱돍ꆢ욷캻폫?슻ꆢ훂쫋ꎨ췋택ꎩ뗈훆뛈ꎻ췪놸뗄볠달훆뛈ꎬ죧폹쪷뻀달훆뛈ꆢ퇔맙??훆뛈ꆢ뗘랽볠 달훆뛈뗈ꎻ퇏룱뗄탐헾맜샭램맦ꎬ죧ꆶ쟘싉ꆷꆢꆶ쳆쇹뗤ꆷꆢꆶ쏷쟥믡뗤ꆷ뗈볻뎤폚쫀ꎬ쫇죋샠컄쏷뗄헤맳뗄샺쪷틅닺ꆣ뛔폚컒맺퓚죋샠컄쏷쪷짏뗄쿈뷸돉뻍ꎬ맺췢쫇췆돧놸훁뗄ꆣ맺췢톧헟퓸횸돶ꆰ죽잧쓪잰ꎬ퓚훐맺뗄룅쓮샯ꎬ틑폐쿖듺뮯맜샭뗄싖[23]삪ꎬ죧ퟩ횯ꆢ횰쓜ꆢ킭ퟷꆢ퓶볓킧싊뗄돌탲ꎬ죧룷훖뿘훆랽쪽ꆣꆱ 퓚훐맺맅듺ꎬ쯤좻탎돉쇋쓚죝럡뢻뗄탐헾맜샭훆뛈뫍뺭퇩ꎬ좻뛸뮹쎻폐탎돉쾵춳뗄샭싛ꎬ쎻폐냑탐헾맜샭ퟷ캪튻쏅톧뿆살볓틔퇐뺿ꆣ 쿖듺틢틥짏뗄릫릲탐헾톧쫇듓컷랽맺볒틽뷸뫍뷨본뗄ꆣ퓚19쫀볍쒩20쫀볍돵ꎬ컒맺랭틫돶냦쇋쏀맺톧헟쯹훸뗄ꆶ탐몣튪쫵ꆷ뫍ꆶ탐헾룙쒿ꆷ벰죕놾톧헟훸뗄ꆶ탐헾톧ퟜ싛ꆷ뫍ꆶ탐헾램듩튪ꆷ뗈쫩벮ꆣ솺웴뎬퓚1896 쓪ꆶ싛틫쫩ꆷ훐쳡돶:ꆰ컒맺릫쟤튪톧쾰탐헾톧ꆱ뗄붨틩ꆣ캰듳뗄쏱훷룯쏼쿈탐헟쯯훐즽쿈짺퓚뛔컷랽헾뢮맜샭훆뛈뷸탐뾼달뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ쳡돶쇋솢램ꆢ쮾램ꆢ탐헾ꆢ뾼쫔ꆢ볠달컥좨럖솢ꎬ훐퇫폫뗘랽뻹좨ꎬ톡냎폅탣죋닅뗈탭뛠놦맳뗄탐헾맜샭쮼쿫ꆣ듓놾쫀볍30쓪듺뾪쪼ꎬ훐맺릫릲탐헾톧랽쏦뗄훸뫍컄헂슽탸컊쫀ꎬ웤훐릨쿩죰ꆢ슥냮퇥뫏훸뗄ꆶ얷쏀맙샴훆뛈ꆷ폐뷏듳펰쿬ꆣ튻냣죏캪ꎬ1935쓪평짌컱펡쫩망돶냦뗄헅뷰본뷌쫚뇠킴뗄ꆶ탐헾톧횮샭싛폫쪵볹ꆷ튻쫩ꎬ쫇훐맺ퟮ퓧뗄쾵춳퇐뺿릫릲탐헾톧뗄훸ퟷꎬ쯼듺뇭쇋헢튻쪱웚훐맺릫릲탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄돉뻍ꆣ1934쓪ꎬ맺쏱떳헾뢮짨솢쇋ꆰ탐헾킧싊퇐뺿믡ꆱ뫳룼쏻캪ꆰ탐헾킧싊듙뷸캯풱믡ꆱꎬ늢돶냦쇋냫퓂뾯뗄ꆶ탐헾킧싊ꆷ퓓횾ꆣ퓚맺쓚췢탐헾톧샭싛폫쪵볹췆뚯쿂ꎬ컒맺튻킩룟뗈풺킣튲뾪쪼짨솢탐헾톧뿎돌ꆣ떽40쓪듺ꎬ컒맺탐헾톧훸ퟷ룼뛠쇋ꎬ돉솢쇋탐헾톧믡ꎬ늢볓죫쇋맺볊탐헾뿆톧톧믡ꆣ떫쫇1952쓪좫맺룟뗈풺킣뷸탐풺쾵뗷헻쪱ꎬ좡쿻탐헾톧튵뫍뿎돌ꎬ짧믡뿆톧뗄퇐뺿늿쏅튲32
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 쎻폐짨훃탐헾톧뗄퇐뺿믺릹ꎬ탐헾톧뗄뷌톧뫍퇐뺿튻뛈훐뛏ꆣ1987쓪10퓂ꎬ떳뗄쪮죽듳놨룦헽쪽쳡돶쪵탐릫컱풱훆뛈ꆢ붨솢맺볒탐헾톧풺ꎬ떳뗄쪮쯄듳놨룦냑붨솢뻟폐훐맺쳘즫뗄ꆢ쫊펦짧믡훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃뗄탐헾쳥훆ퟷ캪탐헾맜샭쳥훆룄룯뗄쒿뇪ꎬ떳뗄쪮컥듳놨룦쏷좷쳡돶쇋뷸탐헾뢮탐헾믺릹룄룯뗄죎컱ꎬ듓뛸햹쪾쇋탐헾톧퓚훐맺뗄룼뿬룼듳맦쒣랢햹뗄쏀뫃잰뺰ꆣ룄룯뾪럅틔살ꎬ훐맺탐헾톧듓컞떽폐ꎬ컞싛쫇톧뿆붨짨뮹쫇탐헾룄룯뫍랢햹뗄쿖쪵컊쳢뗄퇐뺿ꎬ좡뗃쇋뫜듳뗄돉벨ꎬ퓚컒맺쿖듺뮯붨짨뫍룄룯뾪럅훐ꎬ뛔헾뢮맜샭뫍탐헾쳥훆룄룯ퟷ돶쇋훘튪릱쿗ꎬ탐헾톧틑쿔쪾돶쯼ퟷ캪짧믡뿆톧뗄훘튪믹뒡톧뿆뫍펦폃톧뿆뗄볛횵뫍잱솦ꆣ컒맺릫릲탐헾톧뗄랢햹쯙뛈쫇뿕잰뗄ꎬ틑좡뗃쇋쿔훸뗄돉벨ꎬ풤쪾쇋훐맺탐헾톧톧뿆잿듳뗄짺쏼솦ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ탐헾톧뗄뿬쯙랢햹놾짭튲퓐폽ퟅ탐헾톧뗄삧뺳ꎬ탐헾톧뗄랢햹뮹듦퓚ퟅ늻ퟣꆣ훷튪뇭쿖퓚ꎺ탐헾톧뗄샭싛퇐뺿폫쿖쪵뗄탐헾룄룯뫍탐헾랢햹뮹듦퓚ퟅ닮뻠ꎬ퓚룄룯뾪럅뫍쿖듺뮯붨짨뷸돌훐ꎬ퓚뺭볃좫쟲뮯뫍쫐뎡뮯뗄놳뺰쿂ꎬ뎬잰퇐뺿늻릻ꎬ좱짙훘듳뗄샭싛춻웆뫍샭싛뒴탂ꎻ뛔헾뢮맽돌ꆢ탐헾돌탲뫍탐헾닙ퟷ닣쏦퇐뺿늻ퟣꎬ헾닟럖컶뫍헾닟퇐뺿뮹뷏놡죵ꎻ틔뿆톧뮯캪훷튪쳘헷뗄쿖듺탐헾톧퇐뺿랽램짐캴돤럖퓋폃뗈ꆣ훐맺릫릲탐헾톧뮹탨늻뛏짮뮯뫍췘햹ꎬ폐훐맺쳘즫뗄릫릲탐헾톧헽퓚랢햹훐ꆣ 랶쪽뗄훖샭싛뫍쫴샭싛퓚늻춬샭싛볤쫇늻뿉틔춨풼뗄ꆣ듳뗄훖샭싛쎻폐첫듳뗄닮틬ꎬ떫쫇듎쫴샭싛뿉틔폐ꆣ훐컷랽뗄탐헾톧샭싛뷡릹폐닮틬ꎬ늻쫇헾훎톧쓚뫋뗄닮틬ꎬ뛸쫇탐헾탐캪뫍뺭퇩뗄닮틬ꆣ퓚놾췁뮯뫍쏱ퟥ뮯뗄뷸돌훐ꎬ탐헾횴탐볓죫훐맺뒫춳뮯뗄뚫컷ꎬ쏱ퟥ탔뫍컄뮯탔뇤잿ꆣ평폚뒫춳뗄맙쇅훆ퟷ럧뗄펰쿬ꎬ퓚탐헾횴탐훐쫇욫훘헻쳥탔ꎬ춻돶쇋킡췅쳥훷틥ꆣ떫쫇퓚컷랽탐헾횴탐훐힢훘룶쳥ꎬ잿뗷룶죋뗄좨솦뫍틥컱ꆣ떱좻퓚솽훖늻춬뗄컄뮯훐ꎬ탐헾뚼쫇뒦샭죋횮볤뗄맘쾵ꎬ쫇죋뗄톧컊ꆣ늻맜쫇탐헾톧뗄쏀맺뮯뮹쫇훐맺뮯ꎬ쓚뫋뫍믹뒡샭싛쫇늻뇤뗄ꆣ탐헾톧뗄뷡릹쫇샠쯆폚뺭볃톧뗄뷡릹ꎬ쪵볊짏헢훖뷡릹쫇튻횱듦퓚뗄ꎬ횻쫇컒쏇튻횱쎻폐힢틢떽ꆣ헢훖뷡릹튲쫇쯼횮쯹틔쓜돉캪튻쏅뛀솢톧뿆뗄믹뒡뫍틀뻝ꆣ 33
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 3 컷랽탐헾톧뗄쒿뗄폫퇐뺿틢틥 죧맻탐헾톧뗄쒿뗄퓚폚뷢쫍쿖쪵쫀뷧훐뗄컊쳢ꎬ쓇쎴컒쏇쓜릻뛔헢킩컊쳢쳡릩쮵쏷늢뛔컞싛폐쎻폐쒳훖헾닟듫쪩펰쿬쿂뗄캴살뷸탐풤닢ꎬ헢쫇퓙샭쿫늻맽뗄쇋ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ쪵볊훐ꎬ쯆뫵뷢쫍폫풤닢횮볤늻뿉볦뗃ꆣ샭싛튪쎴쫇뷢쫍튻뚨뗄랢햹뇤뮯ꎬ튪쎴쫇풤닢뇤솿뗄캴살횵ꎬ떫쫇늻뿉쓜솽룶랽쏦뚼ퟶ뗄뫜뫃ꆣ듯뛻컄뗄뷸뮯싛뻍쫇튻룶뫜뫃뗄샽ퟓꆣ룃샭싛룹뻝컯훖쏰뻸뗃쫂쪵ꎬ뛔짺컯뷸뮯컊쳢ퟶ쇋뫜뫃뗄뷢쫍쮵쏷ꎬ떫쯼늻쓜뫜뫃뗄풤닢쿂튻룶컯훖뗄돶쿖ꆣ쇭튻룶샽ퟓ쫇믹폚헯쯹뗄훎쇆뺭퇩ꎬ컒쏇뿉틔풤닢쒳훖튩욷뛔붡뾵뗄릦킧ꎬ떫쫇컒쏇컞램샭뷢튩욷뗄ퟷ폃믺샭ꆣ 컷랽탐헾톧뗄쒿뗄 탐헾톧쫇틔맺볒탐헾믺맘뛔맺볒쫂컱ꆢ짧믡릫릲쫂컱뫍탐헾믺맘쓚늿쫂컱뷸탐틀램폐킧뗘맜샭캪쒿뗄ꆢ쾵춳뗘퇐뺿탐헾쿖쿳벰웤믮뚯맦싉뗄뿆톧ꆣ헢튻몬틥ꎬ뻟쳥냼삨죧쿂벸룶랽쏦맺볒탐헾믺맘퓚탐헾톧훐뗄훷쳥뗘캻ꎬ탐헾톧뗄뿍쳥쫇맺볒쫂컱ꆢ짧믡릫릲쫂컱뫍탐헾믺맘쓚늿쫂컱ꎬ탐헾톧뗄쿊쏷쳘뗣쫇ힷ쟳탐헾맜샭믮뚯뗄룟킧싊ꎬ쪵쿖맺볒쒿뇪뫍춳훎탐헾맜뷗벶샻틦ꎻ탐헾맜샭믮뚯퓚탔훊짏쫇튻훖횴탐탔믮뚯ꎻ탐헾톧뗄훷튪죎컱쫇첽쳖뫍랢쿖탐헾맜샭믮뚯뗄뿍맛퓋탐맦싉ꎬ탎돉뿆톧샭싛ꎬ쪹탐헾맜샭붨솢퓚뿆톧믹뒡횮짏ꆣ탐헾톧뗄쒿뗄쫇풤닢ꎬ톡퓱튻룶ퟮ쫊뫏뗄탐헾쳥쾵살쪵쿖탐헾맜샭뗄쒿뇪ꆣ 췾뛻톷죏캪ꆰ탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄쒿뇪ꎬ퓚폚쫗쿈튪얪쟥돾헾뢮쓜릻쫊떱뛸쟒돉릦뗘돐떣뗄쫇쪲쎴죎컱ꎬ웤듎튪얪쟥돾헾뢮퓵퇹닅쓜틔뺡뿉쓜뗄킧싊뫍뺡뿉쓜짙뗄뷰잮[24]믲죋솦짏뗄쿻뫄살췪돉헢킩쏅뗄죎컱ꆣꆱ췾뛻톷잿뗷ퟷ캪튻쏅뿆톧ꎬ탐헾톧뗄[25]퇐뺿늻쓜쿞폚ꆰ뒿듢벼쫵쾸뷚뗄쓇훖떥뗷쓚죝횮짏ꆱ뛸펦뛔탐헾맜샭뗄룷룶랽쏦뾪햹샭싛퇐뺿ꎬ쪹탐헾톧뗄샭싛볈폐짮뛈폖폐맣뛈ꎬ탎돉ꆰ탐헾맜샭쓇뇈뷏룟짮뗄[26]샭싛ꆱ뷸뛸쯻쳡돶ꆰ탐헾맜샭톧뗄쒿뗄뻍퓚폚냑탐헾랽램듓뺭퇩탔쪵볹뗄믬싒뫍34
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 [27]샋럑훐헼뻈돶살ꎬ늢쪹쯼쏇짮짮횲룹폚컈뚨뗄풭샭횮짏ꆱꆣ 탐헾톧퓚컷랽룷맺뗄랢햹쯤좻뻟폐늻욽뫢탔ꎬ떫튲뇭쿖돶쇋탭뛠릲춬뗄랢햹쟷쫆ꆣ퇐뺿쇬폲늻뛏삩듳퇐뺿쇬폲뗄늻뛏삩듳뇭쿖캪듓ꆰ뒿탐헾ꆱ뗄퇐뺿삩햹떽뛔탐헾뮷뺳뗄퇐뺿ꎬ죕쟷훘쫓뛔펰쿬탐헾맜샭뗄뿍맛헾훎ꆢ뺭볃뫍웤쯼짧믡틲쯘뗄퇐뺿ꎻ듓헾훎폫탐헾럖샫뗄퇐뺿삩햹떽헾훎폫탐헾퓚탂뗄쇬폲ꎬ엤뫏뗄퇐뺿ꎬ훘쫓헻쳥뗄퇐뺿ꆣ 춨맽탂뗄쫓뷇ꎬ뾪뒴탔뗘붨짨뫍랢햹탐헾톧헢쏅톧뿆ꆣ퇐뺿닠훘뗣랢짺틆퇐뺿뗄닠훘뗣랢짺틆ꎬ뇭쿖캪듓맽좥ퟅ훘맦싉ꆢ뚨싉ꆢ풭퓲뗄첽톰ꎬ틆떽힢훘뻟쳥쫂쪵ꆢ낸샽뗄퇐뺿ꎻ듓믺킵뗄킧싊맛퇐뺿ꎬ뇤돉캪짧믡뗄킧싊맛퇐뺿ꎻ듓훘쫓램맦뗄퇐뺿ꎬ틆떽훘쫓탐캪뗄퇐뺿ꆣ헽쫇춨맽헢킩퇐뺿퓲훘뗣뗄틆ꎬ좥죏쪶탐헾맜샭뗄맦싉탔ꎬ좥쪵쿖쳡룟맺볒뗄쪵솦뫍죋쏱뗄뢣ꎬ쪹짧믡뗃떽쪵볊킧틦뗄탐헾맜샭쒿뇪ꆣ 탂뗄샭싛뫍랽램늻뛏틽뷸탐헾맜샭퇐뺿듓뺲첬뗄퇐뺿떽뚯첬뗄퇐뺿ꎻ듓틔쫂캪훐탄뗄퇐뺿떽틔죋캪훐탄뗄퇐뺿ꎻ듓떥톧뿆뗄퇐뺿떽힢훘톧뿆뗄붻닦폫헻뫏뗄퇐뺿ꎻ듓닠훘폚샭싛ꆢ풭퓲뫍램싉쳵컄뗄퇐뺿ꎬ떽닠훘폚탐캪ꆢ뻶닟ꆢ돌탲뫍랽램뗄퇐뺿ꆣ늻뛏틽뷸탂뗄샭싛뫍랽램ꎬ쪹탐헾맜샭퇐뺿뫍헾뢮뗄탐헾탐캪폫탐헾믮뚯돊쿖돶룼볓뷴쏜뷡뫏뗄쟷쫆ꆣ 컷랽탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄틢틥 쿔좻탐헾ퟷ캪튻훖맺볒탐캪ꎬ벴맺볒뛔짧믡쪵쪩뗄릫릲맜샭ꎬ탐헾뗄뫃뮵ꆢ탐헾뗄뷡맻컞틉붫뛔맺볒뫍헻룶짧믡닺짺뻶뚨탔뗄펰쿬ꎬ헢뻍뻶뚨쇋탐헾톧헢쏅톧뿆뗄뗘캻뫍훘튪탔ꆣ뻟쳥뗘붲ꎬ탐헾톧퇐뺿뻟폐틔쿂벸룶랽쏦뗄틢틥ꎺ ꎨ1ꎩ폐훺폚쪵쿖탐헾뗄쒿뗄ꆣ탐헾뗄쒿뗄퓚폚춨맽뛔짧믡뗄릫릲맜샭ꎬ쪹짧믡뒦폚튻훖맺볒맦랶쿂뗄폐탲ힴ첬ꆣ춨맽탐헾톧뛔탐헾뮷뺳ꆢ탐헾횰쓜ꆢ탐헾킧싊뗄퇐뺿ꎬ붫쪹죋쏇퓚뻶닟탐헾볆뮮뫍뻟쳥탐헾믮뚯쪱ꎬ퓚힢틢킧싊뗄춬쪱ꎬ힢틢뛔짧믡킧틦뗄ힷ쟳ꎬ듓뛸쓜룼뫃뗘췪돉탐헾횰퓰ꎬ듯떽탐헾뗄쒿뗄ꆣ 35
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 ꎨ2ꎩ폐훺폚쪵쿖탐헾쒿뇪ꆣ탐헾쒿뇪쫇횸탐헾믮뚯쯹튪듯떽뗄뻟쳥튪쟳ꆣ탐헾톧퇐뺿춨맽ힼ좷죏쪶탐헾쿖쿳ꎬ냑컕웤믮뚯맦싉ꎬ폐훺폚헫뛔뻟쳥탐헾믮뚯ꎬ톡퓱잡떱뗄쳥훆ꆢ맦랶ꆢ랽쪽ꆢ랽램뫍쫖뛎ꎬ듓뛸쳡룟탐헾뗄킧싊ꎬ룼뫃뗘쪵쿖탐헾쒿뗄ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ폐훺폚맺볒뗄헾훎춳훎뫍짧믡뗄컈뚨폫랢햹ꆣ튻맺헾훎춳훎뗄쪵쿖뫍캬돖ꎬ뇘탫춨맽탐헾췪돉뗄짧믡릫릲맜샭살듯떽ꎻ뛸죎뫎짧믡뗄뷸늽폫랢햹ꎬ뚼탨튪튻룶쿠뛔컈뚨뫍폐훈탲뗄뮷뺳ퟶ놣헏ꆣ탐헾톧퇐뺿뛔폚튻맺탐헾쮮욽뗄쳡룟ꎬ탐헾쓜솦뗄퓶잿ꎬ웰ퟅ맘볼탔뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ 뻍훐맺떱잰맺쟩뛸퇔ꎬ뾪햹탐헾톧퇐뺿뮹뻟폐죧쿂틢틥: ꎨ1ꎩ폐훺폚췆뷸짧믡훷틥쏱훷헾훎붨짨ꆣ솽잧뛠쓪뗄럢붨훆춳훎ꎬ떼훂훐맺탎돉튻훖헾훎폫탐헾늻럖뗄튻풪뮯춳훎쳥훆ꆣ죋쏇뎣뎣믬쿽맺볒짺믮훐뗄헾훎탐캪폫탐헾탐캪ꎺ틔탐헾랽쪽뒦샭헾훎컊쳢ꎬ틔헾훎랽쪽뒦샭탐헾컊쳢ꆣ헢늻뷶펰쿬탐헾뗄믮뚯ꎬ튲늻샻폚짧믡훷틥쏱훷헾훎뗄붨짨ꆣ뾪햹탐헾톧퇐뺿ꎬ폐훺뗘죋쏇뷸튻늽죏쪶탐헾뗄쳘탔폫믮뚯맦싉ꎬ쟸뇰헾훎폫탐헾뗄늻춬튪쟳ꎬ듓뛸폐샻폚쳡룟탐헾쮮욽뫍쓜솦ꎬ춬쪱튲붫췆뷸짧믡훷틥쏱훷헾훎붨짨ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ폐훺폚붨솢뫍캬뮤짧믡훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆ꆣ쫐뎡뺭볃쫇램훆뺭볃ꎬ탨튪틀뾿램싉맦랶뫍놣횤ꆣ퇐뺿탐헾톧ꎬ붫폐훺폚퓶잿헾뢮틀램탐헾뗄틢쪶뫍쓜솦ꎬ틀램맜샭뫃짧믡ꎬ캪짧믡훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆퓋ퟷ뒴퓬튻룶솼뫃뗄램훎짧믡뮷뺳뫍쳵볾ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ폐훺폚붨짨폐훐맺쳘즫뗄짧믡훷틥ꆣ붨짨튻룶뢻잿ꆢ쏱훷ꆢ컄쏷뗄쿖듺뮯짧믡훷틥훐맺ꎬ붨짨폐훐맺쳘즫짧믡훷틥뗄죎컱ꎬ탨튪춨맽떳뫍헾뢮뗄얬솦ꎬ쳘뇰쫇룷벶헾뢮벰웤릤ퟷ죋풱뗄뻟쳥릤ퟷ살쪵쿖ꆣ퇐뺿탐헾톧ꎬ뷡뫏훐맺쿖쪵퇐뺿탐헾쏦쇙뗄컊쳢ꎬ붫듳듳쳡룟헾뢮뗄쓜솦뫍탐헾쮮욽ꎬ듓뛸췆뷸붨짨폐훐맺쳘즫뗄짧믡훷틥캰듳쫂튵ꆣ 컷랽탐헾톧랽램싛뗄퇐뺿틢틥 탐헾톧랽램싛ꎬ쯼쫇평랽램싛샭싛ꆢ뻟쳥퇐뺿랽램뫍퇐뺿벼쫵죽랽쏦쓚죝릹돉ꆣ36
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 랽램싛샭싛ꎬ쫇횸릫릲탐헾맜샭톧퇐뺿랽램훐뗄ꆰ풪샭싛ꆱꎬ쫇맘폚랽램뗄랽램ꆣ랽램싛샭싛퓚ퟜ쳥짏좷뚨릫릲탐헾맜샭톧뗄퇐뺿쒿뇪폫횸떼쮼쿫ꎬ늢릹돉맘폚퇐뺿랽램폫퇐뺿벼쫵뗄샭싛ꎬ뛔릫릲탐헾뗄퇐뺿랽램뻟폐튻뚨뗄틽쇬ퟷ폃ꎻ뻟쳥퇐뺿랽램훷튪횸맦랶럖컶ꆢ쪵횤럖컶ꆢ뇈뷏럖컶ꆢ쾵춳럖컶뗈샭싛퇐뺿뗄랽램ꎻ퇐뺿벼쫵쫇횸쓇킩뻟폐룟뛈릤뻟탔뗄ꆢ뻟쳥뗄ꆢ폐맘쯑벯폫럖컶쿠맘쇏뗄쫖뛎뫍랽램ꎬ죧뗷닩ꆢ컊뻭폫돩퇹짨볆ꆢ쓚죝럖컶ꆢ춳볆ꆢ솿뮯ꆢ쒣쪽붨솢ꆢ볆쯣믺퓋폃뗈폐맘벼쫵ꆣ쯕훝듳톧쟇튫헂뷌쫚죏캪ꎬ탐헾톧뗄랽램쳥쾵듳쳥짏평늻춬닣듎탔랽램뫍늻춬쇬폲탔랽램릹돉ꆣ늻춬닣듎탔랽램쫇횸탐헾쪵볹닣쏦ꆢ샭싛닣쏦뫍헜톧닣쏦뗄랽램ꎬ럖뇰뿉돆캪뻟쳥랽램ꆢ튻냣랽램뫍랽램싛ꎻ늻춬쇬폲탔랽램퓲쫇횸탐헾뗄쪵볹ꆢ샭싛뫍헜톧닣쏦뗄뻟쳥랽램ꆣ훐맺쟠쓪헾훎톧풺샮탣럥늩쪿죏캪ꎬ탐헾톧랽램싛훷튪횸탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄랽램ꎬ쯼평헜톧닣듎뗄랽램ꎨ뿆톧헜톧ꎩꆢ퇐뺿쫓뷇뫍춾뺶ꆢ쇏쯑벯뫍뒦샭뗄랽램뗈릹돉ꆣ평듋뿉볻ꎬ톧뷧뛔탐헾톧랽램싛뗄죏쪶듦퓚ퟅ쿁틥뫍맣틥솽훖쫓뷇ꆣ쿁틥뗄탐헾톧랽램싛횸탐헾톧퇐뺿랽램싛ꎬ쯼볈늻냼몬탐헾맜샭뗄랽램ꎬ튲늻냼몬탐헾뷌톧뗄랽램ꎻ맣틥뗄탐헾톧랽램싛퓲늻뷶횸샭싛닣쏦뗄탐헾톧랽램싛ꎬ뮹냼삨쪵볹닣쏦뗄탐헾랽램싛ꆣ 붨솢웰쓜췪돉뛔훐맺짧믡훷틥돵벶뷗뛎릫릲탐헾맜샭컊쳢벰쿖쿳볓틔?쫍뗄ꆢ쳥쿖톧뿆뛀솢탔뗄훐맺탐헾톧랽램싛쳥쾵ꎬ쫇컒쏇퇐뺿탐헾톧랽램싛뗄쒿뗄ꆣ탐헾톧랽램싛퇐뺿뇘탫볡돖틔샺쪷캨컯훷틥뫍뇧횤캨컯훷틥랽램싛캪횸떼ꎬ뇘탫쪼훕볡돖뫍샎샎냑컕틔쿂쯄룶풭퓲ꎺꎨ1ꎩ볡돖탐헾톧램싛뗄십뿋쮼훷틥헜톧믹뒡ꎬ늢틔폫쪱뻣뷸뗄뺫짱뒴탂탐헾톧랽램ꆣꎨ2ꎩ퓚십뿋쮼훷틥죏쪶싛뫍랽램싛뗄솪쾵훐첽쟳톧뿆닣듎ꆢ쳥쿖톧뿆쳘즫뗄탐헾톧ꎬ훂솦폚탎돉탐헾톧뗄쏅랽램ꆣꎨ3ꎩ볡돖탐헾톧랽램싛퇐뺿뗄훐맺쳘즫ꆣ벴튪퓚컼쓉뫍랢믓뒫춳컄뮯뺫뮪벰쮼캬랽쪽뗄믹뒡짏힢훘뛔탐헾톧랽램싛뗄퇐뺿폫뒴탂ꎬ첽쯷뻟폐훐맺쳘즫뗄탐헾톧랽램싛ꆣꎨ4ꎩ볡돖탐헾톧랽램싛퇐뺿뗄쪱듺쳘즫ꆣ벴탐헾톧랽램싛뇘탫훂솦폚뛔떱듺훐맺훮뛠탐헾맜샭컊쳢뫍탐헾맜샭쿖쿳뗄쏨쫶ꆢ뷢쫍ꎬ짵훁쳡릩튻뚨돌뛈뗄풤닢ꎬ톰헒뷢뻶컊쳢뗄춾뺶뗈ꆣ 뫚쇺붭듳톧뫎펱뷌쫚죏캪ꎬ탐헾톧펦퓚놣돖쿖폐퇐뺿랽램뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ볓잿헜톧37
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뗄탎뛸짏퇐뺿랽램ꎬ틔쳡룟탐헾톧랽램싛퇐뺿뗄닣쏦뫍쫓뷇ꎻ탐헾톧튪퓚뿋럾떥튻뗄샭탔쮼캬폫헽쿲쮼캬퇐뺿랽쪽폫랽램ꆢퟰ훘뿆톧탔뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ듲웆릫릲탐헾뗄틔룶쳥캪뫋탄볛횵샭쓮뗄뷡릹ꎬ틽죫랴쮼ꆢ엺에뗄퇐뺿랽램ꆢ샭탔폫럇샭탔쿠춳튻뗄퇐뺿랽램뫍싗샭뗄퇐뺿랽램ꎬ훰늽릹붨쫊뫏컒맺맺쟩뗄ꆢ틔샭탔랽램캪훷쳥뗄뛠쿲뛈ꆢ뛠닣듎뗄퇐뺿랽램쳥쾵ꆣ뫚쇺붭듳톧뷌뻼헂뷌쫚죏캪늻춬뗄퇐뺿랽램떼훂쇋탐헾볛횵좡쿲뗄뮻ꎬ헃쿔쇋탐헾볛횵뗄샺쪷캻틆ꆣ맣컷탐헾톧풺ퟞ캰뷌쫚쳡돶ꎬ탐헾톧퇐뺿랽램볈튪훘쫓맺볊뺭퇩뗄뷨본뫍틆횲ꎬ룼튪훘쫓놾췁뺭퇩뗄ퟜ뷡뫍쳡솶ꎬ릹붨뻟폐훐맺쳘즫뗄탐헾톧퇐뺿랽램ꎬ듓뛸쪵쿖탐헾톧퇐뺿놾췁뮯폫맺볊뮯뗄폐믺춳튻ꆣ 쓏듳톧뚭붨탂ꆢ냗죱ꆢ솺쎯뒺죽캻늩쪿퓋폃뚨솿럖컶폫뚨탔럖컶쿠뷡뫏뗄랽램ꎬ닻쫶쇋뷼쓪살컒맺탐헾톧퇐뺿랽램싛듦퓚뗄ꆰ뷡릹탔쪧뫢ꆱꎬ맽뛠뗄뚨탔쪵횤뫍룅쓮퇝틯ꎬ뛔폚뚨솿뗄퇐뺿욫짙ꆣ뢴떩듳톧뫺죳훒뢱뷌쫚뛔탐헾톧룶낸퇐뺿랽램뗄샠탍뷸탐짮죫뗄럖컶ꎬ쯻죏캪룶낸퇐뺿뿉틔럖캪첽쯷탔ꆢ쏨쫶탔ꆢ쮵쏷탔뫍뷢쫍탔쯄훖ꎬ뛸뷢쫍탔룶낸퇐뺿폖뿉럖캪췪좫뷢쫍탍뫍볬퇩탍솽훖ꆣ퓚듋믹뒡짏ꎬ쯻쳡돶ꎺ퓶볓뷢쫍탔퇐뺿ꎬ뛔쿖폐룶낸퇐뺿뗄돉맻뷸탐뇈뷏퇐뺿ꆢퟛ뫏퇐뺿ꎬ틔듓훐쳡솶돶튻킩웕쫊탔풭샭ꎬ쫇컒맺탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄튻쿮뷴웈죎컱ꆣ춬볃듳톧훬뗂쏗늩쪿죏캪ꎬ낸샽퇐뺿쫇튻훖뗤탍뗄뚨탔퇐뺿ꎬ쯼퓚쏨쫶ꆢ틲맻맘쾵ꆢ첽쯷뫍횤쏷랽쏦뻟폐튻뚨뗄쫊폃랶캧ꆣ믹폚헢튻죏쪶ꎬ쯻짮죫퇐뺿쇋낸샽퇐뺿랽램퓋폃뗄쿞뛈컊쳢ꆣ쯕훝듳톧?맺잿뢱뷌쫚죏캪ꎬퟷ캪튻훖죕틦쫜떽맘힢뗄탐헾톧랽램싛ꎬ탐헾톧퇐뺿뗄짺첬톧좡쿲횻쫇튻훖ꆰ쮼뾼랽램ꆱ뗄뮻뫍룄퓬ꎻ짺첬톧랽램쫇뒦폚뇧횤캨컯훷틥믹놾풭퓲횮쿂ꆢ뻟쳥랽램횮짏뗄훐맛닣듎뗄탐헾톧퇐뺿랽램ꆣ 38
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뷡쫸폯 떱좻쿖퓚뗄탐헾톧랶쪽ꎬ맺쓚췢톧헟뗄뾴램늻뺡쿠춬ꎬ폐뛠훖뮮럖랽쪽ꆣ폐뗄톧헟뮮럖뗃뇈뷏쿪쾸ꎻ폐뗄톧헟퓲뮮럖뗃뇈뷏룅삨튻킩ꎻ튲폐뗄톧헟뮮럖뗃돩쿳튻킩ꎻ뮹폐뗄톧헟뮮럖뗃뇈뷏쏷좷ꎬ쪱볤웰횹쟥돾ꆣ떫쫇뮹쎻폐탎돉튻룶듳볒튻훂춬틢뗄랶쪽쳥쾵ꆣ뛔폚컒쏇죏캪ꎬ탎돉릫릲탐헾톧뗄랶쪽뇘탫폐벸룶잰쳡ꎺ훷떼볛횵맛ꎨ쫀뷧맛)ꆢ랽램싛ꆢ릲춬뗄컊쳢뫍캧죆헢죽랽쏦뗄믹놾룅쓮랶돫ꆣ퓚탎돉헢퇹뗄랶쪽훐ꎬ횪쪶뗄살풴쫇뛠훖톧뿆뗄랢햹ꎬ훰붥뗄릹붨웰살튻룶췪헻뗄탐헾톧쳥쾵ꆣ 듓뮳쳘좷뚨뗄탐헾톧뗄뷡릹뾪쪼ꎬ튻횱쫇듓탐헾톧뗄훷맛ꆢ뿍맛뫍볛횵뗄뷇뛈살럖컶뗄ꆣ퓋폃쇋뿢뛷뗄랶쪽샭싛ꎬ냑탐헾톧뗄뷡릹뮮럖캪튻룶좦닣뷡릹ꎬ헢퇹튻튻쇐돶뻍믡튻쒿쇋좻ꆣ쯤좻헢룶좦닣뗄뷡릹쎻놻맣랺뗄죏쪶떽ꎬ떫쫇쯼쫇튻횱듦퓚뗄ꎬ샯쏦뗄쓚죝뫍쳥쾵튲쫇퓚횧독헻룶톧뿆뗄랢햹ꎬ늢쟒헢튲쫇탐헾톧쓜릻뛀솢돉캪튻룶톧뿆뗄훘튪쳵볾ꆣ 헢훖맘폚탐헾톧뷡릹뗄맛뗣뮹폐늻돉쫬횮뒦ꎬ폐듽폚뷸튻늽뗄퇐뺿뫍첽쯷ꆣ쾣췻퓚탐헾톧헢쏅톧뿆뗄랢햹훐쓜릻폐쯹웴쪾ꆣ 39
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 힢 쫍 [1][쏀]JꆤS훬뛷ꎮ탐헾맜샭탂쫓캬ꎺ뷢쫍뫍엺에샭싛(훐틫놾) ꎮ놱뺩탐헾톧풺톧놨ꎮ1999ꎨ3ꎩ [2]역뫍욽ꆢ훱솢볒뗈뇠틫ꎮ맺췢릫릲탐헾샭싛뺫톡ꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐릲훐퇫떳킣돶냦짧ꎬ1997ꎬ2 [3]췵몣쏷.탂싗샭.짏몣ꎺ짌컱펡쫩망ꎬ2002ꎬ101 [4][5][6]퇇샯쪿뛠뗂.헾훎톧.짏몣ꎺ짌컱펡쫩망ꎬ1965ꎬ45 [7]싥뿋.헾뢮싛.짏몣ꎺ짌컱펡쫩망ꎬ1964ꎬ62 [8][램]슬쯳.짧믡웵풼싛ꎨ훐틫놾ꎩ.짌컱펡쫩망ꎬ1980ꎬ83 [9]슬쯳.짧믡웵풼싛.짏몣ꎺ짌컱펡쫩망ꎬ1980,73 [10]첩싞.뿆톧맜샭풭샭.놱뺩:훐맺짧믡뿆톧돶냦짧,1984,238 [11]첩싞.뿆톧맜샭풭샭.놱뺩:훐맺짧믡뿆톧돶냦짧,1984,156 [12]냍쓉뗂.뺭샭죋풱뗄횰쓜ꎨ훐틫놾ꎩ훐맺짧믡뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ1997ꎬ60 [13] 뚡믍.컷랽탐헾톧쮵쪷.커몺ꎺ커몺듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2002,124 [14] 쓡맅삭쮹ꆤ뫠샻.릫릲탐헾톧.놱뺩ꎺ뮪쿄돶냦짧ꎬ2002,76 [15]쪷뗙컄ꆤ뿆뛷뗈.탂폐킧릫릲맜샭헟. 놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2001,98 [16][쏀]췾뛻톷ꎮ탐헾톧퇐뺿ꎨ훐틫놾ꎩꎮ맺췢헾훎톧ꎮ1988ꎨ1ꎩꎬ45 [17] [쏀]췾뛻톷ꎮ탐헾톧퇐뺿ꎨ훐틫놾ꎩꎮ맺췢헾훎톧ꎮ1988ꎨ1ꎩꎬ44 [18][19] [쏀]췾뛻톷ꎮ탐헾톧퇐뺿ꎨ훐틫놾ꎩꎮ맺췢헾훎톧ꎮ1987ꎨ6ꎩꎬ30-31 [20][21] [쏀]췾뛻톷ꎮ탐헾톧퇐뺿ꎨ훐틫놾ꎩꎮ맺췢헾훎톧ꎮ1988ꎨ1ꎩꎬ42 [22] [쏀]췾뛻톷ꎮ탐헾톧퇐뺿ꎨ훐틫놾ꎩꎮ맺췢헾훎톧ꎮ1987ꎨ6ꎩꎬ33 [23]훬쟚뻼.릫릲탐헾톧.틽ퟔ1985쓪2퓂11죕쫀뷧뺭볃떼놨.짏몣.짏몣돶냦짧,2002. [24] [쏀]췾뛻톷ꎮ탐헾톧퇐뺿ꎨ훐틫놾ꎩꎮ맺췢헾훎톧ꎮ1987ꎨ6ꎩꎬ30 [25] [쏀]췾뛻톷ꎮ탐헾톧퇐뺿ꎨ훐틫놾ꎩꎮ맺췢헾훎톧ꎮ1988ꎨ1ꎩꎬ14 [26][27] [쏀]췾뛻톷ꎮ탐헾톧퇐뺿ꎨ훐틫놾ꎩꎮ맺췢헾훎톧ꎮ1988ꎨ1ꎩꎬ44 40
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 훂 킻 쇹쓪잰ꎬ듸ퟅ살떽쏀샶뗄폷풰ꎬ쪱맢??ꎬ퇛폖튪샫뾪헢룶쏀샶뗄풰ퟓꎬ탄훐뗄늻짡쓑틔퇔뇭ꆣ퓚뺭샺쇋쯄쓪뗄놾뿆뫍솽쓪뗄쮶쪿짺믮횮뫳ꎬ컒짮짮뗄쾲낮ퟅ헢룶풰ퟓꆣ짺믮퓚폷풰뗄죕ퟓ쫇컒폐짺틔살ퟮ쓑췼뗄쪱맢ꎬ룐킻헢샯뗄쎿튻듧췁뗘ꎬ룐킻컒뺴낮뗄샏쪦ꆢ춬톧ꎬ룐킻퓚헢룶풰ퟓ뗄믘틤ꆣ 쫗쿈컒튪뛔ퟰ뺴뗄떼쪦췲킡쇺뷌쫚뇭쪾컒ퟮ훔탄뗄룐킻ꆣ솽쓪뛠살뗄퇔뒫짭뷌ꎬ쪹컒쫜틦럋잳ꆣ췲샏쪦뛔컒퇐뺿랽쿲뫍퇐뺿릤ퟷ뗄쾸훂횸뗣ꎬ쫇컒싛컄뗃틔쮳샻뷸탐뗄룹놾풭틲ꎬ쯻풨늩뗄톧쪶뫍퇏뷷뗄훎톧첬뛈벤샸컒늻뛏뗄뷸좡ꎬ횸틽컒ퟟ짏훎톧뗄뗀슷ꆣ 룐킻쟗낮뗄샏쪦ꆢ춬톧뫍엳폑ꎬ쫇쓣쏇뗄늻뛏뗘횧돖ꎬ죃컒룐뚯쒪쏻ꆣ퓚뮪뿆듳쟳톧웚볤ꎬ샮쮼쏏뷌쫚ꆢ틳헽삤뷌쫚ꆢ얷퇴뾵뷌쫚ꆢ샗죰열샏쪦ꆢ뛙탂맺샏쪦ꆢ돂룕샏쪦ꆢ룟뇼붭샏쪦ꆢ샮튫쓏샏쪦ꆢ돉솼뇳샏쪦ꆢ훓쫩뮪샏쪦ꆢ쇵붨욽샏쪦ꆢ탬쿾쇕샏쪦뗈ꎬ뚼퓸뺭쿈뫳룸폨쇋컒쒪듳뗄냯훺뫍횸떼ꎻ쟗낮뗄춬냠춬톧ꎬ컞싛듓톧쾰짏ꆢ짺믮짏듳볒뮥쿠뚽듙ꎬ돉캪튻룶컂얯뗄벯쳥ꎬ퓚헜톧뗄첽쳖짏ꎬ쪹컒뗄쮼슷믭좻뾪샊ꎻ춬쪱뻍뛁폚탐헾톧쿠맘튵뗄튻킩춬톧ꎬ퓚싛컄췪돉웚볤ꎬ컒쏇횮볤뗄쮼쿫엶ힲꎬ톧쫵붻쇷폫첽쳖죃컒뗄쇩룐늻뛏직쿖ꎻ퓚컒쫜듬뗄쪱뫲ꎬ엳폑쏇ퟜ쫇룸컒늻뛏뗄맘뮳ꎬ컒퓚듋쿲쯻쏇뇭쪾짮짮뗄룐킻ꆣ ퟮ뫳ꎬ훔탄룐킻컒뗄볒죋ꆣ컒뗄볒죋퓚20뛠쓪살뛔컒뗄컞쿞맘낮돉캪컒늻뛏쿲잰뗄뚯솦ꎬ룐킻컒뗄뢸쒸룸쇋컒솼뫃뗄뷌폽뮷뺳ꎬ컒폀풶낮쯻쏇ꆣ 41
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 닎뾼컄쿗 훸ꎺ [1] [쏀]B·룇틁·뇋뗃쮹훸ꆢ헅돉뢣틫ꎮ헾뢮캴살뗄훎샭쒣쪽ꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2001 [2] 돂죙뢻ꎮ릫릲맜샭톧잰퇘컊쳢퇐뺿ꎮ뫚쇺붭ꎺ뫚쇺붭죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ2002 [3] 뚡믍ꎮ컷랽탐헾톧샭싛룅튪ꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2005 [4] 뚡믍ꎮ컷랽탐헾톧쮵쪷ꎮ커몺ꎺ커몺듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ1999 [5] [쏀]듷캬·풼몲·램쒬뛻훸ꆢ헅돉뢣틫ꎮ릫릲탐헾뗄폯퇔ꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2005 [6] [쏀]듷캬·H·싞즭늼슳쒷ꆢ싞늮쳘·S·뿋삭럲쟰뿋ꆢ 뗂늩삭·룪뗂싼·싞즭늼슳쒷훸ꎬ헅돉뢣뗈킣틫ꎮ릫릲탐헾톧ꎺ맜샭ꆢ헾훎뫍램싉뗄춾뺶ꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2002 [7] 뫎뾡횾ꎮ뷡릹ꆢ샺쪷폫탐캪ꎮ짏몣ꎺ뢴떩듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2004 [8] [펢]볲·삳뛷훸ꆢ헔돉룹틫ꎮ탂릫릲맜샭ꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺쟠쓪돶냦짧ꎬ2004 [9] [쏀]쓡맅삭쮹·뫠샻훸ꆢ헅뗈틫ꎮ릫릲탐헾폫릫릲쫂컯ꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2002 [10] 췵웖?ꎮ헾훎톧ꎮ쳬뷲ꎺ쳬뷲죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ2002 [11] 쳆탋쇘ꎮ릫릲탐헾톧ꎺ샺쪷폫쮼쿫ꎮ맣훝ꎺ훐즽듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2000 [12] 탬쿾쇖ꆢ쳯쯫짺훸ꎮ탐헾톧풭샭ꎮ커몺ꎺ뮪훐샭릤듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ1999 [13] 헅뾵횮ꎮ릫릲탐헾훐뗄헜톧폫싗샭ꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2004 [14] 탬쿾쇖ꆢ쳯쯫짺ꎮ탐헾톧풭샭ꎮ커몺ꎺ뮪훐뿆벼듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2004 [15] [쏀ꏝ킻삭·C.뗀훸ꎻ퇮엠샗틫ꎮ뺭볃톧랽램싛ꎮ짏몣ꎺ짏몣닆뺭듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2005 [16] 펦쯉쓪ꆢ십쟬ꎮ릫릲탐헾톧ꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺랽헽돶냦짧ꎬ2004 [17] 헅죳쫩ꎮ탐헾톧ꎮ첨놱ꎺ죽쏱쫩뻖ꎬ1979 42
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 [18] 재췾ꎮ릫릲탐헾톧ꎮ짏몣ꎺ뢴떩듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2004 [19] [쏀]햲쒷쮹·W·럑쮹샕ꆢ쳆쓉뗂·F·뾭쳘뛻훸ꎬ돂헱쏷ꆢ훬랼랼뗈틫킣ꎮ탐헾맽돌뗄헾훎ꎺ릫릲탐헾톧탂싛ꎮ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2002 [20] 훬쟚뻼ꎮ릫릲탐헾톧ꎮ짏몣ꎺ짏몣돶냦짧ꎬ2002 웚뾯ꎺ [1] 냘캬뒺ꆢ뷰컄헜ꎮ쿖듺릫릲탐헾톧랶쪽퇝뷸쓚퓚싟벭뷢뛁ꎭ쓡맅삭쮹·뫠샻릫릲탐헾랶쪽랢햹샭싛움컶ꎮ뚫놱쪦듳톧놨ꎮ2005(6) [2] 뗋캰횾ꆢ잮몣쎷ꎮ듓탂릫릲탐헾톧떽릫릲훎샭샭싛—떱듺컷랽릫릲탐헾샭싛퇐뺿뗄“랶쪽”뇤뮯ꎮ짏몣뗚뛾릤튵듳톧톧놨ꎮ2005(12) [3] 뚡믍ꎮ떱듺컷랽릫릲탐헾샭싛뗄탂랢햹ꎮ맣뚫탐헾톧풺톧놨ꎮ2005(12) [4] 뚡믍ꎮ컷랽웳튵볒헾뢮샭싛움쫶ꎮ맺췢짧믡뿆톧ꎮ1999(4) [5] 뚭붨탂ꎮ훐맺탐헾톧랽램싛럖컶ꎺ2000ꎭ2004ꎮ짏몣탐헾톧풺톧놨ꎮ2005ꎨ3ꎩ [6] 맹킡듏ꆢ키짺뢣ꎮ훐컷탐헾톧퇐뺿랽램싛붨짨뇈뷏럖컶ꎮ붭컷짧믡뿆톧ꎮ2007ꎨ1ꎩ [7] 뫺쿳쏷ꎮ릫릲맜샭톧폫탐헾맜샭톧횮쟸뇰ꎮ붭쯕짧믡뿆톧ꎮ2005(6) [8] 뫺쿳쏷ꎮ헾훎폫탐헾솽럖램ꎺ쮼쿫풨풴벰웤움볛ꎮ훐맺탐헾맜샭ꎮ1999ꎨ11ꎩ [9] 쎫쫙쇺ꎮ폐킧헾뢮뗄믹놾볛횵ꎮ쳬뷲탐헾톧풺톧놨ꎮ2003(2) [10] 쎫쫙쇺ꎮ릫릲탐헾뗄랶쪽톡퓱ꎮ탐헾싛첳ꎮ1999(2) [11] 쟇튫헂ꎮ탐헾톧훐맺뮯폫탐헾헜톧쮼뾼ꎮ훐맺탐헾맜샭ꎮ2003(8) [12] ?맺잿ꎮ좫맺쫗듎릫릲탐헾맜샭랽램싛뒴탂톧쫵퇐쳖믡퓚뮦헙뾪ꎮ훐맺탐헾맜샭퇐뺿ꎮ2004 [13] 쯯웴맳ꎮ뿢뛷“랶쪽”뗄컄뮯몭틥ꎮ뫏럊릤튵듳톧톧놨(짧믡뿆톧냦)ꎮ2000(3) [14] 첷쟠ꎮ탐헾톧닺짺잰컷랽탐헾쮼쿫샭싛릹볜ꎮ뫾쓏릤돌톧풺톧놨ꎮ2003(12) [15] 첷릦죙ꎮ릫릲탐헾뗄퇐뺿춾뺶쫶움ꎮ맺볒탐헾톧풺톧놨ꎮ2002(3) [16] 캺쳎ꎮ헾훎폫탐헾뛾럖샭싛퇐뺿ퟛ쫶ꎮ쇏춨톶ꎮ2007ꎨ3ꎩ [17] 췵붨잿ꎮ싛릫릲탐헾톧뗄랶쪽쿲ꎮ샭싛떼뾯ꎮ2005(4) 43
뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 [18] 췵샖럲ꆢ헅뢻ꎮ릫릲탐헾뗄볛횵랶돫퇐뺿ꎮ낲믕듳톧톧놨ꎮ2004(3) [19] 췵ꎮ맜샭톧뛔탐헾톧탎돉폫랢햹뗄펰쿬ꎬ훐릲돉뚼쫐캯떳킣톧놨ꎮ2003(6) [20] 퇮뫪즽ꎮ쿜헾훷틥ꆢ맜샭훷틥폫헾닟훷틥ꎮ맺볒탐헾톧풺톧놨ꎮ2004(1) [21] 퇮뫪즽ꎮ릫릲헾닟뗄볛횵쒿뇪폫릫헽풭퓲ꎮ훐맺탐헾맜샭ꎮ2004(8) [22] 퇮뫪즽ꎮ퇐뺿탍헾뢮ꎺ릫릲맜샭뗄탂풸뺰ꎮ톧쾰폫첽쯷ꎮ2006(2) [23] 퓀돉뫆ꎮ맅뗂억뗄“헾훎”폫“탐헾”— 뛔헾훎폫탐헾뛾럖램뗄퓙죏쪶ꎮ탐헾싛첳ꎮ2005ꎨ1ꎩ [24] 퓀돉뫆ꎮ릫릲탐헾랶쪽퇐뺿ퟛ쫶벰엺에ꎮ짏몣탐헾톧풺톧놨ꎮ2005(9) [25] 헔뫪폮ꎮ잳첸릫릲맜샭ꆢ탐헾맜샭폫릫릲탐헾ꎮ퓆쓏탐헾톧풺톧놨ꎮ2003(5) [26] 헔솢늨ꎮ릫릲탐헾ꎺ헾뢮탐헾폫럇헾뢮탐헾ꎮ쟠떺탐헾톧풺톧놨ꎮ2000(4) [27] 헅쏎훐ꎮ쏀맺릫릲탐헾톧냙쓪믘맋ꎮ훐맺탐헾맜샭ꎮ2000(6) [28] 헅쏎훐ꎮ싛릫릲탐헾(톧)뗄웰풴폫랶쪽뇤ꎮ훐맺탐헾맜샭ꎮ2001(6) [29] 헅쟬뚫ꎮ릫릲탐헾폫릫릲맜샭ꎮ훐맺죋쏱듳톧톧놨ꎮ2001(5) [30] 헅ꎮ듓뫏샭뮯폫뫏램뮯쫓뷇뾴탐헾톧랢햹샺돌ꎮ뫏ퟷ뺭볃폫뿆벼ꎮ2006(4) [31] 헅뾵횮ꎮퟟ쿲쿖듺뮯뗄탐헾볛횵톡퓱ꎮ맺볒탐헾톧풺톧놨ꎮ2000(6) [32] 헅뾵횮ꎮ볛횵뷡릹쾵춳ꎮ훐맺탐헾맜샭ꎮ1999(10) [33] 헅뾵횮ꎮ릫릲탐헾쳥쾵뷡릹뗄헜톧뷢뛁ꎮ쓏뺩짧믡뿆톧ꎮ1999(11) [34] 헅뾵횮ꎮ싛릫릲맜샭헟뗄볛횵톡퓱ꎮ훐릲훐퇫떳킣톧놨ꎮ2003(11) [35] 헅뾵횮ꎮ탐헾톧퇐뺿쪲쎴ꎮ놱뺩릤튵듳톧톧놨ꎮ2002(9) [36] 헅뾵횮ꎮ탐헾싗샭퇐뺿뗄랴쮼폫붨릹ꎮ헣붭톧뾯ꎮ2006(3) [37] 헅뾵횮ꎮ싛탐헾랢햹뗄샺쪷싶싧ꎮ쯄뒨듳톧톧놨ꎮ2006(2) [38] 헅뾵횮ꎮ20쫀볍탐헾톧랢햹믘맋ꎮ맣뚫탐헾톧풺톧놨ꎮ2002(6) [39] 헅뾵횮ꎮ탐헾폫릫릲탐헾뗄샺쪷퇝뷸.훐릲뢣붨쪡캯떳킣톧놨ꎮ2002(6) [40] 헅쟬닅ꎮ컷랽헾훎폫탐헾맘쾵뗄샺쪷퇝뇤벰쟷쫆ꎮ탐헾싛첳ꎮ2003ꎨ9ꎩ [41] 헅쏎훐ꎮ쏀맺릫릲탐헾(맜샭)샺쪷풨풴폫훘튪볛횵좡쿲—싳뿋쮹캤뛻톧풺뢱풺뎤쎷룪쳘늩쪿럃첸슼ꎮ훐맺탐헾맜샭ꎮ2000(11) [42] 훜틥돌ꎮ컷랽릫릲탐헾톧뗄탐헾랶쪽폫볛횵좡쿲뇤잨ꎮ웫웫맾뛻듳톧톧놨(헜톧44
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뮪훐뿆벼듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뢽슼1 릥뛁쮶쪿톧캻웤볤릫뾪랢뇭뗄싛컄쒿슼 [1] 헅쏷뫬.룊쯠얩튵. 컷랽탐헾톧뗄랢햹쪷폫랢햹쟷쫆첽컶. 47
