࢝ტაࣜ࠶1998୍ֻ4௹ᇏݓۚ֩࢝ტӮЧٳք:གྷሑა൝ӧཫდ୍࣍ট,धն؟ඔݓࡅۚ֩࢝ტ༢૫࠶֥ླေ,۷ݺֹܺӞ࢝ტ܄ྟჰᄵ,ሇэਢሢᄀটᄀᇗ֥ҍᆟᇅჿbᆟکሧି৯ۚ֩࿐֥ࠏᇅ,ࠗৣ࿐ളٹؿ࿐༝,ิ༯ࢆაࣜٮླளᅮྙӮ֥ऍնّҵۚ࢝ტᇉਈ,ჰݓࡅ࢝ิԛਔᇯ҄ൌྛ܄ࣜٮ؋ಌӮູۚ֩࢝ტؿᅚ֥ᇶေᇅჿၹٮaሱٮѩ֥݅නਫ਼b1993୍ഈݚຓݓეնbᄝᆃᇕభิᆭ༯,Ԣਔ࿃ଔᆟکٚ૫࿐ބתଲն࿐ቔູ൬ٮѩ݅൫ׄჽ,୍֒ቋնཋ؇֥ሧᆭຓ,धն؟ඔݓࡅ֥ۚ֩ࣉೆᆃུ࿐֥ྍള၂ࢌବ࿐ٮbՎުࠫ࢝ტ༢ᄝ൫࿙ᆟکҍჷၛຓ֥ࣜٮ୍ѩ֥݅൫ׄٓຶᇯ҄ঔնbෙಖᆃൈ֥൬౻֡,ၛડቀۚ֩࢝ტؿᅚ֥ࣜٮླbᄝۚٮѓሙбࢠ֮,oѩ݅pൌՖग़ܴഈࣉ֩࢝ტࣜٮটჷ؟ჭ߄֥Ӗੀᇏ,ۚ֩࢝ტਔݓۚ֩࢝ტӮЧٳքӱ؇֥ิۚ(ғक़ӮЧٳքࠇӫӮЧҀӊ,ࠧႮ൳ۚ֩࢝ტᆀႧ,b1997)ᄝࣜݖ୍֥ࠫoѩ݅pݖ؈ᆭު,۱ದࠇࡅ๖ٳք၂҆ٳۚ֩࢝ტအӮЧ֥1997୍ಆݓٓຶଽۚ֩࿐௴ђoѩ݅p,Ӈ൫၂ᆰ൳֞۲ࢸܼܱٗᇿbݓۚ֩࢝ტಆ૫ൌྛ൬ٮᇅ؇,1950୍ၛট1985୍ؿ֥҃uᇏ܋ᇏနܱႿ࢝ტุᇅൌྛ֥ۚ֩࢝ტ૧ٮᇅ؇࿆ۡࢲඏbڿ۪֥थקvᆷԛۚ֩࿐oॖၛᄝ࠹߃ຓᅱۚ֩࢝ტ൞၂ཛླေᆦԛӮЧ֥൙ြb൬ഒਈ֥ሱٮള,࿐ളႋࢌବ၂קඔਈ֥ఃྸ؟ݓࡅ၂ဢ,ᄝᇏݓ,ۚ֩࢝ტࣜٮအٮpbᄝՎభު,၂ུۚ֩࿐ၘࣜषਔླა܂۳ᆭࡗ֥؛൞ྛӮЧٳքބӮࢆٳ౼ഒਈሱٮ࿐ള֥Ӈ൫,ᇯ҄ྛЧҀӊᇅ؇֥ᇶေၹbӮЧҀӊᆟҦ֥ກaսބሱٮᇅ؇b1989୍,ݓࡅ࢝֩ྛടࠣۚ֩࢝ტ֥ӮЧᄝႵܱ۲۱ٚ૫ᆭࡗ҆৳ކؿԛuܱႿ௴๙ۚ֩࿐൬౼࿐ᄖ֥ٳք౦ঃ֥э߄bၹՎᄝӮЧٳքބӮЧٮބᇾීٮ֥ܿקv,ՖᆟҦഈड़קਔۚ֩࢝ҀӊᆟҦ֥ંބൌᇏቋಸၞФิ֥ࠣ၂ტႋھൌྛӮЧٳքބӮЧҀӊᇅ؇b୍֒,۱໙ีࣼ൞ۚ֩࢝ტӮЧ֥ඣၛࠣӮЧᄝಆݓն҆ٳۚ֩࿐ष൬౼ૄ୍10ჭᇀᆟکaۚ֩࿐ބ൳࢝ტᆀ۱ದᆭࡗႋ֒ೂ300ჭ࿐ٮ,࣐ܵ࿐ളૄ୍෮ࢌ֥࿐ٮࣇࣇޅٳքbۚ֩࢝ტӮЧඣaӮЧࢲܒၛࠣӮᅝളन࢝ტ൙ြٮ֥ޓཬ҆ٳ,ᆃиࣨषЧٳքሑঃ൞Їওᆟکa࿐ބ൳࢝ტᆀ۱ਔࡼݓࡅڵքಆ҆ۚ֩࿐ٮႨุ֥ࣸᇅದ֩აۚ֩࢝ტႵܱ֥۲ٚ૫ᄝࣉྛሧथሇэູݓࡅބ۱ದٳքۚ֩࢝ტٮႨ֥ྍุҦൈ൮༵ေმ֥֞໙ีbᇅ֥ڿ۪ݖӱb1992୍,ݓۚ֩࢝ტष၂aۚ֩࢝ტӮЧۀ:ࢠնٓຶֹྛᅱള൬ٮᇅ؇ڿ۪,ሱٮ࿐ᆰࢤӮЧაࠏ߶ӮЧള֥б২֤֞ิۚ,࿐ٮඣ္ᇯ୍ิۚb၂ཛࠃ֥ӮЧФקၬູഠ߶ູਔປӮൈູਔۚ֩࢝ტᇶൡႋഠ߶ᇶၬ൧ӆࣜھࠃط۳Ⴭ֥ሧჷ֥ࣜ࠶ࡎᆴbᆃུሧჷ3O
ᆷھࠃ֥Ӯٳ,ᆃུӮٳ֥ഠ߶ࡎᆴቆӮࣇႋ֒Їওۚ֩࿐ӮЧᇏა࢝࿐॓ႵܱਔሹӮЧb(Levin,1995)ᄝປಆࠊл߄֥൧֥ӮЧᆦԛ,ߎႋ֒Їও࿐ളࡅ๖ބ۱ದູӆࣜ࠶ഠ߶ᇏ,ӮЧ๙ӈ൞ၛࠊл֥ᆦԛ֥ࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტطᆦԛ֥ӮЧ,ၛࠣᆟکaഠ߶ྙൔԛགྷ֥bᆃൈӮЧᆷູਔࠆ౼അބڛބ۱ದႮႿൌീࠇࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტطࡨഒࠇ٢ༀطؿള֥ᆦԛ(Bo,wen,1980)္ӫᆰࢤӮఙ֥൬ದbЧbՖᆃ۱ၩၬഈඪ,ۚ֩࢝ტ֥ᆰࢤӮЧᆷ൳࢝ტᆀ۱ದᆰࢤӮЧԢਔཟ࿐ࢌବࣉྛۚ֩࢝ტࠃ෮ླေཨݻ֥ሧჷ֥ࠊл֥࿐ٮᆭຓ,ߎЇওఃູਔ࿐࿐༝طᆦڱіൕྙൔbᄝᆃۚ֩࢝ტᆰࢤӮЧЇও֥ۚࠡ໓ऎٮ,ၛࠣႮႿࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტط؟֩࿐ᆰࢤӮЧࠧۚ֩࢝ტ֥ิ܂ᆀࠆ౼ۚᆦԛ֥ఃٮႨ,Їও၂҆ٳࢌ๙ٮaൊීٮ֩ჽᄎྛ෮ླေ֥ሧჷطࣉྛ֥ࠊлᆦ֥֩ᆦԛbླေᆷԛ֥൞ۚ֩࢝ტӮЧႋ֒ڱ,္Їও൳࢝ტᆀ۱ದ֥ᆰࢤӮЧࠧഠ߶ЇওႮႿࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტط֝ᇁ֥oᆦԛ֥ᄹӮჴູਔࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტ෮ࣉྛ֥ࠊлᆦԛbࡆpބo൬ದ֥ࡨഒpਆ҆ٳb෮ၛՖંഈඪՖࣜ࠶࿐֥ၩၬഈඪ,ܼၬ֥ۚ֩࢝ტᆃႋ֒Ф࠹ದۚ֩࢝ტ۱ದӮЧ֥൞ႮႿӮЧႋ֒Їݣູൌീࠇࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტ෮ದࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტط؟ᆦԛ֥ٮႨ,ࠧۚ֩࿐֥෮ႵӮٳ֥ࠏ߶ӮЧ,ࠧഠ߶ሧჷၹದ࿐ള֥ᆃུᆦԛࡨಀࠇෲೂݔ҂ࢤ൳ۚ֩ۚ֩࢝ტط།വ֥ఃჰЧॖି֥൬ၭᇏ֥࢝ტൈᆃུٚ૫֥ᆦԛb҂ݖൌ࠽ഈ֒၂۱ቋնᆀbᆃᇕၩၬഈ֥ӮЧԢਔေЇওۚ֩ࡅ๖Ⴕ࿐ളᄝຓࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტ,ࠧᇶေള࢝ტ֥ᆰࢤӮЧࠧࠊлᆦԛᆭຓ,ߎсྶЇࠃᄝ࿐,֥ࡅ๖္҂߶ၹՎطૼཁࢫওᆟکa࿐ބ۱ದ֥ࠏ߶ӮЧbസᄝൊීٮႨ֥ᆦԛbၹՎؓႿ൳࢝ტᆀ۱࿐ӮЧა۱ದӮЧದࠇࡅ๖টඪ,Їও෮ႵൊීٮႨᄝଽ֥ᆦοӮЧᆦڱᆀ҂,ۚ֩࢝ტӮЧႻॖԛҌ۷ࢤ࣍Ⴟૌ෮ۋᆩ֥ۚ֩࢝ტದᆰၛФٳູ࿐ӮЧބ۱ದӮЧb࿐ӮЧᆷࢤӮЧb۱ದᄝࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტ௹ࡗᆦԛ֥၉֥൞ۚ֩࿐ູਔົӻ࿐֥ᄎሇطؿള֥ሢࠣളࠃರᄖႨᆦԛ֥౦ঃᄵᆞݺཌྷّ,ӮЧᆦԛb۱ದӮЧᆷ֥൞൳࢝ტᆀ۱ದၹ෮ၛᄝದᆰࢤӮЧᇏ҂ႋЇওᆃ၂Ֆંູࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტطᆦڱ֥ٮႨbླေඪૼ֥ഈඪѩ҂൞ၹູ࿐ളࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტҌؿള֥൞ᆃൈӮЧࠇᆦԛᆷ֥ᇶေ൞ᆰࢤӮЧࠇᆰࠇᆀᄹࡆ֥ᆦԛbࢌ๙ٮᆦԛ֥౦ঃࢸႿਆࢤᆦԛbᆀᆭࡗ,Ֆંഈඪ࠹ದۚ֩࢝ტದӮЧۚ֩࿐֥෮Ⴕ࢝ტࣜٮᆦԛཛଢඋ֥҆ٳႋ֒൞ᄝള֥ࢌ๙ٮᆦԛࡨಀ٤ᄝႿۚ֩࿐ӮЧbࣜٮᆦԛοႨٳູਆ҆ള֥ਭದ֥नࢌ๙ٮᆦԛbٳbֻ၂҆ٳ൞൙ြٮ,ᇶေႨႿᆦڱۚ֩࢝აϜ۱ದၹࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტط٢ఙ֥൬ದტ൙ြᆞӈᄎྛ෮ླ֥ದჴྟࣜٮބ܄Ⴈྟ࠹ದ۱ದۚ֩࢝ტ֥ࠏ߶ӮЧ֥ჰၹোර,ࣜٮ,ֻؽն҆ٳ൞ࠎࡹٮ,ႨႿᆦڱۚ֩࿐۱ದᄝ௹ࡗႮႿࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტطࠆ֤֥ሧ֥ࠎЧࡹഡބܓᇂն၎ఖഡСbᇹࠇࡨ૧(ࢂ࿐ࣁaᇹ࿐ࣁaҀᇹa࿐ٮࡨႋ֒ᆷԛ,ۚ֩࢝ტӮЧބۚ֩࿐Ӯ૧֩,)൞ࢆ֮۱ದᆰࢤӮЧ֥ၹ,ႋ֒ՖЧ൞ਆ۱ཌྷܱ৳,ႵЧᇉљ,ಸၞࠁ۱ದᆰࢤӮЧᇏ२Ԣbཪ֥ۀbۚ֩࢝ტӮЧ൞ᆷۚ֩࢝ტದؽaᇏݓۚ֩࢝ტӮЧሑঃ֥ࣜ࠶ࡎᆴ,ఃᄝܼၬഈ൞၂ᇕࠏ߶ӮЧbطۚ֩࿐ӮЧۚ֩࿐ӮЧ൞ᆷۚ֩࿐ູൌགྷః࢝࿐aᄝᇏݓགྷྛ֥ۚ֩࢝ტࣜٮ࠹ุ༢॓ބഠ߶ڛༀۿି෮ླေ֥ದ֥ࣜ࠶ࡎᇏ,ۚ֩࢝ტ൙ြٮᇏ֥ದჴྟࣜٮЇও࢝ᆴ(ܲڄ,b195)ᆃၩሢۚ֩࢝ტӮЧ҂ᆯ۽۽ሧaྨྨದჴٮႨaࢂվᇹ࿐ࣁބ31
ఃٮႨࠫ҆ٳb࢝ᆯ۽۽ሧᆷѓሙ۽ሧ(Ї֥ӮЧྛູbఃՑ,ᄝoն࿐Ϸഠ߶p֥ᇏݓۚওࠎԤ۽ሧaᆯༀ۽ሧa۽ਭࣃ์,)ၛࠣݓࡅ֩࢝ტุᇅᇏЇݣਔཌྷ֒၂҆ٳა࢝࿐ބ॓ܿקֹ֥ളࠃٮҀ์֩;ྨದჴٮႨ҂ᆰࢤཌྷܱ֥උႿഠ߶ڛༀ֥҆ۿିbᆷႨႿྨaྨದჴ֥ྨྨࣁaڞ০ೂڸඋᇏཬ࿐aڸඋ၄ჽaϷ۽ӌ୪ӆၛࠣٮa۲ᇕҀ์ࠣοܿקؓྨದჴॖၛषު༢ᇏ֥Ӂြ҆֩bࡼᆃུ֥҆ᆦᆦ֥၂్ٮႨ;ࢂվᇹ࿐ࣁᆷႨႿۚ֩࿐ԛਙದۚ֩࿐֥ӮЧ֤ۚ֩࿐ᆦԛა֥ࢂ࿐ࣁaದᇹ࿐ࣁa࿐ളվॻa࿐ളളࠃۚ֩࢝ტӮЧᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢۷ູگᄖbቋު,ۚҀᇹࠣݓࡅܿק۳ն࿐ളؿ٢֥۲ཛ֩࿐॓ཛଢ֥൬ᆦधն҆ٳીႵФବದࡎҀ์֩;ದჴྟࣜٮᇏ֥ఃٮႨᆷၛഈھ࠹ุ༢ᆭᇏ,ႮႿᄝۚ֩࿐ᇏ॓࿐۲ཛଢໃЇও֥ఃඋႿದჴྟࣜٮ֥ष࣮ა࢝࿐ࠃթᄝ֥ཌྷܱ༢,॓ᆦԛФᆦ,ೂ࢝ᆯ۽֥Ҁᇹ۽ሧaᆯ۽ڞ০ٮ,ௗႨಪູॖၛ࿐֥࢝ტ࢝࿐ࠃ൳ၭ,ၹՎຓࠡህࡅࣜٮaԛݓൌ༝ದჴളࠃٮaҵحҀᄝ࢝ტӮЧᇏႋّ֒႘ԛᆃᇕܱ༢bଢభࣉᇹٮ֩b܄ႨࣜٮЇও܄ༀြༀٮaഡСܓᇂྛ֥ۚ֩࢝ტӮЧٳ༅ᇏᆭ෮ၛીႵЇݣ॓ٮaྩംٮބఃٮႨࠫ҆ٳb܄ༀြༀٮЇᆦԛؓ࢝ტӮЧ֥܊ང֥ჰၹᇶေႵਆওྛᆟ܄ༀٮႨބ࢝࿐॓ြༀٮႨ;ഡС۱,၂൞࢝࿐ބ॓ཛଢ֥ܵඋႿਆ۱҂ܓᇂٮᆷ҂ܔࠎЧࡹഡሧح؇,උႿܥקุ֥ܵ༢,གྷྛ֥࢝ტࣜٮ࠹ุ༢ᇏሧӁ֥Ϸ܄Ⴈ၂ϮഡСaӚਇa࢝࿐ႨህြഡીႵປಆ֥ۚ֩࿐॓ཛଢ൬ᆦඔऌ,ؽСaa໓ุഡС֩;ྩംٮᆷ࿐ބֆ໊൞॓ཛଢ֥൬ᆦᇏଧུ҆ٳࠇᆀ؟նб২܄ႨٜaࡹᇽࠣڸඋഡС֥ྩംٮa܄ٜႋ֒࠹ದۚ֩࢝ტӮЧᇏಀ္൞၂۱ླေࢳሿࣁބ҂ܔࠎЧࡹഡح؇֥ਬྒࡹ۽ӱٮथ֥໙ีbႨb൞ೂݔࡼᇏݓۚ֩࢝ტ༢ቔູ၂۱ၛഈ࠹ٚم൞߶࠹ނෘ֥ٚьطഡ࠹ᆜุটु,၂ུ࿐ӮЧ֥֮ܙᆦԛॖି߶֥,ᇶေ൞ّ႘ಆ୍࢝ტ൙ြٮყෘᆳྛ౦Фਸ਼ຓ၂ུ࿐ӮЧ֥ۚܙᆦԛҀbᇙ؟ঃၛࠣ۲ཛࣜٮ֥൬ᆦ౦ঃbοᆃᇕٚمಖؿള֥ྛູሹބ֞၂ఏ֥ࢲݔ,֤ᇏ࠹֥ඔऌѩ҂ିܔಒ్ֹّ႘ᇏݓۚ֩࿐ݓۚ֩࢝ტ༢ᄝᆦԛሹح҂؎ᄹӉ֥ൈ֥ӮЧྛູb൮༵,ᆃᇕٮႨނෘ࠹ೆਔ҆ٳЌӻਔࠎЧ໗ק֥ࢲܒbᇀႿᆃᇕᆦԛྛູႋ֒උႿၛުࠇၛభ֥࿐ളӮЧ,২ೂ,ᄝ၂ࠇࢲܒކაڎ,൞ᆴ֤࢝ტ࣮ᆀࣉ၂҄෮ۚ֩࿐ն֥ࠎࡹཛଢࣉྛ௹ࡗ,ఃࠎധದฐษ֥ਸ਼၂۱ᇗေज़ีbࡹᆦԛࣼ߶ཌྷႋᄹࡆ,طᆃུࠎࡹཛଢ֥൳οᅶᆃᇕނෘุ༢࠹֥1993ᇀ1996ၭᆀЇওਔھഡീႨ௹ཋଽ֥෮Ⴕ࿐ള,୍ᇏݓۚ֩࿐ࣜٮᆦԛၛࠣളनࣜٮೂіၹՎࡼՎোཛଢ֥ᆦԛࣇ࠹ෘᄝᆦԛؿള௹1෮ൕbࡗ֥࿐ളഈཁಖۚܙਔ֒ൈ֥ളनӮЧ,і1֥ඔऌіૼਔᄝݓ,ۚ֩࢝ტࣜൈ္ؓఃު൳ၭ֥࿐ളӮЧႵ෮֮ܙbਸ਼ٮᆦԛऎႵၛ༯ࠫ۱หׄ:ֻ၂,۲ཛӮЧ֥ຓ,ՖӮЧ֥࢘؇ु,ದჴٮႨّ႘֥൞ሹਈބбᇗෛ୍ٺ҂߶Ӂളѯ,۴ऌૌᄝ࢝࿐۽ቔ۽௹ࡗ֥ࠒႨႿྨު၂۱ཌྷؓӉൈ௹ܴҳ,ఃᄝ࿐ᆦԛᇏ෮ᅝ֥൬ದ,ႋ֒࠹ದఃՖ൙࢝࿐۽ቔ௹ࡗ෮֥бᇗཁགྷԛ၂ᇕ൝bіૼ০ႨགྷႵ࢝ტအ֥࿐ള֥ٮႨ֒ᇏ,طა֒భ֥࢝ტٮႨࣜٮނෘุ༢֥ඔऌିܔՖ၂۱࢘؇ّ႘ಆ҂ཌྷܱbၹՎᆃᇕࣜٮނෘٚمᄝّ႘ۚ֩ݓۚ֩࿐ӮЧ֥หྟbֻؽ,ᄝ൙ြࣜٮ࢝ტ֥֒భӮЧᇏႵ෮ఴಌ,หљ൞҂ିሙᇏ,ದჴࣜٮބ٤ದჴࣜٮ෮ᅝбᇗնุཌྷಒّ႘ଖหקჽᄝ၂۱ཌྷؓࢠ؋֥ൈࡗଽ֒,1994୍భ٤ದჴྟࣜٮбᇗնႿದჴྟ32
ࣜٮ;ሱ1994୍ఏದჴྟࣜٮ֥бᇗӑݖਔࣜٮ൬ದ֥ࣁحࠣܒӮ౦ঃbՖі2֥ඔऌ٤ದჴྟࣜٮbದჴྟࣜٮᅝ࿐ӮЧ֥бॖၛुԛ,֒భ࢝ტҍᆟყෘଽѭॻ൞ۚ֩ᇗᇯ୍ഈശ,Ֆ၂۱ҧ૫ّ႘ਔᇏݓۚ֩࢝࢝ტࣜٮ֥ቋᇶေ֥টჷ,ѩᆃ၂ඔሳ၂ტ༢֥ࣜٮࣅᅦሑঃbֻ,ο୍֒ࡎ۬,ᆰԩႿᄹӉᆭᇏbൈݓࡅҍᆟྟၛຓ֥ࣜളनӮЧඣૄ୍Ⴕ෮ิۚ,οᅶॖбࡎٮটჷᄝۚ֩࢝ტࣜٮ൬ದᇏᆞఏሢᄀটᄀ۬࠹ෘ,1993୍ᇀ1995୍֥ളनӮЧඣᇗေ֥ቔႨ,ఃᇏ࿐ٮބᄖٮ൬ದᄹӉ֤ቋಏӯགྷԛ༯ࢆ֥൝,֞1996୍ҌႻ߭ശູ֞bᄝ௴๙ۚ֩࿐ࣜٮ൬ದটჷࢲܒഈ,୍࣍ট္ؿളਔཁᇷ֥э߄,1994୍֥ඣ(οᅶಆݓਬ൲ࡎሹᆷඔטҍᆟྟ࢝ტᆜᇀ1993୍ࡎ۬ު,1993ᇀ1996୍֥ۚ֩ࣜٮᄝሹࣜٮ൬ದᇏ෮ᅝбᇗ৵࿃Ќӻ༯ࢆ࿐ളन൙ြٮٳљູ5029ჭ,4948ჭa֥൝,֞1996୍༯ࢆᇀ.7873%,აՎ4682ჭa4973ჭb)ളनӮЧஈ߇҂భമᇀ༯ൈ٤ҍᆟྟ֥൬ದ֥бᇗᄵԩႿഈശᆭᇏbࢆ֥གྷའႻ၂Ցіૼਔݓۚ֩࿐ࣜٮ؋ఃᇏ࿐ٮބᄖٮ൬ದᅝሹࣜٮ൬ದ֥бᇗӻಌ֥൙ൌb࿃ഈശ.,1996୍ղ֞1442%bі11993ᇀ1996୍ᇏݓۚ֩࿐ࣜٮᆦԛі2௴๙ۚ֩࿐ࣜٮ൬ೆ౦ঃ:ၛࠣളनࣜٮ౦ঃ(ֆ໊:ၡჭ)19931994199519961993199419951996ۚ࢝֩ტࣜٮᆦԛ(ֆ໊:ၡჭ)ࣁح࢝ტ൙ြٮ....12751686190112227ҍᆟყෘଽѭॻ....1388160718242107ఃᇏ:ದჴྟࣜٮ....58292510091154࢝ტඥٮ....02060929٤ದჴྟࣜٮ....6957608921073ഠ߶ڛༀ....144197254270࢝ტࠎࡹࣜٮ..,.358415505602ఃҍᆟྟѭॻ...12092640ކ࠹....:1634210124062829ഠ߶गሧࠢሧ....12294251ളनࣜٮ(ֆ໊:ჭ)࿐ٮaᄖٮ....:104262356448၂࢝ტ൙ြٮ5029602265417372ఃࣜٮ....22104}12160ఃᇏ:ದჴྟࣜٮ2293330534733819ሹ࠹....1684221426233107٤ದჴྟࣜٮ2740271730683553ܒӮ࢝ტࠎࡹࣜٮ1413148317391994ҍᆟྟࣜٮҗ..8216%8056%7873%ކ࠹:6442750582809366࿐ٮaᄖٮ.618%..c1183%1357%1442%бᇗᇿ:1993୍ඔऌູ۴ऌᆦԛཛଢٳো࠹ෘ෮֤bটჷ:࢝ტ൙ြٮ..uᇏݓ7806%c8024%.7900%7871%࢝ტࣜٮ࠹ሧਘva19931994୍ބuᇏݓ࢝ტࣜٮ࠹୍va19962997୍.ఃᇏ:ದჴྟࣜٮ...c3559%4404%4194ߌ4078%ದӮЧ٤ದჴྟࣜٮ....4253%3620%3705%3794%ᄝݓ࠽࢝ტࣜ࠶࿐ࢸ,ႮႿಌഒඔऌ,ಆ࢝ტࠎࡹࣜٮc2194%.1976Ӌ.2100ཿ.2129%ݓྟ֥ದӵք֥࢝ტٮႨޓቓбࢠ(ᄻކ࠹..:10000%10000%.10000%.10000%ડӑb,1993)ဢ,ᄝݓ,ܱႿದۚ֩࢝ሧਘটჷ:uᇏݓ࢝ტࣜٮ࠹ሧਘva19931994୍ބuᇏݓტӮЧ္ીႵಆݓྟ֥࠹ุ༢,ᄝᆃٚ૫࢝ტࣜٮ࠹୍va29962997୍b֥࣮၂Ϯླေ၇ऌ৫֥טҰඔऌbЧі2൞1993୍ၛটݓ௴๙ۚ֩࿐໓ࡼᇶေ০Ⴈݓࡅ࠹अ֥Ӭ൧ࣜ࠶טҰؒ33
Ґ֥ࠢoᇏݓ࢝ტ൬ၭੱpӬᆓं֥ඔऌࣉೆ࿐֥ྍള,ၘࣜᄝ֥࿐ളခႨఃೆ࿐ൈྛᇏݓۚ֩࢝ტ۱ದӮЧ֥ٳ༅b֥࿐ٮඣb෮ၛᄝଢభᄝ֥࿐ളᇏ,࿐ٮoᇏݓ࢝ტ൬ၭੱpטҰ૫ཟ۲ࠩ࢝ტᄝඣቋ֥ۚ൞ުದ࿐֥,ᄝӬ൧ࡅ๖טҰඔള,ࡼࡅ๖࢝ტᆦԛٳູ࿐ᄖٮ(ກႼٮaऌᇏն࿐ህ॓၂୍ࠩ࿐ٮඣनູ1900࿐భϫٮa)࿐ᆷק֥࢝ҋࠣҕॉሧਘٮa୍ቐႷ,ն࿐Ч॓၂୍ູࠩ2500ჭቐႷbದڛٮa໓ऎٮaູ࿐طᆦԛ֥ൊීٮaູ࿐ᄀᄪ,ః࢚ବ֥࿐ٮඣᄀ֮bն࿐ህ॓࿐طᆦԛ֥गሧࠢሧᆦԛ(ᄴٮa)ௗ౨୍֥ࠩ࿐ٮඣनູ1255ჭ,ն࿐Ч॓ඹࡅ࢝ᆦԛaҕࡆྖ౿ϫٮႨaҀज़ٮaज़ຓ୍ࠩनູ1138ჭbᆃ၂൝ౢԣֹّ႘ԛࠡٮaϫڣ֝ϫٮႨၛູࠣ࿐ᆦڱ֥ݓۚ֩࢝ტӮЧٳք֥ڿ۪ࣉӱb࿐ള۱ఃᆦԛ֩ཛ(ݣওݼଽཛଢb)ູਔದ࢝ტӮЧ෮ุགྷ֥൝ა࿐ٮඣཌྷ,ٳࡅ๖࢝ტᆦԛཛଢ֥҂หྟၛࠣࡅ๖࢝ࠧೆ࿐ພ֥ۚ֩࿐࿐ള۱ದᆦԛࢠۚb൙ტӮЧྛູٚ૫֥ҵљ,ᆃࡼࡅ๖࢝ტӮൌഈᄝ२Ԣ࿐ٮު,Ԣ၂୍ࠩྍളຓ,࿐ള۱Чٳູсྶ֥ࡅ๖࢝ტӮЧބሱ჻֥ࡅ๖࢝ದఃᆰࢤᆦԛᄝೆ࿐୍ٺ҂֥ᄝളᆭტӮЧbఃᇏ࿐ᄖٮa࿐ᆷק֥࢝ҋࠣҕॉࡗѩીႵཁᇷ֥ҵၳb၂୍ࠩྍള֥۱ದᆦሧਘٮaڛٮa໓ऎٮaູ࿐طᆦԛ֥ൊԛіགྷԛ֥ห൹ྟᇶေႵਆٚ૫֥ჰၹ:ֻීٮၛູࠣ࿐طᆦԛ֥गሧࠢሧᆦԛ֩ؓ၂,ᇾ֥ྍള,หљ൞ᄝຓֹ࿐֥ᇾྍႿ၂۱ۚ֩࿐ᄝളࠇఃࡅ๖টඪඋႿࢤള၂Ϯᄝದ࿐ൈླေࠢᇏܓᇂ၂ུ࿐༝ބ൳ۚ֩࢝ტ֥ࠎЧᆦԛࠇсྶ֥ӮЧ,ሹӫളࠃႨ;ֻؽ,ᄝࣉྛטҰ֥ൈީ,၂୍ູࠩoсྶpۚ֩࢝ტӮЧbௗ౨ࡅ࢝ᆦԛaҕࡆྍളದ֥ൈࡗߎ҂ቀ၂୍bྖ౿ϫٮႨaҀज़ٮaज़ຓࠡٮaϫڣі3ն࿐ህ॓ބЧ॓۲୍ࠩᄝളन۱ದ֝ϫٮႨၛູࠣ࿐ᆦڱ֥ఃᆦԛ֩උႿᆦԛބӮЧ౦ঃ(1996୍Ӭ൧טҰඔऌ)൳࢝ტᆀࡅ๖ࠇ۱ದᄝoсྶp֥࢝ტӮЧᆭֆ໊:ჭຓ,ູ۱ದࢤ൳࢝ტطሱ჻ᄹࡆ֥ᆦԛbტᢹᆗࢤӮсྶఃᇏ:ሱ჻ࠆ֤сྶ֥ۚ֩࢝ტӮЧᆷࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტ֥Ч࣪ᆴЧሹᆴӮЧ࿐ٮӮЧሧᇹ۱ದࠇఃࡅ๖ၹູھӮჴࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტ෮сն࿐ህ॓ྶӵք֥ۚ֩࢝ტӮЧ;ሱ჻֥ۚ֩࢝ტӮ၂୍ࠩ3223332328581906465100Чᆷ۱ದࠇࡅ๖ᄝсྶ֥ۚ֩࢝ტ۱ದӮЧؽ୍ࠩ2990319528611706334205ຓູھӮჴࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტطᄹࡆ֥ᆦԛbభ୍ࠩ232123792134125524558)ᆀିܔ۷ݺّ႘ۚ֩࢝ტؓ൳࢝ტᆀ۱ದࠇն࿐Ч॓ࡅ๖֥ӮЧݣၬࠧࡅ๖࢝ტڵք֥࢝ტ.ު၂୍ࠩ4449467543482504327226ᆀᄵॖၛّ႘ࡅ๖ؓۚ֩࢝ტሧ֥ၩ჻ࠇؽ୭৯ӱ؇୍ࠩ463348694568225930]236,Ֆطॖၛؓ۷ಆ૫ֹࢳࡅ๖࢝ტӮЧ֥ൌ࠽౦ঃႵ෮Ϻᇹb୍ࠩ3616389336332124260277ᆰࢤӮЧ࣪ᆴູᆰࢤӮЧሹᆴ२Ԣࠆ֤ඹ୍ࠩ3156341030331138377254ሧᇹު෮֤b๙ݖؓᇏݓۚ֩࢝ტ࿐ӮЧaದӮՖі3֥ඔऌॖၛुԛ,ᄝӬ൧ࡅ๖ԎЧၛࠣۚ֩࿐ࣜٮটჷሑঃ֥ٳ༅ॖၛुဢඔऌᇏ,ದ࢝ტӮЧุགྷԛਔෛದ࿐୍ԛ,ᄝ؋؋୍֥ࠫۚ֩࢝ტӮЧٳք֥ൌဒਭэ߄֥൝bᄝݓࡶࣉൔྛ֥ӮЧٳބฐ෬ᇏ,ۚ֩࿐࿐ٮ൬ೆ൞ۚ֩࿐ࣜքڿ۪ᇏ,ҐႨ֥൞෮໌oྍದྍϷم,ದٮটჷᇏᄹӉቋॹ֥҆ٳbൈᇀࣂರ,ӮЧٳϷمp֥ᆟҦb࿐ٮඣ֥ิۚࣇട୍ࠣ֒քၘࣜӮູᇏݓۚ֩࢝ტࣜٮ֥ᇗေটჷᆭ31
၂bՖۚ֩࿐֥൬ᆦ౦ঃु,୍࣍ট࿐ٮ൬і5҆ٳݓࡅۚ֩࿐࿐ٮದᅝۚ֩࢝ტ൙ြྟࣜٮᆦԛ֥бᇗᇯ୍ഈᅝ࿐ള۱ದᆦԛ֥Ϥٳбശ,1996୍ղ֞20%,ၘࣜӮູҍᆟყෘଽݓࡅ࿐ٮᅝ۱࿐ٮᅝ۱ದѭॻၛຓ֥ቋᇗေ֥ࣜٮটჷ౻֡bؓႿ൳ᆰࢤᆦԛ࣪ࣜ࠶ӮЧ࢝ტᆀ۱ದটඪ,ෛሢۚ֩࿐൬ٮඣ֥ࡆଦնνն214ۢбᇯ୍ิۚ,࿐ٮᅝದ࢝ტᆦԛ֥бᇗᇯ୍܄৫42ᄹࡆb1996୍Ӭ൧טҰඔऌཁൕ,ᄝ֥ն৫1914࿐Ч॓ඹ୍ࠩन࿐ٮᆦԛᅝ۱ದۚ֩࢝ტႆ؇1811ᆰࢤᆦԛ֥бᇗູ3ཿ,طؓႿնЧ၂୍ࠩૅݓ2515ᄝളھбᇗղ֞ड़ୄ53%bၛ࿐ٮᆦԛᅝЇওࠏ߶ӮЧᄝଽ֥۱ದۚ֩࢝ტಆ҆ࣜ࠶ӮЧ܄৫117৫4230֥бᇗটޙਈ,Ӭ൧ඔऌᇏն࿐Ч॓ඹ୍ࠩႆ؇ୄ༆ູ15%,၂୍ູࠩ34%b၂۱ཁطၞ֥ં܄৫10na؎ࣼ൞࿐ٮᆦԛᄝ۱ದۚ֩࢝ტथҦᇏ֥ᇗ৫20:laေྟᄀটᄀԛbሧਘটჷ:Ziderman,AdrianandAlbreeht,Douglas1996і4҆ٳݓࡅ܄৫ۚ֩࿐࿐ٮა҆ٳݓࡅ֥౦ঃཌྷؓᅶ,֒భݓۚ൬ೆᅝ൙ြྟᆦԛ֥бᇗ֩࿐࿐ٮં൞ᅝ۱ದᆰࢤᆦԛ֥бᇗߎݓࡅϤٳбॉҳ୍֥ࠩ൞ᅝ۱ದ࣪ࣜ࠶ӮЧ֥бᇗၘࣜղ֞ਔཌྷمݓ11990֥֒ඣ(і4ބіb5)ۚ֩࿐࿐ٮ൬າֹઔঘ21991ದᅝ൙ြྟࣜٮᆦԛ֥бᇗაᄝႵඔऌ֥ݓرܨ؟غ21980ྤ০ࡅᇏԩႿᇏ֩ொഈ֥ඣ;ط࿐ٮᅝ۱ದᆰ21990Ѫ০ົ31991ࢤᆦԛބ࿐ٮᅝ۱ದ࣪ࣜ࠶ӮЧ֥бᇗॖၛޠঘථ31991ඪၘղ֞ਔቋ֥ۚඣb҂ݖᆃ၂ࡥֆؓᅶථধव380୍սᇏ௹ࢲݔᆺିඪૼࣜݖඔ୍֥ࡶࣉൔ֥ൌဒބฐۢб41988ήࠣ෬,ݓۚ֩࢝ტӮЧٳքᄝح؇ބܼ؇ٚ41990Ϙࠎථฌ41990૫ၘࣜղ֞ਔཌྷ֥֒ඣbѩ҂ି֤ԛᇏႆ؇580୍սᇏ௹ݓۚ֩࿐൬ٮѓሙۚႿݓ࠽ඣ֥ࢲંbݓ580୍սᇏ௹ઔট༆680୍սᇏ௹ၹູі4ބі5෮ਙඔऌनູ۲ݓϖ୍սರЧn92991ބ୍ࣴսԚ௹֥ሧਘbطࣉದ୍ࣴսၛୄѻغ1080୍սᇏ௹ު؟ඔݓࡅۚ֩࿐࿐ٮඣ௴ђԩႿၛࢠड़ୄ121991ϘϘ؟ථॹ؇ᄹӉᆭᇏb২ೂૅݓ܄৫ն࿐ބ܄৫151991٣ੰџ1580୍սᇏ௹ඹ୍ᇅ࿐ჽ࿐ٮ൬ದᅝ൙ြྟᆦԛ֥бᇗ֞ૅݓ1519851993୍ၘࣜٳљഈശᇀ22%ބ25%..(U5ۢථݖࡆ161991DeparbtmentofEdueation,1996)ၹՎᇏݓၛਙ201991༆ϫ1996201988୍֥бᇗбఃݓࡅϖ୍սބࣴݢݓ2380୍սᇏ௹୍սԚ֥бᇗۚ၂ུѩ҂ିඪૼݓۚ֩࿐ᄀଲ231991൬ٮඣбఃݓࡅۚbႆ؇ୄ༆251989ઙࡆaۚ֩࢝ტ֥܂؛აӮЧٳք֥251991,ԫ֊ਛ.1_ؽ__၂сಖྟ_;֊၂පප၂၂၂၂၂ሧਘটჷ:,ݓ࢝ტࢸؓۚ֩࢝ტླაࣜ࠶ᄹӉ35
ބഠ߶ؿᅚᆭࡗܱ༢֥૭ඍᇶေࠢᇏႿ,࢝ݓंᇏթᄝሢؓۚ֩࢝ტࠏ߶֥ࢠტ۽ቔႋ֒ൡႋ֒భބໃটᇏݓࣜ࠶ބഠ߶֥ۚ۱ದླ,ᆃࠫެ൞҂ᆚ֥൙ൌb୍ࣴؿᅚ֥ླ,ູࣜ࠶ᄹӉބഠ߶ؿᅚطࣉ၂սԚഈݚ൧֥၂۱ህཛԎဢטҰ,࿘໙ं҄ิۚসᆀᇉ,အնದҌbοᅶᆃᇕሙСϜሰ୯အ֞ޅᇕ໓߄ӱ؇,ࢲݔ൞:නਫ਼,ݓࡅ࢝࢝ტܿ߃Ϸ܄൩ҐႨሱ༯ط࣮ള.54%,ն࿐Ч॓ള.555%,ն࿐ህ॓ഈ֥ٚم,ॉҳਔಆݓ۲ֹ۲ྛြؓ҂.128%b္ࣼ൞ඪϜሰ୯အ֞ഈն࿐֥ܿ۬֩ࠩህದҌ֥ླਈbં൞ႨླᅝФטҰᆀ֥.737Ӌ(ഠ߶॓࿐Б,1995୍ყҩࡥֆ߸ሹ,ߎ൞Ⴈ৳༢ݓࡅࣜ࠶ؿᅚ֥3ᄅ3bರ,ሇႄሱӧਅᘨ,b1996)୍ؓࣴٚم,֤ԛਔഠ߶ؓህದҌ֥ླਈࡼսԚӬ൧ंԥྐྵࠏ֥טҰඔऌႻіૼ,ႵࢠնᄹӉ֥ࢲં(ᇛНੈ,19bb)ູሰ୯ሙС࢝ტٮႨ൞Ӭ൧ंԥྐྵ֥ᇶေݓຓ࿐ᆀᄝॉҳۚ֩࢝ტაࣜ࠶ᄹӉ֥ଢ֥ᆭ၂(ਾٚთaဗ഼ૼ,1pb4)ഈඍሧਘܱ༢ൈᇶေࡼᇿၩ৯٢ᄝۚ֩࢝ტؓࣜ࠶ᄹඪૼਔ,ᄝݓंᇏ,ؓۚ֩࢝ტ֥ླ֥Ӊ֥܊ངഈbੂ୍սНक़غaൽغՇބօୄ৯൞ऍն֥,҂ࣇೂՎ,ྸ؟ࡅ๖മᇀิభ೦ฐษਔ࢝ტ൞ೂޅ๙ݖิۚসᆀ֥সູᆃ၂ླࠒྐྵᇉ่ࡱbളӁੱটູࣜ࠶ᄹӉቓԛ܊ང,ѩࣉ၂҄ؓഈඍٳ༅іૼ,ႮႿؓۚ֩࢝ტ֥໓߄ᆃ၂܊ངࣉྛਔ؇ਈbՎުႤགྷਔնਈ؇ਈࣜ࠶ࠣഠ߶ֹ໊ٚ૫֥ყ௹,ູࠧਔ๙ݖࢤ۲ࠩ۲ো࢝ტࣜ࠶ࡎᆴ֥࣮,ఃᇏ္҂ك൳ۚ֩࢝ტটଔoࢠ֥ۚ໓߄ྩအpoࢠܱۚ༢ۚ֩࢝ტ֥bۚ֩࢝ტؓࣜ࠶ᄹӉ֥֥ࣜ࠶൬ದpބoࢠ֥ۚഠ߶ֹ໊p,ᄝं۱܊ངಯ൞๙ݖۚ֩࢝ტᇭೂӁളᆩ്aԮѬದᇏ௴ђթᄝሢؓࢤ൳ۚ֩࢝ტࠏ߶֥ۚ؇ᆩ്֩ۿିࣉྛ֥؎.(Beeker,WilliamEᇗ൪bᅝሹඔӑݖ2/3ࡅ๖ؓۚ֩࢝ტࠏ߶.&IJewis,DarrebllR1993)ؓۚ֩࢝ტഠ߶֥ླބ֒భࣇ7%ቐႷ֥ۚ֩࢝ტરದ࿐൬ၭੱ֥࠹ෘ֤ԛ֥ࢲં൞ෙಖۚ֩࢝ტ֥ੱᆭࡗ֥ҵएЧദࣼିܔіૼݓۚ֩࢝ტഠ߶൬ၭੱ֮ႿԚ֩ބᇏ֩࢝ტ,ಯ҂ാ༢૫ਢሢऍն֥ದ࿐৯bູ၂ཛऎႵбᇉሧЧሧ߭Б۷֥ۚഠ߶ᄝഠ߶ࣜ࠶ؿᅚބं۱ದਆ۱ٚ૫ؓሧb෮Ⴕ࣮ᆦӻᆃဢ၂۱ࢲં,ࠧۚ֩ۚ֩࢝ტླ֥৯༯,ܿଆঔᅚࡼӮູ࢝ტ൞՜ࣉࣜ࠶ᄹӉބഠ߶ؿᅚ֥ᇗေၹݓۚ֩࢝ტᄝࣂުཌྷ֒Ӊൈ௹ଽླေ૫֥ؓᆭ၂,ᄝ܄܋ሧथҦᇏႋ֒۳Ⴭۚ؇֥ᇗᇶေ໙ีᆭ၂b൪bᆟکڵքۚ֩࢝ტ֥ି৯ቋᇔ౼थႿҍ۱ದؓۚ֩࢝ტླ֥ၹԢਔაࣜ࠶ᆟ൬ದ౦ঃ,҂აഠ߶ބं۱ದؓۚ֩ഠ߶ؿᅚোර൞ਔູሔࣜ࠶߭Бᆭຓ,۱࢝ტ֥ླીႵᆰࢤܱ༢,აۚ֩࢝ტളनದؓۚ֩࢝ტ٤ࣜ࠶൬ၭ֥ყ௹္ᄝथקंӮЧ֥ކඣ္҂թᄝଽᄝ֥сಖ৳༢bؓۚ֩࢝ტࠏ߶֥ླᇏఏሢᇗေቔႨbڿ۪ष٢ၛটݓࣜ࠶ۚؿᅚ,ं൬ದ۱ದሔࣜ࠶߭Бॖၛ૭ඍູູਔࡼটႵࢠඣ֤֞ਔնږ؇֥ิۚ,ҍᆟ൬ದᅝݓ֥ۚࣜ࠶൬ದطഈն࿐;۱ದؓ٤ࣜ࠶֥ყളӁሹᆴбᇗ֥ಏӯགྷᇯ୍༯ࢆ֥൝b௹Їওؓഠ߶ֹ໊֥ყ௹(ູਔࡼটႵࢠۚᆃᇕّҵ֝ᇁ֥ࢲݔᆭ၂൞ഠ߶ބ۱ದᇏթ֥ഠ߶ֹ໊طഈն࿐a)ؓ໓߄ބྩအٚ૫֥ᄝሢؓۚ֩࢝ტ֥ޓ֥ۚླ,طᆟکڵքყ௹(ູਔࡼটႵࢠ֥ۚ໓߄ྩအطഈն࿐)ۚ֩࢝ტ֥ି৯ಏཌྷؓ༯ࢆbؓۚ֩࢝ტླၛࠣؓࡅ๖ބߌေ֥ડቀ(ழႶૌ֥ᄹӉࠣۚ֩࢝ტളनӮЧ֥ᄹӉ൝ಪູᆺႵഈն࿐ҌෘႵԛ༏ၛࠣڳଛေഈ֤ۚ࢝ࣜٮླაᆟکҍ৯ᆭࡗّ֥ҵ۷ູն࿐)֩bԛbၹՎაൗࢸഈఃݓࡅ૫ਢ֥ྙ൝ཌྷ36
ර,ݓۚ֩࢝ტ༢ᄝؿᅚᇏླေ૫֥ؓᆭࡗྙӮّҵ֥౦ঃ༯,ิۚӮЧٳքඣ,ቋᇶေ֥ჿඏᆭ၂൞҂؎ঔն֥ۚ֩࢝ტࣜࠧิۚ࿐ٮᅝۚ֩࢝ტӮЧ֥бᇗ,ьӮູٮླބᆟکᆦӻۚ֩࢝ტ֥Ⴕཋ֥ҍ৯ᆭҀۚ֩࢝ტࣜٮ؋ಌ֥ቋᇶေ֥ࣥbӮࡗ֥؛bЧٳքᆟҦ൞ݓۚ֩࢝ტ༢ູߏࢳଢభᄝҍᆟྟ࢝ტࣜٮটჷࣅᅦ֥౦ঃ༯,֥ࣜٮࣅᅦሑঃҐ౼֥ႵིؓҦ,ൈ,္൞ᇏݓۚ֩࢝ტ၂ᆰᄝଔః֥ࣜٮটჷ౻૫ཟໃটۚ࢝ࣉ၂҄ؿᅚ֥Ӊჹᅞb֡,ᇯ҄ྙӮਔ؟౻֡Ԕࠢۚ֩࢝ტࣜٮ֥۬अb٤ҍᆟྟ࢝ტࣜٮᄝۚ֩࢝ტࣜٮটҕॉ໓ང:ჷᇏ֥бᇗӯགྷᇯ୍ഈശ֥൝bݓۚ֩..,¹Beeker,WillaimE&lewsiDarrellR1993.࢝ტࣜٮটჷՖ୍սଌ֥ಆ҆ႮݓࡅҍoHigherEdueatonanidEeonomeiGrowthp,Kluwerᆟڵքᇯ҄ݖ؈֞ࣂ฿֥ၛݓࡅҍᆟྟ࢝ტAeademeiPublsihers.º..Bowen,Howaroࣜٮູᇶ,Їও࿐ᄖٮ൬ದ֥۲ᇕ౻֡ѩई֥ۚ֩࢝ტࣜٮটჷ؟ჭ߄अ૫b࠹ሧਘJo,sey၂BasaPublsihers,»Levn.,၂effeetvenessiཁൕ,1996୍,ݓࡅҍᆟྟ࢝ტࣜٮᄝۚ֩AnalysspnniiIternatonaileneyelopodaoifeeonomesi࢝ტࣜٮሹটჷᇏᅝ.787%,ᄝҍᆟྟࣜٮofedueataone/ؽon,ၛຓ֥টჷᇏ,࿐ᄖٮ൬ದ֥бᇗቋն,ղ֞.1995ਔ..,....144%bۚ֩࢝ტӮЧٳքၘࣜӮູҀ¼U5DepartmentofEdueation1996U5ۚ֩࢝ტࣜٮ؋ಌ֥ᇗေ൬ದটჷbDePartmentofEdueaton,iNatonailCenterforEdu-ॉ੮ໃটᇏݓۚ֩࢝ტ֥ࣉ၂҄ঔᅚ,eatoneasoiStatss,iteiFnaniilStatsiteifnsItitutonsiᄝളඔਈ֥ᄹӉބളनӮЧඣ֥ิۚਆofHigherEdueationSurveyandnItegratedPostsee-۱ၹࢲކon,߶ۚ֩࢝ტࣜٮླ֥ᄹӉdaryEdueatoniDataSystem(IPEDS,o)Fnaneepi؇ჹჹۚႿݓࡅҍᆟ൬ದ֥ᄹӉ,ᄝᆃᇕSUrVeyc½2iderman,Adral٦anidAlbreeh,tuDoglas.౦ঃ༯ေЌӻҍᆟྟۚ֩࢝ტࣜٮᄝۚ֩࢝.1995oFnaneniigUnvorsiitesniiDevelopnigCoun-ტࣜٮটჷᇏ֥бᇗ,сࡼ߶ݓࡅҍᆟ૫,trespiTheFalmerPress.ਢ۷ࡆऍն֥৯bՎൈҍᆟྟۚ֩࢝ტࣜ¾ӧਅᘨ:uݓۚ֩࢝ტൌྛ۱ದ(ࡅ๖)ӮЧٮᄝۚ֩࢝ტࣜٮটჷᇏٺح༯ࢆ֥ॖିྟҀӊ֥сಖྟv,u࢝ტ࣮v1996୍ֻ8௹bࡆնbՖ٤ҍᆟྟࣜٮটჷु,࿐ٮ൬ದсಖ¿ܲڄ:uۚ֩࿐အӮЧฐ༅v1995୍8ေఏ֞ᇶေ֥ቔႨbၹູۚ֩࿐࿐ٮ൬ದᄅb൞֒భݓۚ֩࢝ტ෮Ⴕࣜٮটჷᇏື၂აÀਾٚთaဗ഼ૼ:u୍ࣴսᇏݓ൧ӆཨٮᅞᄝളದඔᆰࢤܱ৳,ିܔෛሢᄝളܿଆv,Кࣘն࿐ԛϱഠ1994୍ϱb֥ঔնӮб২֥ᄹӉbൈႿӮЧඣ൞Áᄻડӑቔaࣂၲ:u࢝ტӮЧٳ༅v,u࢝ტ࣮v1993୍ֻ9௹bಒק࿐ٮඣ֥ᇗေ၇ऌ,࿐ٮ൬ೆ္ࢠಸၞෛളनӮЧඣ֥ิۚطᄹࡆb ᇛНੈ:u૫ཟؽ၂ൗࡀ֥ᇏݓ࢝ტv,ۚ֩࢝ტԛϱഠ1990୍ϱbᆞ൞ႮႿۚ֩࢝ტӮЧٳքᆃᇕିܔෛቔᆀֆ໊:Кࣘն࿐ۚ࢝෮ᄝളඔਈބӮЧඣэ߄֥หྟ,ᄝۚ֩Ⴏщ:100871࢝ტࣜٮླᄹӉაᆟکڵքۚ֩࢝ტି৯(ᄳщࠠ:ূຣவ)
