ֻ41जֻ4௹ᆄࡾն࿐࿐Б(ದ໓ഠ߶॓࿐ϱ),୍7ᄅJournalofZhejiangUniversity(HumanitiesandSocialSciences)July2011ᇶีণଢ:ഠ߶ಣׄ໙ี֥ંฐ෬DOI: 基于MRIO模型的碳足迹跨国比较研究马述忠 黄东升(ᆄࡾն࿐ࣜ࠶࿐ჽ,ᆄࡾݳᇜ310027)[ᅋ ေ]સၞაߌႋھೂޅᄝުࣘൈս۷ࣅૡֹ৳༢ᄝ၂ఏ֥ၰีᄝ֒భ൳֞ਔ௴ђܱᇿbնਈ࣮Ֆ၂ݓ࢘؇ࢲކݓ࠽સၞٳ༅ฏஆ٢,طᆌؓྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅa࣮؟ݓฏቀ֥ࠖ໓ᅣಏ҂؟b࣮ؿགྷݓ֩ྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅᄥმਔᇗ֥ฏ྄;ၛളӁູࠎԤނෘ֥ฏቀࠖაၛཨٮູࠎԤނෘ֥ฏቀࠖᆭࡗթᄝऍն֥ޟ,֤ؿղݓࡅ֥ฏቀࠖФᇗ֮ܙbસၞᆟҦ֥ܱᄝႿЌᆣପུฏૡࠢྛြႨ֥ളӁඌ۷ࡆౢࢱ,طध҂൞ࡼളӁݖӱՖ၂ԩథ၍֞ਸ਼၂ԩbၹՎ,ॖࡼฏቀࠖނෘุ༢טᆜູၛཨٮູࠎԤ,ՖطཨԢฏ྄;๙ݖᇅקთસၞླྀק,ቆࡹߌЌ৳ૐ,৳ૐଽ҆Ґ౼֮ฏඌކቔაሇಞ֩ईծ,՜ࣉಆ౯ٓຶଽฏࡨஆଢѓ֥ൌགྷb[ܱՍ]ฏቀࠖ;ॴݓбࢠ;MRIO;સၞᆟҦACross CountryStudyofCarbonFootprintUsingMRIOModelMaShuzhong HuangDongsheng(CollegeofEconomics,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou310027,China)Abstract:Recently,,fewstudieshavefocusedonnewlyindustrializedcountries(NICs)andhaveanalyzedcarbonfootprint(CF)withinamulti basedinventoriesandconsumption basedinventories,,ratherthantransferringproductionprocessesfromoneplacetoanother,weclaimthatthechallengefortradepoliciesistoensurecleantechnologiesbeingusedbycarbon ,wesuggestthatCFshouldbecalculatedaccordingtoconsumption ,we[൬۠ರ௹]20110510[Ч़ຩᆶ ᄝཌᄖᆽ]
6ᆄࡾն࿐࿐Б(ದ໓ഠ߶॓࿐ϱ)ֻ41ज:carbonfootprint;cross countryanalysis;MRIO;tradepolicy一a引 言గީ໙ีᆭ෮ၛ߶ႄఏಆ౯ܼܱٗᇿ,൞ၹູ҂ࣇടࠣಆ౯ളߌ֥Ќ,ط߶႕ཙ֞۲ݓસၞଆൔ֥ሇэၛࠣಆ౯ࣜ࠶֥ॖӻ࿃ؿᅚbྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅ֥ࣜ࠶ᆞᄝၛభ෮ໃႵ֥؇ؿᅚ,ၛ۷ݺֹડቀರၭᄹӉ֥ݓଽླބݓຓླbၛݓູ২,ຓસሹحՖ1995୍֥ຣၡૅჭ၂ਫ਼ശ,֞2005୍ଌղ֞ຣၡૅჭ,ࢩᇀ2010୍ଌ۷൞ۚղຣၡૅჭbᄝԛ१حބࣉ१حۚᄹӉ֥ൈ,ԛ१ᄹۚႿࣉ१,֝ᇁ1994୍ၛটસၞඨҵӻ࿃ᄹӉ bᄝଢభ֥ݓ࠽ٳ۽ᇏ,ؿղݓࡅԩᄝӁြ৽ഈ؊,ԛ१Ӂၛۚඌބڛༀြູᇶ,ฏቀࠖݣਈཌྷؓࢠ֮;طؿᅚᇏݓࡅ֥ԛ१Ӂᄵၛ֮؊Ӂູᇶ,ฏቀࠖݣਈࢠۚbؓݓᆃဢ၂۱ԛ१ཌྷ֮ؓ؊ӁಏऎႵऍնસၞඨҵ֥ݓࡅটඪ,๙ݖݓ࠽સၞູఃݓࡅሇ၍֥ฏቀࠖ൞ཌྷ֒ॖܴ֥b࣐ܵᄝᇝݓࡅुট,ૌଢభᄝཤࡨಆ౯ฏቀ֥ࠖӵ୶ٚ૫ؿߨሢਵ֝ቔႨ,ಖط,ݓ൞સၞնݓބஆ٢նݓ,ၩሢᄝฏࡨஆٚ૫ݓ္ॖିؿߨईቀᇗ֥ቔႨbطؓႿఃᄝฏࡨஆٚ૫ઋު֥ྸ؟ݓࡅ,ॖିླေྍ֥સၞᆟҦٚ૫֥ࡹၰbູਔႵིߏࢳగީэ߄,ᄀটᄀ؟֥સၞᆟҦࡼФҐႨ,ݓ࠽સၞܿᄵބླྀၰ္ࡼၹՎؿളڿэbႵႿՎ,ࢲކݓ࠽સၞaбࢠ؟۱ݓࡅ֥ฏቀࠖնཬ,ؓ҂ݓࡅކᇅקસၞᆟҦऎႵ၂קၩၬb၂ٚ૫,ႮႿؓฏቀ֥ࠖ؇ਈࠣཌྷܱસၞᆟҦ֥࣮ିᆰࢤ႕ཙཨٮᆀބӌഅ֥ཨٮაളӁथҦ,ၹط߶ؓ၂ݓݓଽཌྷܱߌᆟҦ֥ᇅקႵ၂ק֥႕ཙbં൞ฏቀࠖᆷѓ,ߎ൞აᆭཌྷܱ֥ᆟҦ۽ऎ,߶ؓ၂ݓݓଽ໑൩గุࡨਈᆟҦ֥ᇅק,ၛ֮ࠣฏཨٮa֮ฏളӁa֮ฏӁြࢲܒބିჷࢲܒ֥טᆜ,ิ܂ࠞऎҕॉࡎᆴ֥ٚཟᆷႄაིࠛܙ၇ऌbႇݓฏྐກࠎࣁ(CarbonTrust)൞ ฏࡨஆѓద (CarbonRedu ctionLabel)֥ࠒࠞӐ֝ᆀ,ଢభᆞᄝᇝaݓࠣᇝఃֹྛӁฏቀࠖ࠹߃bರЧႿ2008୍࿆҃ਔฏቀࠖѓద࠹߃,Ֆ2009୍4ᄅఏ,ರЧ൧ӆഈൊaႂਘ֩ඔᇕӁၘࣜषѓᇿฏѓదbݢݓᆟکᄝ2009୍2ᄅؿ҃ਔฏѓద࠹߃,ၩؓఒြሱႵஇӁٳࢨ؍ൌྛھ࠹߃bᄝݓ,ᆟکႵܱ҆၂ᆰᇁ৯Ⴟࡹ৫ሱ֥࠭ฏѓదุ༢bݓࡅؿڿႿ2010୍10ᄅ࿆,҃ݓၘࣜఓᇗׄྛြׅӁࠣᇗׄࡨஆཛଢ֮ฏಪᆣᇅ؇࣮ bгᆀಪູ,ؓฏቀ֥࣮ࠖࡼႵᇹႿᆃোࡹ৫ᄝฏቀࠖࠎԤഈ֥ᇅ؇֥ປ,ՖطႵ০Ⴟ۲ݓᇅᄯԛ۷ژކ൧ӆေa۷ऎႵݓ࠽ࣩᆚ৯֥Ӂbਸ਼၂ٚ૫,ؓฏቀࠖaฏ྄֩໙ี֥ॴݓ࣮ࡼ߶ؓުࣘൈսಆ౯໑൩గุࡨஆ֥ᄳٳքӁളԊࠌ,ၹط߶ؓݓ֩ྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅસၞᆟҦ֥ᇅקႵ၂ק֥ᆷ֝ၩၬbᄝഅษగީэ߄֥ݓ࠽ླྀഅࣉӱᇏ,ฏቀ֥ܼࠖٗႋႨ֤ॖିႄؿྸ؟ࠗਛษં֥ၰ,ีЇও໑൩గุࡨஆྐႨح؇֥ಪק,ၛࠣݓࡅ໑൩గุஆ٢ਈ߶࠹ނෘᇏളӁࠎԤބཨٮࠎԤ֥ฏஆ٢ਈܙ࠹ࢲݔࡗ֥ҵၳྟbགྷྛ֥ ৳ކݓగީэ߄۔ေ܄ჿ ෮ҐႨ֥ݓࡅ໑൩గุஆ٢ౢෘ֥ނෘٚمၛஆ ۴ऌᇏݓݚܱຩᅟ()ބ ᇏݓࣜ࠶સၞ୍:2010 ( ᇏݓࣜ࠶સၞ୍ щ߶щ,ᇏݓࣜ࠶ԛϱഠ2010୍ϱ)ඔऌᆜ֤֞b ฏࡨஆѓదႮႇݓฏྐກࠎࣁᄝ2006୍൮Ցԛ,൞ൗࢸഈֻ၂۱ཁൕӁฏቀ֥ࠖѓదb ҕCentreTestingInternational(CTI), TheCarbonLabelingisBecomingaGlobalTrend, 20090910,
ֻ4௹ઔඍᇑ ߛתശ:ࠎႿMRIOଆ֥ฏቀࠖॴݓбࢠ࣮7٢ׄ෮ᄝ֥ളӁ؊ູࠎԤ,ႋھඋႿၛളӁູࠎԤ֥߶࠹ނෘ(ProductionBasedAccounting)bཌྷႋֹ,ၛཨٮູࠎԤ֥߶࠹ނෘ(ConsumptionBasedAccounting)ᄵၛӁཨٮ؊ູ၇ऌ࠹ෘӁ֥ݣฏਈ bೂݔฏ྄ಒൌթᄝ,ඪૼᆃਆᇕܙ࠹ٚم֥࠹ෘࢲݔᆭࡗթᄝ࠹ෘҵၳ,ପહ,ᆃ۱ҵၳᄝྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅ(бೂݓބႆ؇)ᇏָ֞Ⴕ؟ն?ᆃ۱ฏ྄֥ਈ൞ڎၩሢᄝުࣘൈսగީซࣉӱᇏؿղݓࡅླေӵք۷؟֥໑൩గุࡨஆᄳ?ᆃ൞ᆴ֤ฐษ֥໙ีbࠎႿഈඍ࣮Мࣟބၩၬ,Ч໓൫ՖMRIO(Multi RegionalInput Output)ଆԛؿ,ᄝ၂۱၂ॿࡏ༯ٳ༅ಆ౯55۱ݓࡅބֹ1995 2005୍֥ฏቀࠖb๙ݖٳ༅սіྟݓࡅބֹฏቀ֥ࠖห,ׄษંఃაસၞ֥ܱ༢,֤֞ཌྷႋ֥ᆟҦݣၬbཌྷႋֹ,Ч໓ު࿃҆ٳνஆೂ༯:ֻؽ҆ٳሸඍਔაฏቀࠖބસၞཌྷܱ֥ᇶေ໓ང࣮ࠣࣉᅚ,ֻ҆ٳᇶေӂඍਔMRIOଆބඔऌটჷ,ֻඹ҆ٳٳ༅ѩษંਔฏቀ֥ࠖ࠹ෘࢲݔ,ֻ҆ٳሹࢲਔᇶေ֥࣮ࢲ,ંѩิԛਔཌྷႋ֥ᆟҦࡹၰb二a文献综述ଢభ,ޓ؟࿐ᆀ֥࣮ؿགྷ,ཨٮ֥ളӁݓބཨٮݓթᄝֹთٳ֥གྷའ,ಖط,࿐ࢸᆰࢤٳ༅ཨٮฏቀ֥ࠖ໓ᅣѩ҂؟,նਈ֥קਈ࣮ࠢᇏᄝՖ၂ݓ൪࢘ؓචшࠇ؟шસၞႅݣฏ֥ҩෘഈb২ೂ,MachadoބSchaefferࢲކϘ༆֥ඔऌѩႨೆӁԛم,ٳ༅ਔݓ࠽સၞᇏିჷႨބႅݣฏ֥ஆ٢౦ঃ,ؿགྷϘ༆ᄝ1995୍҂ࣇ൞۱ିჷ࣪ԛ१ݓބႅݣฏ࣪ԛ१ݓ,طૄԛ१၂ૅჭေбࣉ१၂ૅჭ؟Ӂള56%֥ฏ,ၹՎ,ࡹၰϘ༆ᆟکטᆜაିჷႨބฏஆ٢ཌྷܱ֥ݓ࠽સၞᆟҦ[1]bMongelliބTassielli০Ⴈၩն০ඔऌ,Ⴈཌྷ֥ٚم,࣮ਔಆ౯గީэ୰ཌྷܱླྀၰaݓ࠽સၞაႅݣฏᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢,ᆣൌਔ ಙх෮ࡌඪ ,ࢲં൞:ၩն০ቔູ ࣘၰק ӵքمקࡨஆၬༀ֥ݓࡅᆭ၂,ಒൌླေؓఃસၞᆟҦቔԛטᆜ[2]bLiangބFanࡼݓ߃ٳູϖ۱ࣜ࠶ֹ,ႨMRIOଆٳ༅ਔݓିჷླაฏஆ٢ᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢[3]bఊᤜބ߲ؓࣉ१ӁҐႨರЧฏஆ٢ིੱࣉྛ࠹ෘ,ؿགྷ2006୍ݓ࣪ԛ१Ӂ֥ฏஆ٢ਈၘᅝݓଽฏஆ٢ሹਈ֥%[4]b၂ུ࿐ᆀঔնਔ࣮֥ᇶุٓຶ,ࢲކݓ࠽સၞॉҳਔਆݓമᇀ؟ݓ֥ฏቀࠖ౦ঃbShuiބHarriss০Ⴈ1997 2003୍֥ඔऌ,ٳ༅ਔᇏૅસၞؓؽသ߄ฏஆ٢֥႕ཙ,࣮іૼ:ૅݓᄝЧֹളӁՖݓࣉ१֥Ӂ,ฏஆ٢ࡼ߶Ֆ3%ᄹࡆ֞6%;طݓ7% 14%֥ฏஆ٢൞Ⴎླေཟૅݓԛ१ᄯӮ֥;ᇏૅસၞᄹࡆਔၡ֥ؕಆ౯ฏஆ٢[5]bWyckoffބRoopٳ༅ਔੂ۱ቋն֥ࣜކቆᆮݓࡅ(ࡆଦնaمݓa֣ݓaರЧaႇݓބૅݓ)ࣉ१ᇅӮ֥ႅݣฏਈ,ၛဒؓᇅӮീၛฏસၞᆟҦ֥сေ,ྟࢲݔཁൕ,Ⴕնჿ13%֥ฏஆ٢ሹਈაᆃུݓࡅ֥ᇅӮࣉ१Ⴕܱ[6]b࿐ࢸၘႵ၂༢ਙ໓ᅣؓસၞބݓࡅ֥ࣅૡ৳༢ࣉྛਔധೆ࣮bᆃུ࣮Ⴈൌਈނෘ(PhysicalAccounting)ٚمބߌࣜ࠶࿐ଆ,ؓݓ࠽সٳ۽ႄؿ֥ࣜ࠶ህြ߄ࠣఃᄯӮ֥ൗࢸ҂თߌ৯ٳ҃ࣉྛਔ࣮[78]bႵུ࣮҂ࣇᆣૼਔસၞಒൌ۳۽ြ߄ݓࡅջটਔರၭഈശ֥ߌڵຓི҆ႋ[910],္ູؿᅚᇏݓࡅԛ१ᇯࡶഈശ֥ߌ఼؇ิ܂ਔࣜဒྟᆣऌ[1113]bᆃུ࣮൞ޓႵၩၬ֥,ၹູૌࢣൕਔؿղݓࡅॖିࡼཨٮݖӱջট֥ߌڵຓི҆ႋሇ၍ᇀཞݓ၂ဢ֥ྍྖؿᅚᇏݓࡅࠇᆀൗࢸఃֹ,ၛՎቔູЌݓଽۚߌඣ֥Ⴕིᅞ൭؍[1416]b IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC),Revised1996IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,
8ᆄࡾն࿐࿐Б(ದ໓ഠ߶॓࿐ϱ)ֻ41जՖሹุഈটु,࿐ࢸܱႿֆ۱ݓࡅࠇ؟۱ݓࡅฏቀ֥࣮ࠖၘႵޓ؟,൞,ႮႿૌ෮Ⴈ֥ٚمંބᆷѓ֥֩ࠩٳোѓሙն؟҂၂ᇁ,ၹՎ,ᄝࣉྛฏቀ֥ࠖ؟ݓбࢠൈ,ࢲݔສສಌكॖб,ྟॴݓ֥ჭٳ༅թᄝ໙ี,ᄝᆟҦ֝ཟഈॖି߶Ӂളொҵbൈ,ᆃུ࣮ؓݓ֩ྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅ֥ٳ༅҂ቀ,ѩીႵસၞᆟҦࢲކఏটࣉྛࢠູ༢֥ษંbᄝഈඍ࣮ࠎԤഈ,Ч໓൫০ႨMRIOଆ,ࡼ۲ݓବೆ၂۱܋֥ٳ༅ॿࡏ,ॉҳྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅ(ᇏݓaႆ؇aجઅථaέ۴๓aϘ༆aଲ٤֩ੂݓ)aؿղݓࡅၛࠣൗࢸఃֹ֥ฏቀࠖބฏ྄౦,ྙ๙ݖ࣮ؓࢲݔ֥ٳ༅,ฐษฏቀࠖМުॖିႅݣ֥સၞᆟҦbᄝંഈ,Ч໓ࢲކݓ࠽સၞࣉྛฏቀࠖॴݓ္࣮൞Ⴕࡎᆴ֥bၹູฏ҂ࣇॖၛቔູಙ,္ॖၛቔູ၂ᇕေጋڮࠇбࢠႪ൝,Ӂ֥ฏݣਈႵॖିႨটࢳӁ֥સၞੀཟ,ᆃ߶پڶ࿐ࢸؓေጋڮંaбࢠႪ൝ં֩Ԯݓ࠽સၞંଽݤ֥ಪ്b三a方法与数据ࠎႿMiernyk[17]ބRonald֩ದ[18]֥ၘႵ࣮,Ч໓ҐႨೆӁԛٳ༅(Input OutputAnalysis,IOA)ٚمb၂۱Їওඌ༢ඔइᆔA(Ӂြࡗླइᆔ)a҆Ӂԛxބቋᇔླy֥ࠎЧٚӱॖၛіൕູ:Ax+y=xy=(I-A)xx=(I-A-1)yޓಸၞࡼഈൔঔᅚ֞C۱ֹ,ঔᅚइᆔॖၛіൕ:ູx11x12 -1x1CI-A11-A12 -A1Cy11y12 y1Cx21x22 x2C-A21I-A22 -A2Cy21y22 y2C= xC1xC2 xCC-AC1-AC2 I-ACCyC1yC2 yCCఃᇏxij൞ݓࡅiູડቀݓࡅjླ֥҆Ӂԛ,Aij൞ֹࡗೆӁԛ༢ඔइᆔ,yij൞ݓࡅjؓݓࡅiӁ֥ཨٮླbLeontiefࡼ ಙ҆ ႄೆԮ֥ೆӁԛइᆔ,ѩᆣૼਔં൞ֆшસၞߎ൞؟шસၞ,ંࣉ१֥ฏ఼؇(ֆ໊ૅჭ෮ളӁ֥ฏቀࠖ)აЧݓӁ֥ฏ఼؇൞ڎ၂ᇁ,नॖᄝԮ֥ೆӁԛइᆔᇏࡆೆಙ҆ބಙ఼؇इᆔ[19]bؓႿ၂ݓ֥ೆӁԛଆ,ӁԛxൈӁള֥ฏቀࠖॖၛіൕູ:P=Ex=E(I-A-1)yఃᇏE൞ૄ۱҆aૄᇕಙ֥ಙ఼؇इᆔbEc(K N)൞cݓaKᇕ҂ಙaN۱֥҆ಙ఼؇इᆔbᆃဢࣼॖၛ࠹ෘԛᆰࢤሧჷႨਈࠇᆀૄ۱ݓࡅଖ҆Ӂԛ֥ಙ఼؇,ఃᇏpij൞ູડቀjݓቋᇔླaᄝiݓളӁ෮ᄯӮ֥ฏቀࠖ:-1p11p12 p1CE10 0I-A11-A12 -A1Cy11y12 y1Cp21p22 p2C0E2 0-A21I-A22 -A2Cy21y22 y2C= pC1pC2 pCC00 EC-AC1-AC2 I-ACCyC1yC2 yCCޓཁಖ,ࡆሹइᆔP֥ྛࠇਙॖၛ֤֞၂ݓԛ१ࠇࣉ१Їݣ֥ฏቀࠖ,طؓ࢘ཌഈ֥ࡆሹᄵ
ֻ4௹ઔඍᇑ ߛתശ:ࠎႿMRIOଆ֥ฏቀࠖॴݓбࢠ࣮9սі۲ሱ֥ݓଽཨٮ෮ջট֥ݓଽฏቀࠖbWiedmannᆷԛ,ೂݔMRIOଆ֤֞ປಆႋႨ,ࡼหљൡކႿܙ࠹؟ݓࡗೆބӁԛ֥ളቀࠖ[20]bࢹᇹႿӁြࡗܱ৳aಆ౯܂ႋ৽ބ؟ݓࡗસၞੀཟ,ॖᅳ֞ളቀ֥ࠖჷ෮ᄝb ປಆႋႨ ᆷေࢳथҐႨᆃᇕٚم෮૫ਢ֥۱ᇶေ໙:ีֻ၂۱໙ี൞ܱႿસၞӁੀ֥ඔऌॖ֤ྟbЧ໓ࡼႨૄ۱ݓࡅ֥ೆӁԛіၛࠣචшસၞइᆔ۲ݓ֥સၞٺحটܙ࠹ᆃུඔऌbֻؽ۱໙ีಯಖ൞ඔऌ֥ॖ֤ྟbၹູඔऌটჷ֥ҵၳྟॖି֝ᇁඔऌაඔऌᆭࡗ֥҂,Ч໓Ⴈ֥ೆӁԛіބචшસၞඔऌႮࣜކቆᆮݓࡅิ܂,ૌ൞ཌྷಸ֥bቋު၂۱໙ี൞࠹ෘਈ֥໙:ี၂ٚ૫൞Ⴎഈඍඔऌࡗ֥҂ཌྷಸ֝ᇁ֥;ਸ਼၂ٚ૫,ೂݔࡆೆଖུݓࡅ֥߅,࠹ෘਈॖି߶ᄹնb55۱ݓࡅࠇֹၛࠣ48۱҆ܒӮ֥Leontiefइᆔ܋Ⴕ2640ྛa2640ਙbೂݔ҂ࢹᇹႿކൡ֥ೈࡱࠣః఼ն֥࠹ෘି৯,ؓᆃહஔն֥इᆔ߶ޓӉ֥ൈࡗbࢹᇹႿC++ބInforumೈࡱ,Ч໓ࣼॖၛ࠹ෘԛཌྷႋ֥ࢲݔbЧ໓Ⴈ֥ඔऌᇶေটჷႿ:ࣜކቆᆮݓࡅೆӁԛඔऌ९ aࣜކቆᆮݓࡅචшસၞඔऌ९ aݓ࠽ିჷࠏܒ(InternationalEnergyAgency,IEA)֥ؽသ߄ฏஆ٢ඔऌ ࠣିჷҵحඔऌ bЧ໓Ⴈ֥൞ປಆᯒކ֥MRIOଆ,ଵওਔֹࡗ෮Ⴕ֥સၞߌࢫ,طસၞඔऌ๙ӈбࢠಸၞࠆ֤b҂ݖႮႿקࡎุ༢҂ބ࠹༂ҵ,۲ݓࣉԛ१ඔऌ္ॖି҂,ࠇᆀթᄝඔऌಌാބඔऌ۬ൔ҂֥౦,ྙၹՎ,ླေࣉྛحຓ֥ඔऌԩބࢌҭဒၛ၂ඔऌbླေ఼ט֥൞,ܱႿݓ֥ඔऌ,Ч໓൞ࡆሹਔݓଽֹaݓཐۖބຖֹު֤֥֞bՎຓ,Ч໓ીႵॉ੮ֹ০Ⴈaֹ০Ⴈэ߄ބਟြ(LandUse,LandUseChangeandForestry,LULUCF)෮Ӂള֥໑൩గุ,طᆃѩ҂߶႕ཙгᆀؓ۲ݓฏቀࠖ෮ࣉྛ֥ሹุٳ༅b四a结果与讨论1995୍ބ2005୍ಆ౯55۱ݓࡅࠇֹ֥ฏቀࠖइᆔP֥ᄎෘᇶေЇও࠹ෘEބAਆ۱҆ٳbܱႿE֥࠹ෘ,ၛ2005୍ູ২,ॖٳູၛ༯:ֻ҄၂҄൞࠹ෘಙ఼؇bЧ໓Ⴈݓ࠽ିჷࠏܒؿ֥҃҆ஆ٢ਈඔऌ,ᆃུඔऌิ܂ਔඹᇕିჷᄛ,ุೂі1෮ൕbЧ໓֥ଆ࿊౼іᇏඔऌ,ಖު০Ⴈݓ࠽ିჷࠏܒ֥ିჷҵح(EnergyBalances,EB)ඔऌ(္ิ܂ਔ҂֥ିჷᄛ)ุ,ٳԛିჷҵحඔऌ९ᇏ҂ࣜ࠶ളӁ֥҆ஆ٢ඔऌbгᆀࡌק۲۱҆ૄᇕିჷᄛุ֥ஆ٢ၹሰ൞ཌྷ֥֩,༵Ֆૄ၂ᇕିჷᄛุ֥ିჷҵح҆ٳࢳԛஆ٢ඔऌ,ᄜࡆሹ۲۱ିჷᄛุஆ٢ඔऌ֥ᆴ,ࣉط֤֞ଖ၂҆ሹ֥ฏቀࠖbбೂ,ؓႿૄ၂ᇕିჷᄛุط,ࡼᇅᄯြބࡹᇽြ֥ฏቀࠖ(CarbonFootprint,CF)ٳ֞ିჷҵحඔऌ९ᇏؓႋֻ֥27ྛֻ֞39ྛ,Ֆط֤֞ିჷҵح֥҆ฏቀࠖ(CF_EBi):CF_EBi=CFEBi39,i=27, ,39 EBjj=27 2009୍ؿ҃,۷ູབྷ༥֥ྐ༏ॖၛҕ&, TheOECD sInput OutputDatabase:2006Edition, 05 01b OECD, STANBilateralTradeDatabase(Edition2006), 05 01. IEA,CO2EmissionsfromFuelCombustion,1960 2007,Paris:InternationalEnergyAgency,2008. IEA,EnergyBalancesofNon OECDCountries,1960 2007,Paris:InternationalEnergyAgency,2008;IEA,EnergyBalancesofOECDCountries,1960 2007,Paris:InternationalEnergyAgency,2008.
10ᆄࡾն࿐࿐Б(ದ໓ഠ߶॓࿐ϱ)ֻ41जі1 ݓ2005୍֥ฏቀࠖֆ໊:ၡؕোљ િބୃฒ฿ಖగെႲఃሹਈؽသ߄ฏ(҆ٳো)ളӁݻٮ֥ିބಣି ໃٳ֥చӚᇅᄯഅఃିჷྛြ ᇅᄯြބࡹᇽြ ࢌ๙ᄎൻြ ఃᇏ:܄ਫ਼ ః҆ ఃᇏ:ᇾᅍ ؽသ߄ฏ(ࠎሙٳো)ႮാࠇሇߐᄯӮ֥ҵၳ ࠹ҵၳ Сᇿ:ݓ࠽ݴᄎ Сᇿ:ݓ࠽ݴॢ ᇿ: ః Їݣ۽ြ٬ބ҂ॖ߭൬֥Ӭ൧গࠍᄯӮ֥ฏቀࠖ;ඔऌটჷ:IEA,CO2EmissionsfromFuelCombustion,1960 2007,Paris:InternationalEnergyAgency,2008bֻؽ҄൞οᅶࣜކቆᆮݓࡅೆӁԛ҆ٳোі,ࡼഈ၂҄࠹ෘ֤֥֞ିჷҵح֥҆ฏቀࠖඔऌٳ֞۲۱ྛြb۴ऌೆӁԛіᇏିჷ܂ႋ҆(ࢊฒaࣚെႲᇅބނಗਘ)֥ඔऌ,ॖၛ࠹ෘԛૄ۱ݓࡅ֥ฏቀࠖཟਈbಖު,၇ऌೆӁԛі,Ⴈ҆ஆ٢ඔऌԢၛሹ҆Ӂԛ,ॖၛ֤֞ಙ఼؇ཟਈe[i]bֻ҄,Ϝૄ۱ݓࡅc֥ಙ఼؇ཟਈeCแԉ֞ಙ఼؇इᆔECؓ࢘ཌഈ,ᆃဢࣼࡼಙ఼؇ބMRIOଆ৳༢ఏটਔbၹູइᆔE൞ؓ࢘इᆔ,෮ၛ,ࢲݔཁൕਔݓࡅj۲ࣜ࠶ളӁ֥҆ቋᇔཨٮླ෮֝ᇁ֥ᄝݓࡅiӁള֥ฏቀࠖbECФࡌקູ၂۱ྛཟਈ,ၹՎ,pij൞۱ѓਈ,іൕ֥൞ູਔડቀݓࡅj֥ླ,ݓࡅi෮Ⴕ҆෮Ӂള֥ฏቀࠖሹਈbeC[1]0 00eC[2] 0EC= 00 eC[48]ܱႿइᆔA֥ሰइᆔ,֒j=iൈ,Aijؓႋ֥൞၂ݓݓଽ֥Ӂြࡗླ;֒j iൈ,इᆔAijؓႋ֥൞ԛ१ݓiؓࣉ१ݓj֥Ӂြࡗླb֒j iൈ,ሰइᆔAij൞ᆃဢ࠹ෘ֥:๙ݖචшસၞइᆔ,ॖၛ࠹ෘԛ۲۱ԛ१ݓᄝఃݓࡅࣉ१Ӂ֥ٺح,ᆃུٺحაࣉ१ೆӁԛइᆔཌྷӰᆭު,ૄ۱ݓࡅ֤֞54(C-1=54)۱ࣉ१ೆӁԛइᆔ;ಖ,ު๙ݖؓႋ֥҆ሹӁԛෘ֤༢ඔइᆔAijb๙ݖइᆔP,ॖၛࡆሹԛฏસၞइᆔ,ఃᇏ,इᆔ֥ྛཁൕਔฏቀࠖԛ१ݓ֥ඔऌ,इᆔ֥ਙཁൕਔฏቀࠖࣉ१ݓ֥ඔऌb๙ݖᆃ۱इᆔ,ॖၛෘԛ۲۱ݓࡅ֥ฏસၞҵح:ࣉ१ح൞ਙ֥ࡆሹࡨಀؓ࢘ཌഈ֥ჭ,ԛ१ح൞ྛ֥ࡆሹࡨಀؓ࢘ཌഈ֥ჭbؓ࢘ཌഈൻೆ֥ඔऌ൞၂۱ݓࡅଽ҆ളӁބཨٮӁള֥ฏቀࠖb
ֻ4௹ઔඍᇑ ߛתശ:ࠎႿMRIOଆ֥ฏቀࠖॴݓбࢠ࣮11ؓऎุ࠹ෘࢲݔ֥ษંᇶေٳၛ༯۱ٚ૫:(၂)ฏቀࠖ1995୍ބ2005୍ᇶေݓࡅݓଽളӁބཨٮ֥ฏቀࠖაݓ࠽સၞ(ࠧࣉԛ१)Ӂള֥ฏቀࠖᅝݓࡅฏቀࠖбᇗ֥࠹ෘࢲݔೂі2෮ൕ:і2 ҆ٳݓࡅ֥ฏቀࠖݓଽളӁބཨٮ(ၡؕ)ࣉ१(%)ԛ१(%) ݓࡅ199520051995200519952005ؿᅚᇏݓࡅᇏݓႆ؇جઅථؿղݓࡅૅݓರЧمݓ֣ݓႇݓ ᇿ:Чі༢۴ऌࣜކቆᆮ()ބݓ࠽ିჷࠏܒ()֥ඔऌ࠹ෘᆜط֤;ࣉ१aԛ१ฏቀࠖᅝھݓฏቀ֥ࠖбᇗन൞ၛളӁູࠎԤނෘ֥bі2ཁൕ,ᄝ1995,୍ૅݓݓଽളӁބཨٮ܋Ӂള֥ฏቀࠖၛၡ໊ؕंֻ၂,ݓՑᆭ;ط֞ਔ2005୍,ݓaૅݓބႆ؇ݓଽളӁބཨٮ֥ฏቀࠖႵ҂ӱ؇֥ᄹӉ,ᄹٳљղ֞%%%,֣ݓaರЧބجઅථ֩ݓಏ༯ࢆਔ,ᆃཁൕਔૌູߌЌੱ༵ቔԛ֥୭৯bݓ࠽સၞӁള֥ฏቀࠖՖ1995୍֥ၡؕᄹӉ֞2005୍֥ၡ,ؕᅝಆ౯ฏቀ֥ࠖбᇗ္Ֆ%ᄹӉ֞%bႮႿࣉԛ१֥ؓӫ,ྟᄝಆ౯Ҫ૫ഈԛ१֥ฏቀࠖބࣉ१֥ฏቀࠖሹਈ൞ཌྷ֥֩bі2ཁൕਔ۲ݓԛ१ބࣉ१֥ฏቀࠖᅝھݓฏቀ֥ࠖбᇗ,ᄝ၂קӱ؇ഈّ႘ਔࣉԛ१ؓЧݓࣜ࠶֥ᇗေྟbૅݓ၂ᆰໃదඇ ࣘၰק ,ჰၹᆭ၂൞ಪູჿඏྟ֥ࡨஆᆟҦ߶ۚЧݓԛ१Ӂ֥ӮЧ,ཤЧݓӁᄝݓ࠽൧ӆഈ֥ࣩᆚ৯,Ֆط႕ཙЧݓӌഅ֥০bඔऌٳ༅ཁൕ,ંᄝ1995୍ߎ൞2005,୍ࣉ१aԛ१Ӂള֥ฏቀࠖᅝૅݓฏቀ֥ࠖбᇗ(1995୍۲ູ%ބ11 97%,2005୍۲ູ%ބ%)ေૼཁཬႿ֣ݓ(%ބ%,%ބ36 22%)֩ݓࡅbೂݔૅݓքႬదඇၰק෮ջট֥ฏࡨஆၬༀॖି߶ཤЧݓࣩᆚ৯֥߅,ପહ֣ݓ֩ૐݓࡅࠇᆀರЧᆃུၘࣜదඇၰק֥ݓࡅေбૅݓ۷ႋھքྏ၂ུb(ؽ)ฏ྄ᇶေݓࡅ֥ฏ྄ਈ(ࠧฏቀࠖ࣪ࣉ१֥ਈ)ॖၛᄝ1ᇏ֤֞ᆰّܴ႘bฏ྄ᆃ၂ۀۀওਔູࡨࠇх૧Чݓฏቀࠖಏࡆᇗਔݓฏቀ֥ࠖಆ҆ݖӱ,൞҆ٳݓࡅ(Ⴍః൞ؿղݓࡅ)҂჻ၩదඇ ࣘၰק ֩ݓ࠽గީ่ჿ֥ᇗေჰၹbᄝؿղݓࡅᇏ,ರЧᄝ1995୍֥ฏ྄൞
12ᆄࡾն࿐࿐Б(ದ໓ഠ߶॓࿐ϱ)ֻ41जಆ౯ቋᇗ֥,ૅݓࣅෛఃުb֞2005୍,ૅݓ֥ฏ྄ਈᄹࡆ֞ਔჰট֥ඹП,طರЧᄝࠒ֥ࠞߌЌ୭৯༯ฏ྄ਈႵૼཁ֥༯ࢆbؓྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅط,1995୍έ۴๓ބϘ༆թᄝࡼฏቀ྄ࠖ֞ఃݓࡅ֥౦,ྙ֞ਔ2005୍έ۴๓ّطӮਔᆜ۱ଲૅᇝᄥ൳ฏ྄ቋᇗ֥ݓࡅb1995୍֞2005୍ᆃ୍ࡗ൳֞ฏ྄ቋᇗ֥ݓࡅٳљ൞ᇏݓaجઅථބႆ؇b1 ҆ٳݓࡅࠇֹ֥ฏ྄ਈ ࣐ܵᄝ1995୍ݓฏસၞҵحԅሳ(࣪ԛ१)ࠫެ൞ૅݓฏસၞҵح႔Ⴥ(࣪ࣉ१)֥ਆП,ᄝ2005୍ૅݓฏ࣪ࣉ१֥ݣฏਈၘࣜӑݖਔᇏႆਆݓ࣪ԛ१ᆭބ֥ඣbؿղݓࡅᄝ1995୍྄֞ྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅބൗࢸఃֹ֥ฏቀࠖղ֞ၡ,ؕᆃ۱ඔሳᄝ2005୍ࠫެղ֞ၡؕbఃᇏ,60%֥ᄹӉჷႿཟྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅࣉ१Ӂbᆃඪૼؿղݓࡅ60%֥ฏ྄֞ਔࣇࣇੂ۱ݓࡅb2005୍,ؿղݓࡅေؓྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅӁള֥ӑݖඹٳᆭ၂֥ฏቀࠖڵᄳ,طᆃ۱ඔᆴᄝ1995୍ࣇູ%bؿղݓࡅ྄֞ൗࢸఃֹ֥ฏቀࠖᄝ1995୍ބ2005୍֥б২ѩીႵؿളૼཁэ߄,ᆃඪૼؿղݓࡅ۷؟ֹཨٮਔᄝྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅളӁ֥ݣฏഅ,ၹՎ,ฏ྄ᇶေؿളᄝؿղݓࡅބྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅᆭࡗbгᆀಪູ,ᇀഒႵਆ۱ၹ߶ࡆखฏ྄:ֻ၂,ଖ۱గީ่ჿ֥ҕაݓॖିܱоЧݓಙࢠູᇗ֥۽ӌ,طࡼఃሇ၍֞ݓຓߌمܿॺaగީ่ჿ֥٤ҕაݓbᆃࣼ൞ ఼ಙх෮ࡌඪ (strongPollutionHavenHypothesis,strongPHH),ѩીႵԉቀ֥ᆣऌିܔᆣૼ ఼ಙх෮ࡌඪ[21] bֻؽ,గީ่ჿҕაݓ҂؎ᄹӉ֥ཨٮླࡼᇯࡶႮ٤ҕაݓটડቀ,ᆃࣼ൞ ಙх෮ࡌඪ (weakPHH)bႮႿࣜ࠶֥ۚؿᅚ,ೂݔ ಙх෮ࡌඪ Ӯ৫,߶గީ่ჿҕაݓ่ؓჿൌീ֥ႵིྟӁള߈ၐ[22]bฏ྄҂ࣇିܔၛᆰࢤ֥ٚൔؿള,ࠧࡼЧݓฏૡࠢളӁྛြሇ၍֞ݓຓ,္ିܔၛࡗࢤ֥ٚൔіགྷԛট,Ֆطڿэસၞଆൔb၂ٚ૫,ູਔડቀರၭᄹӉ֥ݓଽླ,ݓଽࣉ१(ط҂൞ݓଽളӁ)ᄹࡆ;ਸ਼၂ٚ૫,൳֞ଖᇕၹ(бೂࡎ۬Ⴚ)֥֝႕ཙ,ॖસၞ֥ӁؿളՖႨཌྷؓౢࢱඌ֥ݓଽӁ֞ႨऎႵಙྟඌ֥ݓຓӁ֥ሇߐb()ނෘุ༢гᆀбࢠۋྖ౿֥໙ี൞,ၛཨٮູࠎԤ֥ฏቀࠖނෘุ༢აၛളӁູࠎԤ֥ނෘุ༢֥ҵၳ࣮ࣨႵ؟նbႮႿ၂ݓ֥ཨٮ(ؿളᄝݓଽ)ބູડቀՎཨٮླطࣉྛ֥ളӁ(ؿളᄝಆ౯)ᆭ Ч༢۴ऌࣜކቆᆮ()ބݓ࠽ିჷࠏܒ()֥ඔऌ࠹ෘᆜط֤b
ֻ4௹ઔඍᇑ ߛתശ:ࠎႿMRIOଆ֥ฏቀࠖॴݓбࢠ࣮13ࡗсಖթᄝ၂קӱ؇ഈ֥ٳ,ᆃ֝ᇁਔၛཨٮູࠎԤ֥ฏቀࠖނෘุ༢აၛളӁູࠎԤ֥ฏቀࠖނෘุ༢թᄝޟbі3ٳљཁൕਔ1995୍ބ2005୍ࠎႿളӁބࠎႿཨٮނෘ֥ฏቀࠖၛࠣ۲ݓФۚܙࠇ֮ܙ֥б২bі3 ҆ٳݓࡅࠎႿളӁބࠎႿཨٮނෘ֥ฏቀࠖࠣۚܙб২ࠎႿളӁނෘ(ၡؕ)ࠎႿཨٮނෘ(ၡؕ)ۚܙб২(%) ݓࡅ199520051995200519952005ؿᅚᇏݓࡅᇏݓႆ؇جઅථؿղݓࡅૅݓರЧمݓ֣ݓႇݓ ᇿ:Чі༢۴ऌࣜކቆᆮ()ބݓ࠽ିჷࠏܒ()֥ඔऌ࠹ෘᆜط;֤ۚܙб২ࠧၛളӁູࠎԤނෘ֥ฏቀࠖაၛཨٮູࠎԤނෘ֥ฏቀ֥ࠖбᆴࡨಀ1,ڵᆴіൕФ֮ܙ֥б২bؓؿղݓࡅط,1995୍ࠎႿളӁނෘ֥ฏቀࠖбࠎႿཨٮނෘ֥ฏቀࠖေཬၡؕ(%),ط֞2005୍ᆃ۱ඔᆴഈശ֞ਔၡؕ(%),ᆃඪૼᄝؿղݓࡅބؿᅚᇏݓࡅᆭࡗթᄝڵཌྷܱ֥સၞჅحஆ٢ਈbၛളӁط҂൞ཨٮູࠎԤނෘฏቀࠖۚܙਔն҆ٳྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅೂᇏݓaႆ؇ބجઅථ֥ฏቀࠖ,ᆃུݓࡅ၂Ϯԛ१նਈ֥ሱಖሧჷྟӁbၛݓູ২,҂ނෘุ༢ؓฏቀ֥ࠖҩෘҵၳޓնb1995୍,ҐႨၛളӁູࠎԤ֥ނෘุ༢,ݓฏቀࠖղ֞ၡؕ,бҐႨၛཨٮູࠎԤ֥ނෘุ༢֥ၡؕ؟ԛၡؕ(ۚܙб২ູ%),ط֞2005,୍ݓၛളӁູࠎԤނෘ֥ฏቀࠖղ֞ၡؕ,طၛཨٮູࠎԤނෘ֥ฏቀࠖᆺႵၡؕ(ۚܙб২ູ27 66%)bཌྷႋֹ,Ֆ1995୍֞2005୍ݓฏቀ୍ࠖनᄹӉੱ္Фۚܙਔ%(ႋՖ%טᆜູ%)bݓቔູ၂۱ฏቀࠖ࣪ԛ१ݓ,ູਔડቀಆ౯ఃݓࡅ֥ཨٮ,ᄝ1995୍ބ2005୍ٳљ؟ӵքਔၡؕބၡ֥ؕฏቀࠖ,ཌྷႋֹ,္ᄝ ࣘၰק ෮ܿק֥ނෘॿࡏ༯۷؟ֹ࡚ڵਔࡨஆᄳbཌྷّ,ೂݔؿղݓࡅᄝఃݓଽളӁ෮ႵཨٮӁᄵ߶Ӂള۷؟֥ฏቀࠖ,бೂ2005୍ૅݓၛളӁູࠎԤނෘฏቀູࠖၡ,ؕطၛཨٮູࠎԤނෘ֤֥֞ࢲݔູၡؕbႮႿ ࣘၰק ൞ࠎႿളӁނෘ֥,ၹՎ,ܿק֥ࡨஆᄳѩીႵԉٳّ႘ݓ࠽સၞ֥گᄖӱ؇ބཨٮࠃؓߌ֥ᆇൌԊࠌ,္ીႵุགྷԛݓ֩ྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅቔູฏ࣪ԛ१ݓູડቀؿղݓࡅ֥ཨٮླطᄝฏቀࠖഈ෮ቓ֥།വbၛളӁູࠎԤ֥ނෘุ༢ᄝ҂ӱ؇ഈ֮ܙਔؿղݓࡅ֥ฏቀࠖ,ᆃॖିӮູ҆ٳؿղݓࡅฦхฏࡨஆᄳ֥ࢹ१bؓݓط,ᆃᇕނෘุ༢ջট֥ޟႵঔն֥൝bᆃ൞ၹ:ֻູ၂,ݓႵ၂۱ऍն֥ᄹӉྟસၞ႔Ⴥ;ֻؽ,ݓႚႵฏૡࠢྛြ֥ཌྷؓбࢠႪ൝;ֻ,ݓളӁӁ֥ಙ఼؇ಯಖࢠ,ۚ൞ളӁིੱሱ2001୍ၛটીႵ҄ิശbਸ਼၂ٚ૫,ؿղݓࡅ(หљ൞၂ུؓԛ१સၞႵ
14ᆄࡾն࿐࿐Б(ದ໓ഠ߶॓࿐ϱ)ֻ41जޓۚ၇ঠ؇֥ཬݓ)֥ཨٮൌ࠽ഈӁളਔбളӁ۷؟֥ฏቀࠖbၹՎ,ູਔ۷ሙಒֹّ႘གྷൌ౦ঃ,טᆜނෘุ༢௧ᄝુࢯb五a结束语Ч໓ࠎႿMRIOଆ൪࢘,๙ݖ࠹ෘٳ༅1995 2005୍ಆ౯ྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅaؿղݓࡅࠣൗࢸఃݓࡅބֹ֥ฏቀࠖުؿགྷ:ֻ၂,Ֆ1995୍֞2005୍၂ݓݓଽཨٮބളӁӁള֥ฏቀࠖѩ҂ಆ൞ഈശ,֥ݓ࠽સၞ֝ᇁ֥ฏቀࠖં൞ؓႿ၂ݓฏቀࠖߎ൞ಆ౯ฏቀࠖط൞ޓᇗေ;ֻ֥ؽ,ؿղݓࡅթᄝૼཁ֥ฏ྄,Ⴕࡼ࣍ੂӮ֥ฏቀ྄ࠖ֞ਔݓ֩ྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅ,طݓቔູฏ࣪ԛ१ݓ,ః࣪ԛ१֥ն҆ٳฏቀࠖ൞ູਔડቀؿղݓࡅ֥ཨٮླ;ֻ,ࠎႿളӁނෘ֥ฏቀࠖބࠎႿཨٮނෘ֥ฏቀࠖթᄝऍն֥ޟ,ᆃ္֤ࠎႿ ࣘၰק Мࣟ༯֥ݓ֩ྍྖ۽ြ߄ݓࡅބؿղݓࡅࡨஆᄳ֥ٳႵാ܄bฏ྄֥թᄝؿղݓࡅքྏЧݓӁ֥ݓ࠽ࣩᆚ৯߶Фཤ,طгᆀಪູ,ؓ֒భฏቀࠖނෘุ༢֥સၞᆟҦטᆜ߶ູฏ྄໙ี֥ࢳथิ܂ॖྛ֥ਫ਼ࣥ,ၹູᆺႵႨၛཨٮູࠎԤ֥ฏቀࠖނෘุ༢,Ҍॖၛൌགྷ၂ݓཨٮ༢(ؿളᄝݓଽ)ބູડቀݓଽཨٮླطྙӮ֥ളӁ༢(ؿളᄝಆ౯)ਆᆀਅݺ֥၂bၛཨٮط҂൞ളӁູࠎԤ֥ฏቀࠖނෘุ༢ࡼႵ০Ⴟܒࡹ၂۱۷ູ܄ᆞ֥ฏቀࠖނෘॿࡏ,ՖطႵ০ႿྙӮ၂۱۷ކ֥ฏࡨஆᄳٳքุ༢b۴ऌHecksher Ohlinસၞં[23],ᄝሱႮસၞ౦ྙ༯,၂ݓԛ१֥ႋ൞Чݓ܂۳پღ֥ေ,ࣉ१֥൞Чݓ܂۳҂ቀ֥ေb෮ၛ,ᆺေસၞթᄝ,ࣼ߶Ⴕ҆ٳݓࡅՖ൙ପུฏૡࠢӁ֥ളӁbཤࡨಆ౯ฏቀ֥ܱࠖᄝႿЌᆣฏૡࠢྛြ෮Ⴈ֥ളӁඌ۷ࡆ֮ฏa۷ࡆౢࢱ,طध҂൞ࡼളӁݖӱՖ၂ԩథ၍֞ਸ਼၂ԩbؿղݓࡅࡼฏૡ֥ࠢളӁݖӱՖЧݓሇ၍֞ߌЌᇅ؇ཌྷؓॺ֥ؿᅚᇏݓࡅ,൞ฏ྄թᄝ֥۴ЧჰၹbՖᆃ۱ၩၬഈࢃ,સၞᆟҦ૫ਢ֥็ᅞ൞ഡمႄࣉ֮ฏඌ֞ؿᅚᇏݓࡅ,ࢆ֮ૌ֥ฏ఼؇,ط҂൞ࠗৣؿղݓࡅສؿᅚᇏݓࡅሇ၍ಙྛြbၹՎ,ॖၛ๙ݖదרთસၞླྀק,֮ؓฏӁބඌ֥સၞაሧ۳ჍႪ߲,Ֆطࢆ֮ݓࡅ֥नฏ఼؇,՜ࣉಆ౯ฏࡨஆb۲ݓॖၛࠒࠞቆࡹߌЌ৳ૐ,৳ૐଽ҆๙ݖ֮ฏඌކቔބሇಞ֩ծീ՜ࣉ۷նٓຶଽ֥ฏࡨஆbఃᇏॖྛ֥ٚൔᆭ၂൞ࡼߌЌଢѓཌྷ֥ݓࡅ৳ކఏট,ܒࡹ৳ૐቆᆮ,ೂౢࢱؿᅚބగީࠄϴ৳ૐaתૐބଲૅૐbᄝՎࠎԤഈ,ೂݔࣉ၂҄ॉ੮ֹၹބߌЌଢѓ,Ϝਣ֥࣍ݓࡅ৳ކఏট,ࡼ߶Ⴕ۷ཁᇷ֥Ⴊ൝bଢభྸ؟ߌЌࠏܒֹ֥ᆟҦุ༢(Geo PoliticalSystem)ބࣜ࠶ቆᆮࡏܒၘбࢠປ,ૌᇏႵޓ؟ၘࣜൌീਔߌЌྛ࠹߃,ೂݔቆᆮଽ҆ିܔੱ༵ྙӮႋؓగީэ߄֥၂ॿࡏุ༢,ࡼႵ০Ⴟಆ౯ྟగީॿࡏᄪರྙӮb[ҕ ॉ ໓ ང][1]&, EnergyandCarbonEmbodiedintheInternationalTradeofBrazil:AnInput OutputApproach, EcologicalEconomics,,(2001),.[2]&, GlobalWarmingAgreements,InternationalTradeandEnergy/CarbonEmbodiments:AnInput OutputApproachtotheItalianCase, EnergyPolicy,,(2006),.[3]&, Multi RegionalInput OutputModelforRegionalEnergyRequirementsandCO2EmissionsinChina, EnergyPolicy,,(2007),.
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