캬웕톶 ꆤ????ꆤ?. 30 . 法램律싉与폫医튽学톧杂퓓志횾2?0?0?4?年쓪第뗚1?1?卷뻭〈?第뗚1?期웚〉????릨주뫬튽쇆쯰몦엢뎥솢램퇐뺿뗚?냦ꎮ놱뺩ꎺ램싉돶냦짧ꎬ?????ꆫ?[3]龚赛红医疗损害赔偿立法研究第1版.北京:法律出版社弓200L 5 -1?9?9?9?.? 3?6? ???7?收쫕稿룥:ꎺ?20?0?3?-ꆪ0?5? -ꆪ1?4?修탞@l믘:ꎺ2?0?0?3? -ꆪ0?7? -ꆪ0?7?)? ???헅헱뷜잳틩튽쇆럾컱뗄짌욷탔벰쳘쫢탔ꎮ놱랽뺭쎳ꎬ????ꎬ???ꎺ???[钊张振杰浅议医疗服务的商品性及特殊性北方经贸嘈2001，(7) :44 伟ퟷ者헟单떥位캻:ꎺ1?南쓏京뺩师쪦范랶大듳学톧法램学톧院풺，ꎬ2?1?0?0?4?6?;ꎻ ????붪낲샶ꎬ쪯쟙훷뇠ꎮ탂뇠뮤샭톧믹뒡뗚?냦놱뺩ꎺ룟뗈뷌폽돶냦짧ꎬ?[5]姜安丽嘈石琴主编.新编护理学基础‘第1版北京:高等教育出版社电2?南쓏京뺩中훐医튽药튩大듳学톧妒뮤理샭学톧院풺，ꆣ2?1?0?0?2?9? ?ꆤ·튽医쫂事法램律싉·ꆤ?发랢展햹中훐国맺家볒药튩品욷平욽行탐进뷸口뿚和뫍药튩品욷可뿉及벰性탔问컊题쳢初돵探첽?孙뾯ꆢ?凡랲?手뾯;ꆢ、맺国욽平?{ꆾ햪摘要튪iꆿ本놾文컄从듓平욽行탐进뷸口뿚成돉因틲及벰理샭论싛分럖歧웧入죋手쫖，ꎬ뷡结뫏合튩药욷品컊问쳢题的뗄特쳘殊쫢性탔，ꎬ쳡提돶出랢发햹展훐中맺国볒家퓚在튩药욷品뗄的平욽탐行进뷸口뿚向컊题쳢?中훐应펦采닉用폃的뗄策닟略싔.ꎬ늢并뷡结뫏合훐中맺嚣뗄的쪵实볊际쟩情뿶况，ꎬ죏认캪为퓚在릫公릲共붡健뾵康캣危믺机뗄的ힴ状뿶况쿂下ꎬ.폐有쿞限훆制뗘地쪹使폃用욽平탐行뷸进뿚口닟策싔略럻符뫏合中훐国맺的뗄利샻益틦?톡퓱ꆣ?选择。ꆾi关맘键볼词듊:ꆿ?平욽行탐进뷸口뿚.ꎬ릫公共릲健붡康뾵，ꎬ튩药욷品可뿉及벰性탔?iꆾ 审훐理춼分럖类샠号뫅]ꆿ?D?9?2?2ꎮ.1??6;ꎻF?7??5?2.ꎮ4?? iꆾ文컄献쿗标뇪识쪶码싫]ꆿ??A ꆾi文컄章헂编뇠号뫅]ꆿ1?0??07? -ꆪ9?2?9?7?(?2?0?0?4? )?0?1? -ꆪ0?0?3?0? -ꆪ0?4?? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ꎮ?Rougb Researcb on Parallel Importation of Pbarmaceutical Medicine and tbe Acα宠sibilityof Pbarmaceutical Medicine in J)e. v?e?l?op??i?ng?? ?Co?u?n?t?r?i?岱?•ꎮS?U??N? ?Fa?n?,ꎬ ?SU??N? G??u?oꆪ-?p?i?n?g.ꎮ ?L?a?w? ?Sc?h?o??o?l ?0??1? S?o?o?c?h?o?w ?Un?i?v?e?r?s?i?纱?ꎮ，?Su?z?h?o?u?? 2?1?5?0?2?1?,ꎮ C?h?i?na?? [ꆾA?b??s?t?r?a?c?tꆿl ?Ba?s?e??d? ?on?? ?th?e?? c??au??se?? o?f? ?pa?r?a?l?le??l ?im?p??or??ta?t? ?on?? a??nd?? ?th?e??or?i?es?? ?d ?ve?r?g?e?n?c?e?ꎮ, ?a?s? ?we?l?l? a?s?? ?th?e?? s?p??e?c?ia?l?t?y? ?o?f? ?p?ha?r??ma?c??e?ut?i?c?a?l ???????ꎬ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????medicine, the author put forward some stratεgy about parallel importation of pharm在ceuticalmedicine for developing countries.ꎮ? ?????????????ꎬ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ꆯ???ꆪ?In addition to, author consider that limit utilization the strategy of parallel importation conditionally is conformed to China’s in ??????????????????????????????????????ꎮ?terests under the crisis of public health. ꆾ?????????ꆿ????????????????ꎬ????????????ꎬ???????????????????????????????????????[Key words] Parallel Importation, Public Health, the Accessibility of Pharmaceutical Medicine 뷱今年쓪퓚在컒我国맺훮诸多뛠省쪡区쟸流쇷行탐，ꎬ늢并뒫传능播떽到쫀世뷧界짏上뫜很多뛠国맺家볒的뗄严퇏?专샻利产닺品욷뗄的욽平탐行뷸进口?ꎺ?쫇是횸指춬向튻一专샻利좨权죋人针헫对뛔相쿠同춬的뗄发랢明쏷创뒴?훘重急벱性탔呼뫴吸컼系쾵统춳综ퟛ合뫏征헷{?以틔下쿂简볲称돆?S?AR?S?)?ꎬ，쪹使훐中맺吕죏认쪶识떽到퓚在릫公共릲?퓬造퓚在늻不同춬的뗄国맺볒家分럖뇰别申짪请쟫并늢获믱得뗃了쇋专利샻权좨.ꎬ떱当专샻利좨权人죋在퓚其웤中훐?붡健康뾵受쫜떽到威췾킲胁뗄的쟩情뿶况쿂下믱获뗃得医튽튩药뗄的훘重튪要性탔。ꆣ쫀世界뷧上짏相쿠当떱多뛠的뗄科뿆?튻一룶个国맺볒家出돶쫛售믲或者헟탭许可뿉他쯻人죋出돶售쫛其웤专利샻产닺品욷之횮后뫳，ꎬ쯻他人죋未캴经뺭专?퇐믺릹럗럗뾪햹헫뛔????뗄퇐뺿ꎬ샻짪쟫ꆣ쯤좻듳늿럖?研机构纷纷开展针对SARS的研究，专利申请。虽然大部分샻利좨权人죋同춬틢意붫将짏上쫶述닺产욷品뷸进口뿚떽到쇭另튻一룶个뛔对룃该닺产욷品提쳡供릩专利샻保놣护뮤的뗄?????뮼헟뺭맽튽훎췬믘쇋짺쏼ꎬ떫쫇죋쏇죔좻쾣췻쓜폐튩욷뫍?SARS患者经过医治挽回了生命，但是人们钙然希望能有药品和맺国볒家的뗄行탐为캪Gꆣ짌商뇪标욽平탐行뷸进뿚口쫇是횸指퓚在国맺볊际믵货컯物싲买卖싴中훐뷸进口뿚商짌未캴经뺭?틟쏧짏쫐ꎬ틔럀횹????퓙뛈쇷탐ꆣ쫂쪵짏ꎬ????쯁얰횻쫇퓚?疫苗上市，以防止SI气RS再度流行。事实上，SARS肆虐只是在짌商뇪标좨权죋入춬需틢意，ꎬ붫将웤其릺购뗃得뗄的짌商뇪标좨权죋人믲或웤其놻被탭许뿉可죋人퓚在国맺外췢生짺产닺?쫀뷧룷뗘쇷탐탔벲늡ힴ뿶뗄뇹즽튻뷇ꆣ쫀뷧컀짺ퟩ횯퇐뺿랢?世界各地流行性疾病状况的冰山一角c世界卫生组织研究发뗄的듸带폐有쫜受놣保뮤护짌商뇪标的뗄짌商品욷뷸进口뿚到떽本놾国맺销쿺售쫛的뗄行탐为캪ꆣJ?现쿖.ꎺ늻不랢发듯达맺国볒家뗄的났艾ퟌ滋늡病룐感좾染헟者和뫍患뮼者헟〈?틔以쿂下볲简称돆?HI??V/ꎯ?AI??D?S늡病?平行进口能产生的经济动因是南一产品在两个不同地域的뮼患)?믱获뗃得튩药욷品뗄的쟩情뿶况쪮十럖分늻不理샭想쿫，ꎬ뛸而쟩情뿶况룼更늻不乐샖观맛的뗄是쫇棘럎炎퇗、ꆢ症얱?욽탐뷸뿚쓜닺짺뗄뺭볃뚯틲쫇춬튻닺욷퓚솽룶늻춬뗘폲뗄?市场上存在价格差异，平行进口商在最理想状态一-I!P他能够벲疾、ꆢ럎肺뷡结뫋核튩药品욷的뗄获믱得뗃，ꎬ틲因캪为헢这?3种훖벲疾늡病뗄的主훷튪要患뮼者헟都뚼是쫇不늻发랢达듯?쫐뎡짏듦퓚볛룱닮틬ꎬ욽탐뷸뿚짌퓚ퟮ샭쿫ힴ첬ꆪꆪ벴쯻쓜릻?获得无限供应的货源的情况下，当其支出了运输费用、关税、港맺国볒家的뗄죋人民쏱.ꎬ쎻没폐有뺭经볃济샻利틦益뗄的듌剌벤激ꎬ.퇐研뺿究믺机릹构늻不풸愿틢意캪为쯼它쏇盯쳡提供릩?믱뗃컞쿞릩펦뗄믵풴뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ떱웤횧돶쇋퓋쫤럑폃ꆢ맘쮰ꆢ룛?훎쇆랽낸뫍튩욷ꆣꋙ튩욷퇐랢뗄쳘탔뻶뚨쇋웤횪쪶닺좨놣뮤럇??口ꎺ?럑费폃用、ꆢ럖分쿺销럑费폃用ꆢ、맺国쓚内쿺销쫛售쮰税ꋚ②뫍和믣汇率싊差닮别뇰后뫳，ꎬ죔仍能쓜获믱益틦，ꎬ욽平탐行?治疗方案和药品。①药品研发的特性决定了其知识产权保护非뎣쏜벯뗄닺튵ꎬ맊첽쳖랢햹훐맺볒튩욷뿉벰탔컊쳢쪱펦룃힢틢?뷸进口뿚뻍就会믡랢发生짺ꆣc?常密集的产业，故探讨发展中国家药品可及性问题时应该注意잿훆탭뿉뫍욽탐뷸뿚컊쳢ꎬ잰헟랢짺퓚짺닺뮷뷚ꎬ뫳헟랢짺퓚쇷?퓚在튻一듎次욽平탐行뷸迸出돶口뿚活믮动뚯中훐，ꎬ욽平탐行进뷸口뿚商짌往췹往췹能쓜从듓中훐获믱益틦￡ꆣ?强制许可和平行进口问题，前者发生在生产环节，后者发生在流춨뮷뷚ꎬ뛾헟뚼쪹풭쪼좨샻죋뗄샻틦쫜폐쯰쪧ꆣ횵뗃힢틢뗄쫇ꎬ?뛸而쟒且평由폚于짌商튵业뺺竞헹争틲因쯘素듦存在퓚.ꎬ뿉可쓜能믡会폐有뛠多룶个뺭经쿺销짌商닎参폫与平욽탐行뷸进?通环节，二者都使原始权利人的利益受有损失c值得注意的是，폫쎳틗폐맘뗄횪쪶닺좨킭뚨?틔쿂볲돆?????킭뚨?뾼싇떽뗷뫍?뿚口ꎬ，뎤长웚期쿂下살来ꎬ，뛔对폚于짨设뚨定닮差뇰别볛价룱格뗄的뿧跨맺国릫公쮾司살来쮵说，ꎬ웤其놾本살来샻利益틦?与贸易有关的知识产权协定{以下简称TRIPs协定)考虑到调和늻춬맺볒횮볤뗄샻틦탨튪ꎬ퓊탭룷맺뗄횪쪶닺좨램싉틔벰폐맘?ퟮ最듳大뮯化的뗄部늿쫰署就뻍믡会因틲듋此而뛸실落空뿕ꆣc?不同画家之间的利益需要，允许各嚣的知识产权法律以及有关맺볒뗄튩쫂램맦뗷헻잿훆탭뿉뫍욽탐뷸뿚ꆣ?랴反뛔对욽平탐行뷸进뿚口뗄的죋人쪿士죏认캪为욽平탐行뷸进뿚口뿉可쓜能듸带살来튻一킩些컊问쳢题ꎺꆰ在퓚?国家的药事法规调整强制许可和平行进口。놾컄쳖싛짦벰뗄랶캧쫇튩욷뗄욽탐뷸뿚컊쳢ꎬ틠벴튩욷퓚?춬同튻一쫐市뎡场릫公쮾司뗄的춬同튻一욷品없牌뗄的产닺品욷相쿠互뮥竞뺺争헹，ꎬ붫将퇏严훘重듲打믷击쫚授좨权뺭经?本文讨论涉及的范围是药品的平行进口问题，亦即药品在샻쇬폲뫍짌뇪쇬폲뗄욽탐뷸뿚ꆣ?쿺销짌商的뗄推췆쿺销努얬力솦，ꎬ늢并ퟮ最훕终믡会쪹使릫公쮾司쪧失좥去쿺销售쫛渠쟾道뗀:ꎻ폘迂믘团뷸进口뿚的뗄货믵?专利领域和商标领域的平行进口c튻ꆢ욽탐뷸뿚뗄돉틲폫샭싛럖웧?컯物.ꎬ웤其쮵说쏷明쫩书폐有뿉可쓜能돶出쿖现컄文ퟖ字늻不럻符뗄岛컊问쳢题，ꎬ듓从뛸而펰影쿬响릫公쮾司닺产욷品形탎?一、平行进口的成因与理论分歧ꋙ?????????????????????????????????????????????????ꎺ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ꎬ???(Keith E. Maskus. Parallel Impons in Pharmaceuticals: Implications for (’.ompetition and Prices in Developing (’.ountries, 10 ꋚ2)? ?K?臼??t?h??E?. ?M?a?s?k?u?s?. ?P?a?r?al??l?e?l ?I?m?p?o?r?t?s? ?i?n? ?P?h?a?口?n?ac?e?u?t?i?ca?l?s?:ꎺ?I?m?p?l?i?c?a?t?i?o?n?s? ?f?o?r? ?(’.o?m?p?e?t?i?t?i?o?n? ?a?n?d? ?P?ri?c?e?s? ?????????????????????ꎬ??? n Developing (’.ountries, 15
캬웕톶 ꋙꋚ?ꋛꋜꋝꋞꋟꋠ?法램律싉与폫医튽学톧杂퓓志횾2?0?0?4?年쓪第뗚?11?卷뻭(?뗚第1?期웚)??ꆤ????ꆤ?31 象쿳:ꎻ럇非쫚授좨权뺭经쿺销짌商춨通뎣常늻不뢺负퓰责쫛售后뫳服럾务컱，ꎬ헢这뿉可쓜能떼导훂致맋顾客뿍的뗄不늻?뾴看，ꎬ랢发햹展훐中맺国볒家뿉可쓜能믡会춨通맽过쳘特쫢殊뗄的튩药쫂事램法맦规퓊允탭许튩药욷品的뗄平욽行탐进뷸?满싺，ꎬ튲也믡会펰影쿬到릫每쮾公벰司웤及닺其욷产뗄品탎的쿳形象ꆱꎻ消쿻费럑者헟也튲有폐可뿉能쓜受쫜害몦，ꎬ因틲为캪?口뿚，ꎬ쓏南럇非벴即쫇是튻-例샽ꎺ:?1?9?97?年쓪，ꎬ캪为쇋了훎治쇆疗룃该맺国뺳境쓚内훚众多뛠的뗄艾났滋ퟌ病늡患뮼?"ꆰ죧如맻果욽平탐行뷸进뿚口뗄的믵货컯物퓚在훊质솿量짏上폫与쫚授权좨进뷸口뿚货믵物컯不늻同춬时쪱，ꎮ消쿻费럑者헟?者헟，ꎬ쓏南럇非헾政뢮府춨通맽过쇋了ꆶ〈튩药욷品폫与쿠相맘关컯物훊质뿘控훆制램法낸案ꆷ扎ꎮ룃该램法案낸第뗚1?5??首쫗当떱其웤冲돥成돉为캪受쫜害몦者헟;ꎻ듋此췢外쫛售뫳后럾服컱务得뗃不늻到떽保놣证횤，ꎬ뿉可쓜能뛮额外췢增퓶加볓?条쳵就뻍对뛔平욽行탐进뷸口뿚做ퟶ出돶了쇋规맦定뚨cꆣ?消쿻费럑者헟的뗄使쪹用폃和뫍维캬修탞费用럑。폃"ꆣꆱ①ꋙ?在퓚这헢里샯，ꎬ랢发햹展훐中맺国볒家的뗄依틀据뻝正헽是쫇T?R?I?P?s?킭协议틩为캪了쇋协킭语뗷发랢展햹?针헫对뛔살来自ퟔ뿧跨国맺公릫司쮾的뗄谙?难쓑，ꎬ횧支돖持욽平탐行뷸进口뿚뗄的人죋士쪿以틔权좨利샻穷쟮?中훐国맺家볒与폫发랢达듯国맺家볒利샻益틦的뗄第뗚6?条쳵的뗄规맦定뚨，ꎬ틀依뻝据맺国쓚内램法自ퟔ行탐操닙作ퟷεꆣ?竭뷟理샭论싛相쿠应펦对뛔。ꆣ在퓚商짌标뇪法램领쇬域폲，ꎬ죧如맻果一튻件볾货믵物컯载퓘有폐合뫏法램的뗄离짌标뇪，ꎬ?为캪了쇋便뇣于폚分럖析컶，ꎬ쿈先뛔对튩药品욷分럖类샠ꎺ:?A.ꎮ믱获뗃得了쇋商짌标뇪保놣护뮤的뗄尚짐在퓚专?튻一经뺭技춶放럅市쫐场뎡，ꎬ짌商뇪标权좨入죋벴llD丧즥失쪧了쇋对뛔它쯼的뗄控뿘制훆，ꎬ웤其좨权利샻被놻视쫓为캪用폃?利샻期웚的뗄药튩品욷ꎻ;?B.ꎮ获믱뗃得商짌标뇪놣保护뮤的뗄非럇注힢册닡药튩品욷(?g?e?n?e?r?i?c??me?d?i?c?in?eꎬ, l벴lP ?尽뺡，ꎬ죎任뫎何죋人퓙再듎次쿺销쫛售룃该닺产욷品，ꎬ짌商뇪标좨权죋人펦应컞无좨权ퟨ阻횹止ꆣ。횧支돖持욽平行탐进뷸?过맽了쇋专利샻期웚的뗄，ꎬ평由웤其他쯻药튩厂뎧仿럂制훆的뗄药튩品욷);?ꎻC?ꎮ.믱获뗃得짌离뇪标놣保뮤护的뗄非럇?口뿚뗄的죋人쪿士뮹还듓从듙促뷸进맺屋볊际볤间믵货컯物쇷流춨通뗄的뷇角뛈度来살싛论述쫶罔춬一튻品욷牌없产닺品욷?专利샻药튩品욷3ꆣ컒我们쏇将붫3?훖种药튩都뚼框뿲定뚨为캪获믱得뗃商짌标뇪权좨，ꎬ쫇是캪为了쇋能쓜使쪹讨쳖?平욽行탐进뷸口뿚的뗄益틦处뒦uꆣ?论싛符럻合뫏平욽行탐进뷸口뿚概룅念쓮的뗄最ퟮ基믹本놾的뗄意틢旨횼-ꆫ王헽群없货믵ιꆣ?专利샻좨权穷쟮뷟竭샭理싛论횸指专利샻좨权죋人自ퟔ己벺믲或헟者탭许可뿉他쯻人죋制훆造퓬的뗄专利샻?쿈先来살看뾴A?类샠튩药，ꎬ죧如맻果헢这샠类튩药퓚在돶出뿚口맺国뫍和뷸进口뿚国맺皆뷔获믱得뗃专利샻?产닺品욷被놻合뫏法램投춶放럅市쫐场뎡后뫳，ꎬ죎任뫎何죋人뛔对룃该产닺品욷进뷸行탐销쿺售쫛或믲使쪹用폃，ꎮ不늻再퓙?权좨，ꎬ쓇那쎴么专샻利좨权죋人뻍就뿉可틔以틔出룃该욽平탐行뷸进뿚口탐行캪为쟖侵랸犯웤其进뷸口뿚权좨为캪自평?需탨要튪得뗃到떽专利샻权좨人죋的뗄许탭可뿉，ꎬ且쟒不늻构릹成돉侵쟖权좨。ꆣ?采닉取좡行탐动뚯，ꎬ뇈比죧如짪申쟫请몣海맘关뿛扣톺押믲或뛔对웰起쯟诉侵쟖权좨人죋ζꎺ这헢也튲是쫇最ퟮ符럻合뫏?专利샻좨权利샻쟮穷뷟竭理샭论싛在퓚国맺内쓚或믲域폲内쓚(?뾼考싇虑떽到얷欧盟쏋欲폻建붨立솢统춳一튻?乎욽行탐进뷸口뿚条쳵件볾的뗄药튩品욷平욽行탐进뷸口뿚情쟩况뿶dꆣ?市쫐场뎡〉?쫇是뫏合샭理的뗄oꆣ但떫是쫇应펦该룃明쏷确좷专利샻权좨的뗄特쳘性탔之횮一튻是쫇地뗘域폲性탔，ꎮ各룷?떫但是쫇随쯦着ퟅ电뗧ퟓ子商짌务컱튵业务컱范랶围캧的뗄拓췘展햹，ꎬ췸网싧络튩药店뗪因틲为캪能쓜集벯中훐?层맺쿖现탐行专샻利램法中훐뻹均맦规뚨定了쇋专샻利좨权죋人的뗄뷸进口뿚权좨。ꆣ一튻旦떩发랢生짺专利샻产닺?采닉购릺，ꎬ늻不붨建믲或짙少붨建쏅口쫐市ꎬ，뷚节풼约컯物쇷流돉成놾本뛸而쓜能쿲向쿻消럑费헟者쳡提供릩뷏较优폅的뗄?品욷的뗄平욽行탐进뷸口뿚就뻍可뿉以틔侵쟖犯랸专利샻权좨人죋进뷸口뿚权좨为캪白평，ꎬ提쳡起웰诉쯟讼쯏ꆣJ?折헛扣뿛价볛Qꆣ这헢룶个问컊쳢题튲也难쓑住힡了쇋美쏀国맺人죋，ꎬ쏀美맺国맺国믡会짵甚훁至为캪此듋召헙开뾪听쳽?二뛾、ꆢ튩药욷品욽平탐行뷸进뿚口벰及쿠相맘关问컊쳢题的뗄特쳘殊쫢性탔?谊횤会믡希쾣望췻解뷢决뻶这헢个룶问컊题쳢。ꆣ但떫是쫇这헢种훖融죚平욽行탐进뷸口뿚商짌和뫍平욽行탐出돶口뿚商짌?药튩品욷定뚨价볛涉짦及벰活훮多뛠方랽面쏦，ꎬ튻→냣般살来说쮵制훆药튩企웳业튵可뿉以틔自ퟔ由평定뚨价볛，ꎬ?为캪튻一体쳥，ꎬ쟒豆룹根놾本늻不퓚在뷸进口뿚国맺内쓚〈?쿺销쫛售짌商힢注닡册地뗘、ꆢ럾服컱务웷器皆뷔늻不在퓚进뷸?但떫是쫇影펰响쿬药튩品욷定뚨价볛的뗄因틲素쯘有폐很뫜多뛠，ꎬ比뇈如죧政헾府뢮限쿞价볛政헾策닟、ꆢ쫐市场뎡需탨求쟳?뿚口맺国)?뗄的쿺销쫛售쒣模쪽式틔以벰及튻一떩旦뷸进죫入쯟诉쯏讼程돌序탲所쯹产닺生짺的뗄各룷种훖困삧难쓑，ꎬ至훁?弹떯탔性、ꆢ튩药욷品럖分쿺销짌商뗄的뛠多맑寡、ꆢ튩药욷品쫊适폃用죋人좺群数쫽量솿、ꆢ쫐市뎡场춬同샠类产닺品욷竞뺺?짙少在퓚现쿖在퓚没쎻有폐一튻个룶合뫏适쫊的뗄方랽式쪽来살应펦对뛔。ꆣ?헹争程돌度뛈、ꆢ쿻消럑费헟者탄心샭理돐承쫜受쓜能솦力뗈等，ꎬ뷔皆믡会펰影쿬响튩药욷品볛价룱格ꆣ。因틲此듋即벴便뇣?평由듋此观맛之횮，ꎬ벴即뇣使쫇是샭理싛论짏上틔以뷸进口뿚좨权对뛔抗뾹?A类샠药튩，ꎬ튲也늻不쓜能럀防止횹?是쫇在퓚发랢达듯国맺家볒之횮间볤，ꎬ늻不춬同쫐市뎡场的뗄相쿠同춬药튩品욷的뗄价볛格룱也튲会믡存듦在퓚差닮异틬。ꆣ?욽平行탐进뷸口뿚的뗄客뿍观맛存듦在퓚cꆣ?比뇈죧如볓加쓃拿大듳对뛔其웤E맺民쏱实쪵行탐公릫费럑医튽疗쇆，ꎬ맊故헾政뢮府믡会퓚在벯集中훐采닉购릺的뗄时쪱?再퓙看뾴B?类샠药튩，ꎬ쯤虽然좻B?、ꆢ?C솽两类샠药튩已틑经뺭不늻属쫴于폚专利샻平욽行탐进뷸口뿚，ꎬ?候뫲폫与大듳型탍制훆튩药웳企业튵侃?价볛，ꎬ쪹使뗃得볓加쓃拿듳大듓从쏀美맺吕뷸进口뿚的뗄药튩品욷比뇈美쏀国맺?但떫톧学者헟皆뷔视쫓웤其캪为平욽行탐进뷸口뿚伴냩生짺问컊题쳢，ꎬ맊故퓚在듋此有폐讨쳖论싛必뇘要튪Qꆣ퓚在这헢?便뇣宜틋1?1ꎯ3?到떽1?1ꎯ2?，ꎬ很뫜多뛠美쏀层맺人죋뿧跨越풽뇟边境뺳믲或通춨过맽网췸络싧从듓加볓拿쓃大듳购릺买싲?里샯쟩情况뿶变뇤得뗃比뇈较뷏简볲单떥乙ꆣ首쫗先쿈，ꎬ틲因캪为튩药욷品专利샻期웚己틑过맽，ꎬ틀依뢽附专샻利权좨?药튩品욷。ꆣꋚ②因틲此듋，ꎬ볛价룱格닮差틬异쪹使药튩品욷平욽行탐进뷸口뿚有폐生짺存듦空뿕间볤。ꆣ?的뗄뷸进口뿚좨权튲也컞无램法볌继탸续듦存퓚在쿂下좥去ꆣ。쯹所틔以컊问쳢题演퇝变뇤돉成有폐商짌标뇪的뗄药튩品욷?发랢达듯国맺家볒和뫍发랢展햹中훐E맺家볒在퓚튩药욷品价볛룱格部컊题쳢上짏的뗄政헾策닟取좡向쿲有폐极벫?的뗄平욽탐行进뷸口뿚问컊题쳢Mꆣ컒我们쏇죏认为캪只횻튪要是쫇듓从뫏合法램渠쟾道뗀获믱得뗃的뗄正헽粹없药튩品욷?大듳差닮틬异。ꆣ쫀世뷧界짏上훷主튪要的뗄制훆药튩企웳业튵，ꎬ쳘特뇰别쫇是폐有쪵实솦力듓从事쫂创뒴新탂药튩研퇐?的뗄流쇷뚯动，ꎬ퓚在냼包ힰ装랽方쪽式ꎬ，쮵说쏷明쫩书쪹使폃用쎻没폐有룄改뇤变的뗄情쟩况뿶下쿂，ꎬ쫇是늻不펦应该룃?发랢的뗄企웳业튵皆뷔集벯中훐于폚发랢达듯国맺家볒，ꎬ与폫(?짏上쫀世纪볍?)?60?年쓪代듺相쿠比뇈，ꎬ탂新药튩的뗄开뾪?受쫜到떽责퓰难쓑的뗄?ι其웤次듎，ꎬ평由폚于专샻利맽过웚期ꎬ，뛔对룃该훖种튩药욷品뗄的럂仿훆制튲也뻍就是쫇合뫏?发랢周훜期웚太듳太듳延퇓长뎤了쇋。ꆣ同춬样퇹，ꎬ뻝据쏀美맺国훆制药튩协킭会믡统춳计볆，ꎬ탂新튩药뾪开랢发豹뗄投춶?法램的뗄，ꎬ뛠多룶个늻不춬同짌商뇪标뗄的럂仿훆制튩药돶出쿖现，ꎬ뻍就믡会닺产짺生볛价룱格ꋞ@뫍和质훊솿量上짏的뗄?入죫也튲应평(?짏上世쫀纪볍)??60?年쓪代듺平욽均뻹?1?6?0?0?万췲美쏀元풪提쳡高룟到떽(?짏上世쫀纪볍)??90?年쓪?竞뺺争헹，ꎬ헢这훖种뺺竞헹争뻖局쏦面쪹使쿻消럑费헟者뛠多了쇋톡选择퓱，ꎬ튻一냣般살来쮵说럇非힢注册닡药튩价볛格룱?代듺2?.ꎮ3?1?틚记美쏀元풪，ꎬꋛ签랢发듯达맺墨볒家뾴吾훐中횪知쪶识닺产좨权놣保뮤护듸带살来的뗄高룟国믘报놨对뛔?比뇈풭原뎧厂药튩价볛格룱便뇣宜틋?1?5ꎥ%떽到?5?0ꎥ%.ꎬꋟ各틲自듋此，ꎬ뿉可쓜能듋此时쪱B?샠类药튩价볛可뿉?훆制药튩탐行튵业创뒴탂新닺产짺生뗄的벤激샸励ퟷ作폃用ꆣ。쏀美맺国훸著쏻名뺭经济볃톧学家볒曼싼斯쮹菲럆尔뛻德뗂?能쓜因틲此듋下쿂跌뗸、ꎬ쪹使욽平行탐进뷸口뿚失쪧去좥生짺存듦空뿕间볤。ꆣ?퇐뺿럖컶뗃돶뷡싛ꎬ죧맻쎻폐샻놣뮤ꎬ??ꎥ뗄탂튩뻍늻믡놻랢?떫但是쫇，ꎬ평由폚于폫与튻一냣般짌商욷品늻不춬同ꎬ，퇐研뺿究죋人풱员럇非뎣常맘关힢注폃用튩药安낲全좫性탔?研究分析得出结论，如果没有专利保护.60%的革开药就不会被发쏷돶살ꆣꋜ?的뗄问컊题쳢Qꆣ맊故有폐研퇐뺿究者헟垢?病늡平욽行탐进뷸口뿚会믡带듸来살药튩品욷质훊量솿上짏的뗄风럧险쿕ꎬ?明出来ι②而뛸普웕遍뇩存듦在퓚于폚랢发展햹中훐国맺볒家뗄的药튩品욷럂仿制훆和뫍쫀世界뷧范랶围캧内쓚的뗄平욽行탐??Ha?r?v?e??y? E?.ꎮ ?B?a?leꎬ??ꎮ늩쪿횸돶ꎺꆰ욽탐쎳틗퓶볓쇋볙쎰뫍뗍폚맦뚨?, Jr.博士指出平行贸易增加了假冒和低于规定뷸뿚ꎬ쪹뗃랢듯맺볒퓚튩욷횪쪶닺좨놣뮤컊쳢짏뇭쿖뗃럇뎣쏴?标뇪ힼ准的뗄产닺욷品进뷸죫入市쫐场뎡的뗄机믺会믡，ꎬ뛔对쿻消럑费헟者뗄的붡健뾵康뫍和낲安全좫增퓶加볓了쇋风럧?进口，使得发达国家在药品知识产权保护剖题上表现得非常敏룐ꆣ퓬돉짏쫶쟩뿶뗄풭틲쫇ꎬ랢햹훐맺볒헾닟좡쿲쫇틔뷏뗍뗄?쿕险，ꎬ뛸而쟒且퓶增볓加쇋了랢发햹展中훐国맺家볒匮?乏랦的뗄管맜理샭人죋员的풱负뗄担뢺"떣，ꆣ互ꆱ?例샽如죧:ꎺ?感c造成上述情况的原因是，发展中国家政策取向是以较低的볛룱쿲웤맺쏱쳡릩쿖듦뗄튩컯ꆣꋝ쯹틔ꎬ듓튩욷뿉벰탔뗄뷇뛈살?"ꆰ퓚在쓡尼日죕尔뛻，ꎬ1??99?5?쓪年2?퓂月到떽?5月퓂脑쓔膜쒤炎퇗流쇷行탐，ꎬ大듳约풼?6?0?0?0?0?죋人接뷓种훖?价格向其居民提供现存的药物。①所以，从药品可及性的角度来② 徐탬兆헗宏뫪企웳业튵知횪识쪶产닺权좨国맺际볊保놣护뮤?[?M]?.ꎮ第뗚i?版냦上짏海몣，ꎮ上짏海몣财닆经뺭大듳学톧出돶版냦社짧.ꎮ?2?0?0?2:ꎺ2?3?3??????ꎺꎯꎯ???ꎮ???????ꎮ???ꎯ????ꎯ??????????ꎯ????ꎯ??ꎯ??ꎯ???ꆪ??????????ꎬ????ꎺꎯꎯ????????ꆪ??ꆪ???????ꎯ???????????ꎯ??????ꆪ????ꆮ?ꆣ?ꆤ???? cle/onl . ,:2) ?2?0?03?年쓪岳?另퓂5?日죕볬检索쯷aꆣ?③③햲헽③⑧탂乞튩@詹正高新药研퇐뺿究뾪开랢发폫与펦应폃用ꎮ第뗚1?版냦，놱北뺩京人죋民쏱军뻼医튽出돶版냦社짧ꎬ.1??9♀?8?、ꎮ2?2?4??张헅清쟥奎뿼B컒我国맺튩药욷品횪知쪶识닺产좨权놣保뮤护램法싉律벱急탨需뗷调헻整ꎮ专利샻法램研퇐究뺿ꎬ.?2?0?02?.ꎮ1?4?6?????????ꎮ?????????????????????????????????????????ꎺ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ꎬ???Ke th E. Maskus. Parallel Imports in Pharmacεutícals: Impl catlons for Compet t on and Pr ces n Develop ng Countr es. 24 H?a?r?ve?y? ?E?.ꎮ B?a??ꎬ??ꎮ튩욷믱뗃폫튩욷뾪랢???ꎮ붪떤쏷틫샻램퇐뺿ꎬ????ꎺ????le. ]r.药品获得与药品开发[]J姜丹碗泽专利法研究，2002:31♀h?t??t?pꎺ:ꎯ/ꎯ/?w四?矶?r?.?????ꎮ??ꎮ??ꎯ??????ꎮ???ꎬ????쓪?퓂?죕볬쯷ꆣ?namaf. org. na/generic、年6月6日检索主H?a?r?ve??v? E?.ꎮ ?Ba?栓?.ꎬ]??rꎮ튩.욷药믱品获뗃得폫与튩药욷品뾪开发랢?[?]J?姜붪丹떤现쏷译틫，ꎬ专샻利法램研퇐究뺿.ꎬ?2?0?0?2:ꎺ3?1?♀?ꆫ~3?2?0??
캬웕톶 ꋙꋚ?ꋛꋜꋝꋞꋟꋠꋡ?ꆤ?. 3?2? ?.ꆤ ?法램律싉与폫医튽学톧杂퓓志횾2??00?4?年쓪第뗚I?I?卷뻭(?第뗚1?期웚}??了쇋仿럂制훆的뗄疫틟苗쏧，ꎬ뛸而쓇那킩些틟疫쏧苗늢并쎻没폐有몬含有폐有폐效킧的뗄成돉分럖"ꆱꆣrꋙL ?第뗚二뛾，ꎬ랢发햹展훐中맺国볒家짐尚캴未붨建솢立웰起쓜能돐承쫜受룟高뛮额药튩价볛的뗄完췪善짆的뗄医튽?至훁于폚C?类샠药튩品욷，ꎬ평由폚于럇非专샻利튩药뻍就쫇是횸指的뗄那쓇些킩对뛔尚짐在퓚专利샻织웚?疗쇆保놣险쿕体쳥系쾵-ꎺ经뺭济볃学톧上짏一튻般냣认죏为캪，ꎬ如죧果맻医튽疗쇆保놣险쿕体쳥系쾵完췪善짆.ꎬ对뛔专?的뗄药튩욷品进뷸탐行仿럂훆制的뗄药튩。ꆣ药튩品욷的뗄专샻利좨权人죋认죏为캪这헢些킩是쫇侵쟖权좨药튩dꆣ对뛔?利샻药튩的뗄需탨求쟳弹떯性탔就뻍会믡变뇤小킡。ꆣ在퓚哥哥훆药튩大듳吕맺印펡度뛈‘ꎬ듳大풼约只횻有폐4?%ꎥ的뗄人죋?药튩品욷本놾身짭不늻进뷸行탐专利샻놣保뮤护旦쟒폐有能쓜솦力럂仿制훆药튩品욷并늢产닺生짺优폅厚뫱利샻润죳的뗄?口뿚놻被医튽疗쇆保놣险쿕所쯹覆뢲盖룇，ꎬ튲也횻只폐有튽医쇆疗놣保险쿕能쓜承돐担떣处뒦方랽药튩利샻益틦.ꎬ因틲此듋?发랢展햹中훐国맺家볒只횻有폐印펡度뛈Oꆣ印펡度뛈利샻用폃其웤2?0?0?5?年쓪前잰的뗄最ퟮ后뫳不늻保놣护뮤药튩?大듳量솿患뮼者헟必뇘须탫直횱接뷓购릺买싲药튩品욷，ꎬ헢这쪹使뗃得쯻他쏇们퓚在튩药욷品볛价格룱上짏相쿠当떱敏쏴?品욷专利샻的뗄期웚限쿞，ꎬ짐尚쓜能짺生닺产퓚在쯻他固맺폐有专科샻权좨的뗄药튩物컯，ꎬ늢并폐有可뿉能쓜向쿲一튻?感룐乙ꆣ药튩剂볁师쪦因틲此듋愿풸意틢提쳡供릩便뇣宜틋的뗄处뒦方랽药튩的뗄替쳦代듺品욷Jꆣ??些킩为캪公릫共릲健붡康뾵!컊可쳢题삧困죅扰뗄的맺国볒家쳡提릩供튩药욷品ꆣ。짵甚훁至솬连쏀美国맺都뚼有폐可뿉能쓜?我컒国맺医튽疗쇆保놣险쿕的뗄覆뢲盖룇情쟩况뿶是쫇，ꎬ截뷘止횹到떽2??00?2?年쓪1??0月퓂底뗗‘ꎬ좫全国맺?通춨过맽这헢种훖手쫖段뛎获믱益틦，ꎬ9?1??l뿖恐닀怖쾮袭믷击뫳后뗄的첿炭뻒症쾮袭믷击쪹使뗃得쏀美国맺政헾府뢮的뗄?绝뻸大듳多뛠数쫽统춳筹돯地뗘区쟸已틑经뺭建붨立솢了쇋基믹本놾医튽疗쇆保놣险쿕制훆度뛈，ꎬ覆뢲盖룇人죋口뿚8??环뮷뇻丙沙즳皇탇采닉购릺솿量大듳增퓶，ꎬ뗂德맺国냝拜뛺耳훆制튩药뗄的뮷环뇻丙즳沙탇星퓚在美쏀国맺的뗄专利샻?岳?9?1?万췲ζꆣ⑧ꋠ폫与컒我国맺近뷼1?3?亿틚的뗄人죋口뿚相쿠比뇈，ꎬ医튽保놣覆뢲盖룇人죋口뿚相쿠当떱少짙二ꎺ?到떽2?0?0?3?年쓪才닅会믡到떽期웚，ꎬ쏀美맺国헾政뢮府튲也쫇是춨通맽过췾威킲胁냝拜耳뛺웤其将붫会믡采닉取좡强잿?第뗚二죽，ꎬ헽正죧如잰前뇟边쳡提到떽的뗄，ꎬ랢发햹展훐中맺国볒家认죏为캪它쯼쏇fì늢J并쎻没폐有듓从훆制药튩?制훆许탭可뿉.ꎬ늢并폫与펡印뛈度웳企튵业첸谈에判뷸进口뿚럂仿制훆药튩，ꎬ웈迫쪹使냝拜뛺耳릫公司쮾붫将药튩品욷价볛?巨뻞头춷的뗄研퇐发랢中훐获믱得뗃更룼多뛠的뗄利샻益틦，ꎬ1?9?9?6?年쓪世쫀界뷧卫컀生짺组ퟩ织횯宣탻称돆.ꎬ全좫球쟲?格룱从듓1.?ꎮ7?7?美쏀元풪降붵至떽lJ0?.ꎮ9?5?美쏀元풪。ꆣ由평此듋可뿉以틔看뾴出돶，ꎬ잿强훆制许탭可뿉和뫍平욽行탐?1?9?9?4?年쓪在퓚药튩品욷研퇐究뺿上짏甩폃掉뗴了쇋5?6?亿틚美쏀元풪，ꎬ뷶仅뷶仅只횻有폐0?.ꎮ?2ꎥ%用폃于폚脐럎?进뷸口뿚是쫇美쏀国맺在퓚药튩品욷采닉购릺问컊题쳢上짏讨쳖价볛还뮹价볛的뗄策닟略싔。ꆣ会ꋚ?炎퇗、ꆢ뢹腹킺泻탔性얱芜벲疾뫍和럎肺结뷡核뫋上짏，ꎬ쯼它쏇们햼占떽到좫全쟲球疾벲病늡的뗄?1?8ꎥ%0ꆣ쯹所有폐这헢?也튲正헽是쫇看뾴到떽在퓚药튩品욷在퓚公릫共릲健붡康뾵危캣机믺中훐的뗄作ퟷ用폃，ꎬ才닅促듙使쪹美쏀国맺、ꆢ?킩些研퇐究뺿都뚼由평公릫共릲机믺构릹或믲军뻼事쫂当떱局뻖承돐担떣。ꆣ?欧얷洲훞在퓚药튩品욷问컊题쳢上짏的뗄观맛念쓮也튲有폐所쯹改룄变뇤，ꎬ1?9?9?9?年쓪?1?2月퓂西컷雅퇅图춼?而뛸쟒豆，ꎬ랢发햹展훐中맺国볒家뮹还죏认캪为ꎬ，튻一떩旦탂新튩药퇐研랢发돉成릦功늢并投춶入죫生짺产닺?W?T?O?第뗚三죽次듎部늿长뎤会믡议틩上짏，ꎬ쪱时죎任쏀美国맺总ퟜ统춳的뗄克뿋林쇖顿뛙宣탻布늼，ꎬ美쏀国맺将붫?后뫳，ꎬ퇐研랢发뗄的돉成놾本튲也뻍就固만定뚨了쇋oꆣ发랢达듯国맺家볒强잿满뗲研퇐发랢费럑用폃高룟涨헇有폐漫싾?帮냯助훺发랢展햹中훐国맺家볒获믱得뗃能쓜够릻承돐受쫜得뗃起웰的뗄药튩物컯，ꎬ包냼括삨用폃于폚?HI??VꎯIA?I?D?S?? 天쳬要튪价볛之횮嫌쿓ζꆣ?的뗄药튩物컯ζꆣ因틲此듋，ꎬ쏀美맺国헾政뢮府붫将놣保횤证쏀美맺国폫与횪知쪶识닺产좨权폐有맘关的뗄贸쎳易틗法램?第뗚I쯄!ꎬ욽!l탐，뷸平뿚行튻进냣口랢一般짺发퓚生릫在릲公붡共뾵健康캣危믺机쪱对웚期ꎬ，틲因캪为쫀世뷧界上짏?的뗄쪵实쪩施놣保돖持돤充럖分的뗄灵쇩活믮性탔，ꎬ틔以펦应뛔对릫公릲共붡健뾵康캣危믺机。ꆣ时쪱任죎副뢱总ퟜ统춳?购뗄正헽常뎣用폃药튩主훷体쳥也튲来살自ퟔ非럇注힢册닡药튩，ꎬ因틲此듋平욽行탐进뷸口뿚发랢生짺量솿上짏来살讲붲，ꎬ?的뗄戈룪尔뛻于폚2?0?0?0?年쓪1?月퓂在퓚联솪合뫏昌맺安낲理샭会믡再퓙次듎重훘申짪了쇋这헢个룶信탅息쾢。ꆣ③ꋠ?并늢不늻足ퟣ以틔对뛔制훆药튩工릤业튵构릹成돉威췾胁킲。ꆣ?但떫是쫇制훆药튩大듳国맺仍죔쾣希望췻좷确认죏튻一킩些存듦在퓚릫公共릲健붡康뾵危캣机믺的뗄目쒿标뇪国맺?发랢展햹中훐吕맺家볒죏认为캪在퓚公릫共릲健붡康뾵危캣机믺时쪱.ꎬ퓊允탭许욽平行탐뷸进口뿚是쫇符럻合뫏?家볒，ꎬ如죧?HI??VꎯI?AI??DS?泛랺滥샄的뗄撒죶哈맾拉삭以틔南쓏的뗄非럇洲훞国맺家볒(?틔以下쿂简볲称돆撤죶南쓏?自ퟔ벺己맺国볒家샻利틦益的뗄ꆣ。떫但쫇是，ꎬ쏦面뛔对쫀世뷧界룷各맺昌퓚在专샻利램法훐中普웕遍뇩规맦定뚨进뷸?非럇洲훞国맺家볒)?ꆢ、뚫东쓏南퇇亚맺国볒家ꎬ늢，并쾣希췻望ퟨ姐횹止튩药욷品듓从쒿吕뇪标맺吕볒家쇷流向쿲富뢻裕풣?口뿚좨权，ꎬ죧如뫎何뗷调뫍和헢这룶个쎬矛뛜盾쓘呢?虽쯤然좻?2?00?1?年쓪的뗄《?τ?R?I?P?s?协킭议틩与폫公릫共릲?맺国家볒，ꎬ틲因캪为헢这훖种쇷流뚯动틑已뺭经캥违놳背쇋了캪为쇋了릫公릲共붡健뾵康뗄的目쒿的뗄而뛸允퓊许탭平욽?健붡康뾵宣탻言퇔〉ꆷ쳡提돶出쇋了一튻个룶2??00?2?年쓪底뗗解뷢决뻶公릫共릲健붡康뾵药튩品욷可뿉及벰性탔;可컊题쳢?行탐뷸进口뿚的뗄初돵衷훔Oꆣ?的뗄时쪱离볤表뇭，ꎬ떫但쫇是헹争执횴一튻直횱持돖续탸到떽现쿖在퓚。ꆣ?三죽、ꆢ랢发햹展훐中맺国볒家퓚在튩药욷品욽平탐行뷸进口뿚中훐펦应持돖有폐的뗄态첬度뛈?作ퟷ者헟认죏为캪?{?TR?I?P?s?协킭틩议与폫릫公共릲健붡康뾵宣탻言퇔》ꆷ쫂事쪵实짏上룸给出돶了쇋一튻个룶?正헽죧如잰前뇟边횸指돶出，ꎬ랢发햹展훐中맺国볒家뗄的믹基놾本헾政닟策좡取向쿲쫇是以틔较뷏低뗍的뗄价볛?框뿲볜架，ꎬ죃让듺代뇭表룷各훖种샻利틦益뗄的맺雷볒家쓜能퓚在헢这룶个뿲框볜架中훐进뷸行탐谈첸判에ꆣζ我컒们쏇?格룱向쿲其웤吕맺民쏱提쳡供릩现쿖存듦的뗄药튩物컯ꆣC它쯼们쏇认죏为캪:ꎺ?힢注意틢떽到争헹횴执뗄豹问컊쳢题从듓当떱初돵是쫇否럱允퓊许탭平욽行탐进뷸口뿚，ꎬ已틑经뺭转移틆到떽?5个룶?第뗚一튻，ꎬ뷏较뗍低볛价룱格뗄的튩药욷品뿉可틔以싺满ퟣ足퓶增뷸进짧社믡会뢣福샻利的뗄要튪求쟳。ꆣ有폐?뫋核心탄问컊题쳢:ꎺ(??1?)닺产욷品랶范캧围川ꎻ??D?벲疾病늡范랶围캧川ꎻ?引??收쫕益틦国맺与폫供릩应펦国맺范랶?킧效的뗄药튩物컯，ꎬ컞无싛论쫇是뛔对폚于룶个죋人还뮹是쫇对뛔于폚社짧会믡，ꎬ整헻体쳥来살说쮵都뚼有폐价볛值횵。ꆣ?国캧;ꎻ?(?4)?防럀止횹收쫕益틦转移틆的뗄保놣障헏措듫施쪩;ꎻ(??引?뷢解뻶决랽方낸案뗄前램法싉律方랽式쪽οꆣ在퓚?对뛔폚于个룶죋人来살쮵说훎治愈폺了쇋疾벲病늡，ꎬ뛔对폚于짧社믡会뗄的볛价횵值살来쮵说应펦该룃是쫇免쏢除돽了쇋?첸谈判에中훐，ꎬ탂新的뗄解뷢决뻶方랽案낸被놻提쳡出돶:ꎺ?患뮼폐有뒫传좾染탔性벲疾늡病的뗄病늡人죋将붫疾벲病늡传뒫播능给룸其웤他쯻入죋，ꎬ퓬造돉成社짧会믡的뗄危캣??1ꎮ.탞修룄改?TR?I?P?s?킭协议틩第뗚?31?쳵条(?f?)?뿮款;ꎻ?몦害ꆣ。ꋜ@샽例죧如ꎬ퓚，죶在쓏撤离럇非훞洲뫍和쿖现퓚在틑已뺭经뒫传능播떽到쓏南퇇亚뫍和东뚫南쓏亚퇇的뗄?2?.ꎮ对뛔?TR?I?P?s?뗚第3??0条쳵，ꎬ쫚授폨予좨权샻利的뗄例샽外췢做ퟶ出돶扩삩大듳解뷢释쫍:ꎻ??HI??V/ꎯA?I??DS?的뗄캣危机믺中훐，ꎬ죧如맻果쎻没폐有럇非뎣常뗍低볛价룱格뗄的튩药쳡提릩供룸给这헢些킩区쟸域폲?3?.ꎮ뛔对符럻合뫏"ꆰ뛠多맾哈탻宣言퇔"ꆱ뺫精짱神뗄的튩药욷品出돶口뿚延퇓缓뮺或믲放럅弃웺追ힷ究뺿:ꎻ?뗄룐좾헟믲늡뮼ꎬ퓚캴살붫믡쓰돉듳뗄퓖쓑ꆣꋝ?4?.ꎮ뛔对符럻合뫏"ꆰ뛠多맾哈탻宣言퇔"ꆱ튩药욷品뷸进口뿚늻不纳쓉入죫争헹端뛋解뷢决뻶机믺制훆;的感染者或病患，在未来将会酿成大的灾难。@ꎻ?在퓚这헢里샯，ꎬ컒我쏇们뇘必탫须쳡提떽到컒我쏇们훐中맺国，ꎬ쯤虽좻然컒我맺国퓚在죋人쏱民믹基놾本用폃药튩??5.ꎮ퓊允탭许由평获믱得뗃잿强制훆许탭可뿉的뗄药튩品욷生짺产닺国맺出돶口뿚0ꆣꋡ~?랽쏦ퟶ뗃뮹늻듭ꎬ떫쫇퓚튻킩쫀뷧탔쓑쳢뗄벲늡짏ꎬ죧???ꎯ?可뿉以틔뾴看出돶，ꎬ헢这튲也쫇是듓从랢发햹展훐中맺吕볒家샻利틦益뷇角뛈度돶出랢发的뗄뷢解决뻶方랽案낸ꆣC?方面做得还不错，但是在些世界性难题的疾病上，如HIVI????늡뮼죋쫽틑뺭뷸죫뿬쯙퓶뎤웚ꆣ????쓪폫????쓪쿠뇈ꎬ?컞无싛论如죧何뫎，ꎬ듓从뺭经볃济톧学뷇角뛈度살来뾴看，ꎬ캪为쇋了쓜能뷢解뻶决헽正퓚在랢发짺生的뗄욽平行탐进뷸口AIDS病患人数己经进入快速增长期ε2002年与2000年相比，뿚?훐맺???룐좾헟벤퓶쇋??ꎥꎬ죧맻늻닉좡믽벫폐킧듫쪩ꎬ떽?벰及相쿠关맘问컊题쳢，ꎬ在퓚?τR?I?P?s?框뿲볜架谈첸判에，ꎬ쫇是튻一룶个럻符뫏合쮫双랽方샻利益틦的뗄选톡择퓱ꎺε中国HIV感染者激增了58%，如果不采取积极有效措施.到?????쓪ꎬ훐맺???룐좾헟붫뎬맽?????췲ꆣꋞ틲듋ꎬ퇏뻾뗄탎쫆?作ퟷ헟者估맀计볆，ꎬ퓚在쿞限뚨定랶范캧围쓚内뗄的튩药욷品욽平탐行뷸进뿚口뿉可쓜能ퟮ最훕终能쓜为캪发랢达듯国맺?2010年，中国HIV感染者将超过1000万ε。因此，严峻的形势已틑뺭经붫将훐中国맺뫍和듳大规맦쒣模公릫릲共健붡뾵康危캣机믺联솪系쾵在퓚튻웰起了쇋。ꆣ?볒家和뫍랢发展햹中훐国맺家볒接뷓受쫜ꆣC????????????????????????????????????????????ꎬ????ꎮ???????????????????????????????????ꎯ???????????????????????????ꆪ??????????????????’1, Intemational Intellectual Property Ins飞 Patεnt Prote口ionand Accε55 to HIV IAIDS Pharmaceuticals in Su七SaharanAfrica. 22 ???ꎺꎯꎯ???????ꎮ??????ꎯ??????????ꎯ????ꎯ????ꎯ??????ꎯ??????????????ꎮ??ꎬ????ꎮ????????ꎮ???ꎯ????ꎯ??????ꆪ?????ꎬ????쓪?퓂?죕?o httl’: 回ional心τu医疗'>/ewsI200111/. w轨W丰dfrnedici肘.com/dfyb/200112-21. htm. 2003年6月6 日检볬索쯷。ꆣ??????????????????????????????????????????????ꎬ????ꎮ???????????????????????????????????ꎯ???????????????????????????ꆪ??????????????????。IntemationalIntel\ectual Property Institu忧.IIPL Patent Protεction and Acce55 10 HIV I AIDS Pharrnaceuticals in Sub -Sa坦aτanAfrica. 16 ??????????????ꎮ??????????????????????????????????ꎺ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ꎬ???’dJ Keith E. Maskus. Paτallel Imports in Pharmaceuticals: lmplications foτCompetition and Pτic臼inDevεloping Countries. 23 ???????ꎮ??????ꎮ?????????????????????????????????ꎺ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ꎬ???:去KeithE. Maskus. Parallel lmports in Pha口naceuticals:Implications foτC""mpetition and Pric臼inDeveloping Countri臼，22쯯랲쯕훝돶첨났ퟌ늡ꆰ죋좨램낸ꆱꎮ췢첲뮭놨ꎮ????ꆪ??ꆪ???????\Q;’ 孙凡-苏州出台艾滋病恼人权法案??????????????ꎮ????????????????????????????????ꎺ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ꎬ??!二Keith E. Maskus. Parallel lmports in Pha口nacεulicals:lmplications for Competition and Pric自由Developing Countries. 9 ?쳎릹훾췪짆뗄튽쇆놣쿕쳥쾵뗄짨쿫ꎮ????ꎺꎯꎯ???????????????ꎯ?????ꎯ???????ꎯ????????????????쓪?퓂?죕볬쯷?~ j于涛构筑完善的医疗保险体系的设想 2003年岳月7日检索@ 李샮烦쮳德뗂?TR?I?P?s?킭协틩议탂新二튻싖轮첸谈判에벰及知횪쪶识产닺权좨国맺际볊保놣护뮤的뗄新탂发랢展햹知횪识쪶产닺权좨，ꎬ?2?0?0?3.ꎬ6??(?3)?ꎺ: ?1?2 ꆫ-1?5??
캬웕톶 램法싉律폫与튽医톧学퓓杂횾志?2?0?0?4쓪年뗚第?1?1뻭卷?(뗚第?1웚期〉?ꆤ????ꆤ?. 33 . 훐中맺国춬同퇹样튲也쫴属폚于랢发햹展훐中맺国볒家ꎬ，떫但훐中맺国쫴属폚于폐有쿠相떱当훆制튩药쓜能솦力?닎参뾼考컄文쿗献?뗄的랢发햹展훐中맺国볒家ꆣ。튻一냣般벲疾늡病뗄的죋人쏱民믹基놾本폃用튩药쓜能릻够뗃得떽到싺满ퟣ足ꆣ。떫但쫇是???????????????????????????????????????????????ꎺ????????????[1] Keith E. Ma，毛 Imports in Pharmaceuticals: lmplications for 헽正죧如쫀世뷧界컀卫짺生ퟩ组횯织횸指돶出ꎬ，뺭经볃济뗄的좫全쟲球뮯化뿉可쓜能믡会듸带살来듳大맦规쒣模뗄的좫全?????????????????????????????????????????????Competition and Prices in Developing Countr˛es 쟲球탔性뗄的벲疾病늡流쇷行탐的뗄危캣机믺，ꎬ?S?A?R?S뷱今쓪年뗄的싻蔓퇓延뻍就쫇是헢这룶个맛观뗣点뗄的ퟮ最뫃好???ꆻ?????????????????????????????????????ꎬ?????????????????????[2] lnternational lmellectual Property lnstitute, (IIPI). Patent Protection 힢뷅ꆣ쯤좻훐맺늻믡쿱쓇킩쪮럖욶쟮뗄랢햹훐맺볒쓇퇹쏦?훮????????????????ꎯ??????????????????????????ꆪ??????????????and Access t,) HIV / AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub -Saharan Africa 注脚。虽然中国不会像那些十分贫穷的发展中国家那样面临诸죧럎뷡뫋ꆢ럎퇗ꆢ얱벲쇷탐뗄캣믺ꎬ떫쫇훐맺튲늻쓜늻횱쏦???ꎯ????탬헗뫪웳튵횪쪶닺좨맺볊놣뮤ꎮ뗚?냦짏몣닆뺭듳톧돶냦짧????ꎺ?[3J徐兆宏-企业知识产权国际保护‘第1版-上海财经大学出版社.2002，如肺结核、肺炎、茫疾流行的危机，但是中国也不能不直面HIV/????뛔릫릲붡뾵퓬돉뗄캣믺ꆣ틲듋ꎬ틔쳘쫢뗄튩쫂램맦퓊탭릫?????233 AIDS对公共健康造成部危机。因此，以特殊的药事法规允许公릲붡뾵캣믺훐쪹폃욽탐뷸??쫇럻뫏훐맺뗄샻틦톡퓱뗄ꆣ?ꆾ??햲헽탂튩퇐뺿뾪랢폫펦폃ꎮ뗚?냦ꎮ놱뺩ꎺ죋쏱뻼튽돶냦짧ꎬ????ꎮ?[4J詹正高新药研究开发与应用第1版-北京:人民军医出版社噜1998共健康危机中使用平行进口是符合中国的利益选择的。????224 욽平탐行뷸进뿚口쫇是튻一룶个횪知쪶识닺产权좨的뗄问컊题쳢，ꎬ떫但쫇是튻一떩旦잣牵짦涉떽到튩药品욷可뿉??[?5?J?H?a?r?v?e?y? ?E?. ?B?al?eꎬ电?J?r튩.욷药믱品뗃获폫得튩与药욷品뾪开랢发ꎮ붪姜떤丹쏷明틫译专利샻法램研퇐究뺿，ꎬ?벰及탔性뗄的컊闰쳢题쪱时ꎬ，쯼它뻍就냼包몬含쇋了룼更뛠多횪知쪶识닺产좨权틔以췢外뗄的쮼思뾼考컊坷쳢题的뗄角뷇?????????ꆫ????-320 뛈度ꆣ。뛔对폚于튻→룶个맺国볒家헾政뢮府살来쮵说，ꎬ뿉可쓜能욽平탐行뷸进뿚口늢并늻不믡会ퟷ作캪为튻一훖种僵붩??[??岳쯯〕랲孙凡쯕，훝苏돶州첨出台났艾ퟌ滋늡病ꆰ"죋人좨权램法낸案ꆱ"ꎮ췢外滩첲涵뮭报놨，ꎬ?2?0?0?2ꆪ-?1?1튻-0냈l?(?Al?l?)?뮯化뗄的뷌教쳵条在퓚튩药品욷可뿉及벰性탔坷컊题쳢上짏使쪹用폃，ꎬ룼更뛠多的뗄时쪱候뫲，ꎬ욽平탐行뷸进口뿚펦应룃该??[?7?샮]李쮳顺뗂德.?TR?I?P??s킭协틩议탂新튻→싖轮첸谈에判及벰횪知识쪶产닺좨权思맺际볊保놣护뮤的뗄新탂发랢展햹=ꎮ횪知쪶识?놻被뾴看ퟷ作튻一훖种첸谈判에时쪱施쪩压톹的뗄策닟略싔，ꎬ헢这퇹样퓚在튩药品욷价볛格룱、ꆢ뿉可벰及탔性뫍和튩药品욷?닺产权좨，ꎬ?2?0?0?3ꎬ，?以??3?)?훊质솿量짏上达듯成돉始뗄妥췗协킭，ꎬ듓从짧社믡会헻整쳥体利샻틦益上짏来살讲붲可뿉能쓜更룼值횵得뗃称돆道뗀。ꆣ??쫕룥ꎺ????ꆪ??ꆫ??탞믘ꎺ????ꆪ??ꆪ???〈收稿:2003-0岳-18修回:2003-07 -25) ퟷ作헟者떥单캻位:ꎺ쯕苏훝州듳大톧学램法톧学院풺ꎬ.?2?1?5?0?21?ꆤ·튽运쫂事法램律싉·ꆤ?튽医院풺内쓚?S?A?RS?붻交叉닦葱룐染좾的뗄归맩责퓰原풭赠퓲相뫍同럧险쿕럖11떣担?쇵刘?宇폮?iꆾ햪摘要튪}ꆿ?目쒿잰前，ꎬ좫全짧社믡会控뿘制훆?S?A?RS?疫틟情쟩已틑取좡得뗃重훘大듳成돉果맻，ꎬ与폫此듋同춬时쪱，ꎬ由평?S?A?RS?引틽发랢的뗄法램律싉问컊题쳢也튲开뾪始쪼引틽起웰人죋们쏇的뗄重훘?视쫓。ꆣ在퓚现쿖实쪵中훐，ꎬ非럇?S?A?RS?患뮼者헟与폫?S?A?RS?患뮼者헟在퓚医튽院풺接뷓触뒥的뗄可뿉能쓜性탔、ꆢ튽医풺院隔룴샫离쳵条件볾鹤뗄不늻完췪备놸性탔、ꆢ쳡提룟高쫕收훎治싊率폫与붵降低뗍院풺内쓚感룐染좾?率싊的뗄矛쎬盾뛜，ꎬ뻶决뚨定쇋了퓚在튽医院풺内쓚发랢生짺S??AR?S?交붻닦叉感룐染좾的뗄可뿉能쓜性탔客뿍观맛存듦在퓚。ꆣ对뛔此듋，ꎬ为캪求쟳得뗃法램律싉上짏的뗄公릫正헽解뷢决뻶，ꎬ뇘必须탫首쫗先쿈确좷立솢以틔?过맽错듭责퓰任죎原풭则퓲为캪主훷导떼、ꆢ쳘特쫢殊쟩情뿶况쿂下펦应폃用릫公욽平퓰责죎任原풭则퓲的뗄民쏱事쫂责퓰任죎归맩责퓰原풭则퓲oꆣ以틔듋此为캪指횸导떼，ꎬ폐有맽过듭错헟者펦应돐承떣担쿠梧펦应责퓰任죎及벰风럧?险쿕，ꎬ룷各랽方뚼都컞无过맽错듭峙쪱，ꎬ튻干냣般将붫S??AR?S?作ퟷ为캪不늻可뿉抗뾹力솦对뛔待듽，ꎬ쳘特쫢殊쳵条件볾下쿂按내照헕公릫平욽责퓰任죎原풭则퓲给룸患뮼者헟适쫊当떱补늹偿뎥主ꆣ?[ꆾ맘关键볼渴듊]ꆿS??AR?S?，ꎬ풺院쓚内룐感좾染，ꎬ쏱民쫂事퓰责任죎?[ꆾ훐中춼图럖分샠类号뫅1?0?9?1?3?;ꎻ0?5?1?9?.ꎮ9? ?[ꆾ컄文쿗献标뇪识쪶码싫]ꆿA?? [ꆾ컄文헂章뇠编号뫅1ꆿ1?0?0?7? -ꆪ9?2?9?7?(?2?0?0?4? )?0?1? -ꆪ0?0?3?3? -ꆪ0?3? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ꎮ??????ꎮ?????????????????????ꆪ?An analysis of civiI obligation and share of risk about SARS cross infection in ho叩 Yu. Peking Union Meàicalζ:01-l?e?g?e? ?H?o?s?p?i?t?a?l? (?P?U?M?C?H?)?,ꎬ 1?? S?h?u?a?i?fu?y?u?a?n?,ꎬ W?a?ng?f?u?J??i?晖?，ꎬD?o?n?g?d?仰???D?is?t?r?i?ct?，ꎬB?e?i?ji?n?g?? C?i?t?y,ꎬ 1?0?0?7?3?0? ꎮ?[ꆾA?恼??t?r?a?c?t?]ꆿ?A?t? p?r?e?s?e?n?t?,ꎬ t?h?e? ?a?l?l ?s?o?c?i?et?y?? h?a?s? ?c?o?n?t?ro?l?ed? ?t?h?e? ?e?p?i?de?m? ?c ?s? ?lu?a?t?i?on? ?o?f? ?S?A?R?S? ?a?n?d? ?h?a?s? ?o?b?t?a?i?ne?d? ?t?h?e? ?i?m?p?o?r?t?a?n?t? ??????????ꎮ??????????????ꎬ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ꎮ???????????ꎬ?????????????achievement. At the same time, the legal problem caused by SARS also has been ser ously regarded. In actuality, there is the ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ꎮ????????????????????????????????????????????????????ꆪ?possibility of SARS cross nfection that actually existed in hospita!. Bεcause the ∞ntact between SARS pat ents and other pa›????????????????ꎮ????????????????????????????????????????????ꎮ?????????????????????????????????????????????????ꆪ?tients is possible. The condition of isolation in hospitals is not complete. And the rising of treated rate is in∞nflict with the de›??????????????????????????????????ꎮ??????????????????????????????????ꎬ???????????????????????????????????????????늷?creasing of rate of infection in hospital. To fairly solvεthe problem in the law, we must regard fault duty principle as predomi›?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ꎮ????????ꎬ??????????????????????????????????????nant legal principle and in special circumstance apply fair duty principle. Therefore, the one who have fault should undertake ??????????????ꎮ??????????????????ꎬ??????????????????????????????????????????ꎮ????????????????????????????????????their obligations. If no one havεfault， the SARS should be regarded as force m句 the patients should be compensated b?e?良??tt?i?ng?l?y?.ꎮ?[ꆾK?e?y? ?W?o?r?d?s?lꆿ ?S?A?R?S?,ꎬ i?nf?e?c?t?i?on? ?i?n? ?h?o?s?p?i?ta?l?,ꎬ c?i?v?i?l ?o?b?l?ig?a?t?i?on? ?2?0?0?3?年쓪上짏半냫年쓪，ꎬ튻一뎡场춻突죧如웤其来살的뗄传뒫染좾性탔疾벲病늡一ꆪ一ꆪ严퇏重훘急벱性탔?퓰죎맩쫴ꎬ캪붫살펦뛔춻랢릫릲컀짺쫂볾뒴퓬솼뫃뗄램싉뮷뺳ꎬ?责任归属，为将来应对突发公共卫生事件创造良好的法律环境，呼뫴吸컼综ퟛ合뫏征헷(?S?e?v?e?r?e??A?c?u?t?e? ?R?臼?p?i?ra?t?o?r?y??S?y?n?d?r?o?m?e? ，ꎬ以틔下쿂简볲称돆?正헽是쫇本놾文컄豹뗄目쒿的뗄所쯹在퓚。ꆣ?S?A?R?S?)?席쾯卷뻭全좫国맺，ꎬ뛔对컒我国맺的뗄医튽疗쇆卫컀生짺系쾵统춳和뫍公릫共릲卫컀生짺体쳥系쾵提쳡出돶挑쳴?튻一、ꆢ医튽院풺所쯹面쏦临쇙的뗄客뿍观맛现쿖实쪵?战햽。ꆣ通춨过맽包냼括삨广맣大듳医튽务컱工릤作ퟷ者헟、ꆢ벲疾늡病控뿘制훆人죋员풱在퓚内쓚的뗄全좫国맺人죋民쏱??튻?럇????뮼헟폫????뮼헟퓚튽풺뷓뒥뗄뿉쓜탔?(一)非SARS患者与SARS患者在医院接触的可能性的뗄共릲同춬努얬力솦和뫍核뫋心탄领쇬导떼层닣的뗄果맻断뛏决뻶策닟，ꎬ疫틟情쟩在퓚短뛌时쪱间볤内쓚得뗃到떽控뿘?????ퟷ캪튻훖탂랢짺뗄뒫좾늡ꎬ쿖듺튽톧뛔웤죏쪶폐쿞ꎬ?SARS作为一种新发生的传染病，现代医学对其认识有限，훆ꆣ떫폫듋춬쪱ꎬ평????헢튻릫릲컀짺쫂볾틽랢뗄쿠맘?????쒿잰짐캴닺짺쓜릻좷뚨헯뛏믲헟좷뚨업돽????뗄ꆰ뷰뇪ힼꆱꎬ틲?目前尚未产生能够确定诊断或者确定排除SARS的"金标准因制。但与此同时，由SARS这一公共卫生事件引发的相关法律问题쳢也튲逐훰渐붥显쿔露슶出돶来살cꆣ面쏦对뛔现쿖实쪵，ꎬ未캴雨폪绸돱缪‘ꎬ明쏷晰컺法램律싉关맘系쾵，ꎬ确좷立솢?듋ꎬ쿖듺뿆톧짐늻쓜ힼ좷늢쟒솢벴뗘붫????늡죋?폈웤쫇퓧웚?此，现代科学尚不能准确并且立即地将SARS病人(尤其是早期
