풤ꆡꆡ닢,쓪뗚3웚ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬쪵횤퇐뺿쇵훇잿,ꆡ뺣늨(뮪훐뿆벼듳톧맜샭톧풺,뫾놱커몺430074)햪ꆡ튪:ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪폫ퟩ횯돁쒬쫇떱뷱ퟩ횯탐캪퇐뺿쇬폲솽듳죈뗣컊쳢ꆣ놾컄듓쪵횤뗄뷇뛈돶랢,붫헢솽룶컊쳢헻뫏웰살뷸탐퇐뺿ꆣ쫗쿈퓚퇩횤쇋ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬뗄믹뒡짏,뺭쿠맘럖컶듓풱릤ꆢퟩ횯돉풱맘쾵ꆢퟩ횯쳥훆뫍ퟩ횯컄뮯쯄룶닣쏦뗃돶컥룶훷튪훐뷩뇤솿,늢샻폃컂훒뗄훐뷩킧펦볬퇩돌탲퇩횤쇋헢킩훐뷩뇤솿뗄훐뷩킧펦ꆣ좻뫳퓚퇐뺿헢킩훐뷩뇤솿쓚늿쿠맘맘쾵뗄믹뒡짏,쳡돶쇋ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬쒣탍ꆣퟮ뫳,샻폃쮫틲쯘랽닮럖컶퇐뺿쇋쓚췢풴뿘훆뫍ퟔ컒볠뿘뛔ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪춨맽풱릤닣쏦펰쿬ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄맽돌뗄펰쿬ꆣ맘볼듊:ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪;ퟩ횯돁쒬;훐뷩킧펦훐춼럖샠뫅:C936ꆡꆡꆡ컄쿗뇪쪶싫:Aꆡꆡꆡ컄헂뇠뫅:100325192(2008)0320036207TheEmpiricalResearchofOrganizationalPoliticsꆯimpactonOrganizationalSilenceLIUZhi2qiang,JINGBo(ManagementSchool,HuaZhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wuhan430074,China)Abstract:,,,organizationalstructureandorganizationalculture,whoseIntermediateeffectaretestedbyWenZhongLinꆯ,:organizationalpolitics;organizationalsilence;intermediateeffect1ꆡ틽퇔틑럖뇰뻍헢솽룶컊쳢햹뾪쇋뷏짮죫첽쳖,떫듓컄쿗뾴,틑폐퇐뺿뷏짙냑솽룶컊쳢ퟛ뫏웰살쳖싛[2]ꆣퟩ횯돁쒬(OrganizationalSilence)폫ퟩ횯헾훎퓚맺쓚,평폚헢솽룶컊쳢뻟폐룟뛈틾뇎탔뫍쿳헷탐캪(OrganizationalPoliticalBehavior)틑돉캪떱뷱탔[3],쒿잰뮹쎻폐죎뫎쪵횤퇐뺿;벴쪹쫇샭싛퇐뺿ퟩ횯웕뇩듦퓚뛸폖틽웰맣랺맘힢뗄컊쳢ꆣ떱ퟩ횯쫽솿튲럇뎣폐쿞,쟒퓓횾뗄펰쿬틲ퟓ뚼늻룟ꆣ놾컄돉풱쇋뷢쫂쟩헦쿠탎돉ퟔ벺뗄틢볻뫳,평폚훖훖풭뷨본맺쓚췢쿈뷸뗄벼쫵슷쿟폫뗷퇐랽램,듓쪵횤뗄틲,죧몦엂뢺쏦랴삡믲놻춬쫂뇟풵뮯뗈,뻍믡톡퓱뷇뛈붫솽룶컊쳢헻뫏웰살:쫗쿈퓚퇩횤ퟩ횯헾훎탐튻훖뷏캪낲좫뗄랴펦랽쪽ꆪꆪꆪ놣돖돁쒬[1]ꆣ퓚ퟩ캪뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬뗄믹뒡짏,듓풱릤ꆢퟩ횯돉풱횯돉풱릲춬췪돉ퟩ횯쒿뇪뗄춬쪱,쯹뗃샻틦뗄럖엤맘쾵ꆢퟩ횯쳥훆뫍ퟩ횯컄뮯헢쯄룶닣쏦쾸뮯돶11튲쫇듳볒웕뇩맘힢뗄컊쳢ꆣ평폚풴뗄쾡좱탔틔룶틲ퟓퟷ캪훐뷩뇤솿,뺭쿠맘럖컶뗃돶5룶훷튪훐벰죋쏇뛔컯훊샻틦죕틦퓶뎤뗄ힷ쟳,튻킩뎬돶ퟩ횯뷩뇤솿,늢샻폃컂훒훐뷩킧펦볬퇩돌탲퇩횤헢킩맜샭쳥훆늻놻ퟩ횯죏뿉뗄탐캪뻍믡늻뛏펿쿖ꆪꆪꆪ훐뷩뇤솿뗄훐뷩킧펦[4];좻뫳퓚퇐뺿헢킩훐뷩뇤ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪ꆣ솿쓚늿쿠맘맘쾵뗄믹뒡짏쳡돶ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뛔ퟩ평폚헢솽훖쿖쿳뗄웕뇩탔뫍캣몦탔,맺췢톧헟횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬쒣탍;ퟮ뫳샻폃쮫틲쯘랽닮럖컶퇐뺿쫕룥죕웚:2007205204믹뷰쿮쒿:뫾놱쪡뿆벼쳼뿆벼릥맘훺쿮쒿(2007AA401C26);뮪훐뿆벼듳톧죋컄짧뿆쟠쓪믹뷰훘뗣훺쿮쒿(2006010)ꆤ36ꆤ
쇵훇잿,뗈:ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬쪵횤퇐뺿풱릤쳘헷뇤솿(ퟔ컒볠뿘뫍쓚췢풴뿘훆)뛔ퟩ횯헾meaux뫍Bedeian,Millikenetal.,Jeffrey뫍Linn뗈훎탐캪춨맽풱릤닣쏦펰쿬ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄맽돌뗄펰쿬ꆣ퓲룼볓잿뗷룶쳥쳘헷뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬,죏캪룶쳥ퟔퟰ,ퟔ컒볠뿘ꆢ쓚췢풴뿘훆ꆢ룶쳥죋룱뗈뚼믡뛔풱2ꆡ컄쿗ퟛ쫶릤퓚ퟩ횯훐뇭듯맛뗣닺짺펰쿬[10,12,19]ꆣꆡퟩ횯돁쒬쿠맘컄쿗퓚ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄닢솿랽쏦,춨뎣닉폃뗄랽램냼삨뺡맜ퟩ횯돁쒬쿖쿳쯦뒦뿉볻,좴횻폐짙쫽톧헟컊뻭뗷닩(쯻움)ꆢ냫뷡릹뮯럃첸ꆢ쟩뺳닢쫔ꆢ쳯튰뛔웤룅쓮뷸탐쇋뷧뚨[5]ꆣMorrison뫍Milliken붫맛달뗈ꆣ퓚솿뇭뾪랢랽쏦,뇈뷏뗤탍뗄퇐뺿살ퟔퟩ횯돁쒬뚨틥캪풱릤뛔ퟩ횯훐잱퓚컊쳢놣쇴웤룶Dyneetal.뫍H[8,13]uangetal.ꆣDyneetal.샻폃쯻죋맛뗣뗄탐캪[6]ꆣPinder뫍Harlos퓲붫ퟩ횯돁쒬움램,닉폃샮뿋쳘7뗣솿뇭,죃풱릤뛔춬쫂뗄탐캪뚨틥캪떱풱릤폐쓜솦룄뷸떱잰ퟩ횯뗄쳘뗣쪱좴놣듓쒬탭탔ꆢ럀폹탔뫍쟗짧믡탔죽룶랽쏦뷸탐움볛,쇴쇋뛔ퟩ횯뮷뺳뗈랽쏦뗄탐캪뗄ꆢ죏횪뗄믲쟩룐뗄쎿룶랽쏦냼삨5룶쿮쒿,릲15룶쿮쒿[8]ꆣHuang움볛[7]ꆣDyneetal.퓚듋믹뒡짏쳡돶돁쒬뗄잰쳡etal.퓲닉폃샮뿋쳘3뗣솿뇭,죃풱릤듓릵춨쟾뗀쫇뛔쫂볾폐쯹죏쪶,쓇킩틲캪뛔쫂볾쎻폐죏쪶뛸닺뗈컥룶랽쏦릲27룶쿮쒿뷸탐움볛,ퟮ뫳뗄ퟜ욽뻹짺뗄늻랢퇔쿖쿳늻쓜돆ퟷퟩ횯돁쒬[8]ꆣ듓헢킩뚨듺뇭ퟩ횯뗄돁쒬돌뛈[13]ꆣ틥뾴,ퟩ횯돁쒬쫇튻훖폐틢탐캪,웤쒿뗄퓚폚놣뮤듋췢,쿖폐퇐뺿[8,10,11]뮹뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬ퟷퟔ벺,믲헟뇜쏢짋몦쯻죋ꆣ쇋튻뚨첽쳖,돽쟗짧믡탔돁쒬췢,톧뷧믹놾짏뚼죏뛔폚풱릤놣돖돁쒬뗄풭틲,틑폐퇐뺿훷튪듓죽캪ퟩ횯돁쒬뛔풱릤벰ퟩ횯듦퓚늻춬돌뛈뗄뢺쏦룶랽쏦뷸탐첽쳖:ퟩ횯뫍쇬떼ꆢ춬쫂ꆢ풱릤룶쳥ꆣ펰쿬ꆣMorrison뫍Milliken죏캪,ퟩ횯뫍쇬떼쫇퓬돉ퟩ횯ꆡퟩ횯헾훎탐캪쿠맘컄쿗돁쒬뗄훷튪틲쯘,룹풴퓚폚ퟩ횯맜샭헟떣탄뢺쏦뗄Mayes뫍Allen죏캪ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪쫇ퟩ횯훐쿫랴삡,틔벰쓚탄만폐뗄뛔폚풱릤벰맜샭놾훊뗄튻쾵튪뷥틔믱좡샻틦뗄튻훖뚯첬펰쿬맽돌,춨맽헾훎탐쇐탅쓮[9]ꆣ돽듋횮췢,Millikenetal.뮹쳡떽쇋짏쿂캪뗃떽뛮췢뗄닺돶뷡맻,믲쫇튻훖펰쿬쿖폐ퟩ횯맜벶볤뗄맙쇅맘쾵[10]ꆢEdmondson쳡떽쇬떼ퟷ럧[11]ꆢ샭돌탲뛸믱뗃늻놻ퟩ횯퓊탭뗄뷡맻[20]ꆣFerrisetJeffrey뫍Linn쳡떽췅뛓맦쒣[12]ꆢHuangetal.쳡떽al.죏캪ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪쫇튻훖짧믡펰쿬맽돌,웤탐쇬떼뗄뾪럅탔[13]ꆢArgyris쳡떽헽쪽ퟩ횯뗄훆캪쫇뺭맽뺫탄짨볆틔믱좡ퟮ듳뗄룶죋샻틦,뛸웤뷡뛈[14]ꆢAshforth&Humphrey쳡떽ퟩ횯뗄횧돖돌뛈ꆢ맻뿉쓜폫쯻죋샻틦튻훂,튲뿉쓜탨튪컾짼뇰죋뗄샻맦랶틔벰풱릤폫맜샭헟횮볤뗄맘쾵뗈뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬틦틔돉뻍ퟔ벺뗄샻틦[21]ꆣPreffer퓲뚨틥:ퟩ횯헾뗄펰쿬[15]ꆣ춬쫂랽쏦뗄풭틲튲폐뷏뛠퇐뺿뷒쪾ꆣ훎탐캪쫇ퟩ횯탐캪훷쳥퓚믱좡ꆢ랢햹뫍쪹폃좨샻틔Morrison뫍Milliken죏캪ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄풭틲쫇몦엂놻벰웤쯼풴쪱뗄룷훖믮뚯,틔뇣퓚쟩뿶늻쏷믲틢볻춬쫂쳹짏뢺쏦뇪잩뫍쯰몦폐볛횵뗄맘쾵[9]ꆣAsh2늻춳튻뗄쟩뿶쿂믱뗃쿫튪뗃떽뗄뷡맻[22]ꆣ듓짏쫶forth뫍Humphrey튲잿뗷뇪잩뗄펰쿬,죏캪떱풱릤뚨틥뾴,ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪쫇샻틑훷틥탐캪,웤잱퓚쒿놻쳹짏쒳룶뇪잩뫳,웤쯻풱릤뻍믡틔듋살뫢솿쯻/뗄쫇늻쓜릫뾪뗄,횻쓜낵쿤닙ퟷ[23]ꆣ쯽,뛸뺭뎣랢뇭틢볻뫜폐뿉쓜놻쳹짏뢺쏦뗄뇪퓚ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뗄닢솿랽쏦,틑폐퇐뺿뛠듓횪잩[15]ꆣBowen뫍Blackmon퓲퇩횤쇋ꆰ돁쒬뗄식뻵랽쏦뷸탐ꆣ1991쓪,Kacmar뫍Ferris춨맽솽뷗탽ꆱ샭싛뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄잿뮯ퟷ폃,벴떱풱릤룐떽ퟔ뛎퇐뺿뾪랢쇋튻룶죽틲쯘(짏벶뗄탐캪ꆢ춬쫂폫킡벺뗄맛뗣늻쫜뮶펭쪱,평폚몦엂맂뛀뫍놻맂솢뻍뛔췅쳥탐캪ꆢ헾닟폫쪵컱닮뻠)12쿮쒿ퟩ횯헾훎죏횪ퟔ벺뗄틢볻놣돖돁쒬[16]ꆣRosen뫍Tesser퓲횸돶,솿뇭[24]ꆣ쯦뫳,Nye뫍Wittle춨맽폫ퟩ횯횧돖죏떼훂ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄풭틲쫇튻훖놻탄샭톧볒돆ퟷꆰ돁횪솿뇭뷸탐뇈뷏,뛔ퟩ횯헾훎죏횪솿뇭뗄캬뛈뫍뷡쒬킧펦ꆱ뗄쿖쿳,틲캪뢺쏦탅쾢믡쇮죋쏇룐떽늻쫦릹킧뛈뷸탐쇋퇐뺿[25]ꆣKacmar뫍Carlson뷓ퟅ뛔럾,쯹틔죋쏇뚼늻풸좥좷죏뫍뒫능헢킩탅쾢[17]ꆣ솿뇭뗄캬뛈ꆢ탅뛈뫍킧뛈뷸탐쇋움맀,늢뛔솿뇭뷸풱릤룶쳥랽쏦뗄풭틲튲떼훂ퟩ횯돁쒬,Ryan뫍탐탞헽,탎돉쇋죽틲쯘15쿮쒿솿뇭[26]ꆣ쿖폐뫜뛠Oestreich뗄퇐뺿짵훁뇭쏷ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄훷튪풭틲쫇퇐뺿뚼퇘폃헢솽훖솿뇭ꆣ룶쳥틲쯘,뇈죧떣탄랢뇭틢볻믡폐늻뫃뗄뷡맻틔벰ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪폫뢺쏦뫳맻뷴쏜솪쾵ꆣFerriset죏캪랢뇭틢볻늻믡닺짺ퟷ폃뫍펰쿬뗈[18]ꆣPre2al.퇐뺿랢쿖,ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪붫펰쿬풱릤뗄릤ퟷ싺ꆤ37ꆤ
,풤ꆡꆡ닢2008쓪뗚3웚틢뛈,틽랢풱릤뗄릤ퟷ붹싇벰췋쯵탐캪(죧좱떫퓚맺쓚,돽짙쫽ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪랽쏦뗄쪵횤퇐뺿쟚[21])ꆣRandalletal.횸돶,ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪폫ퟩ횯췢,믹놾짏뮹쫇튻욬뿕냗ꆣ헢훖쪵횤퇐뺿뗄좱쪧떼돐억ꆢퟩ횯릫쏱탐캪쿔훸뢺쿠맘[27],Avery뫍Qui2훂튻룶컊쳢:퓚맺췢틑뗃떽볬퇩뗄ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪폫nones퓲랢쿖횻폐늻뎬맽50%ꆫ60%뗄믺릹탔뇤ퟩ횯돁쒬쿠맘샭싛(냼삨닢솿솿뇭)퓚맺쓚쫇럱춬뮯뿉평햽싔,맦쒣,벼쫵뫍뮷뺳살뷢쫍,웤쯻뫜듳튻퇹쫊폃?평폚좱랦돤럖뗄쪵횤퇐뺿,컒쏇뫜쓑뛔헢늿럖닐닮뿉놻뷢쫍캪뒦폚좨솦뗘캻뗄쓇킩죋뺡뿉튻컊쳢룸돶뿆톧뗄믘듰ꆣ쓜톡퓱쓜릻놣돖뫍삩듳ퟔ벺뿘훆솦뗄뷡릹[28]ꆣ뗚죽,쯦ퟅퟩ횯뮷뺳뗄늻뛏뇤뮯,뛔폚ퟩ횯헾Morgan튲죏캪ퟩ횯뷡릹퓚뫜듳돌뛈짏뿉놻뾴ퟷ쫇훎탐캪폫ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄잰틲폫뷡맻뇤솿뗄첽쳖튲탨ퟩ횯헾훎뚷헹뗄랴펦뫍닺욷[29]ꆣ듋췢뮹폐튻킩퇐튪늻뛏룼탂,떫쫇쿖폐퇐뺿퓚헢랽쏦쏷쿔훍뫳ꆣ뺿랢쿖ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪폫릤ퟷ톹솦ꆢ릤ퟷ뻫떡뫍샫횰본폚듋,놾퇐뺿쓢춨맽놾췁뮯뗷닩,뛔ퟩ횯헾쟣쿲헽쿠맘[30],폫죎컱벨킧뢺쿠맘[31]ꆣ훎탐캪폫ퟩ횯돁쒬햹뾪쪵횤퇐뺿,늢춨맽뛔훐뷩뇤ꆡ뛔쿖폐컄쿗뗄움컶솿뗄ힷퟙ뫍훐뷩킧펦뗄볬쫓쳡돶ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뛔춨맽짏쫶컄쿗믘맋랢쿖,맺쓚췢톧헟뛔폚ퟩ횯ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬쒣탍,틔듋쳡릩훐맺컄뮯놳뺰쿂뗄돁쒬폫ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪헢솽룶컊쳢틑룸폨쇋룟뛈맘퇐뺿뷡맻,캪뫳탸뗄훐컷랽뿧컄뮯뇈뷏쳡릩잰웚탔힢,떫쫇평폚헢솽룶컊쳢놾짭뻟폐뗄틾뇎탔뫍쿳헷돉맻ꆣ탔,룸퇐뺿듸살쇋튻뚨삧쓑,떼훂쿖폐퇐뺿죔듦퓚뫜뛠늻ퟣ횮뒦,룅삨웰살3ꆡ퇐뺿짨볆,훷튪뇭쿖퓚틔쿂죽룶랽쏦:뗚튻,틑폐퇐뺿뫜짙쾵춳첽쳖ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪폫ꆡ뇤솿뗄닢솿ퟩ횯돁쒬뛾헟횮볤뗄맘쾵ꆣ쯤좻떥뛀뗘뾴,ퟩ횯헾놾퇐뺿붫ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뗄잿뛈ퟷ캪ퟔ뇤솿X,훎탐캪폫ퟩ횯돁쒬퓚맺췢뚼틑뗃떽뷏캪짮죫뗄퇐뛔룃뇤솿뗄닢솿훷튪닎뾼쇋Kacmar뫍Carlson뾪뺿,떫쫇폐맘솽룶컊쳢뗄ퟛ뫏퇐뺿좴뫜짙,듓컄쿗랢뗄ꆶퟩ횯헾훎죏횪솿뇭ꆷ[26],늢룹뻝훐맺뗄뻟쳥뾴,쒿잰돽Kacmar뫍Ferris퓚웤퇐뺿훐붫ퟩ횯돁쟩뿶듓훐톡좡9쿮,탎돉ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뗷닩컊뻭ꆣ쒬ퟷ캪ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뗄튻룶릹쏦췢[24],뮹캴랢쿖퓙냑ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄잿뛈ퟷ캪틲뇤솿Y,뛔룃뇤솿뗄닢폐웤쯻퇐뺿뛔헢솽룶컊쳢뷸탐ퟛ뫏첽쳖ꆣ헢훖퇐솿훷튪뷨본Dyneetal.뫍Huangetal.뗄솿뇭,닉뺿뗄좱쪧떼훂튻킩컊쳢뗃늻떽뫏샭뷢쫍,뇈죧퓚훐폃샮뿋쳘5뗣솿뇭쫕벯쫽뻝ꆣ쇭췢놾퇐뺿뮹듓풱맺,캪쪲쎴ꆰ쪶쿠ꆱ뗘놣돖돁쒬뗄맜샭헟폐쪱뫲뷺릤ꆢퟩ횯돉풱맘쾵ꆢퟩ횯쳥훆뫍ퟩ횯컄뮯헢쯄룶캬짽랴뛸룼볓쮳샻?쳞돽웤훐룶탔뗄펰쿬,ퟩ횯헾훎뛈훐쾸뮯돶11룶틲쯘ퟷ캪훐뷩뇤솿M,훐뷩뇤솿탐캪폫ퟩ횯돁쒬뛾헟횮볤쫇럱튲듦퓚쒳훖돌뛈짏뗄닢솿쿮쒿벰웤살풴볻뇭1ꆣ듋췢,놾퇐뺿돽펦폃뗄솪쾵?뛔헢킩컊쳢뗄믘듰탨튪짮죫첽쳖ꆣ샮뿋쳘5뗣솿뇭닢솿짏쫶룷뇤솿췢,뮹뛔놻뗷닩헟뗚뛾,맺쓚쿠맘쪵횤퇐뺿쏷쿔훍뫳ꆣퟩ횯헾훎뗄ퟔ컒볠뿘돌뛈뫍쓚췢풴뿘훆뗣뷸탐쇋닢솿ꆣ탐캪폫ퟩ횯돁쒬퓚맺췢틑폐뷏캪럡뢻뗄쪵횤퇐뺿,뇭1ꆡퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬뗄훐뷩뇤솿닣쏦틲ퟓ닢솿쿮쒿살풴M1풱릤뗄ퟔ컒놣뮤틢쪶Morrison&Milliken(2003)풱릤M2풱릤싺틢뛈Ferrisetal.(1989)M3ퟩ횯릫쏱탐캪Pinder&Harlos(2001)M4ퟩ횯돉풱횮볤뷡쏋쿖쿳Bowen&Blackmon(2003)ퟩ횯돉풱맘쾵M5ퟩ횯돉풱횮볤쿠뮥탅죎Bowen&Blackmon(2003)M6풱릤폫쇬떼횮볤뗄맘쾵Ashforth&Humphrey(1995)M7ퟩ횯헾닟ꆢ맦랶뗄실쪵Morrison&Milliken(2003)ퟩ횯쳥훆M8ퟩ횯뷡릹뗄닣벶Morgan(1986)M9ퟩ횯릵춨쟾뗀뗄뎩춨Morrison&Milliken(2003)ퟩ횯컄뮯M10샻벺훷틥컄뮯Ferrisetal.(1989)M11ퟩ횯볛횵맛뗄뷓쫜폫죏뿉돌뛈Dyneetal.(2003)ꆤ38ꆤ
쇵훇잿,뗈:ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬쪵횤퇐뺿ꆡ퇹놾톡퓱폫쫽뻝쫕벯돶쿠맘뛈룟뗄훐뷩뇤솿ퟷ캪훷튪훐뷩뇤솿ꆣ놾듎퇐뺿뗄뗷닩뛔쿳캪커몺훐쓏짨볆풺ꆢ커몺쮫틲쯘랽닮럖컶ꆣ샻폃쮫틲쯘랽닮럖컶,퇐뺿룖쳺릫쮾퓚횰횰릤,틔벰뮪훐뿆벼듳톧뫍커몺듳톧풱릤쳘헷뇤솿(ퟔ컒볠뿘뫍쓚췢풴뿘훆)뛔풱릤닣뗄퓚횰MBA톧풱ꆣ뗷닩릲랢럅컊뻭237럝,믘쫕쏦뗄훐뷩킧펦닺짺뗄펰쿬ꆣ폐킧컊뻭213럝,뫳뺭튻훂탔볬퇩쳞돽컞킧컊뻭4ꆡ퇐뺿뷡맻24럝,놣쇴폐킧컊뻭187럝ꆣ듓폐킧컊뻭뗄릹돉쟩뿶뾴,놻뗷닩헟욽뻹쓪쇤31쯪,퓚ퟩ횯훐뗄욽뻹쿈틔ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪캪ퟔ뇤솿,ퟩ횯돁쒬캪틲뇤솿,릤ퟷ쪱볤쓪,웤훐쓐탔161죋,얮탔76죋,쓪뛔믘맩랽돌(1)ퟶ튻풪쿟탔믘맩ꆣ럖컶뷡맻볻뇭2ꆣ쇤ퟮ듳뗄48쯪,쓪쇤ퟮ킡뗄26쯪ꆣ놻뗷닩헟훐룟뇭2ꆡퟩ횯헾훎탐캪폫ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄믘맩럖컶뷡맻닣맜샭죋풱24죋,훐믹닣맜샭죋풱213죋ꆣ톧샺뇤솿뇪ힼ뮯T횵킣헽릹돉횵F횵2rc2(P횵)r,뻟폐놾뿆벰틔짏톧샺뗄놻뗷닩헟햼78%ꆣꆡ랽램ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪()훐뷩킧펦볬퇩ꆣ놾듎퇐뺿쪹폃ퟷ캪럖컶릤뻟ꆣ뛔폚훐뷩뇤솿뗄훐뷩킧펦뗄볬퇩,컒듓뇭2뿉틔뾴돶,믘맩쾵쫽뗄쿔훸탔쮮욽캪쏇닉폃쇋컂훒훐뷩킧펦볬퇩돌탲[4],벴춨맽튻,헻룶쒣탍뗄2r캪,쮵쏷ퟔ뇤솿ퟩ횯헾쾵쇐믘맩럖컶뛔훐뷩뇤솿뗄훐뷩킧펦뷸탐볬퇩:훎탐캪뫍틲뇤솿ퟩ횯돁쒬횮볤듦퓚쿔훸뗄쿟탔쿠(1)Y=cX+e1;(2)Mi=aiX+e2;(3)Y=ciꇤX+맘맘쾵ꆣbiMi+e3;뻟쳥돌탲캪:뗚1늽:볬퇩믘맩쾵쫽c,죧퓙뛔룷훐뷩뇤솿럖뇰폫ퟔ뇤솿,틲뇤솿뗄쿠맘맻쿔훸,퓲볌탸,럱퓲춣횹럖컶ꆣ뗚2늽:ퟶBaron탔ퟶ럖컶,뗃횪M1,M2,M4,M5,M10폫X,Y뗄쿠맘&Kenny늿럖훐뷩볬퇩,벴틀듎볬퇩쾵쫽a,b,죧뛈뷏룟,컒쏇냑헢킩뇤솿ퟷ캪훷튪훐뷩뇤솿,웤뷡맻뚼쿔훸,틢캶ퟅX뛔Y뗄펰쿬훁짙폐튻늿럖쫇맻볻뇭3ꆣ춨맽훐뷩뇤솿Mi쪵쿖뗄ꆣ죧맻훁짙폐튻룶늻쿔뇭3ꆡ훷튪훐뷩뇤솿쿠맘탔럖컶뷡맻훸,퓲떽뗚4늽ꆣ뗚3늽:ퟶJudd&Kenny췪좫풱릤뗄풱릤ퟩ횯돉풱ퟩ횯돉풱샻벺훐뷩볬퇩뗄뗚죽룶볬퇩,벴볬퇩쾵쫽cꇤ,죧맻늻쿔뇤솿ퟔ컒놣뮤싺틢뛈볤뷡쏋쿖쿳볤쿠뮥탅죎훷틥컄뮯훸쮵쏷쫇췪좫훐뷩맽돌,벴X뛔Y뗄펰쿬뚼쫇춨틢쪶(M1)(M2)(M4)(M5)(M10)맽훐뷩뇤솿Mi쪵쿖뗄;죧맻쿔훸,쮵쏷횻쫇늿럖훐ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪(X)뷩맽돌,벴X뛔Y뗄펰쿬횻폐튻늿럖쫇춨맽훐뷩ퟩ횯돁쒬뇤솿쪵쿖뗄ꆣ볬퇩뷡쫸ꆣ뗚4늽:ퟶSobe(Y)l볬i퇩,죧맻쿔훸,틢캶ퟅMi뗄훐뷩킧펦쿔훸,럱퓲훐뷩킧펦늻쿔훸ꆣ볬퇩뷡쫸ꆣ뷓ퟅ,샻폃믘맩랽돌(2)뫍믘맩랽돌(3)뛔룷쿠맘럖컶ꆣ폃쿠맘럖컶듓11룶훐뷩뇤솿훐톡훷튪훐뷩뇤솿럖뇰ퟶ훐뷩킧펦볬퇩,뷡맻볻뇭4ꆣ뇭4ꆡ훐뷩킧펦볬퇩뷡맻훐뷩뇤솿abcꇤiii믘맩랽돌(2)믘맩랽돌(3)쾵쫽p횵쾵쫽p횵쾵쫽p횵F횵22irF횵ꆡꆡ뇭4쯹쇐돶뗄ai뫍믘맩랽돌(2)뗄F횵뫍2r폚쟒믘맩랽돌(3)뗄2ri뚼듳폚,쮵쏷룷쫇훐뷩킧펦볬퇩뗚2늽뗄뷡맻;biꆢci뫍믘맩랽돌훷튪훐뷩뇤솿폫ퟩ횯돁쒬폐쿔훸뗄쿟탔맘쾵ꆣ돽(3)뗄F횵뫍2r쫇훐뷩킧펦볬퇩뗚3늽뗄뷡맻ꆣ쇋c5ꇤ췢뗄웤쯻ciꇤ뗄p횵뚼쏷쿔듳폚,쮵쏷돽평뇭4뿉틔뾴돶,ai뗄p횵뚼킡폚쟒믘맩랽M5뛔ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪폫ퟩ횯돁쒬웰늿럖훐뷩ퟷ폃돌(2)뗄2ri뚼듳폚,쮵쏷룷훷튪훐뷩뇤솿폫췢,웤쯻훷튪훐뷩뇤솿뚼웰췪좫훐뷩ퟷ폃ꆣퟩ횯헾훎탐캪폐쿔훸뗄쿟탔맘쾵ꆣbi뗄p횵뚼킡퓚듋믹뒡짏,컒쏇닉폃쿠맘럖컶랽램,퇐뺿룷ꆤ39ꆤ
,풤ꆡꆡ닢2008쓪뗚3웚훷튪훐뷩뇤솿횮볤뗄쿟탔쿠맘맘쾵,늢ퟮ훕쳡돶쇋ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬쒣탍,볻춼1ꆣ춼1ꆡퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬쒣탍ꆡꆡ떱뷸튻늽퇐뺿ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪춨맽풱릤닣쏦ꆡꆡ평뇭5뿉횪,퓚뗄쿔훸탔쮮욽짏,쓚췢풴(M1,M2)펰쿬ퟩ횯돁쒬쪱,컒쏇랢쿖풱릤쳘헷뇤뿘훆,ퟔ컒볠뿘틔벰헢뛾헟뗄붻뮥ퟷ폃뛔훐뷩킧펦솿(쓚췢풴뿘훆뫍ퟔ컒볠뿘)믡펰쿬헢훖훐뷩킧펦뗄펰쿬뚼쫇쿔훸뗄ꆣ(볻춼2)ꆣ룹뻝뻹횵볓복튻룶뇪ힼ닮뗄풭퓲뛔쫽뻝뷸탐럖ퟩ,붫쓚췢풴뿘훆럖캪쓚뿘ꆢ튻냣뫍췢뿘;5ꆡ쳖싛폫뷡싛ퟔ컒볠뿘럖캪뫃ꆢ훐ꆢ닮죽룶쮮욽ꆣ틔쓚췢풴뿘훆뫍ퟔ컒볠뿘캪ퟔ뇤솿듓짏컄뗄퇐뺿뷡맻뿉틔뾴돶,ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪볈,틔e3(e3=Y-cX-bM)캪iii틲뇤솿,ퟶ쮫틲쯘랽닮럖컶,럖컶뷡맻볻뇭뿉틔퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏횱뷓펰쿬ퟩ횯돁쒬,폖뿉틔춨맽5ꆣ풱릤,ퟩ횯돉풱맘쾵뫍ퟩ횯컄뮯죽룶닣쏦뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬닺짺펰쿬,뛸춨맽ퟩ횯쳥훆닣쏦뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬닺짺뗄펰쿬퓲뫜죵ꆣ쿂쏦컒쏇뷡뫏쪵횤퇐뺿뷡맻럖뇰듓풱릤ꆢퟩ횯돉풱맘쾵뫍ퟩ횯컄뮯죽룶닣쏦살짮죫쳖싛ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪쫇죧뫎펰쿬ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄,좻뫳퓙춼2ꆡ풱릤쳘헷뇤솿뛔훐뷩킧펦뗄펰쿬쒣탍첽쳖튻쿂풱릤쳘헷뇤솿(ퟔ컒볠뿘뫍쓚췢풴뿘훆)뇭5ꆡ풱릤쳘헷뇤솿폫ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬쮫틲쯘럖컶뷡맻뛔풱릤닣쏦뗄훐뷩킧펦닺짺뗄쿔훸펰쿬(닎볻춼2뇤틬살풴샠탍ꋳ뇤닮ퟔ평뛈뻹랽F횵P횵뫍뇭5)ꆣ킣헽뗄쒣탍듓풱릤닣쏦뾼달,쪵횤퇐뺿뷡맻쿔쪾,ퟩ횯헾뷘뻠쓚췢풴뿘훆훎탐캪훷튪춨맽붵뗍풱릤싺틢뛈뫍쳡짽풱릤ퟔ컒.027ퟔ컒볠뿘쓚췢풴뿘훆놣뮤틢쪶살펰쿬ퟩ횯돁쒬ꆣ헢튻퇐뺿뷡싛폫Kac23ퟔ컒볠뿘.뫍Dyneetal.뗄퇐뺿뷡맻쿠튻훂ꆣKac2컳닮뫏볆maretal.퇐뺿횸돶ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪믡붵뗍풱릤싺틢킣헽뗄뫏볆뛈늢틽랢릤ퟷ붹싇벰췋쯵탐캪(죧샫횰[24])ꆣ뛸힢:Levence볬퇩F=,p=,r=ꆣDyneetal.퓲붫ퟩ횯돁쒬럖캪쒬탭탔돁쒬,럀폹탔ꆤ40ꆤ
쇵훇잿,뗈:ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬쪵횤퇐뺿돁쒬뫍쟗짧믡탔돁쒬[8]ꆣ쒬탭탔돁쒬믹폚늻맘탄,뛸럀폹탔돁쒬퓲믹폚ퟔ컒놣뮤ꆣ놾퇐뺿뷡싛볈6ꆡ퇐뺿뻖쿞탔폫캴살릤ퟷ듓쪵횤뗄뷇뛈퇩횤쇋뛾헟뗄퇐뺿,폖붫뛾헟뗄퇐뺿놾컄듓쪵횤뗄뷇뛈첽쳖늢퇩횤쇋ퟩ횯헾훎탐헻뫏쇋웰살:ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪튻랽쏦춨맽붵뗍풱릤싺캪뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬ꆣ퓚듋믹뒡짏,컒쏇뮹붫헢훖틢뛈뛸붵뗍쇋풱릤뛔ퟩ횯뗄맘탄,듓뛸틽랢쒬탭탔펰쿬럖캪횱뷓펰쿬뫍춨맽훐뷩킧펦닺짺뗄펰쿬,늢돁쒬:쇭튻랽쏦춨맽틽랢풱릤뗄릤ퟷ붹싇벰췋쯵탐짮죫럖컶쇋헢킩펰쿬뗄랢짺믺샭;ퟮ훕컒쏇쳡돶쇋캪,퓶잿쇋풱릤뗄ퟔ컒놣뮤틢쪶,듓뛸틽랢쇋럀폹ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬쒣탍ꆣ떫평폚퇹탔돁쒬ꆣ놾뫍죏쪶쮮욽뗄쿞훆,놾듎퇐뺿뮹듦퓚튻킩컊쳢:듓ퟩ횯돉풱맘쾵닣쏦뾼달,놾퇐뺿뗃돶쇭튻쳵뗚튻,놾듎퇐뺿뗄퇹놾훷튪살ퟔ커몺뗘쟸듳훐훘튪뷡싛:ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪춨맽듙쪹ퟩ횯돉풱횮볤쿠탍웳튵벰룟킣뗄MBA톧풱,헢훖좡퇹쿞훆튻랽쏦뮥뷡쏋ꆢ붵뗍ퟩ횯돉풱볤뗄탅죎돌뛈살펰쿬ퟩ횯돁뿉쓜믡펰쿬쫽톧춳볆럖컶뗄뷡맻,쇭튻랽쏦튲뿉쓜쒬ꆣퟩ횯헾훎탐캪ퟮ듳뗄쳘뗣뻍쫇뛔쮽샻뗄ힷ훰,펰쿬놾샭싛뛔웤쯻샠탍웳튵뗄쫊폃탔ꆣ뛸풴뗄쾡좱탔뇘좻믡퓚죋쏇뛔쮽샻뗄ힷ훰맽돌뗚뛾,놾듎퇐뺿뛔훐뷩뇤솿뗄톡좡쯤좻쫇믹폚훐틽랢벤쇒뗄뺺헹뫍믹폚릲춬샻틦뗄뷡쏋맘쾵,헢뛔맺쓚췢톧헟뛔ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뫍ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄쿠맘훖뷡쏋맘쾵벫웤뢴퓓뛸폖뚯첬뇤뮯ꆣퟩ횯헾훎탐퇐뺿뗄ퟜ뷡,떫죔폐뿉쓜틅슩튻킩웤쯻틲쯘ꆣ캪뗄쇭튻룶쳘뗣뻍쫇뿉틔틔늻놻ퟩ횯죏뿉뗄랽쪽뗚죽,뺭맽춳볆퇩횤,놾듎퇐뺿뗃돶ퟩ횯릫쏱퓋폃룷훖풴,벴늻퓱쫖뛎ꆣ헢훖쳘뗣컞틉믡붵뗍탐캪폫ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뫍ퟩ횯돁쒬뚼늻듦퓚쿔훸뗄ퟩ횯돉풱볤뗄탅죎ꆣ뗍쮮욽뗄ퟩ횯돉풱탅죎뛈뫍쿟탔쿠맘맘쾵ꆣ헢폫맺췢톧헟뗄쿠맘퇐뺿뷡싛랢뢴퓓뛸폖뚯첬뗄뷡쏋맘쾵ퟮ훕믡뫜죝틗틽웰믹폚짺쇋쎬뛜ꆣ닺짺헢훖뷡맻뗄풭틲뿉쓜쫇퓚훐맺횻ퟔ컒놣뮤뗄럀폹탔돁쒬ꆣ폐짙쫽웳튵뺭뎣랢짺ퟩ횯릫쏱탐캪,튲뻍쫇쮵뺭뎣듓ퟩ횯컄뮯닣쏦뾼달,놾퇐뺿쪵횤랢쿖,ퟩ횯랢짺ퟩ횯릫쏱탐캪뗄웳튵퓚퇹놾헻쳥훐횻햼뻝쇋헾훎탐캪춨맽퓶잿샻벺훷틥컄뮯살펰쿬ퟩ횯돁쒬ꆣ뫜킡뗄뇈훘ꆣ듓놾훊짏뾴,ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪쫇튻훖쒱쮽탐캪,뛸춨쯤좻놾듎퇐뺿죔듦퓚훖훖뻖쿞,늢뿉쓜붵뗍퇐뎣룃탐캪뗄ퟮ듳쫜틦헟뫍랢웰헟췹췹뻍쫇ퟩ횯뗄뺿뷡맻뗄뷢쫍솦뫍쫊폃탔,떫쏷냗헢킩뻖쿞탔춬쪱쇬떼,ퟩ횯쇬떼퓚ퟩ횯컄뮯뗄탎돉폫뒫능맽돌훐웰튲캪ퟷ헟캴살볌탸듓쫂룃쇬폲퇐뺿맦랶쇋랽쿲ꆣퟅퟮ캪맘볼뗄ퟷ폃,쯹틔ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뫜죝틗쪹샻듓쒿잰뗄췪돉쟩뿶뾴,틔쿂벸랽쏦뗄릤ퟷ뿉쓜릹돉벺훷틥컄뮯탎돉뫍삩즢,듙쪹ퟩ횯돉풱붫룶죋샻틦캴살뗄릤ퟷ훘뗣:쇨볝폚ퟩ횯샻틦횮짏,늢붵뗍풱릤뛔ퟩ횯뗄맘탄,뗚튻,퇐뺿뛔쿳뗄삩햹ꆣ퓚퇹놾뗄톡좡짏,뿉틔틽랢쒬탭탔돁쒬ꆣ뷸튻늽삩햹떽훐맺뗄웤쯻뗘쟸뫍웤쯻샠탍뗄웳튵ꆣ놾퇐뺿ퟮ뫳뮹랢쿖,ퟔ컒볠뿘뫍쓚췢풴뿘훆뗈뗚뛾,훐뷩뇤솿톡좡짏뗄삩햹ꆣ듓맺쓚웳튵뗄풱릤쳘헷뇤솿믡뛔풱릤닣쏦뗄훐뷩킧펦닺짺쿔훸맜샭쪵볹훐,컒쏇뿉쓜뮹믡랢쿖튻킩탂뗄훐뷩뇤펰쿬ꆣퟔ컒볠뿘뫢솿쇋죋쏇퓚릫훚쏦잰뗄뇭쿖뗄솿ꆣ춨맽헢킩탂뇤솿뗄틽죫,컒쏇뗄쒣탍튲뿉뗃떽뿘훆돌뛈,룟ퟔ컒볠뿘쮮욽뗄죋뎣뎣믡춨맽뛔ퟔ짭뷸튻늽뗄탞헽ꆣ탐캪뗄뿘훆살쫊펦뮷뺳뗄튪쟳ꆣ쓚췢풴뿘훆쫇쮵뗚죽,퓚톡좡쳘뚨퇹놾뗄믹뒡짏,뛔ퟩ횯릫쏱죋쏇뗄탐캪훷튪쫇평쓚늿틲쯘뮹쫇췢늿틲쯘뻶뚨ꆣ탐캪폫ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뫍ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄쿠맘탔럖뇰뷸놾퇐뺿랢쿖,뻟폐췢풴뿘훆뫍룟쮮욽ퟔ컒볠뿘쳘헷탐훘탂볬퇩ꆣ뗄풱릤뫜죝틗쫜떽살ퟔ춬쫂뫍ퟩ횯컄뮯뗄펰쿬,쯹틔췢풴뿘훆뫍룟쮮욽ퟔ컒볠뿘믡볓잿ퟩ횯헾훎탐닎ꆡ뾼ꆡ컄ꆡ쿗:캪뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄펰쿬[1]뫎,십붣뫧.돁쒬뗄짹틴:ퟩ횯훐뗄돁쒬탐캪[J].탄,뛸쿠랴,쓚늿뿘훆뫍뗍쮮욽ퟔ컒볠뿘퓲믡쿷죵ퟩ횯헾훎탐캪뛔ퟩ횯돁쒬뗄샭뿆톧뷸햹,2006,14(3):4132417.[2]VakolaM,펰쿬ꆣorganisationalsilence:anempiricalinvestigation[J].Em2ꆤ41ꆤ
,풤ꆡꆡ닢2008쓪뗚3웚ployeeRelations,2005,27(4/5):,33:2532263.[3]쯯몺틸.싛ퟩ횯탐캪톧훐뗄ퟩ횯헾훎횪뻵[J].놱뺩쪦[18]RyanKD,랶듳톧톧놨(짧믡뿆톧냦),2004,(1)::howtoovercometheinvisiblebarrierstoquality,[4]컂훒,헅샗,뫲뷜첩.훐뷩킧펦볬퇩돌탲벰웤펦폃productivity,andinnovation[M].SanFrancisco:[J].탄샭톧놨,2004,36(5):,1991.[5]PerlowC,[19]PremeauxSF,:the[J].HarvardBusinessReview,2003,5:[6]MorrisonEW,:aingupintheworkplace[J].JournalofManagementbarriertochangeanddevelopmentinapluralisticworldStudies,2003,40(6):135721562.[J].AcademyofManagementReview,2000,25(4):[20]MayesBT,[J].AcademyofManagementReview,[7]PinderGG,:quiescence1997,10:[J].[21]FerrisGR,RussGS,,,RosenfieldP,,20:[M].Hillsdale,1989.[8]DyneLV,AngS,[22][M].Marshfield,MA:[J].JournalofManagementStudies,2003,40(6):Pittman,.[23]십뎬,쇨컄,랽샾싥.웳튵풱릤ퟩ횯헾훎죏횪솿뇭[9]MorrisonEW,,remainingsi2뗄릹붨[J].탄샭톧놨,2006,38(1)::thedynamicsofvoiceandsilenceinorganizations[24]KacmarKM,[J].JournalofManagementStudies,2003,40(6):politicsscale(POPS):[J].Educational&PsychologicalMeasurement,[10]MillikenFJ,MorrisonEW,,51(1)::issuesthatemployeesdonꆯt[25]NyeLG,[J].JournalofManage2tyoftheperceptionsoforganizationalpoliticsscalementStudies,2003,40(6):145321476.(POPS)[J].Educational&PsychologcalMeasure2[11]:ment,1993,53(3):[26]KacmarKM,[J].JournalofManagementStudies,perceptionsofpoliticsscale(POPS):amultiplesample2003,40(6):[J].JournalofManagement,1997,23[12]JeffreyAL,(5)::evidence[27]RandallML,CropanzanoR,etal..Organizationalpol2ofdifferentialrelationshipswithbigfivepersonalityiticsandorganizationalsupportaspredictorsofworkat2characteristicsandcognitiveability[J].JournalofAp2titudes,jobperformance,andorganizationalcitizenshippliedPsychology,2001,86(2):[J].JournalofOrganizationalBehavior,1999,[13]HuangX,VliertEV,:do20:[28]AveryDR,[J].AcademyofManagementvoice:theincrementalrolesofopportunity,behavior,Proceedings,2003,2:[J].[14][J].JournalofAppliedPsychology,2002,87(1):,1977,5(5):1152125.[29][M].Marshfield,[15]AshforthBE,:Pittman,:constructingtheindividual[A].In[30]CropanzanoR,HowesJC,GrandeyAA,etal..TheCummingsLL,StawBW,[C].Greenwich,CT:JAIPress,,attitudes,andstress[J].JournalofOrgani2[16]:thedynamiczationalBehavior,1997,18(2):[J].Journal[31]ValleM,,2003,40(6):
