第六章 通常的跟单信用证
第一节 不可撤销信用证与可撤销信用证
第二节 保兑信用证与不保兑信用证
第三节 付款、承兑、议付信用证
第四节 即期与远期信用证
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
第一节 不可撤销信用证与可撤销信用证
按开证行对信用证所负的责任，可将信用证分为可撤销和
不可撤销信用证。
Article 6
Revocable Credits v. Irrevocable Credits
a) A Credit may be either
i. revocable or
ii. irrevocable.
b) The Credit, therefore, should clearly indicate
whether it is revocable or irrevocable.
c) In the absence of such indication the Credit
shall be deemed to be irrevocable.
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
一、不可撤销的信用证
（一）定义和确定承诺
不可撤销信用证（Irrevocable Credits）：未经开证行、
保兑行（如有）和受益人的明确同意，不可撤销或修改的信用
证。
Article 9 Liability of Issuing and Confirming Banks
a. An irrevocable Credit constitutes a definite
undertaking of the Issuing Bank, provided that the
stipulated documents are presented to the Nominated
Bank or to the Issuing Bank and that the terms and
conditions of the Credit are complied with:
i. if the Credit provides for sight payment——to
pay at sight;
the Credit provides for deferred payment——to
pay on the maturity date(s) determinable in
accordance with the stipulations of the Credit;
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
一、不可撤销的信用证
iii. if the Credit provides for acceptance;
(a) by the Issuing Bank——to accept Draft(s) drawn by the
Beneficiary on the Issuing Bank and pay them at maturity, or
(b) by another drawee bank——to accept and pay at maturity
Draft(s) drawn by the Beneficiary on the Issuing Bank in the
event the drawee bank stipulated in the Credit does not accept
Draft(s) drawn on it, or to pay Draft(s) accepted but not paid by
such drawee bank at maturity;
the Credit provides for negotiation——to pay without
recourse to drawers and/or bona fide holders, Draft(s) drawn by
the Beneficiary and/or document(s) presented under the Credit. A
Credit should not be issued available by Draft(s) on the Applicant.
If the Credit nevertheless calls for Draft(s) on the Applicant,
banks will consider such Draft(s) as an additional document(s).
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
（二）信用证的不可撤销性
信用证的不可撤销性是指信用证如需修改或撤销，
须经开证行、保兑行（如有）和受益人三方明确同意，
否则既不可修改也不可撤销。
Article 9 Liability of Issuing and
Confirming Banks
d. i. An irrevocable Credit can neither be
amended nor cancelled without the
agreement(s) of the Issuing Bank, the
Confirming Bank, if any, and the Beneficiary.
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
Article 9 Liability of Issuing and
Confirming Banks
ii. The Issuing Bank shall be irrevocably
bound by an amendment(s) issued by it from
the time of the issuance of such
amendment(s). A Confirming Bank may
extend its confirmation to an amendment and
shall be irrevocably bound as of the time of its
advise of the amendment. A Confirming Bank
may, however, choose to advise an
amendment to the Beneficiary without
extending its confirmation and if so, must
inform the Issuing Bank and the Beneficiary
without delay.
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
Article 9 Liability of Issuing and Confirming Banks
iii. The terms of the original Credit will remain in
force for the Beneficiary until the Beneficiary
communicates his acceptance of the amendment to the
bank that advises such amendment. The Beneficiary
should give notification of acceptance or rejection of
amendment(s). If the Beneficiary fails to give such
notification, the tender of documents to the Nominated
Bank or Issuing Bank, that conform to the Credit and
to not yet accepted amendment(s), will be deemed to
be notification of acceptance by the Beneficiary of such
amendment(s) and as of that moment the Credit will
be amended.
iv. Partial acceptance of amendments contained in
one and the same advice of amendment is not allowed
and consequently will not be given any effect.
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
（二）信用证的不可撤销性
经开证行、保兑行（如有）和受益人的明确同意后，不
可撤销信用证可被撤销或修改。修改书对三个当事人的生效
时间如下：
1．开证行：自其发出修改书时起生效。
2．保兑行：将其保兑扩展至修改书，并自其通知修改书
时起，修改书对其生效。
3．受益人：（1）收到修改书后，发出接受修改通知，
此时修改书生效。（2）不立即发出接受通知，但当交来的单
据符合修改书的要求时，修改书生效。（3）交单时仍不接受
修改书，最好应发出拒绝接受通知，则该修改书对受益人无
效。
修改内容只有接受或不接受，不允许部分接受。
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
第一节 不可撤销信用证与可撤销信用证
二、可撤销信用证
可撤销信用证（Revocable Credits）：开证行
可以不经受益人的同意而随时撤销或修改的信用证。
Article 8 Revocation of a Credit
a. A revocable Credit may be amended or
cancelled by the Issuing Bank at any
moment and without prior notice to the
Beneficiary.
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
Article 8 Revocation of a Credit
, the Issuing Bank must:
i. Reimburse another bank with which a revocable
Credit has been made available for sight payment,
acceptance or negotiation by such bank prior to
receipt by it of notice of amendment or cancellation,
against documents which appear on their face to be in
compliance with the terms and conditions of the
Credit;
ii. reimburse another bank with which a
revocable Credit has been made available for deferred
payment, if such a bank has, prior to receipt by it of
notice of amendment or cancellation, taken up
documents which appear on their face to be in
compliance with the terms and conditions of the
Credit;
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
可撤销信用证在贸易结算中及少使用，偶尔用于
子公司之间，或特殊贸易，或作为支付承诺的替代物。
可撤销信用证的常用措辞：
1. This credit is subject to cancellation or
amendment at any time without prior notice
to you.
2. We undertake to honor your drafts
drawn and negotiated in conformity with the
terms of this credit provided such negotiation
has been made prior to receipt by you of
notice of cancellation.（我们保证在你们接到撤销
通知以前，根据本信用证条款开出和议付的汇票在我
行提示时，我们照付。）
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
第二节 保兑信用证与不保兑信用证
保兑行的承诺在程度上和文义上与开证行
的承诺完全相同，即它构成与开证行相同的支
付、承兑或议付的明确承诺。
若保兑行若与指定行是两家不同的银行，
指定行应先向保兑行寄单索偿，然后再由保兑
行向开证行清算。
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
第三节 付款、承兑、议付信用证
Article 10 Types of Credit
a. All Credit must clearly indicate whether they
are available by sight payment, by deferred
payment, by acceptance or by negotiation.
b. i. Unless the Credit stipulates that it is
available only with the Issuing Bank, all Credits must
nominate the bank (the Nominated Bank) which is
authorized to pay, to incur a deferred payment
undertaking, to accept Draft(s) or to negotiate. In a
freely negotiable Credit, any bank is a Nominated
Bank.
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
Article 10 Types of Credit
ii. Negotiation means the giving of
value for Draft(s) and/or document(s) by
the bank authorized to negotiate. Mere
examination of the documents without
giving of value does not constitute a
negotiation.
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
Article 10 Types of Credit
C. Unless the Nominated Bank is the Confirming
Bank, nomination by the Issuing Bank does not
constitute any undertaking by the Nominated Bank to
pay, to incur a deferred payment undertaking, to
accept Draft (s), or to negotiate. Except where
expressly agreed to by the Nominated Bank and so
communicated to the Beneficiary, the Nominated
Bank’s receipt of and/or examination and/or
forwarding of the documents does not make that
bank liable to pay, to incur a deferred payment
undertaking, to accept Draft(s) or to negotiate.
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
Article 10 Types of Credit
d. By nominating another bank, or by
allowing for negotiation by any bank, or by
authorizing or requesting another bank to add
its confirmation, the Issuing Bank authorizes
such bank to pay, accept Draft(s) or negotiate
as the case may be, against documents which
appear on their face to be in compliance with
the terms and conditions of the Credit and
undertakes to reimburse such bank in
accordance with the provisions of these
Articles.
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
第三节 付款、承兑、议付信用证
按受益人交单后银行兑付方式不同，可将信用证分为下列
五种：
一、即期付款信用证（Sight Payment Credit）：受益
人开立即期汇票、或不需汇票仅凭单据即可向指定银行(或直
接向开证行——直接付款信用证)提示请求付款的信用证。
指定付款银行的索偿办法：
1．向偿付行索偿（如有的话）；
2．向开证行索偿。
指定付款行在预计收到偿付的日期，即其向偿付行或开证
行发电3天后向受益人付款。
开证行在收到索偿电后3个工作日起息。
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
第三节 付款、承兑、议付信用证
二、延期付款信用证（ Deferred Payment
Credit）：不需汇票，仅凭受益人交来单据，从银行
审单无误接受单据起，延长一段时间，至到期日付款
的信用证。
常用确定到期日的方法：
1．交单日后若干天付款。例如：15 days after
presentation of documents。
2．装运日（或提单日）后若干天付款。例如：30
days after the date of shipment。30 days after B/L date。
3． 固定将来日期付款。例如：On (a future date)
fixed。
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
第三节 付款、承兑、议付信用证
三、承兑信用证（Acceptance Credit）：开证
行或指定行在审单无误后，承兑受益人开立的远期
汇票并于到期日付款的信用证。
远期汇票的期限：
1． 见 票 后 若 干 天 付 款 。 例 如 ： 30 days
（after）sight。
2．装运日/提单日后若干天付款。例如：180
days date of shipment/bill of lading。
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
第三节 付款、承兑、议付信用证
四、议付信用证（Negotiation Credit）：议
付行在审单无误后，扣除利息买下受益人交来的汇票
/单据并立即付款的信用证。议付行买下汇票/单据后
成为正当持票人。
开立的汇票为即期汇票。如拟开立远期汇票，将
等同于承兑信用证下的汇票由承兑行承兑后贴现。
利息通常按12～16天不等的垫款时间（美元平
均收汇日），以及LIBOR（London Inter-bank
Offered Rate伦敦银行同业拆借利率）利率计算。
议付：被授权的银行对汇票及/或单据付给对价
（扣除利息后的净额）。
议付行是对价持票人，有权要求开证行偿付。
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
第三节 付款、承兑、议付信用证
五、自由议付信用证（ Freely Negotiable
Credit）：可由受益人任意选择议付行的信用证。自
由议付信用证可规定在一个城市，或一个国家的任何
银行议付，但不宜规定在全世界的任何银行议付，因
为那样开证行的风险太大。例如：
Place for presentation:
Any bank at Hangzhou / in China
Credit available with:
Any bank at Hangzhou / in China
贴现与议付的比较，见书P209。
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
五种信用证的比较
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
第五节 即期与远期信用证
按付款时间不同，可将信用证分为即期与远期信
用证。
一、即期信用证（Sight Credit）
即期付款信用证和议付信用证，不论是否要求汇
票，均对受益人立即付款，因此都属于即期信用证。
二、 远期信用证（Usance Credit）
按利息由买方还是由卖方承担分类，远期信用证
可分为买方远期信用证和卖方远期信用证。
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
二、 远期信用证（Usance Credit）
1．买方远期信用证（Buyer’s Usance Credit），
又称假远期信用证（Usance Credit Payable at Sight）
买方在合同订明使用即期信用证的情况下，申请
人要求开立的是远期信用证。该信用证项下的远期汇
票经承兑贴现，由买方支付贴现利息，卖方即可获得
票面金额，而买方则俟汇票到期日付款。
这里包含银行对进口商的融资。
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
买方远期信用证常见条款有：
(1) Draft at 90 days sight on Issuing Bank
L/C terms:
a) Immediate reimbursement will be provided by
us on receipt of the documents.
b) Discount charge is for the buyer’s account.
c） Draft drawn under this Credit should be
negotiated at sight.
(2) Drawee Bank’s discount and/or interest charges
and acceptance commission are for the account of
applicant and therefore the beneficiary is to receive
value for the term drafts as if drawn at sight.
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
假远期信用证与即期信用证的相同点：
对卖方即期支付票面金额。
不同点：
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
二、 远期信用证（Usance Credit）
2． 卖 方 远 期 信 用 证 （ Seller’s Usance
Credit）
有两种情况：
（1）合同订明即期信用证，银行开立远期信用证，到期
支付票面金额和利息（由买方承担）。常见条款有：
① Payment made under this Credit is to be
effected at 90 days from the date of shipment,
interest at the rate of 11% per annum payable from
the date of shipment till maturity.
② Interest for 120 days sight will be on opener’s
account at LIBOR rate. We undertake to accept and
pay at maturity.
这里包含出口商对进口商的融资。
第六章 通常的跟单信用证
2．卖方远期信用证（Seller’s Usance Credit）
（2）合同订明远期信用证，银行开立远期信用
证。常见条款有：
① This Credit is available by acceptance
of your draft at 60 days sight on ABC Bank.
Payment of drafts drawn under this Credit is
to be made at maturity.
② Deferred payment 30 days after date
of shipment. We shall credit your US dollars
account at maturity.
