国内外冶金设备制造行业动态和市场形势研究分析
国内外冶金设备制造行业动态和市场形势研究分析
国内外冶金设备制造行业动态和市场形势研究分析
近年来，随着钢铁企业新上生产线和产能的增加，设备备件的消耗量也与日俱增，一些大型钢铁企业每年的设备备件采购额约有几十亿元之多。目前，钢铁行业的盈利水平在低位运行，采购成本作为企业生产成本的重要组成部分，研究如何科学合理地组织采购工作，最大限度地降低采购成本，对钢铁企业提高竞争力，在微利时代实现生存发展意义重大。
In recent years, with the increase of iron and steel enterprises in the new production line and production capacity, equipment spare parts consumption is growing, some large steel enterprises purchases for equipment spare parts about the billions of yuan a year. At present, the steel industry profitability in running, low purchasing cost as an important part of enterprise production cost, study how to reasonably organize purchasing, maximize reduce procurement cost, the iron and steel enterprises to improve competitiveness, in the era of meager profit to achieve survival and development is of great significance.
一、目前设备备件采购工作中存在的主要问题
One, the current main problems of equipment spare parts procurement work
1）采购计划粗放不细，工作责任心还须增强。采购计划是整个采购流程的源头，目前采购计划存在的主要问题，一是规格型号不准，导致后续的报价和验收等一系列问题；二是物料积压与缺货并存，有的备件重复采购，有的备件库存不足，既造成了浪费又影响了安全生产。
1) extensive procurement plans don't work fine, the sense of responsibility must be enhanced. Procurement is the source of the procurement process, the current main problems of purchasing plan, no one is specifications and cause a series of problems such as subsequent offer and acceptance; Second is backlog and shortage of materials, and some spare parts to repeat purchase, some spare parts inventory is not enough, is caused by waste and affects the safety in production.
2）从采购计划上报到采购合同形成，审批环节多，流程时间长，工作效率不高。必要的审批程序是实现采购工作严谨性、规范性的保证，但过多的审批环节也造成了采购工作的冗长拖沓，有时会因市场变动，错过最佳采购时机，并影响到生产现场的使用。
2) formed from purchasing plan report to the purchasing contract, approval process, the process time is long, the efficiency is not high. Necessary approval procedures is the guarantee of realizing the rigor of the procurement work, normative, but too much of the lengthy approval process also creates procurement work slow, sometimes due to market changes, missing the best purchasing time, and the use of influence to the production site.
3）不同品牌设备单纯以价格高低决定采购与否。为了增强竞争力，工程设备采购中大多要求多品牌竞标，因各品牌与使用单位都签有技术协议，在性能上均能满足使用要求，在不能运用综合评标法的情况下，价格就成了唯一评判标准。但因不同品牌在质量上还是存在差异，有的品牌价格较低，短期看采购价格低了，但从长期的备件损耗情况、设备维护成本、对产品质量的影响等，其综合成本可能更高。
3) different brand equipment simply to the price decided to purchase it or not. In order to enhance competitiveness, engineering equipment procurement bidding requirements more brand, mostly because of the brand and the unit using the signed technical agreement, which can satisfy the use requirement, in performance under the condition of the comprehensive evaluation method is unable to be used, price is the only judgment standard. But there are differences in quality because of different brand, some brands with low price, short term purchase price low, but in the long spare parts loss situation, the equipment maintenance cost, impact on product quality, etc., the comprehensive cost may be higher.
4）供应商队伍过于庞大，素质良莠不齐。有的钢铁企业每年采购的设备备件的品牌芜杂众多，供应商的队伍也很庞大，从制造商、代理商到一般贸易商有数百家之多。庞大的供应商队伍虽然增加了可供选择的空间，但也给一些技术力量不强，电动吊篮资金基础薄弱的皮包公司参与投标，提供了可乘之机。更有个别的会串通某些采购人员，通过串标、陪标来压低或抬高供货价格，进行不正当竞争，这既损害了企业利益，也把采购人员引上了犯罪的道路。
4) vendor team is too big, quality is good and bad are intermingled. Some steel companies every year like this when purchasing equipment spare parts brand is numerous, supplier's team is very big also, from the manufacturers, agents to general traders hundreds. Large supplier team while increases the available space, but also give some technical strength is not strong, weak capital base of shell companies to participate in bidding and provides an opportunity. More individual co-opt some procurement staff, through a series of standard, with standard to lower or raise the supply price, unfair competition, this not only damage the interests of the enterprise, also the procurement staff on the road of crime.
二、加强设备备件采购管理的要求和途径
Second, to strengthen the management of equipment spare parts procurement requirements and the way
1）加强采购队伍建设，规范采购管理制度。加强采购工作,管理在人，执行也在人。要形成“管理靠制度、办事讲原则、业务按程序”的工作格局,一方要加强采购人员的思想品德、政治作风、法纪观念和职业道德等教育。另一方面要对采购人员加强包括采购知识、营销技巧和企业管理、生产管理、成本核算等知识的培训。对采购计划要严格落实计划限额申报与消耗定额管理。严格审核采购计划，备件规格型号要准确无误，坚决避免过度采购和不必要采购。通过强化队伍建设和科学合理的选拔、考核机制，对采购人员进行合理配置，实现能者上、庸者下的动态任用机制。另外，要利用企业内部的信息化管理系统，加强库存分析和管理。强化库存盘点工作，处理积压呆滞物资，盘活闲置设备备件。单梁起重机根据某些备件消耗的具体情况，实现“零库存”和保证生产需要的无缝对接。
1) to strengthen the construction of purchasing team, and standardize management of the procurement system. In order to strengthen the management of procurement, in people, perform in person. To form "rely on system management, management principle, business according to the procedure" work pattern, one party should strengthen procurement staff's ideology and moral character, political attitude, the concept of discipline and professional ethics education, etc. On the other hand should strengthen to purchasing personnel including procurement, marketing skills, knowledge and enterprise management, production management, cost accounting knowledge training, etc. To purchase plan quota application, consumption quota management and strictly implement the plan. Strict review procurement plan, spare parts specifications to accurate, avoid excessive procurement and unnecessary purchases. Through strengthen the team construction and scientific and reasonable selection, evaluation mechanism, to rational allocation of procurement staff, almighty, came down on dynamic employment mechanism. In addition, to take advantage of the enterprise internal information management system, strengthen stock analysis and management. Strengthen the inventory physical count work, sluggish backlog of goods, revitalize the idle equipment spare parts. According to some of the specific conditions of the spare parts consumption, to achieve "zero inventory" and ensure the production need seamless docking.
2）拓展采购渠道，提高谈判技巧，树立广义采购观念。信息即是财富，在信息多元化的时代，采购部门要广泛收集市场信息，充分了解市场行情，熟知国内、国际市场的价格和供求信息，以及汇率走向、付款方式、保险条款等相关内容。通过市场调研，熟知同行业采购价格，合理制订谈判策略。桃树苗要与设备使用方密切配合，充分研究分析国内外冶金设备制造行业动态和市场形势，掌握采购工作的第一手资料，以最大限度获取工作中的主动性。结合生产现场的货期要求，根据设备的市场供需情况，科学把握采购时机。在招标比价谈判中，对谈判对手做到充分了解，认真研究，提高谈判的针对性、有效性。同时，要树立设备备件全周期寿命采购观念，产品实质上是涵盖设计、制造、运输、到货、安装、调试、验收、培训及售后服务等各方面的统一体，忽视任何方面都可能增加采购成本，影响生产运行的顺利开展。特别是对一些大的单体设备和操作使用复杂的设备备件，其产品的安装调试、操作指导和定期的维护保养等都是采购中必须予以充分考虑的。
2) develop procurement channels, improve negotiation skills, establish the generalized purchasing idea. Information is wealth, in the information era of diversification, the purchasing department to collect market information, understand the market, familiar with the domestic and international market prices and supply and demand information, as well as the exchange rate to the relevant contents, terms of payment, insurance, terms, etc. Through market research, familiar with industry procurement prices, reasonable negotiation strategies. To closely cooperate with equipment to use, fully research and analysis dynamic metallurgical equipment manufacturing industry and the market situation at home and abroad, master first-hand information of purchasing work, access to the largest extent to be proactive on the job. Combined with the scene of the production the goods time requirements, according to equipment market supply and demand situation, seize the purchasing time. In the tender price negotiations, the negotiation rivals do fully understand, careful study, improve the pertinence, effectiveness of negotiations. At the same time, must set up and equipment spare parts purchasing cycle life idea, the product is essentially covers the design, manufacture, transportation, delivery, installation, commissioning, acceptance, training and after-sales service and so on various aspects of unity, ignore any aspect could increase the purchase cost, influence the production running smoothly. Especially for some large equipment and operate complex equipment and spare parts, the installation of their products, operating instruction and regular maintenance is procurement must be fully considered.
3）加强供应商管理，充分引入市场竞争。根据每年的供应商考核结果，对供应商进行分类管理，并在选厂推荐和付款中给予优先考虑，进而调动供应商以好的产品和供货业绩参与投标的热情。建立企业内部供应商分类信息数据库，HDPE土工膜详尽记录供应商的经营品牌、经营业绩、企业资质及供货业绩等详细数据。积极与生产厂矿、物流储运等相关部门配合，对出现产品质量或供货不及时等问题的供应商登记备案，及时淘汰出供应商队伍。同时，减少中间环节采购，使产品质量和售后服务得到最大保障。对采购渠道固定，采购数量大的备件，可通过“协议采购”的方式，建立战略合作伙伴关系，实现供需双方的互赢局面。
3) to strengthen supplier management, fully into the market competition. According to the results of the annual supplier evaluation, classifying supplier management, and in the selected factory to recommend and give priority in payment, and then transfer the supplier with good products and supply performance enthusiasm of participating in bidding. Establish enterprise internal supplier classification information database, thoroughly documented supplier management brand, operating performance and enterprise qualification and supplier performance data in detail. Actively cooperate with production factories, logistics, storage and transportation and other related departments, to product quality or delivery problems such as not timely suppliers register put on record, eliminated the supplier in time. At the same time, the decrease of the intermediate links to purchase, make product quality and after-sales service to get maximum protection. For fixed procurement channels, purchasing large quantities of spare parts, can through the way of "procurement agreement", establish strategic partnership, achieve win-win situation between the two sides of supply and demand.
4）强化监督，分散权力，实现采购工作的良性运作。采购流程的各环节既要相互配合，更要相互制约，既要共同推进采购工作的开展，更要防止采购环节的瑕疵纰漏。在大的利益诱惑面前有人不惜铤而走险，有效的监督和制约机制，既能确保企业利益不受损失，更是对采购人员的规范和保护。通过监督和制约机制的建立，草鸡实现用制度管事，用制度管人，最大限度地堵塞管理漏洞。
4) strengthening supervision, decentralisation, implement purchasing work of benign operation. Procurement process each link to cooperate with each other, both must restrict each other, to jointly promote the procurement work, more to prevent purchasing link for defects. Someone willing to take risks in front of big interests temptation, effective supervision and restraint mechanism, both to ensure that corporate interests from losses, but a specification of procurement staff and protection. Through the establishment of the supervision and restriction mechanism, realize the steward, with the system with the system tube person, utmost ground plug up loopholes in management.
三、结语
Three, the conclusion
加强设备备件采购管理工作，是一项系统工程，它需要企业各相关部门的共同努力。面对钢铁企业日益严峻的市场形势，采购工作担负着更多的责任，要通过不断总结经验，向管理要效益，在保证企业安全生产的同时，降低采购成本，为钢铁企业走出困境，走上资源节约型的可持续发展之路作出贡献。
Strengthen equipment spare parts procurement management work, is a systematic project, it needs the joint efforts of the enterprise each related department. In the face of increasingly tough market situation, iron and steel enterprise procurement job with more responsibility, through summing up experience unceasingly, asking management for benefit, in the guarantee enterprise safety in production at the same time, reduce the purchasing cost, as the iron and steel enterprises out of the woods, on the road of the sustainable development of a conservation-minded to contribute.
