山西财经大学硕士学位论文从历史足迹看外资银行对票号的影响及启示姓名：崔亚妮申请学位级别：硕士专业：金融学指导教师：孔祥毅2009-03-23
햪튪?짏쫀볍횮붻ꎬ훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡놻웈뛔췢뾪럅ꎬ췢맺뷰죚놾뷸죫훐맺ꎬ뛔훐맺쎳틗ꆢ뷰죚ꆢ닆헾뚼퓬돉쇋뫜듳뗄펰쿬ꎬ즽컷욱뫅늻뿉뇜쏢뗄틠쫜떽훘듳돥믷ꎬ늢ퟮ훕냩쯦ퟅ쟥헾뢮뗄뿥첨뛸쮥췶ꆣ헢튻쫀볍횮붻ꎬ훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡폐늽훨ꆢ폐볆뮮뗄뛔췢뾪럅ꎬ펭살쇋췢틸탐뗄폖튻듎뷸죫룟럥ꎬ췢틸탐뇘붫폫훐틸탐햹뾪벤쇒뗄뺺헹ꆣ 놾컄틔짏쫀볍췢틸탐뗄뷸ퟣ벣캪퇐뺿뛔쿳ꎬ춨맽럖컶웤뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄펰쿬ꎬ첽쯷즽컷욱뫅뗄탋쪢ꆢ쮥췶폫췢틸탐뗄뻟쳥맘쾵ꎬ캪쿖듺훐틸탐펦뛔췢틸탐쳡릩뻟폐쿖쪵틢틥뗄웴쪾폫뷨본ꆣ틀뻝샺쪷짏췢틸탐뗄뷸죫뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄펰쿬돌뛈늻춬ꎬ붫웤뮮럖캪죽룶샺쪷쪱웚ꎺ튻캪췢틸탐뗄뷸웰늽쪱웚ꎻ뛾캪췢틸탐퓚뮪뗄톸쯙삩헅쪱웚ꎻ죽캪췢틸탐퓚뮪잿쫆뗘캻뗄뗬뚨쪱웚ꆣ헫뛔늻춬샺쪷쪱웚쳡돶쇋틔쿂뷡싛ꎺ 뗚튻ꎬ췢틸탐뷸뗄뗚튻룶샺쪷쪱웚ꆪꆪ웰늽쪱웚ꎬ뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄뺭펪캴퓬돉죎뫎뗄펰쿬ꆣ헢튻쪱웚뗄췢틸탐ꎬ뷸뗄돵훔뻍쫇쏩ힼ쇋훐맺죕틦삩헅뗄맺볊믣뛒튵컱ꎬ뷸뫳튻뛎쪱볤쓚훷튪죎컱퓚폚뫍퇳탐헹뛡맺볊믣뛒튵컱ꎬ웤쯼듦ꆢ듻뗈튵컱믹놾캴뾪햹ꆣ 뗚뛾ꎬ췢틸탐뷸뗄뗚뛾룶샺쪷쪱웚ꆪꆪ톸쯙삩헅쪱웚ꎬ뛔즽컷욱뫅퓬돉튻뚨췾킲떫좴캴뗃떽즽컷욱뫅뗄훘쫓ꆣ듋쪱웚뗄췢틸탐ꎬ뾪쪼쇋뗘폲뫍튵컱뗄삩헅ꎬ늢뻟폐쇋ퟳ폒훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡뗄쓜솦ꆣ췢틸탐퓚듦ꆢ듻ꆢ믣뗈튵컱뻹폐쇋폫즽컷욱뫅햹뾪뺺헹뗄쏧춷ꎬ뛸듋쪱웚뗄욱뫅헽뒦폚듳랢햹쪱웚ꎬ쯹틔3
췢틸탐뗄뺺헹쏧춷뛔즽컷욱뫅캴퓬돉쏷쿔쯰쪧ꎬ즽컷욱뫅튲쎻폐훘쫓헢튻뺺헹ꎬ캴ퟷ돶죎뫎훮죧햽싔짏뗄뗷헻ꆣ 뗚죽ꎬ췢틸탐뷸뗄뗚죽룶샺쪷쪱웚ꆪꆪ잿쫆뗘캻뗬뚨쪱웚ꎬ뛔즽컷욱뫅퓬돉쇋늻뿉쓦뗄췾킲ꆣ듋쪱웚뗄췢틸탐ퟷ캪놾맺헾닟횴탐뗄릤뻟ꎬ뿘훆쇋훐맺뗄뷰죚쫐뎡틔벰훐맺닆헾쏼싶ꆣ즽컷욱뫅퓚뺭샺쇋믻탎뗄벫쪢쪱웚뫳ꎬ뾪쪼ퟟ쿲쮥냜ꆣ 떱잰훐틸탐퓚펦뛔췢틸탐쪱ꎬ컒죏캪펦뒦샭뫃쯄듳맘쾵ꆣ튻캪헾뢮폫훐틸탐뗄맘쾵ꎻ뛾캪훐틸탐폫뻓쏱ꆢ웳튵뗄맘쾵ꎻ죽캪훐틸탐폫훐틸탐뗄쓚늿맘쾵ꎻ쯄캪훐틸탐폫췢틸탐뗄맘쾵ꆣ ꆾ맘볼듊ꆿ??즽컷욱뫅 췢틸탐 훐틸탐 뷰죚쪷 4
Abstract Chinese financial market was force to open up to the world at the end of 19th century and the foreign capitals began to influent the trade, finance and the revenue of Qing government at a large extent. There was no exception as Shanxi draft bank. It was faded away following the down of Qing government. However, at the end of 20th century, the Chinese government took the measures of opening the financial market to the outside which will meet the flood of foreign capitals. A competition between Chinese banks and foreign banks has been spread since then. This paper studied the steps of foreign banks entering into Chinese financial market and analyzed the affection of the foreign banks to Shanxi draft bank. At last it concluded the relationship between Shanxi draft bank and foreign banks which provide a valuable revelation to handle the nowadays relationship between Chinese banks and foreign banks. There are three stages of the development of foreign capital banks in China: the first is the initiate stage; the second is the expanding stage; the third is the consolidated stage. There is no harm to the Shanxi draft bank at the initiate stage. The foreign banks were focused on the international exchange at that moment. There was a serious competition between the different overseas banks and businesses involved the deposit and loan was not started. 5
Shanxi draft bank was affected at the expanding stage, but no importance was taken to twist the situation as it was also the prime time of Shanxi draft bank at that period and no large lose was emerged. However, the foreign banks has expanded their power widely and engaged in the deposit and loan businesses. They were powerful enough to control the Qing governmental finance. The threat of foreign banks to Shanxi draft bank has become into a powerful strength at the consolidated stage. It has turned into the tool to control the decision of Qing government and finance. Since then Shanxi draft bank has entered the period of deterioration. The conclusion was made based on the affection of foreign capital banks to Shanxi draft bank and four relationships should be handled well when facing the problem of the entering of foreign capital banks into Chinese financial market. The first is the relationship between the government and the Chinese banks; the second is the relationship between the Chinese banks and the citizens and also the enterprises; the third is the inner relationship between the Chinese banks; the forth is the relationship between the Chinese banks and the foreign banks. ꆾKey Wordsꆿ?Shanxi draft bank Foreign banks Chinese banks Financial history 6
???즽컷닆뺭듳톧?톧캻싛컄풭뒴탔짹쏷? 놾죋횣훘짹쏷ꎺ쯹돊붻뗄톧캻싛컄ꎬ쫇놾죋퓚떼쪦뗄횸떼쿂ꎬ뛀솢뷸탐퇐뺿릤ퟷ쯹좡뗃뗄돉맻ꆣ돽컄훐틑뺭힢쏷틽폃뗄쓚죝췢ꎬ놾싛컄늻냼몬죎뫎웤쯼룶죋믲벯쳥틑뺭랢뇭믲킴맽뗄ퟷ욷돉맻ꆣ뛔놾컄뗄퇐뺿쯹ퟶ돶훘튪릱쿗뗄룶죋뫍벯쳥ꎬ뻹틑퓚컄훐틔쏷좷랽쪽뇪쏷ꆣ놾죋췪좫틢쪶떽놾짪쏷뗄램싉뷡맻평놾죋돐떣ꆣ? 톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟잩쏻ꎺ 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕 1
???즽컷닆뺭듳톧?톧캻싛컄냦좨쪹폃쫚좨쫩 놾톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟췪좫쇋뷢톧킣폐맘놣맜ꆢ쪹폃톧캻싛컄뗄맦뚨ꎬ춬틢톧킣놣쇴늢쿲맺볒폐맘늿쏅믲믺릹쯍붻싛컄뗄뢴펡볾뫍뗧ퟓ냦ꎬ퓊탭싛컄놻닩퓄뫍뷨퓄ꆣ놾죋쫚좨즽컷닆뺭듳톧뿉틔붫놾톧캻싛컄뗄좫늿믲늿럖쓚죝뇠죫폐맘쫽뻝뿢뷸탐볬쯷ꎬ뿉틔닉폃펰펡ꆢ쯵펡믲즨쏨뗈뢴훆쫖뛎놣듦뫍믣뇠놾톧캻싛컄ꆣ 놾톧캻싛컄쫴폚놣쏜ꇵꎬ늻놣쏜ꇵꆣ퓚 쓪뷢쏜뫳쫊폃놾쫚좨쫩ꆣ ꎨ쟫퓚틔짏랽뿲쓚듲ꆰꇌꆱꎩ 톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟잩쏻ꎺ 횸떼뷌쪦잩쏻ꎺ 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕 2
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 ??떼싛?ㄮ?톡쳢놳뺰?짏쫀볍횮붻ꎬ헽떱즽컷욱뫅죧죕훐쳬뗄쪱뫲ꎬ췢맺뷰죚놾뷸죫훐맺ꎬ훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡놻웈뛔췢뾪럅ꆣ훐맺췁짺췁뎤뗄뷰죚튵훐ꎬ즽컷욱뫅좫뻼뢲쎻ꎬ잮늿럖뿥첨ꎬ늿럖ퟟ짏쇋싲냬뗀슷ꎬ훐맺틸탐튵퓚볐러훐볨쓑쟳짺횱떽좫맺뷢럅ꆣ?††퓚헢튻쫀볍횮붻ꎬ훐맺돉캪쫀뷧쎳틗ퟩ횯뗄헽쪽돉풱ꆣ내헕훐맺죫쫀뻍뷰죚튵뾪럅뗄쪱볤뇭뗄돐억뫍킭틩ꎬ듓㈰??쓪ㄲ퓂ㄱ죕뾪쪼ꎬ췢틸탐틑뺭뿉틔퓚훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡뺭펪죋쏱뇒튵컱ꎬ뛔췢틸탐틑뺭훰늽쪵탐맺쏱듽폶ꎬ췢틸탐믹놾짏쪵쿖쇋폫훐틸탐퓚춬뗈뺭펪뮷뺳훐퓋펪뗄쳵볾ꆣ냩쯦ퟅ뷰죚튵뾪럅돌뛈늻뛏볓짮ꎬ쒿잰췢틸탐헽틔잰쯹캴폐뗄짮뛈죚죫컒맺뷰죚쳥쾵ꆣ?††쯤쮵떼훂즽컷욱뫅퓚짏쫀볍횮붻뿥첨뗄틲쯘쫇뛠랽쏦뗄ꎬ늻쓜뗃돶샺쪷짏놻췢맺뷰죚놾룣뿥즽컷욱뫅뗄뷡싛ꎬ떫떱잰퓚훐맺뷰죚튵폐볆뮮ꆢ폐늽훨뗄훷뚯뛔췢뾪럅헢튻탎쫆쿂ꎬ훐틸탐펦룃믽벫첽쯷ꎬ얬솦톰쟳즽컷욱뫅퓚떱쪱펦뛔췢틸탐뺺헹뗄쟩뿶쿂쇴룸컒쏇뗄뺭퇩벰뷌통ꆣ?뺭퇩뫍뷌통횵뗃컒쏇랴쮼ꆣ톻욬햽헹쪱웚ꎬ췢틸탐듓돵웚뗄뷸죫랢햹떽뗘폲ꆢ튵컱뗄훰늽삩헅ꎬ붥붥돉쇋즽컷욱뫅뗄잿듳뺺헹뛔쫖ꎬퟮ훕즽컷욱뫅뗄좫엌뿥첨ꆣ떱좻즽컷욱뫅뗄뿥첨믲헟쮵쮥췶뗄풭틲쫇듭ퟛ뢴퓓뗄ꎬ췢틸탐뗄뺺헹쯤늻쫇욱뫅쮥췶뗄캨튻풭틲ꎬ떫좴뿉틔쮵쫇훷튪풭틲횮튻ꆣ?뛔폚즽컷욱뫅쮥췶뗄풭틲ꎬ듳훂폐틔쿂벸훖맛뗣ꎺ튻ꆢ뺺헹뛔쫖쟀햼쇋즽컷욱뫅뗄쫐뎡ꎻ뛾ꆢ즽컷욱뫅듓짌튵뷰죚틬뮯돉헾뢮뷰죚ꎬ쟥헾뢮뿥첨ꎬ햮좨늻쓜쫕믘ꎬ맙풱듦뿮뇆쳡ꎻ죽ꆢ뷰죚럧뎱뗄돥믷ꎻ쯄ꆢ즽컷욱뫅뫳웚쒫쫘돉맦ꎬ뻜뻸룄룯ꆣ좻뛸컒쏇랢쿖ꎬ틔짏벸훖쮥췶뗄풭틲뚼폫췢틸탐폐뫜듳뗄맘쾵ꆣ쫗쿈ꎬ췢틸탐컞틉쫇즽컷욱뫅ퟮ폐솦뗄튻룶뺺헹헟ꎻ웤듎ꎬ즽컷욱뫅듓짌튵뷰죚틬뮯돉헾뢮뷰죚ꎬ쪵볊짏즽컷욱뫅퓚뫳웚믹놾짏돉쇋헾뢮뗄럾컱믺릹ꎬ떱쟥헾뢮뿥첨횮쪱ꎬ튲뻍돉캪쇋욱뫅쮥췶횮쪱ꆣ좻뛸뺿웤잰틲ꎬ욱뫅듓짌튵뷰죚틬뮯캪헾뢮뷰죚ꎬ튲뫍췢틸탐폐볤뷓뗄맘쾵ꆣ췢틸탐퓚짌튵뷰죚랽쏦퓋폃늻헽떱쫖뛎솪뫏잮뛔즽컷욱뫅짌튵럾컱튵컱뷸탐좫쏦뗄쟖쪴ꎬ볓짏욱뫅뗄늻쮼뷸좡쪹웤ퟮ훕럅웺짌튵믣뛒헢튻튵컱훘탄ꆣ샺쪷뢳폨즽컷욱뫅뗄뷌통죝늻뗃컒쏇늻쮼뾼ꆢ늻랴쮼ꆣ?1
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 ††뻍즽컷욱뫅ퟷ캪퇐뺿쫓뷇뗄틑폐뗄톧쫵돉맻ꎬ캪컒쏇죏쪶뫍뷢뻶훐맺쿖듺뷰죚컊쳢늻뷶쓜쳡릩랽램싛뗄횸떼ꎬ춬쪱폖뻟폐훘튪뗄쮼쿫웴뗏틢틥ꆣ뷰죚퇐뺿릤ퟷ헟붫샺쪷폫쿖쪵ꆢ샭싛폫쪵볹뗄뷡뫏ퟷ캪뫋탄뗄샭싛퇐뺿랽램ꎬ쫆뇘쓜릻벤랢돶튻룶폖튻룶뗄뷰죚샭싛뒴탂뗣ꆣ?††즽컷욱뫅탋쪢뗄뺭퇩볓횮뷰죚볒뗄짮죫퇐뺿ꎬ샭싛폫쪵볹뗄뷡뫏돉캪쇋쿖뷱훐틸탐펦뛔췢틸탐뗄잿듳뫳뛜ꎻ즽컷욱뫅쮥췶뗄뷌통룸쇋쿖뷱훐틸탐늻뛏룄룯ꆢ늻뛏뒴탂뗄뚯솦ꆣ?ㄮ?컄쿗ퟛ쫶?놾컄쫇퓚뷨본잰죋뫍쯻죋뗄퇐뺿돉맻믹뒡짏ꎬ붫췢틸탐퓚훐맺랢햹뗄샺쪷ퟣ벣ퟷ캪헻쳥싶싧ꎬ살럖컶췢틸탐뗄뷸죫뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄펰쿬ꆣ즽컷닆뺭듳톧ꎨ풭즽컷닆뺭톧풺ꎩ쫇붨맺틔살퇐뺿즽컷욱뫅뗄훷솦뻼ꎬ훐맺죋쏱틸탐즽컷럖탐폫즽컷닆뺭톧풺솪뫏뇠킴뗄ꆶ즽컷욱뫅쪷쇏ꆷꎬ쫕슼쇋탭뛠폫즽컷욱뫅쿠맘뗄쿪쪵쪷쇏ꆣ ㄮ㈮ㄠ뷼듺훐맺췢틸탐뗄퇐뺿쿖ힴ?췴뺴폝쿈짺뗄ꆶ췢맺놾퓚뷼듺훐맺뗄뷰죚믮뚯ꆷ뫍ꆶ쪮뻅쫀볍컷랽놾훷틥뛔훐맺뗄뺭볃쟖싔ꆷꆢ평쫙돤튻뫍쫙샖펢훷뇠뗄ꆶ췢짌틸탐퓚훐맺ꆷꆢ뿗쿩틣뷌쫚뗄ꆶ뷰죚쎳틗쪷싛ꆷ뗈뗈헢킩훸ퟷꎬ뻹뛔췢틸탐퓚훐맺뗄샺쪷ퟣ벣뷸탐쇋튻뚨돌뛈뗄닻쫶ꆣ웤훐ꆶ췢맺놾퓚뷼듺훐맺뗄뷰죚믮뚯ꆷ헢튻훸ퟷ볈폐샺쪷맽돌뗄탰쫶ꎬ틠폐훂솦폚쳘뗣뗄럖컶ꆣ뛔폚뷼듺훐맺췢틸탐뗄퇐뺿룼캪좫쏦ꎬ늻떫쓜쳥쿖샺쪷뗄좫쎲뛸쟒뷡릹췪헻ꆣ놾컄킴ퟷ뗄폐맘췢맺뷰죚놾뗄쪷쇏늿럖ꎬ훷튪닎뾼쇋ꆶ췢맺놾퓚뷼듺훐맺뗄뷰죚믮뚯ꆷ틔벰ꆶ뷰죚쎳틗쪷싛ꆷ헢솽늿훸ퟷꆣ ㄮ㈮㈠즽컷욱뫅탋쮥뗄퇐뺿쿖ힴ?즽컷욱뫅퓚웤뎤듯냙폠쓪뗄랢햹샺돌훐ꎬ샺뺭듬헛ꎬ폖쫽듎웰ꎬ퓸튻뛈횴훐맺뷰죚뷧횮얣뛺ꎬ훐췢컅쏻ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ퓚쟥쒩뺭볃캣믺삧죅쿂ꎬ퓚폫쿖듺틸탐폈웤쫇췢틸탐뗄뺺헹훐ꎬ즽컷욱뫅뾪쪼ퟟ쿲쮥실ꎬ뺭탁죉뇤싒뫳ꎬ튻늻헱ꎬ늢ퟮ훕췋돶쇋샺쪷컨첨ꆣ컀뻛쿍뗄ꆶ즽컷욱뫅쪷ꆷ틔벰1937쓪돶냦뗄돂웤쳯뗄훸ퟷꆶ즽컷욱뾼싔ꆷ뗈ꎬ뚼뛔즽컷욱뫅듓웰풴떽ퟮ훕쮥췶ퟷ쇋좫쏦닻쫶ꎬ룸컒쏇퇐뺿욱뫅쳡릩쇋듳솿뗄쪷쇏ꆣ 2
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 ꆶ췭쟥잮폫욱뫅퇐뺿ꆷ쫇훐맺짧믡뿆톧풺헅맺믔뗄훸ퟷꎬ룃쫩틔잮폫즽컷욱뫅뗄뛔뇈퇐뺿ퟷ캪쫓뷇ꎬ떫쫇즽컷욱뫅퓚룃쫩훐뒦폚듓쫴뗘캻ꎬ잮퓲뒦폚훷떼뗘캻ꆣ벴뇣죧듋ꎬ듋쫩뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄볻뷢죔폐뫜뛠횵뗃컒쏇닎뾼뫍뷨본ꆣ 퓚즽컷욱뫅뗄탋쪢뺭퇩랽쏦ꎬ믆본뷌쫚뗄ꆶ즽컷욱뫅쪷ꆷꆢ뿗쿩틣뷌쫚뗄ꆶ뷰죚쎳틗쪷싛ꆷꆢ뿗쿩틣뷌쫚퓚2008쓪평뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧돶냦뗄ꆶ뷺짌톧ꆷ뗈뗈ꎬ뚼뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄돉릦횮뗀뷸탐쇋짮죫뗄럖컶ꆣ 믆본뷌쫚뗄ꆶ즽컷욱뫅쪷ꆷꆢ헅헽쏷뗄ꆶ뷺짌탋쮥쪷ꆷ뗈뗈뚼뛔즽컷욱뫅쮥냜뗄풭틲뷸탐쇋럖컶ꆣ뛔즽컷욱뫅쮥냜풭틲뗄럖컶ꎬ뛠벯훐퓚즽컷욱뫅뗄ꆰ탅폃럅뿮ꆱ훆뚨벰ꆰ컞쿞퓰죎ꆱ탔훊뗈랽쏦ꆣ ㄮ㈮㌠췢틸탐뛔즽컷욱뫅펰쿬벰웴쪾뗄퇐뺿쿖ힴ?룟뫗퓚ꆶ훐맺욱뫅폫췢틸탐췭쟥뛔뻶짏몣첲ꆷꎬ틔벰뫺횾랫퓚ꆶ뷼듺즽컷욱뫅폫믣럡틸탐뗄랢햹뇈뷏ꆷ훐ꎬ뻹뛔췢틸탐폫즽컷욱뫅뷸탐쇋맘솪럖컶ꆣ헅퇇삼퓚ꆶ즽컷욱뫅쮥췶뗄풭틲폫뷌통ꆷ훐ꎬ뻍즽컷욱뫅폫맺폐틸탐뷸탐쇋뇈뷏ꎬ뿉틔랢쿖솽헟볈폐뷏듳뗄늻춬폖폐벫웤쿠쯆뗄튻쏦ꆣ헔맺쏷퓚ꆶ잳틩훐췢틸탐뗄뫏ퟷ쮫펮ꆷ튻컄훐ꎬ훘뗣닻쫶쇋떱뷱훐틸탐퓢폶췢틸탐쪱뗄뫏ퟷ쮫펮ꆣ쇭췢ꎬ뮹폐뫜뛠톧헟뛔훐췢틸탐뺺헹쓜솦뷸탐뇈뷏퇐뺿ꎬ죧쎯즭뗄ꆶ훐췢짌튵틸탐뺺헹솦닮틬뇈뷏ꆷꆢ2001쓪7퓂18죕폚맺퇐췸랢늼뗄훜헱폮뗄ꆶ훐췢짌튵틸탐폅쇓쫆뇈뷏벰펦뛔듫쪩ꆷ뗈뗈ꆣ쯹폐헢킩뻹캪컒쏇틔쪷캪본ꎬ춨맽샺쪷폫쿖쪵뗄뷡뫏럖컶쿖뷱훐틸탐폫췢틸탐뗄릲뒦컊쳢ꎬ쳡릩쇋뿆톧뗄틀뻝ꆣ 2007쓪4퓂2죕ꎬ쫗엺믱ힼ룄훆캪훐맺놾뗘램죋틸탐뗄췢틸탐——뚫퇇틸탐ꆢ믣럡틸탐ꆢ뮨웬틸탐뫍퓼듲틸탐퓚짏몣헽쪽뾪튵ꆣ헢튻쫂볾뛔훐맺틸탐튵뻟폐샯돌놮틢틥ꎬ쯼풤쪾ퟅ훐췢틸탐탂뺺헹쪱듺뗄뾪쪼ꆣ훐틸탐펦믽벫맦뇜늻샻펰쿬ꎬ퓚컼쫕췢틸탐쿈뷸뺭퇩뗄믹뒡짏늻뛏뒴탂ꎬ틔쳡룟ퟔ짭뗄맺볊뺺헹솦ꆣ맹쇨퇠퓚ꆶ뺭볃떼뾯ꆷ2007쓪뗚1웚훐랢뇭뗄ꆶ췢틸탐퓚훐맺뗄랢햹닟싔——틔퓼듲틸탐캪샽ꆷ튻컄훐ꎬ춨맽뗷닩퇐뺿ꎬ틔퓼듲틸탐캪샽럖컶쇋췢틸탐퓚훐맺뗄랢햹첬뛈ꎬ 폐킩쫇닉좡믺믡훷틥뗄첬뛈ꎬ쯼쏇쾣췻퓚헢샯뗃떽랢햹뗄믺믡ꆣ폐튻킩쫇폐뎤웚랢햹첬뛈뗄ꎬ쯼쏇뷸죫훐맺쫐뎡쫇쾣췻폐뎤웚뗄햽싔뫏ퟷꎬ쳘뇰쫇퓚쒳킩쇬폲ꎬ뿉틔쪵쿖뫍떱뗘틸탐뗄뎤웚랢햹ꆣ떫쫇늻맜췢틸탐퓚훐맺랢햹뗄헦헽쒿뗄믲헟쫇쒿뇪쫇쪲쎴ꎬ훐틸탐뚼펦룃틔ꆰ뎤웚랢햹ꆱퟷ캪췢틸탐뗄랢햹첬뛈뷸탐펦뛔ꆣ?ㄮ?퇐뺿쮼슷?3
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 놾컄뗄퇐뺿붫춨맽듳솿닩퓄쿠맘샺쪷쇏ꎬ퓚컼쫕잰죋뛔즽컷욱뫅랢햹틔벰췢틸탐퓚훐맺랢햹뗈컊쳢뗄퇐뺿믹뒡짏ꎬ틔쿠맘뺭볃톧ꆢ뷰죚톧ꆢ맜샭톧벰훆뛈뺭볃톧샭싛캪횸떼ꎬ햹뾪뛔즽컷욱뫅폫췢틸탐뗄퇐뺿ꆣ퓋폃샺쪷쫂쪵쏨쫶폫싟벭췆샭뗄랽램ꎬ맦랶럖컶폫쪵횤럖컶쿠뷡뫏ꎬ늢내헕샭싛럖컶ꆪꆪ쪵횤럖컶ꆪꆪ샭싛횸떼뗄벼쫵슷쿟ꎬ뛔훐틸탐죧뫎펦뛔췢틸탐뗄쳴햽뗈컊쳢뷸탐짮죫럖컶ꎬ힢훘샭싛솪쾵쪵볊ꎬ솦쟳뛔컊쳢뷸탐짮죫뾼달뫍웊컶ꆣ?ㄮ?뒴탂폫늻ퟣ?즽컷욱뫅퓚웤닺짺떽쮥췶뗄냙쓪볤ꎬ듓훚뛠돵벶탎첬뗄뷰죚믺릹훐췑펱뛸돶ꎬ폖틲듭ퟛ뢴퓓뗄풭틲ퟮ훕ퟟ쿲쮥췶ꎬ췢틸탐쫇웤쮥췶뗄훷튪풭틲횮튻ꆣ쿖죧뷱췢틸탐좫엌뷩죫훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡ꎬ훐틸탐펦룃ퟶ뫃ힼ놸ꎬ틔쪷캪본ꎬ늻뛏뒴탂ꎬ쳡룟ퟔ짭뗄쫐뎡뺺헹솦ꆣ 놾컄뒴탂퓚폚ꎺ 뗚튻ꎬ샺쪷짏췢틸탐뗄뷸죫뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄펰쿬 췢틸탐ퟷ캪즽컷욱뫅쮥췶뗄훷튪풭틲횮튻ꎬ놾컄붫ퟅ솦퇐뺿췢틸탐뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄펰쿬ꆣ쯦ퟅ췢맺놾훷틥쟖싔뗄짮죫ꎬ췢틸탐춨맽뗘폲ꆢ튵컱뗄삩헅ꎬ돉캪즽컷욱뫅뺺헹뗄잿듳뛔쫖ꎬ즽컷욱뫅ퟮ훕쮥췶ꆣ 놾컄붫샺쪷짏췢틸탐퓚훐맺뗄ퟣ벣벰웤뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄펰쿬럖캪죽룶늽훨ꆣ튻ꆢ1845- 1865쓪췢틸탐퓚훐맺뗄웰늽쪱웚ꎬ쫗엺췢틸탐뗄뷸캴뛔즽컷욱뫅퓬돉죎뫎췾킲ꎻ뛾ꆢ1865-1890쓪췢틸탐퓚뮪뗄톸쯙삩헅ꎬ틑뛔즽컷욱뫅릹돉튻뚨뗄췾킲ꎬ떫좴캴뗃떽즽컷욱뫅뗄훘쫓ꎻ죽ꆢ1891-1927쓪췢틸탐퓚뮪잿쫆뗘캻뗄뗬뚨ꎬ뛔즽컷욱뫅퓬돉쇋늻뿉쓦뗄췾킲ꆣ 뗚뛾ꎬ쿖죧뷱훐틸탐뛔췢틸탐뷸죫뫳뗄펦뛔닟싔 쏦뛔췢틸탐뷸죫훐맺뗄쿖쪵ꎬ뇊헟죏캪훐틸탐펦췗짆뒦샭뫃쯄듳맘쾵ꎬ헾뢮폫훐틸탐맘쾵뗄뒦샭ꎻ훐틸탐폫뻓쏱ꆢ웳튵맘쾵뗄뒦샭ꎻ훐틸탐폫훐틸탐쓚늿맘쾵뗄뒦샭ꎻ훐틸탐폫췢틸탐맘쾵뗄뒦샭ꆣ웤훐ꎬ잰죽룶맘쾵뗄뒦샭쫇훐틸탐펦뛔췢틸탐뗄믹뒡ꎬퟮ뫳튻룶맘쾵뗄뒦샭쫇펦뛔뗄쫖뛎ꆣ퓚펦뛔쫖뛎랽쏦ꎬ컒죏캪뿉닉좡ꆰ솽늽ퟟꆱ햽싔ꎬ뗚튻늽ꎬ퓚뺺헹훐쟳뫏ퟷꎻ뗚뛾늽ꎬ퓚뫏ퟷ훐톰쟳뺺헹ꆣ 늻ퟣ횮뒦퓚폚ꎺ 뗚튻ꎬ틲욪럹폐쿞ꎬ놾컄뛔폚즽컷욱뫅뗄탋쪢뺭퇩캴쓜ퟶ쿪쾸쮵쏷ꎬퟅ솦폚듓췢틸탐뗄펰쿬헒즽컷욱뫅쮥냜뗄틲쯘ꆣ 4
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 뗚뛾ꎬ평폚뛔쒳킩톧뿆샭싛샭뷢뮹늻릻춸뎹ꎬ쪹뗃폐킩싛쫶뮹늻릻춸뎹ꆣ퓚틔뫳뗄톧쾰뫍릤ퟷ훐ꎬ믡뺡솦뿋럾틔짏늻ퟣꆣ 5
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 ??췢틸탐퓚훐맺웰늽쪱웚뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄펰쿬 ㈮ㄠ짧믡뺭볃놳뺰?1840쓪ꎬ펢맺쿲훐맺랢뚯쇋뗚튻듎ꆰ톻욬햽헹ꆱꎬ햽헹뗄쒿뗄쫇놣뮤톻욬쎳틗뫍듲뾪훐맺ꆰ뇕맘쯸맺ꆱ뗄듳쏅ꆣ퓚쟥헾뢮듭컳슷쿟뗄횸틽쿂ꎬ훐맺죋쏱랴쟖싔햽헹ퟮ훕쪧냜ꎬ췢맺쟖싔헟듲뾪쇋훐맺뗄듳쏅ꆣ톻욬쎳틗쯹쓜듸살뗄믣뛒ꆢ돐뛒틔벰뷰훜뗈뷰죚튵컱ꎬ컼틽ퟅ췢맺틸탐ꆣ?1842쓪-1844쓪ꎬ싺쟥헾뢮쿈뫳폫펢맺쟖싔헟ꆢ쏀램쟖싔헟뗈잩뚩늻욽뗈쳵풼ꎬퟔ듋훐맺뗄듳쏅늻뷶쿲펢ꆢ쏀ꆢ램뗈벸룶놾훷틥듳맺뎨뾪ꎬ뛸쟒쿲헻룶놾훷틥쫀뷧뾪럅쇋ꆣ 뾪럅컥룶춨짌뿚낶뫳ꎬ펢맺쫤뮪짌욷듓1846-1856쓪볤ꎬ쪼훕뒦폚엇뮲춣훍뗄ힴ첬ꎬ뛸훐맺쫤췹펢맺뗄쮿ꆢ단퓲늻뛏퓶볓ꆣ헢폫펢맺쟖싔헟ꆢ닺뷗벶튪쟳뗄뷡맻쿠ꆣ탎돉헢훖쟩뿶뗄풭틲쫇ꎬ뗚튻ꎬ훐맺짧믡ퟔ룸ퟔퟣ뗄ퟔ좻뺭볃뷡릹ꎬ퓚톻욬햽헹틔뫳늢캴솢벴뷢쳥ꎬ쯼뛔폚췢맺짌욷뗄쫤죫폐잿듳뗄뗖훆ퟷ폃ꆣ컷랽놾훷틥뗄쫆솦짐뻖쿞퓚춨짌뿚낶뗈벫캪폐쿞뗄뗘쟸ꎬ맣듳뗘쟸뗄틔룶쳥얩튵폫볒춥쫖릤튵쿠뷡뫏캪쳘헷뗄ퟔ좻뺭볃ꎬ뛔짌욷뗄탨쟳솿늻듳ꆣ뗚뛾ꎬ췢맺쫤뮪짌욷폐늻짙룹놾늻쫊펦훐맺죋뗄쿻럑뫍튪쟳ꆣ죧뷸뿚뗄떶닦ꆢ쮯쎱ꆢ룖쟙횮샠ꆣ뗚죽ꎬ햽뫳톻욬ퟟ쮽닾ꎬ쪹훐맺돶뿚쫕죫듳냫놻웤뗖쿺ꎬ쿷죵쇋훐맺릺싲췢맺릤튵욷뗄쓜솦ꎬ컞솦릺싲펢맺릤튵욷ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ1842쓪ꆶ훐펢쓏뺩쳵풼ꆷ잩뚩뫳ꎬ춨짌뿚낶쯤퓶볓쇋ꎬ떫늢캴틽웰쫐뎡뗄쿠펦삩듳ꎬ횻늻맽쪹쎳틗훰늽평맣훝틆떽쇋짏몣ꎬ웤쯼랽쏦늢쎻폐쿔훸뇤뮯ꆣ 뗚튻듎톻욬햽헹놩슶췢맺쟖싔헟첰삷뫍닐놩뗄춬쪱ꎬ튲놩슶쇋쟥헾뢮뗄믨펹뫍뢯탠ꎬ벤웰쇋훐맺죋쏱랴뾹췢맺쟖싔뫍췆랭쟥뎯헾뢮춳훎뗄뻶탄ꆣ1941-1949쓪볤ꎬ룷ퟥ죋쏱웰틥뛠듯110듎ꆣ1851쓪ꎬ뫩탣좫쇬떼뗄첫욽뻼퓚맣컷뷰쳯듥웰틥ꎬ1853쓪3퓂릥뿋쓏뺩ꎬ4퓂퓚쓏뺩붨뚼ꎬ뫅첫욽쳬맺ꆣ룯쏼샺쪱14쓪ꎬퟮ훕폚1864쓪퓚뗘훷커ힰ뫍췢맺쫆솦룉풤헟뗄솪뫏헲톹쿂쓏뺩쿝실ꎬ첫욽쳬맺퓋뚯쪧냜ꆣ 1856쓪ꎬ펢맺뫍램맺쟖싔헟퓚즳뛭뫍쏀맺뗄횧돖쿂ꎬ샻폃훐맺쓚햽뗄쪱믺ꎬ솪뫏랢뚯쇋탂뗄쟖싔햽헹ꆣ헢듎햽헹뗄쒿뗄쫇캪쇋듓훐맺싓좡뇈ꆶ쓏뺩쳵풼ꆷ뗈늻욽뗈쳵풼룼듳룼뛠뗄횳쏱쳘좨ꆣ햽헹샺쪱쯄쓪ꎬ쟥헾뢮췧만횴탐웤싴맺춶붵슷쿟ꎬ쪹햽헹ퟮ훕쪧냜ꆣ웚볤ꎬ훐맺폫쟖싔헟쿈뫳뚩솢ꆰ쳬뷲쳵풼ꆱꆢꆰ놱뺩쳵풼ꆱꎬ돽쇋엢뿮췢ꎬ뮹뾪럅쇋쳬뷲ꆢ얣ꆢ첨쓏ꆢ뎱훝ꆢ쟭훝ꆢ떭쮮ꆢ몺뿚ꆢ뻅붭ꆢ쓏뺩ꆢ헲붭캪춨짌뿚낶ꎬ탞룄쮰퓲ꎬ폃췢맺죋냯냬쮰컱ꎬ6
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 돐죏톻욬캪뫏램쎳틗ꎬ룮죃뻅쇺룸펢맺ꆣ듋뫳ꎬ놾훷틥쟖싔헟뾪쪼헦헽햼쇬쇋훐맺쫐뎡ꆣ듓1865쓪쪼ꎬ훐맺뛔췢쎳틗뇤캪죫뎬ꆣ?㈮㈠ㄸ㐵??ㄸ㘵쓪췢틸탐퓚훐맺웰늽쪱웚?㈮㈮ㄠㄸ㐵쓪샶죧틸탐퓚뮪짨솢?1845쓪ꎬ펢맺샶죧틸탐(Oriental Bank) ퟷ캪훐맺돶쿖뗄뗚튻볒탂쪽뷰죚믺릹ꎬ퓚쿣룛뫍맣훝춬쪱짨솢럖탐ꎬꋙ쯼쫇췢맺틸탐쟖죫훐맺뗄뾪쪼ꆣ 1847쓪ꎬ냩쯦ퟅ훐맺뛔췢쎳틗탎쫆뗄랢햹폖퓚짏몣짨솢믺릹ꎬꋚ늢붫힢틢솦듓맣훝틆쿲짏몣ꆣ1849쓪쯼볦늢쇋펢맺쇭췢튻볒횳쏱뗘틸탐ꆪꆪ컽삼틸탐ꎨ돉솢폚1841쓪ꎩꎬ쫆솦폐쯹삩돤ꆣꋛ1851쓪샶죧틸탐퓚믱뗃쳘탭횮쪱ꎬ틸탐놾뛮뚨캪200췲펢냷ꎬ쪵쫕60췲ꆣ늻떽컥쓪릦럲ꎬ쪵쫕놾퓶볓떽126췲펢냷ꆣꋜ ㈮㈮㈠ㄸ㔰?ㄸ㔹쓪싳볓샻뗈?볒틸탐쿠볌퓚뮪짨솢?19쫀볍50쓪듺ꎬ4볒췢맺틸탐퓚훐맺짨솢럖횧믺릹ꆣ 믣슡틸탐ꎨCommercial Bank of Indiaꎩ1851쓪돉솢폚펡뛈쏏싲ꎬ춬쓪퓚맣훝짨솢럖탐ꎬ1854쓪퓚짏몣돉솢듺샭뒦ꎬ1861쓪폖퓚뢣훝뫍몺뿚솽뗘짨솢믺릹ꆣꆰ헢쫇퓚몺뿚ꆢ뢣훝솽뗘돶쿖뗄뗚튻볒믣뛒틸탐ꆱꆣꋝ 낢볓?틸탐ꎨAgra and United Service Bank Ltd.ꎩꎬ1833쓪돉솢뗄펢펡뫏틸탐ꎬ1854쓪퓚짏몣짨솢럖탐ꎬ1855쓪퓚맣훝짨솢럖횧믺릹ꎬ1858쓪퓚쿣룛짨솢럖탐ꆣꋞ헢튻뾪짨럖횧믺릹뗄듎탲ꎬ룄뇤쇋샶죧ꆢ믣슡틸탐쿈퓚맣훝짨솢믺릹ꎬ좻뫳떽짏몣럳짨뻝뗣뗄뒫춳ꎬ뇪횾ퟅ헢쪱뗄짏몣틑좡듺맣훝돉캪뷸돶뿚쎳틗뗄훘탄ꆣ1867쓪헢볒틸탐룄ퟩ뫳ꎬ폖쿈뫳퓚뢣훝ꎨ1875쓪ꎩꆢ몺뿚ꎨ1880쓪ꎩꆢ뻅붭ꎨ1885쓪ꎩꆢ횥ꎨ1887쓪ꎩ짨솢럖횧믺릹ꆣ 폐샻틸탐ꎨChartered Mercantile Bank of IndiaꎬLondon ꎦ?Chinaꎩꎬ쯼뗄잰짭퇇쾸퇇쳘탭틸탐ꎨChartered Bank of Asiaꎩ뫍펡뛈ꆤ싗뛘ꆤ훐맺짌튵틸탐ꎨMercantile Bank of Indiaꎬ ꋙ EndacottꎺA History of HongKongꎬ뗚77튳ꎻReturns of Trade to the Lastest Periodꎬ뗚44튳ꆣ ꋚ Returns of Trade 1847 and 1848ꎬ뗚45-46튳ꆣ ꋛ BasterꎺThe Imperial Banksꎬ뗚104튳ꆣ ꋜ BasterꎺThe Imperial Banksꎬ뗚105튳ꆣ ꋝ MackenzieꎺRealms of Silverꎬ뗚56튳ꆣ ꋞ et al.ꎺThe History of Shanghaiꎬ1921쓪ꎬShanghaiꎬ뗚426튳ꎻAnglo-Chinese Calanderꎬ1855쓪ꎻNorth China Heraldꎬ1858쓪5퓂29죕ꎬ뗚173튳ꆣ 7
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 London ꎦ?Chinaꎩ뻹돉솢폚1853쓪ꎬꋙ솽탐폚1857쓪뫏늢ꎬퟜ탐퓚싗뛘ꆣ잰헟믱뗃펢맺헾뢮쳘탭ힴ뷶듎폚샶죧틸탐ꎬ퓧폚낢볓?틸탐ꆣ솽탐뫏늢잰ꎬ뫳헟틑폚1854쓪퓚짏몣짨솢럖샭뒦ꎨ1860쓪룄캪럖탐ꎩꆣ쯼퓚웤쯼뿚낶돇쫐쿈뫳짨솢뗄럖횧믺릹폐맣훝ꎨ1855쓪ꎩꆢ몺뿚ꎨ1866쓪ꎩꆢ뢣훝ꎨ1867쓪ꎩꆢ뻅붭ꎨ1876쓪ꎩꆢ횥ꎨ1878쓪ꎩꆢ쿃쏅ꎨ1880쓪ꎩꆣ 싳볓샻틸탐ꎨChartered Bank of India Australia ꎦ?Chinaꎩꎬ1858쓪2퓂ퟜ탐헽쪽뾪쪼펪튵ꎬ7퓂뻍퓚짏몣짨솢럖탐ꎬ춬쪱퓚쿣룛짨솢듺샭뒦ꎨ뗚뛾쓪닅룄캪럖탐ꎩꎬ뿉볻짏몣뛔헢볒틸탐뗄컼틽솦ꆣ쯼퓚웤쯼뗘쟸짨솢뗄믺릹럖뇰쫇몺뿚ꎨ1863쓪ꎩꆢ뢣훝ꎨ1868쓪ꎩꆢ쿃쏅ꎨ1873쓪ꎩꆢ쳬뷲ꎨ1859쓪ꎩꆣ뒴솢헢볒틸탐뗄햲쒷쪿ꆤ췾뛻톷쫇훸쏻뗄ꆶ뺭볃톧볒ꆷ퓓횾뗄뒴쪼죋ꎬ쯼뗄뚭쫂믡돉풱뛠쫽쫇퓚뚫랽뫍폫펢맺횳쏱뗘폐쟐짭샻틦뗄죋ꎬ뾪냬헢볒틸탐뗄쒿뗄쫇캪쇋ꆰ쫊펦냄훞횳쏱뗘ꆢ펢쫴펡뛈ꆢ훐맺뫍쾣산폫킡퇇쾸퇇뗘쟸횮볤죕틦삩듳뗄쎳틗탨튪ꆱꆣ뾪튵쪱뛮뚨놾캪췲냷ꎬ쪵쫕췲냷ꎬ늻떽5쓪뻍퓶볓떽80췲냷ꆣ1864쓪쯼뗄막쾢싊듯떽%ꎬ1헅쏦횵20냷뗄막욱퓚싗뛘횤좯쫐뎡뗄쫐볛퓸룟듯46냷5쿈쇮ꆣꋚ퓧웚쯼퓚짏몣뗄튵컱튲쫇틔맺볊믣뛒뫍싲싴믣욱캪훷ꎬ뷸죫19쫀볍60쓪듺뫳ꎬ컷랽놾훷틥룷맺뛔훐맺뗄맺볊쎳틗훰늽삩듳ꎬ뷰죚훜튵컱튲죕붥퓶볓ꆣ헢볒틸탐퓚훐맺뗄랢햹ꎬ뎬맽쇋쿈쯼뛸짨솢뗄4볒틸탐ꎬ듳폐뫳살뻓짏횮쫆ꆣ 듓1845쓪-1858쓪뗄13쓪훐ꎬ퓚훐맺뗄췢맺틸탐ꎬ쟥튻즫뚼쫇펢맺뗄ꎬ헢5볒펢맺틸탐퓚50쓪듺쒩ꎬ릲짨솢믺릹13룶ꎬ벴짏몣5룶ꎬ쿣룛ꆢ맣훝룷4룶ꆣ떽쇋1864쓪ꎬ닅폐램맺뗄틸탐뷸죫훐맺ꆣ ㈮㈮㌠ㄸ㘰?ㄸ??쓪퓚캣믺훐웰뗄췢맺틸탐뷸훐맺?††램삼컷틸탐쫇㘰쓪듺뷸죫훐맺뗄캨튻럇펢뗄췢맺틸탐ꆣ헢볒틸탐쫇ㄸ㐸쓪램맺뗄헾훎캣믺뫍뺭볃캣믺뗄닺컯ꆣ헢튻캣믺췪좫웆뮵쇋램맺뗄탅폃훆뛈ꎬ램삼컷틸탐뫍웤쯼벸볒틸탐틔킭훺램맺맺볒틸탐펦뢶캣믺쪱웚뗄탅폃탨튪뛸돉솢ꆣ헢튻뷰죚믺릹ꎬ펦룃틫캪ꆰ냍샨맺볒쳹쿖릫쮾ꆱꎬ떫틲쫇램맺죋뾪짨뗄뷰죚믺릹ꎬ뻍춨돆캪램삼컷틸탐ꆣㄸ㘰쓪퓚짏몣짨솢럖탐ꎬㄸ㘳쓪퓚쿣룛짨솢럖탐ꆣ틔뫳폖슽탸퓚쳬뷲ꎨㄸ㘷쓪ꎩꆢ뢣훝ꎨㄸ㘸쓪ꎩꆢ몺뿚ꎨㄸ㘷쓪ꎩꆢ쿃쏅ꎨㄸ㜶쓪ꎩꆢ놱뺩ꎨㄸ㠷쓪ꎩ뗈뗘짨솢럖횧믺릹ꆣ?††릤튵룯쏼쯹틽웰뗄쎤쒿삩듳짺닺뫍샍뚯죋쏱욶삧뮯뗄뷡맻ꎬ쪹펢맺퓚ㄹ쫀볍돵웚뫍훐튶늻뛏랢짺훜웚탔뗄짺닺맽쪣캣믺ꆣ떫퓚캣믺맽좥뫳ꎬ폖췹췹쫇탂튻싖뗄랱죙뫍랢햹ꎬ뻍퓚ㄸ㔷 ꋙ BasterꎺThe Imperial Bankꎬ뗚112튳ꆣ ꋚ MackenzieꎺRealms of Silverꎬ뗚21튳ꎬ뗚26튳ꎬ뗚152튳ꎬ뗚162튳ꆣ 8
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 쓪뫍ㄸ㘶쓪뗄솽듎캣믺볤룴웚훐ꎬ펢맺폖탋웰튻엺쒿맢힢쫓뚫랽뗄틸탐ꎬ쯼쏇횮훐폐?볒㘰쓪듺돵돉솢늢솢벴퓚짏몣뫍쿣룛짨솢럖탐뗄틸탐ꎬ헢뻍쫇ㄸ㘱쓪짨솢뗄믣뒨틸탐ꎨ䍥湴牡氠䉡湫映坥獴敲渠䥮摩ꎩ?뫍ㄸ㘴쓪짨솢뗄샻짺틸탐ꎨ䉡湫映䡩湤畳瑡?ꎬ?䍨楮愠ꎦ⁊慰慮ꎬ䱴搮ꎩꆢ샻뮪틸탐ꎨ䅳楡瑩挠䉡湫楮朠䍯牰潲慴楯?ꎩꆢ샻짽틸탐ꎨ䉡湫映䥮摩?ꎩꎬ쯼쏇뗄놾뛮뷏킡ꎬ퓚㔰췲훁㈰?췲냷횮볤ꎬ돽샻짺틸탐ㄸ㘴?ㄸ㘵쓪횮볤뮹짨솢쓾늨ꆢ몺뿚ꆢ뻅붭ꆢ뢣훝럖횧탐췢ꎬ웤폠?볒뻹횻퓚짏몣ꆢ쿣룛솽뗘짨탐ꎬ맦쒣늻듳ꎬ돆쯼캪ꆰ킡쯄탐ꆱꆣ?††평싗뛘뗄뷰죚뿖믅틽웰뗄짏몣뷰죚럧놩ꎬ랶캧쿠떱맣랺ꎬ돽쇋헢?볒틸탐떹뇕췢ꎬ㔰쓪듺뷸죫뗄믣슡틸탐뫍낢볓?틸탐튲쫜쇋잿쇒돥믷ꎬ잰헟웆닺떹뇕ꎬ뫳헟춣튵뫳퓙뛈짨솢ꆣ쓜뺭쫜힡헢듎럧놩뗄폐샶죧ꆢ싳볓샻ꆢ램삼컷뫍ㄸ㘵쓪짨솢뗄믣럡틸탐ꆣ?㈮㌠췢틸탐뗄뷸죫돵웚캴뛔즽컷욱뫅퓬돉펰쿬?㈮㌮ㄠㄸ㐵?ㄸ㔲쓪췢맺틸탐뷸쪱웚헽쫇퇳탐쫆솦삩헅쪱웚??톻욬햽헹틔뫳ꎬ?죕틦삩듳뗄톻욬쎳틗듸살쇋풽살풽뛠뗄믣뛒ꆢ돐뛒틔벰뷰훜뗈뷰죚튵컱ꎬ헢돉캪헢튻쪱웚췢틸탐뷸죫훐맺쫐뎡뗄훷튪풭틲ꆣ?뗚뛾듎톻욬햽헹틔잰ꎬ췢틸탐뗄믮뚯늢캴쓜죁뛡퇳탐뗄뷰죚튵컱ꆣ퇳탐뻞뛮톻욬샻죳ퟣ릻퓋ퟷ톻욬쎳틗뷰뗄춨죚폫훜ꆣ틔뫍퇳탐캪샽ꎬ쯼뻍퓸틔톻욬샻죳얲ퟷ뷰쿲톻욬짌죋싲냬ꎬ믲쫇춨맽싲냬짌죋쿲쟥뗘랽맙풱듻뿮ꆣꋙ춨맽듻뿮ꎬ퇳탐늻뷶뿉틔좡샻쾢ꆢ삩듳뷰ꎬ뛸쟒뮹쓜뿘훆ꆢ샻폃뮪짌ꆢ싲냬캪웤킧샍ꆣ쯹틔퇳탐췹췹냑뷰죚ퟷ캪뷶듎폚뒬퓋뗄튵컱ꆣ믹뒡탛뫱뗄샏없퇳탐쎻폐늻뺭펪뷰죚튵컱뗄ꆣ퇳탐튲ꆰ뻍쫇쯼ퟔ벺뗄틸탐ꆱꆣꋚ쓃쟭볇퇳탐살쮵ꎬ쯼퓚싲싴믣욱ꆢ쫕뛒돐뛒랽쏦ꎬ쓪뢴튻쓪뗘돉캪튻룶잮뗄훘튪쿮쒿ꆣꋛ웬닽퇳탐퓚믣뛒튵컱랽쏦ꎬ솬ㄸ㔰쓪뾪짨짏몣럖탐뗄샶죧틸탐뚼늻쫇쯼뗄뛔쫖ꆣꋜ퓸뺭ퟶ맽쏀맺짏몣뢱쇬쫂뗄웬닽퇳탐샏냥뷰쓜뫠뫳살퓚ㄸ㜳쓪뗄쏀맺ꆶ쏱ퟥ퓓횾ꆷ짏믘틤뗀ꎺꆰ떱쯻퓚㔰쓪듺돵살떽훐맺뗄쪱뫲ꎬ퓚듓쫂듳솿췢믣짺틢뗄훸쏻듳퇳탐훐ꎬ쳘뇰횵뗃횸돶뗄쫇튻볒쏀맺퇳탐ꆣ쯻쏇돤떱쏻짹늻듳뗄킡퇳탐뫍펢맺놾볒횮볤뗄훐뷩죋ꎬ듓킡퇳탐쓇샯싲뷸뾪췹싗뛘뗄믣욱ꎬ뺭맽쯻쏇놳쫩틔뫳ꎬ솢벴뢶뿮ꎬ좻뫳냑믣욱싴룸펢맺믵뇒돖폐헟ꆣ쓇쪱훐맺뮹횻폐튻 ꋙ 낮뗂뮪·샕럑컑ꎺꆶ쟥쒩컷죋퓚뮪웳튵ꎬ1842—1895쓪볤뫍퇳탐믮뚯룅쫶ꆷꎬ뗚137—138튳ꆣ ꋚ 뫂퇓욽ꎺꆶ쪮뻅쫀볍훐맺뗄싲냬ꎺ뚫컷볤쟅솺ꆷꎬ짏몣짧믡뿆톧풺돶냦짧ꎬ1988쓪ꎬ뗚77튳ꆣ ꋛ 싥뿋컩뗂ꎺꆶ쟭볇퇳탐ꆷꎬ짏몣짧믡뿆톧풺돶냦짧ꎬ1992쓪ꎬ뗚37튳ꆣ ꋜ 뢣쪿ꎺꆶ믘틤슼ꆷꎬ뗚359튳ꆣ 9
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 볒펢맺틸탐ꎬ쯼뗄짺틢뎣뎣룏늻짏쒳킩듳퇳탐싲싴췢믣맱첨쯹ퟶ뗄짺틢ꆣꆱꋙ헢샯쳡떽뗄튻볒쏀맺퇳탐ꎬ뫜뿉쓜뻍쫇쯻ퟔ벺뺭펪맽뗄웬닽퇳탐ꆣ뛸쓇볒펢맺틸탐ꎬ쿔좻횸뗄쫇ퟮ쿈뷸죫훐맺뗄샶죧틸탐ꆣ?췢맺틸탐폫퇳탐뻍믣뛒튵컱뗄헹뛡ꎬ돉쇋헢튻쪱웚쓋훁헻룶췢맺틸탐퓚훐맺웰늽쪱웚뗄훘튪죎컱ꎬ늢쟒헢튻죎컱퇓탸쇋튻룶쿠떱뎤뗄쪱볤ꆣ짵훁떽쇋60쓪듺쒩웚ꎬ퇳탐뗄뷰죚튵컱ꎬ뮹쎻폐쓜릻좫늿놻틸탐뛡좡맽좥ꆣ퓚1868쓪8퓂죕뗄ꆶ짏몣탂놨ꆷ짏ꎬ죋쏇뮹뾴떽튻솬폐죽볒퇳탐ퟶ뷰죚훜튵컱뗄맣룦ꆣꋚ떫쫇ꎬퟜ뗄뾴살ꎬ60쓪듺틔뫳ꎬꆰퟔ평쎳틗듳듳퓶볓쇋짌튵뗄쫽뛮ꎬ컼틽쇋솮볛뗄놾ꎬ틸탐뗄퓶짨튻쳬쳬뛠웰살쇋ꎬ샻싊튲쯦횮복뗍쇋ꎬ튻횱떽퇳탐뗄췢믣뺭펪췪좫룸업벷쇋돶좥ꆣ헢쪱ꎬ돽쇋퓚췢믣짺틢럇뎣돔훘뗄뎡뫏쿂ꎬ퇳탐뺭펪췢믣뗄쯹뗃ꎬ솬횧뢶맍풱뗄킽뷰뚼늻릻쇋ꆱꆣ 헢튻쪱웚뗄췢틸탐튻랽쏦폫퇳탐퓚맺볊믣뛒튵컱랽쏦햹뾪ퟅ뺺헹ꎬ쇭튻랽쏦폖늻뗃늻뷨훺퇳탐뗄쫆솦퓚훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡솢ퟣꆣ컞틉즽컷욱뫅폫퇳탐뗄뫏ퟷ튲훰늽퇓짬떽쇋폫췢틸탐뗄뫏ퟷꆣ폫퇳탐뗄튵컱헹뛡돉쇋헢튻쪱웚췢틸탐뗄훷튪죎컱ꎬ뛔즽컷욱뫅캴퓬돉펰쿬ꆣ ㈮㌮㈠ㄸ???ㄸ??쓪짧믡뚯떴돉쇋췢틸탐뗄뗷헻웵믺?愮 짧믡뚯떴뛔즽컷욱뫅퓬돉뫜듳뗄듲믷?⠱⤠첫욽쳬맺뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄펰쿬ꆣ?뻝춳볆ꎬ욱뫅뺭맽죽쪮쓪뗄랢햹ꎬ뷘횹ㄸ㔰쓪틑퓚즽컷틔췢뗄뛾쪮죽룶돇헲짨솢럖횧믺릹ꆣ퓚첫욽쳬맺퓋뚯웚볤ꎬㄸ㔳쓪ퟳ폒ꎬ뺩쪦ꆢ쳬뷲ꆢ몺뿚ꆢ췍쾪ꆢ컟뫾ꆢ퇯훝ꆢ쟥붭웖ꆢ쓏뺩쫕뎷맽믺릹ꎻㄸ㘰쓪ퟳ폒ꎬ쯕훝ꆢ뫓뿚ꆢ솺ꆢ돉뚼뗈뗘폖뎷맽ꎬ욱뫅쿈뫳쫕뎷맽믺릹뗄돇헲ꎬퟮ짙튲퓚쪮뛾룶틔짏ꎬ햼쪡췢짨돇헲뗄㔲?틔짏ꎬ햼뎤붭쇷폲짨돇헲뗄㠰?ꎬ뛸쟒쿳췍쾪쓇룶돇헲ꎬퟔㄸ㔳쓪뎷틔뫳ꎬ욱뫅뻍퓙캴뷸맽ꆣꋛ?⠲⤠뗚뛾듎톻욬햽헹뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄듲믷?펢램솪뻼퓚뷸랸뫍햼쇬뺩ꆢ뷲웚볤ꎬ퇏훘듲믷쇋훐맺릤짌튵뫍욱뫅뗈뷰죚튵ꆣ뗚뛾듎톻욬햽헹웚볤ꎬ쟥췵뎯캪캬돖믊쫒춳훎샄랢놦뎮ꎬ떼훂컯볛량헇ꎬ쏱늻쇄짺ꆣ춬쪱쟥췵뎯뮹뛔죋쏱듳쯁쯑많ꎬ뇆뗃뺩돇죋쏱컞슷뿉ퟟꎬ횻뫃춵뗁뫍쟀뷙ꆣ짧믡뚯떴떼훂릤짌튵뫍뷰죚튵늻쓜헽뎣듓쫂짌욷붻뮻뫍뷨듻믮뚯ꆣㄸ㘰쓪퓂ꎬ떱펢램쟖싔헟릥죫놱뺩뫳ꎬ즽컷욱뫅튲뻍 ꋙ North China Heraldꎬ1873쓪7퓂26죕ꎬ뗚76튳ꎬ퓘ꆣ ꋚ ꆶ짏몣탂놨ꆷꎬ1868쓪8퓂1죕ꎬ탂79뫅ꆣ ꋛ 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ믆본ꎬꆶ즽컷욱뫅쪷ꆷꎬ즽컷뺭볃돶냦짧ꎬ1992ꎬ뗚140튳ꆣ 10
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 퓙튲늻쓜듦퓚쇋ꆣ즽컷욱뫅헢듎늻뷶쫕뎷쇋뺩ꆢ뷲럖뫅ꎬ뛸쟒쫕뎷쇋폫뺩돇뷴쏜솪쾵뗄헅볒뿚럖뫅ꆣ?戮 몣짏뷸돶뿚쎳틗훐탄뗄틆즽컷욱뫅늢캴룺뷸?뷸죫㔰쓪듺ꎬ쯦ퟅ췢짌살뮦뗄퓶볓ꎬ몣짏뷸돶뿚쎳틗훐탄튲붥붥평맣훝틆쿲짏몣ꆣ쿂뇭쫇ㄸ㐴?ㄸ㔶쓪펢맺뺭평맣훝뫍짏몣쫤죫훐맺틔벰듓훐맺쫤돶믵횵ꎺꋙ?††††††††††††††††††††††††††††떥캻ꎺ풪?쓪†럝?맣†††훝?짏†††몣?짏†††몣?뷸돶뿚ퟜ횵?뷸돶뿚ퟜ횵?쓪†럝?맣†††훝?뷸돶뿚ퟜ횵?뷸돶뿚ퟜ횵?ㄸ㐴?㌳ⰴ〰ⰰ〰?㐬㠰〬〰??ㄸ㔱?㈳ⰲ〰ⰰ〰?ㄶⰹ〰ⰰ〰?ㄸ㐵?㌸ⰴ〰ⰰ〰?ㄱⰱ〰ⰰ〰?ㄸ㔲?ㄶⰴ〰ⰰ〰?ㄶⰰ〰?〰??ㄸ㐶?㈵ⰲ〰ⰰ〰?ⰲ〰ⰰ〰?ㄸ㔳?ⰵ〰ⰰ〰?ㄷⰲ〰ⰰ〰?ㄸ㐷?㈵ⰳ〰ⰰ〰?ㄱⰰ〰ⰰ〰?ㄸ㔴?㤬㌰〬〰??ㄲⰸ〰ⰰ〰?ㄸ㐸?ㄵⰱ〰ⰰ〰?㜬㔰〬〰??ㄸ㔵?㘬㔰〬〰??㈳ⰳ〰ⰰ〰?ㄸ㐹?ㄹⰳ〰ⰰ〰?ⰹ〰ⰰ〰?ㄸ㔶?ㄷⰳ〰ⰰ〰?㌲ⰰ〰ⰰ〰?ㄸ㔰?ㄶⰷ〰ⰰ〰?ㄱⰹ〰ⰰ〰????평짏뇭뿉틔뾴돶ꎬㄸ㔲쓪짏몣폫맣훝쎳틗ퟜ횵믹놾돖욽ꎬㄸ㔳?ㄸ㔶쓪뗄?쓪볤ꎬ짏몣뷸돶뿚ퟜ횵뇈맣훝뛠㈸??㜳?ꎬ짏몣좡듺맣훝뛸돉캪몣짏쎳틗훐탄ꆣ?짏몣퓚맺쓚뫍맺볊쎳틗훐탄뗘캻뗄좷뚨ꎬ볓잿쇋룷뿚낶횮볤ꆢ뿚낶폫쓚뗘릤짌튵훘헲횮볤뗄뺭볃솪쾵ꆣퟷ캪맺쓚늺볊볤믣뛒뗄훷튪돐떣헟뗄즽컷욱뫅ꎬ놾살펦룃쯦ퟅ㔰쓪듺쎳틗탎쪽뗄뇤뮯ꎬ쿠볌퓚짏몣뗈뿚낶짨솢럖횧믺릹ꆣ떫평폚쫜첫욽쳬맺퓋뚯뫍뗚뛾듎톻욬햽헹뗄펰쿬ꎬ헻룶컥쪮쓪듺ꎬ욱뫅믹놾뒦폚뎷뗄삧뺳ꎬ틲뛸쎻쓜좥짏몣짨ꎬ짏몣뫍쓚뗘퓸튻뛈늻쓜춨믣ꎬ맺쓚맺볊쎳틗랢햹폶떽튻뚨삧쓑ꆣ?挮 맺볊믣뛒튵컱뗄훘탂쾴없?ꆰ퇳짌횮쫂ꎬ췢맺틸탐죎횮ꎻ놾늺횮쫂ꎬ잮죎횮ꎬ늺폫늺볤횮쫂ꎬ욱뫅죎횮ꆣꆱꋚ듋쪱뗄퇳짌횮쫂쯤좻튻듳늿럖뮹퓚퇳탐쫖훐ꎬ떫쫇뺭샺짧믡뚯떴뛸퓚헻룶컥쪮쓪듺믹놾뒦폚뎷삧뺳뗄즽컷욱뫅ꎬ늻쓜뛠죎ꆰ늺폫늺볤횮쫂ꆱꎬ듓뛸펰쿬떽쇋맺쓚맺볊쎳틗뗄랢햹ꆣ퓚쎳틗뮷뺳헻쳥늻뺰웸뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ룸쇋췢맺틸탐훘탂뗷헻ꆢ뺫탄닟뮮닥죫떽ꆰ퇳짌횮쫂ꆱ뗄믺믡ꆣ ꋙ 믆캭ꎺꆶ짏몣뾪늺돵웚뛔췢쎳틗퇐뺿ꆷꎬ짏몣죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ1979ꎬ뗚71튳ꆣ ꋚ 퇮틱ꎺꆶ짏몣뷰죚ퟩ횯룅튪ꆷꎬ짌컱1930쓪냦ꎬ뗚91튳ꆣ 1 1
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뫍퇳탐듺샭믺릹뗄뫏ퟷꎬ뇭쏦짏뾴쯆뫵쫇퇳탐돤떱췢맺틸탐뗄듺샭죋뷸뛸럖룮췢맺틸탐뗄샻죳ꎬ좻뛸쪵볊짏좷쫇췢맺틸탐듲뾪맺볊믣뛒튵컱좱뿚뗄뾪뛋ꆣ?㈮㌮㌠ㄸ???ㄸ??쓪즽컷욱뫅컞쫓췢틸탐뗄뷸죫?愮 뮨튻쿖뗄ꆰ킡쯄탐ꆱ?믣뒨틸탐ꆢ샻짺틸탐ꆢ샻뮪틸탐ꆢ샻짽틸탐?볒틸탐뷓살떽훐맺ꎬ쫇평폚쏀맺쓚햽뛸틽웰뗄헻룶놾훷틥쫀뷧쏞튵춶믺뿱뎱쯹듙돉ꆣ떱쪱쏞뮨볛룱평쎿냵?뇣쪿쏍짽떽?뇣쪿ꎬ훐맺쏞뮨튲뻍돉캪췢맺춶믺짌죋뿱죈ힷ훰뗄뛔쿳ꎬ떥퓚ㄸ㘸쓪쿂냫쓪ꎬ듓짏몣쫤돶뗄쏞뮨뻍듯㌶췲떣횮뛠ꎬ볛횵퓚㈰?췲펢냷횮짏ꆣ헢킩춶믺쎳틗캪틸탐뗄믣뛒튵컱뫍췢믣춶믺쳡릩쇋ퟮ샭쿫뗄쳵볾ꆣ췢믣춶믺돣죈ꎬ쫐뎡샻싊룟낺ꎬ헻룶ㄸ㘴쓪짏몣뷰죚쫐뎡뒦폚벫뛈뚯떴횮훐ꎬ탂뷸죫뗄헢?볒틸탐튲뻍믱뗃쇋쫽놶폚헽뎣쫕틦뗄룟뎱춶믺샻죳ꎬ쯼쏇뗄막욱쫐볛튲틲듋듳럹뛈짏짽ꆣ좻뛸뫃뺰늻뎤ꎬ쯦ퟅ쏀맺쓚햽뷡쫸ꎬ쏞뮨볛룱훨실ꎬ헰몳얷훞뗄쏞튵캣믺살쇙ꎬㄸ㘶쓪싗뛘랢짺뷰죚뿖믅ꎬ헢?볒틸탐뗄ퟜ탐뻹쫜떽돥믷ꎬ쯼쏇퓚뮪럖탐튲튻웫떹뇕ꎬ뫜뿬뷡쫸뛌쏼틸탐뗄샺돌ꆣ뛌쏼뗄ꆰ킡쯄탐ꆱꎬ쪹뗃즽컷욱뫅ퟌ짺쇋ퟔ탅싺싺ꎬ킡쫓췢틸탐뗄탄샭ꆣ 戮 즽컷욱뫅퓚짏몣짨?틲짏몣늻뷶뻟폐ꆰ뢺몣듸붭ꆱ뗄폅풽붻춨쳵볾ꎬ뛸쟒뢽뷼뗘쟸컯닺뢻죄ꎬ퓧웚돶뿚듳ퟚ뗄쮿ꆢ단ꎬ뗈뗈닺욷ꆣ닺쟸뛠퓚붭쓏튻듸ꎬ놾살쫇랭즽풽쇫뎤춾냏짦퓋떽맣훝좻뫳돶뿚ꎬ쿖퓚평쇚뷼뗄짏몣룛쫤돶ꎬ늻뷶퓋쫤럑폃붵뗍ꎬ뛸쟒훜쪱볤튲쯵뛌ꎬ짏몣컞틉쫇뾪햹맺볊쎳틗ퟮ뫃뗄룛뿚ꆣ㔰쓪듺훐웚ꎬ짏몣뻍틔뻸뛔뗄폅쫆뗬뚨쇋웤퓚맺쓚뫍맺볊쎳틗볤뗄훐탄뗘캻ꆣ50쓪듺ꎬ쫜첫욽쳬맺퓋뚯뫍뗚뛾듎톻욬햽헹뗄펰쿬캴퓚짏몣짨뗄즽컷욱뫅ꎬ퓚뷸죫60쓪듺뫳ꎬ평컴죕??쯕훝톸쯙쿲짏몣틆ꎬ짏몣돉캪쇋쯹폐욱뫅뗄뇘헹횮뗘ꆣ뛀햼맺쓚늺볊볤믣뛒뗄즽컷욱뫅ꎬ퓚짏몣뷸돶뿚ퟜ횵듳럹퓶볓뗄춬쪱ꎬ믣뛒튵컱뇘좻뗄듳럹퓶볓ꆣ욱뫅뗄튵컱솿늻뷶쎻틲췢틸탐뗄떽살뛸복짙ꎬ랴뛸폐쇋듳럹퓶볓ꆣ ㈮㌮㐠킡뷡?췢틸탐퓚뮪뗄뷸웰늽쪱웚ꎬ웤뺭펪튵컱튻냣뚼쇐폐듦뿮ꆢ랢뎮ꆢ럅뿮뫍믣뛒헢쯄룶쿮쒿ꆣ떫쫂쪵짏ꎬ떱쪱퓚훐맺ꎬ돽쇋믣뛒튵컱췢ꎬ웤쯼쿮쒿믲헟늢캴뾪쪼뺭펪ꎬ믲헟쯤틑뺭12
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 펪ꎬ떫뻖쏦캴쓜듲뾪ꎬ솢폚컞ퟣ쟡훘뗄뗘캻ꆣ믣뛒튵컱쯤좻쫇췢맺틸탐뗄훷튪튵컱ꎬ떫쫇쫜뛔췢쎳틗쳵볾뗄쿞훆볓횮퇳탐잿폐솦뗄뺺헹ꎬ쏩ힼ맺볊믣뛒뗄췢맺틸탐늢캴뗃떽뫜듳뗄샻뒦ꆣ?쯹틔쮵ꎬ췢맺틸탐퓚훐맺뗄뷸웰늽쪱웚ꎬ웤폫즽컷욱뫅뺭펪뗄튵컱췪좫늻훘뗾ꎬ볓횮췢틸탐쫽솿짙ꆢ맦쒣킡ꎬ짐캴뛔즽컷욱뫅뺭펪퓬돉췾킲ꆣ?1 3
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 ??췢틸탐퓚뮪삩헅쪱웚뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄펰쿬?㌮ㄠ짧믡뺭볃놳뺰?훐맺럢붨뗄ퟔ좻뺭볃퓚췢맺놾훷틥쫆솦뗄쟖쾮쿂뾪쪼뷢쳥ꎬ춬쪱ꎬ훐맺놾훷틥뺭볃뷸튻늽뗄랢짺뫍랢햹ꆣ췢맺놾훷틥춨맽짌욷쟖싔뿘훆훐맺뗄짌욷쫐뎡ꎬ쏀뗛맺훷틥춨맽춶뿘훆훐맺뗄뺭볃쏼싶ꆣ?듓ㄹ쫀볍㜰쓪듺뾪쪼ꎬ훐맺뗄ퟔ좻뺭볃뇣돶쿖쇋뷢쳥ꆣ훷튪뇭쿖캪ꎺ뗚튻ꎬ평폚췢맺짌욷뗄쟣쿺ꎬ뒫춳뗄볒춥쫖릤튵뾪쪼쮥실ꎬ늢쟒폫얩튵럖샫ꎻ뗚뛾ꎬ얩튵짺닺뷸튻늽짌욷뺭볃뮯ꎬ냼삨뺭볃ퟷ컯뗄삩훖뫍솸쪳닺욷뗄짌욷뮯ꆣ?ㄹ쫀볍㘰ꆢ㜰쓪듺틔뫳ꎬ훐췢쎳틗탎쫆톸쯙랢짺룹놾탔뗄뇤뮯ꎬ쫤죫훐맺쫐뎡뗄췢맺짌욷쫽솿벱뻧퓶볓ꎬ춬쪱훐맺돶뿚쎳틗퓶뎤쯙뛈좴쏷쿔럅싽ꆣ췢맺짌욷뗄뷸뿚뺻횵㌰쓪쓚퓶뎤쇋㈮?놶ꎬㄸ㘴쓪캪㐶㈱췲몣맘솽ꎬㄸ㜴쓪캪?㐳㘮?췲몣맘솽ꎬㄸ㠴쓪캪㜲㜶⸱췲몣맘솽ꎬㄸ㤴쓪캪ㄶ㈱〮?췲몣맘솽ꆣꋙ훐맺돶뿚쎳틗ퟜ횵㌰쓪쓚횻퓶뎤쇋ㄮ㘳놶ꎬㄸ㘴쓪캪㐸㘵⸵췲몣맘솽ꎬㄸ㜰쓪캪㔵㈹⸵췲몣맘솽ꎬㄸ㜴쓪캪㘶㜱⸳췲몣맘솽ꎬㄸ㠰쓪캪㜷㠸⸴췲몣맘솽ꎬㄸ㠴쓪캪㘷ㄴ⸸췲몣맘솽ꎬㄸ㤴쓪캪ㄲ㠱〮?췲몣맘솽ꆣꋚ?퓚뷸돶뿚쫽솿랢짺뇤뮯뗄춬쪱ꎬ훐맺뷸돶뿚뷡릹튲퓚랢짺ퟅ쏷쿔뗄뇤뮯ꆣ뷸뿚랽쏦ꎬ믺훆쏞럄횯욷뗄쫤죫솿퓶뎤쏷쿔볓뿬ꎬ톻욬쯹햼뗄뇈훘늻뛏쿂붵ꆣㄸ㐲쓪ꎬ훐맺뎣쓪쫤죫뗄짌욷ퟜ횵훐ꎬ톻욬뻓뗚튻캻ꎬ풼햼㔵⸲?ꎻ쏞뮨뻓뗚뛾캻ꎬ햼㈰?ꎻ쏞횯욷뻓뗚죽캻ꎬ햼㠮㐥ꆣ떽쇋ㄸ㘷쓪ꎬ톻욬쯤좻죔뻓뗚튻캻ꎬ떫뇈훘붵캪㐶?ꎻ쏞횯욷짏짽캪뗚뛾캻ꎬ햼㈱?ꆣㄸ㠵쓪횮뫳ꎬ쏞횯욷틔㌵⸷?뗄럝뛮뻓뷸뿚쎳틗뗄뗚튻캻ꎬ톻욬뇈훘붵캪㈸⸸?ꆣꋛ돶뿚랽쏦ꎬ㜰쓪듺틔잰ꎬ쮿단돶뿚튻횱쫇톸쯙퓶뎤뗄ꎬ㜰쓪듺뫳뾪쪼쟷폚쿂붵ꎬ뛸풭쏞ꆢ뚹샠ꆢ쳇샠ꆢ퇌튶ꆢ탳닺욷뗄돶뿚좴볌탸퓶볓ꎬ헢쫇틲캪놾훷틥맺볒뗄릤튵쳘뇰쫇죕놾쏞럄횯튵뫍뮯톧릤튵랢햹쯹탨ꆣㄸ㜱?ㄸ㜳쓪ꎬ쮿단솽쿮햼돶뿚ퟜ횵뗄㠷⸲?ꎻㄸ㤱?ㄸ㤳쓪ꎬ짏솽쿮뗄뇈훘쿂붵캪㔱⸵?ꆣ춬웚웤쯼얩닺욷뫍쫖릤튵욷뗄돶뿚ퟜ횵좴평ㄲ⸸?짏짽떽㐸⸵?ꆣꋜ? ꋙ 튦쿍룤ꎺꆶ훐맺뷼듺뛔췢쎳틗쪷쇏ꆷ뗚3닡ꎬ훐뮪쫩뻖ꎬ1962쓪ꎬ뗚1591튳ꆣ ꋚ 튦쿍룤ꎺꆶ훐맺뷼듺뛔췢쎳틗쪷쇏ꆷ뗚3닡ꎬ훐뮪쫩뻖ꎬ1962쓪ꎬ뗚1591튳ꆣ ꋛ 퇏훐욽ꎺꆶ훐맺쏞럄횯쪷룥ꆷꎬ뿆톧돶냦짧1955쓪ꎬ뗚8-9튳ꆣ ꋜ 퇏훐욽뗈ꎺꆶ훐맺뷼듺뺭볃쪷춳볆쇏톡벭ꆷꎬ뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ1955쓪ꎬ뗚76튳ꆣ 14
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 ㌮㈠ㄸ㘵??ㄸ㤰쓪췢틸탐퓚뮪뗄톸쯙삩헅?㌮㈮ㄠ탂짨췢틸탐?愮 믣럡틸탐뗄짨솢벰삩헅?ㄸ㘴쓪?퓂?죕뒴솢ꎬㄸ㘵쓪?퓂?죕ퟜ탐헽쪽펪튵ꎬ춬쓪?퓂짏몣럖탐뾪튵뗄믣럡틸탐ꎬ폚ㄸ㘶쓪?퓂퓚쿣룛힢닡ꎬ놾뚨캪㔰?췲풪ꎬ쫇뗚튻볒ퟜ탐짨퓚훐맺뗄췢틸탐ꆣ돉솢뗄쪱뫲ꎬ쯤좻폐킩웤쯼맺벮짌죋뫍웳튵뗄막럝ꎬ떫훷튪춶헟뫍뒴냬죋퓲쫇쓇킩퓚풶뚫뛠쓪ꎬ뢻폐짌컱뺭퇩뗄펢벮듳짌탐ꆣ믣럡틸탐퓚웤뺭펪뗄ퟮ돵쪮쓪훐틸탐닺퓶뎤쇋㈮?놶ꎬ듦뿮퓶뎤쇋㐮?놶ꎬ쳹쿖뫍믣뢶뗈믣뛒튵컱튲퓶뎤쇋㈮?놶ꆣꋙㄸ㜳쓪평폚훐맺뛔췢쎳틗쫜쫀뷧뺭볃뗄펰쿬랢짺춣훍ꎬ훂쪹믣럡틸탐돶쿖쇋돉솢쪮쓪훐뗄뗚튻룶뗍뎱ꆣ막욱쫐볛평㠰?뗄짽쮮튻횱쟣킱떽쏦횵틔쿂ꎬ돶쿖쇋쪮쓪캴폐뗄㌰?뗄쳹쮮ꆣꋚ쓪훕늻떫쎻폐럖뫬ꎬ뛸쟒뮹냑샺쓪믽듦뗄?췲ힼ놸뷰좫늿돔뗴ꆣꋛㄸ㜵쓪틔뫳ꎬ탎쫆뾪쪼뫃ꆣㄸ㜸쓪ꎬힼ놸뷰폖믖뢴떽풭살뗄쮮욽ꆣㄸ㠱ꆪㄸ㤰헢쪮쓪훐ꎬ믣럡틸탐퓸뺭솽뛈퓶볓놾ꆣ뗚튻듎퓚ㄸ㠲쓪뗗ꎬ평㔰?췲풪퓶볓떽㜵?췲풪ꎬꋜ폚ㄸ㠴쓪헐ퟣꆣ쇭튻듎퓚ㄸ㤰쓪?퓂ꎬ평㜵?췲풪퓙퓶볓떽〰췲풪ꎬꋝ폚ㄸ㤱쓪헐ퟣꆣ?戮 뗂럡틸탐뗄짨솢?뗂럡틸탐쫇ퟜ탐퓚펡뛈볓뛻룷듰뗄펢맺횳쏱뗘틸탐ꎬ돉솢폚ㄸ㘳쓪ꋞꎬㄸ㜵쓪?퓂퓚짏몣짨솢럖탐ꋟꎬ춬쓪퓚쿣룛짨솢듺샭뒦ꆣꋠ웤뫳쫽쓪폖쿈뫳퓚뢣훝ꎨㄸ㜶ꎩꆢ몺뿚ꎨㄸ㜸ꎩꆢ쿃쏅ꎨㄸ㠰ꎩ죽뒦짨솢듺샭믺릹ꆣꋡ헢룶틸탐퓚훐맺듦퓚늻떽쪮쓪ꎬ벴탐뎷췋ꆣ웤짏몣럖탐퓚ㄸ㠳쓪뎷쿺ꎬꋢ튻뛈평뮪볇퇳탐듺샭ꆣㄱ틔뫳벴늻퓙폐죎뫎믮뚯ꆣ?挮 솽볒킡탍튵틸탐뗄돉솢? ꋙ 믣럡틸탐펪튵놨룦ꎬ1865-1874쓪ꆣ ꋚ North China Heraldꎬ1876쓪3퓂23죕ꎬ뗚258튳ꎻꆶ짪놨ꆷꎬ1874쓪7퓂29죕ꆣ ꋛ North China Heraldꎬ1878쓪9퓂7죕ꎬ뗚247튳ꆣ ꋜ North China Heraldꎬ1882쓪11퓂10죕ꎬ뗚1214튳ꎻꆶ짪놨ꆷꎬ1883쓪1퓂9죕ꆣ ꋝ North China Heraldꎬ1890쓪6퓂6죕ꆣ ꋞ ꎺProgress and Development of Bankingꎬ퓘Journal of Institute of Bankerꎬ1880쓪8퓂ꎬ뗚663튳ꆣ ꋟ ꆶ짪놨ꆷꎬ1875쓪5퓂5죕ꎻNorth China Heraldꎬ1875쓪5퓂15죕ꎬ뗚467튳ꆣ ꋠ Chronicleꎬ1875쓪ꆣ ꋡ Chronicleꎬ1876쓪ꆢ1878쓪ꆢ1880쓪ꆣ ꋢ North China Heraldꎬ1883쓪11퓂14죕ꎬ뗚549튳ꆣ 11 North China Daily Newsꎬ1884쓪1퓂1죕ꎬ맣룦ꆣ 1 5
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 튻볒쫇싞뇶쪿퇳탐뾪냬뗄짏몣뛒뮻쯹ꎬ돉솢폚ㄸ㜸쓪ꎬ틔뛒뮻믵뇒뫍킡뛮뗄욱뻝쳹쿖벰뗖톺럅뿮캪훷튪튵컱ꆣꋙ쇭튻볒쫇짏몣ퟢ뷧릤늿뻖뾪냬뗄릤늿뻖뒢탮틸탐ꎬ돉솢폚ㄸ㘶쓪ꎬ틔킡뛮뒢탮캪훷튪튵컱ꎬ뾪냬튻쓪벴춣ꆣꋚㄸ㠱쓪퓙뛈뾪냬ꆣꋛ?㌮㈮㈠잰짨췢틸탐뗄엮늪랢햹?愮 싳볓샻틸탐?싳볓샻틸탐듓ㄸ㘷쓪떽ㄸ㜶쓪쪮쓪횮훐ꎬ틸탐막욱뗄쫐볛쪼훕엌탽퓚쏦횵틔쿂ꆣㄸ㜶쓪ꎬ튻헅쏦횵㈰펢냷뗄싳볓샻막욱퓚짏몣막쫐훐뗄쫐뎡몰볛ꎬ튻뛈붵훁ㄶ냷쿈쇮ꆣꋜㄸ㜱쓪싗뛘뗄쫐뎡몰볛ꎬ뗍훁ㄱ냷?쿈쇮?뇣쪿ꆣꋝ㜰쓪듺늿럖뗘쟸죧몺뿚럖탐뗄뺭펪쫜듬ꎬ늢쎻폐펰쿬떽웤쯼뗘쟸뗄뺭펪늽랥뫍뺭펪헟뗄뺭펪탅탄ꆣ?ㄸ㠰쓪뫳뗄쓪횮훐ꎬ떱듳뛠쫽췢틸탐솬?ꎥ뗄막쾢뚼쓑틔펦뢶뗄쪱뫲ꎬ싳볓샻틸탐쪼훕쓜놣돖?ꎥ뗄룟뛮막쾢ꎬ뫍믣럡뗄막쾢싊늻쿠짏쿂ꆣꋞ헢쓪횮훐ꎬ틸탐뗄놾ꎬ쯤좻쎻폐퓶볓ꎬ떫좫늿닺좴평㤰?췲냷짏짽떽ㄶ〰췲냷ꎬꋟ퓶볓쇋붫뷼튻놶ꆣ퓚훐맺ꎬ쯼뗄쫆솦튲퓚죕틦엲헍ꆣꆰ쯼퓚짏몣뗄짺틢ꎬ뗃떽듳듳뗄삩돤ꆱꆣꋠ춣횹랢탐듯ㄵ쓪뗄싳볓샻뎮욱ꎬ퓚ㄸ㠵쓪퓙뛈랢탐ꆣꋡ?戮 폐샻틸탐?틲뷰죚뚯떴ꎬㄸ㘵?ㄸ㘷쓪퓚뇰뗄췢틸탐퓢폶떽퇏훘삧쓑뗄쪱뿌ꎬ폐샻틸탐뗄펪튵놨룦짏ꎬ죔좻돶쿖뻞뛮뗄뫬샻ꆣ퓚ㄸ㘵쓪튻쓪횮훐ꎬ횧뢶뗄막쾢뻍듯떽??㈵?냷ꎬ쿠떱폚놾뗄ㄳ⸵?ꎬꋢㄸ㘷쓪뗄펯샻ꎬ퓲듯떽놾뛮뗄㈰?ꆣㄱ듋쪱ꎬ퓚훐맺웤쯼뗄럖횧믺릹폖폐뷸튻늽뗄삩헅ꆣㄸ㘶쓪몺뿚듺샭뒦돉솢ꎬㄲ듎쓪폖퓚뢣훝짨솢듺샭뒦ꆣㄳㄸ㜶쓪뫍ㄸ㠰쓪쿈뫳 ꋙ North China Daily Newsꎬ1879쓪10퓂3죕ꎬ뗚325튳ꆣ ꋚ North China Daily Newsꎬ1866쓪4퓂24죕ꎬ뗚1600튳ꆣ ꋛ BasterꎺInternational Banksꎬ뗚35튳ꆣ ꋜ North China Daily Newsꎬ1867쓪6퓂29죕ꎬ뗚3060튳ꆣ ꋝ ꎺRealms of SilverꎬLondonꎬ1954ꎬ뗚158튳ꆣ ꋞ Expressꎬ1882쓪4퓂7죕ꎬ뗚366튳ꎻNorth China Daily Newsꎬ1887쓪6퓂13죕ꎬ뗚544튳ꆣ ꋟ North China Heraldꎬ1883쓪6퓂15죕ꎬ뗚690튳ꎻ1891쓪6퓂5죕ꎬ뗚696튳ꆣ ꋠ MackenzieꎬRealms of Silverꎬ뗚76튳ꆣ ꋡ MackenzieꎬRealms of Silverꎬ뗚76튳ꆣ ꋢ North China Daily Newsꎬ1866쓪6퓂27죕ꎬ뗚1821튳ꆣ 11 North China Daily Newsꎬ1868쓪1퓂15죕ꎬ뗚3731튳ꆣ 12 The North China and Japan Desk Hong Listꎬ1876쓪ꎻThe Chronicle and Directory for ChinaꎬJapan and the Philippineꎬ1866쓪ꎻMackenzieꎬRealms of Silverꎬ뗚67튳ꎻNorth China Heraldꎬ1865쓪2퓂25죕ꎬ뗚30튳ꆣ 13 Commercial Reports from Her Majesty’s Consul in Chinaꎬ1866-1868쓪ꎬ뢣훝ꎬ뗚39튳ꆣ 16
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 퓚뻅붭ꆢ쿃쏅짨솢듺샭믺릹ꆣꋙ돽쇋믣뛒튵컱틔췢ꎬ쯼뮹퓚훐맺춨짌뿚낶뗄췢맺웳튵훐뷸탐춶ꆣꋚ?폐샻틸탐퓚㠰쓪듺헢쪮쓪훐ꎬ돊쿖돶ퟟ쿂웂슷뗄뻖쏦ꆣ짏몣럖탐퓚훐램햽헹뷸탐웚볤뗄ㄸ㠴쓪ꎬ튻뛈랢짺벷뛒럧뎱ꆣ퓚짏몣랢탐뗄뎮욱ꎬ짵훁캪훐맺잮쯹뻜뻸ꆣ틸탐붫떹뇕뗄쿻쾢ꎬ튻쪱짵쿹뎾짏ꆣꋛ뷓ퟅ퓚ㄸ㠷쓪ꎬ싗뛘ퟜ탐폖뺭샺쇋튻듎퇏훘뗄삧쓑ꆣ평폚펪튵뗄뿷쯰ꎬ쪹뗃튻쓪쯹횧뢶뗄막쾢ꎬ늻뗃늻평샺살뗄?ꎥ붵뗍떽?ꎥꆣꋜ캪쇋횧뢶헢튻뇊붵뗍쇋뗄막쾢ꎬ뻍쪹뗃뛠쓪믽샛웰살뗄ힼ놸뷰ꎬ튻듎복짙쇋㈰ꎥꆣꋝ펪튵뗄뮬웂ꎬ떼훂쇋ㄸ㤲쓪뗄룄ퟩꆣ룄ퟩ뫳뗄폐샻틸탐ꎬ쪵솦듳캪쿷죵ꆣ훁ㄹ쫀볍쒩틑쪧좥췢맺퓚뮪듳틸탐뗄뗘캻ꆣꋞ?挮 샶죧틸탐?ㄹ쫀볍㜰쓪듺횮잰ꎬ샶죧틸탐퓚훐맺뗄뺭펪믮뚯튻횱뇈뷏쮳샻ꆣ㜰쓪듺뫳ꎬ샶죧틸탐삩듳쇋뺭펪랶캧ꎬ뫜뿬?ꆰ돉캪쳹쿖뫍럅뿮쫐뎡짏뗄벤쇒뺺헹헟ꆱꆣꋟ듋췢ꎬ쯼뮹뛔쟥뎯헾뢮욵랱뗘뷸탐뷨뿮ꎬ뾪췢맺틸탐뛔훐맺헾뢮뷸탐닆헾싓뛡뗄쿈뫓ꆣꋠ㜰쓪듺쒩ꎬ쫜틸볛쿂뗸펰쿬ꎬ샶죧틸탐쿝죫삧뺳ꎬퟮ훕퓚ㄸ㠴쓪?퓂탻늼춣튵쟥샭ꆣꋡ춬쓪?퓂탂샶죧틸탐탻룦돉솢ꆣㄸ㤲쓪떱틸탐펪튵뇭쏦짏헽퓚뷚뷚짏짽횮볊ꎬ싗뛘ퟜ탐좴뒫살쇋춣튵쟥샭뗄쿻쾢ꆣꋢ?搮 뫇볓?틸탐?ㄸ㘶쓪뫇볓?틸탐놻뷰죚럧뎱돥뿥ꎬ탂뗄뫇볓?틸탐폚듎쓪틔?췲풪뗄쪵뷉놾돉솢ꎬ짏몣럖탐훘탂붨솢ꆣ퓚ㄸ㠰쓪ꆢㄸ㠵쓪뫍ㄸ㠷쓪죽쓪훐ꎬ쿈뫳퓚몺뿚ꆢ뻅붭ꆢ퇌첨죽뒦짨솢쇋듺샭믺릹ꆣㄱㄸ㤳쓪ꎬ뫇볓?틸탐춣뇕쇋짏몣럖탐ꎬ뎷돶쇋훐맺ꆣ?攮 램삼컷틸탐?램삼컷틸탐쫇듺뇭램맺틸탐놾횱뷓뷸죫맺췢믮뚯쇬폲뗄뗚튻볒틸탐ꆣㄲ쯼뫍램삼컷믰싖릫쮾튻퇹ꎬ쫇램맺놾퓚풶뚫쫐뎡짏춬펢맺뺺헹뗄훘튪릤뻟ꆣ떱쪱냍샨폫짏몣횮볤짐쎻폐횱 ꋙ The North China and Japan Desk Hong Listꎬ1876쓪ꎻThe Chronicle and Directory for ChinaꎬJapan and the Philippineꎬ1880쓪ꆣ ꋚ North China Daily Newsꎬ1867쓪3퓂2죕ꎬ뗚2655튳ꆣ ꋛ North China Heraldꎬ1884쓪5퓂23죕ꎬ뗚577튳ꎻꆶ짪놨ꆷ1884쓪7퓂9죕ꆣ ꋜ North China Daily Newsꎬ1887쓪5퓂10죕ꎬ뗚428튳ꎻ1887쓪6퓂1죕ꎬ뗚503튳ꆣ ꋝ North China Daily Newsꎬ1887쓪5퓂10죕ꎬ뗚428튳ꆣ ꋞ North China Heraldꎬ1899쓪1퓂30죕ꎬ뗚165튳ꆣ ꋟ London and China Expressꎬ1878쓪10퓂18죕ꎬ뗚1108튳ꆣ ꋠ 췴뺴폝ꎺꆶ췢맺놾퓚뷼듺훐맺뗄뷰죚믮뚯ꆷꎬ죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ1999쓪ꎬ뗚92튳ꆣ ꋡ London and China Expressꎬ1884쓪5퓂9죕ꎬ뗚506튳ꆣ ꋢ North China Heraldꎬ1894쓪1퓂19죕ꎬ뗚83튳ꆣ 11 The Chronicle and Directory for ChinaꎬJapan and the Philippineꎬ1880ꎬ1885ꎬ1887쓪ꆣ 12 BasterꎺInternational Banksꎬ뗚35튳ꆣ 1 7
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뷓뗄쎳틗맘쾵뫍뷰죚솪쾵ꎬ훐램횮볤캪쫽늻짙뗄짺쮿쎳틗튲튪춨맽싗뛘뷸탐ꆣ램맺놾볒웳춼룄뇤헢훖뻖쏦ꎬ뇣폐램삼컷틸탐퓚룕뿧죫ㄹ쫀볍㘰쓪듺뻍퓚짏몣짨솢럖탐횮뻙ꆣ떫쫇ퟮ돵쓪ꎬ쯼뺺헹늻맽펢맺틸탐ꎬ튻횱뻓폚쇓쫆ꆣ㜰쓪듺훐웚웰ꎬ훰붥폐쯹믺ꎬ?㠰쓪듺쯦ퟅ훐램햽헹뫍램맺뛔훐맺쟖싔뗄볓뷴ꎬ퓚뷰죚뷧뗄뗘캻뷸튻늽쳡룟ꆣ㠰쓪듺쒩웚틲펪튵쫜쯰뷸탐쇋룄ퟩꎬㄸ㤴쓪뫳퓚훐맺뗄튵컱평뚫랽믣샭틸탐쯹쳦듺ꆣ?㌮㌠췢틸탐퓚뮪삩헅캴틽웰즽컷욱뫅훘쫓?㌮㌮ㄠ㜰쓪듺쪼췢틸탐뿘훆훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄펰쿬?ㄹ쫀볍㜰쓪듺뾪쪼ꎬ잮놾놡죵ꎬ퓚욱뫅뫍췢틸탐뗄ꆰ럶힡ꆱ쿂랢햹ꆣ잮훰늽랢햹캪췢틸탐헦헽뗄싲냬ꎬ춬쪱췢틸탐튲뾪쪼뷩죫떽뮪짌뷨듻훐살ꎬ튻늽늽퓚싲냬뗄엤뫏쿂ꎬ쪵쿖쇋뛔훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡뗄뿘훆ꆣ췢틸탐뛔훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡뗄뿘훆훷튪쫇춨맽뿘훆뷰죚쫐뎡뗄샻싊쪵쿖뗄ꆣ?愮 싲냬잮럖쇷즽컷욱뫅믣뛒튵컱ꋙ?늿럖잮욾헌췢틸탐뗄뷨뿮ꎬ쪵솦늻퓙죵킡ꎬ쳸돶쇋잮튻뗘짨뗄좦ퟓꎬ뾪쪼퓚웤쯼돇헲짨솢럖횧믺릹ꎬ늻뷶듓쫂릤짌튵듦럅뿮튵컱ꎬ뛸쟒뾪쪼뺭펪맺쓚늿럖돇헲볤뗄믣뛒ꆣㄹ쫀볍㠰쓪듺ꎬ몼훝ꆢ짏몣ꆢ쯕훝ꆢ낲쟬ꆢ뎤즳ꆢ몺뿚뗈쇹돇쫐뗄잮ꎬ쓇킩퓚췢늺짨믲솪뫅뗄잮ꎬ닥ퟣ폚믣뛒맙뿮ꆣ맺쓚틸탐캬돖쇋냫룶쫀볍뗄럖릤ꎬ듓듋놻듲웆ꎬ욱뫅췪좫슢뛏맺쓚믣뛒뗄뻖쏦늻뢴듦퓚ꆣ잮듓냬샭짌볒뫍룶죋뿮쿮뗄믣뛒ꎬ떽뫳살뺭펪튻킩뗘랽뗄맙뿮믣뛒ꎬ튻늽늽쿲즽컷욱뫅쯹뺭펪튵컱뫋탄쟖쪴ꆣ?좻뛸듓쫂믣뛒튵컱뗄헢늿럖잮폖뇘좻쫜뿘폚췢틸탐ꎬ틲캪헢늿럖잮뿬쯙랢햹뗄풭틲퓚폚뗃떽쇋췢틸탐뗄뷨뿮ꎬ헢늿럖잮췪췪좫좫돉캪쇋췢틸탐뗄싲냬ꆣ캪쪲쎴쮵헢늿럖잮뇘좻쫜뿘폚췢틸탐쓘ꎿ뗚튻ꎬ췢틸탐쎻폐짦ퟣ뗄돇헲ꎬ잮뗄랢햹쫇퓚욱뫅뗄럶훺쿂뗃틔랢햹뗄ꎬ욱뫅쎻폐샭평럶훺잮랢햹떽폫ퟔ짭튵컱뷸탐쟀뛡ꆣ뗚뛾ꎬ횻폐퓚췢틸탐짦ퟣ뗄돇헲ꎬ잮퓚욱뫅횮췢뗄췢틸탐뗄뷰횧돖쿂닅폐뿉쓜늻맋벰벴폐뗄틸탐튵럖릤뛸랢햹ꆣ뗚죽ꎬ췢틸탐뛔럾컱폚맺쓚쎳틗뗄믣뛒튵컱퓧틑뒹쿑죽돟쇋ꆣ췢틸탐튵컱뗄삩헅맽돌짺뚯뗘쳥쿖퓚믣럡틸탐뗄랢웰쫩짏ꎬꆰ쒿잰퓚훐맺뗄췢맺틸탐ꎬ횻쫇ퟜ탐퓚펢맺믲펡뛈뗄럖횧믺릹ꎬ쯼쏇뗄쒿뗄ꎬ뻖쿞폚놾맺뫍훐맺횮볤뗄믣뛒믮뚯ꎬ뫜쓑싺ퟣ놾뗘쎳틗뗄탨튪ꎬ ꋙ 듋뒦뗄믣뛒튵컱ꎬ훷튪쫇횸뿚낶폫쓚슽뗘쟸뗄믣뛒ꆣ 18
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 뛸헢훖쎳틗뫍맽좥벸쓪뇈뷏ꎬ틑뺭뇤뗃헢퇹뗄맣랺뫍뢴퓓ꆣ믣럡틸탐뻍쫇튪쏖늹헢룶좱쿝ꆣ쯼퓚헢룶횳쏱뗘짏쯹튪좡뗃뗄뗘캻ꎬ쪵볊짏폌횮뫵펡뛈맜쟸틸탐퓚펡뛈믲헟냄듳샻퇇틸탐퓚냄훞쯹뒦뗄뗘캻ꆱꆣꋙ좻뛸ꎬ뎤웚틔살쫜쿞폚웤퓚훐맺럖횧믺릹첫짙ꎬ컞램뾪햹ꆣ춨맽폫싲냬뫏ퟷ뷸탐놾뗘쎳틗믣뛒뗄째춸쫇췪좫폐뿉쓜뗄ꆣ?戮 췢틸탐춨맽뿘훆뷨듻샻싊폫즽컷욱뫅햹뾪볛룱뺺헹?ㄹ쫀볍㜰쓪듺훐컷붻춨랽쪽뗄듳뇤뮯ꎬ췢맺틸탐뷰퓋폃폐쇋뫜듳뗄쇩믮탔ꎬ룸쇋췢맺틸탐퓋폃뷰폅쫆닙ퟷ훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡뗄뿉쓜ꆣꆰ틔잰짏몣췢맺틸탐ퟜ튪ힼ놸듳솿뷰ꎬ믲헟죫뿚쿖틸ꎬ믲헟뗷늦싗뛘ꆢ펡뛈듦뿮ꎬ틔펦뢶췺벾탨튪ꆣꆱꋚ쿖퓚ꎬ쎳틗짏뗄헢훖듴훍뷰뗄탨튪ꎬ듳듳쯵킡쇋ꎬ춬쪱뷰뮮늦뗄쇩믮탔퓲듳듳뗘퓶볓쇋ꆣ틔쿂춨맽샽횤쮵쏷췢틸탐뛔뷰죚쫐뎡뗄닙뿘ꆣ?ㄸ㜱쓪ㄱ퓂ꎬ평폚뮴퇎믣뿮뗄탨튪ꎬ짏몣뷰쇷쿲퇯훝ꎬ훨좻룟듯㌰?췲솽ꎬ쪹뷰죚쫐쏦튻뛈쪮럖뷴헅ꆣꋛ떽쇋ㄸ㜲쓪?퓂ꎬꆰ쫜짏쓪ㄱ퓂믵뇒뿖믅뗄쾮믷뮹쎻폐믖뢴맽살뗄짏몣ꆱꎬ폖뷓쫕쇋튻듎탂뗄쾮믷ꆣ쫐쏦짏틸룹뿕잰뷴헅ꎬ닰쾢뗄ퟮ룟탐쫐듯떽ㄮ?솽ꎬ퇳샥뗄ퟮ룟탐쫐퓚?퓂볤춻웆〮㜷솽뗄듳맘ꎬ듯떽〮㠰㘵뗄탂룟럥ꆣꋜ퓚췢믣쫐뎡짏ꎬꆰ룟믣싊쪹돶뿚쿝폚쿠뛔뗄춣뛙ꆱꎬꆰ싲랽쯵쫖ꎬꆱ싴랽퓲ꆰ놻웈놣쇴믵컯뛸뷓쫕믙쏰탔뗄샻싊ꆣꆱꋝ퓚ㄸ㜲쓪?퓂쓇듎뿖믅쇙뷼뷡쫸쪱ꎬ짏몣ꆶퟖ쇖탂놨ꆷꎨNorth China Daily Newsꎩ쮵뗀ꎺꆰ퓚ㄱ퓂뗄뿖믅훐ꎬ죋쏇뿉쓜볇뗃췢맺틸탐뛠짙뛔훐맺뗄짌뫅쳡릩쇋튻킩냯훺ꎬ틔펦뢶쯻쏇뗄웈쟐탨튪ꎬ듓뛸뛈맽헢룶쪱뿌뛸쎻폐퓢떽퇏훘쯰쪧ꆱꆣ뛸헢튻듎뿖믅ꎬꆰ평폚훐맺잮뫍췢맺틸탐좱랦튻훂뗄탐뚯ꎬ뫳맻뻍퇏훘쇋ꆣꆱ?ㄸ㜳쓪평폚쎳틗뗄춣훍ꎬ탂쮿짏쫐ꆰ뛸컷죋뾪냬뷏동ꆱꆣ짏몣쫐쏦틸룹틑뺭뾪쪼뷴헅ꆣ뛸췢맺틸탐뗄럅뿮ꎬ뺭뎣퓚죽냙췲솽틔짏ꆣ뻍퓚헢룶뷴헅뗄쪱뿌ꎬ췢맺틸탐늻떫ꆰ솲쫖늻럅ꆱꎬ뛸쟒냑틑럅돶뗄틸솽ꎬ튻뿚웸쫕믘㈰?췲솽ꆣ퓚틸룹ퟮ뷴벱뗄?퓂뗄튻룶탇웚쳬ꎬ폐킩췢맺틸탐뺹듲웆ꆰ쎿럪샱냝ꎬ훮쫂늻ퟷꆱ뗄샽맦ꎬꆰ죔좻ퟶ쫂쫕틸ꆱꎬ튪퓚ꆰ쫽죕횮볤ꆱꎬ냑쯹 ꋙ Heraldꎬ1864쓪8퓂6죕ꎬ뗚126튳ꆣ ꋚ Six Essays on the Trade of ShanghaiꎬꎬBankingꎬ1874쓪냦ꎬ뗚9199튳ꎻꆶ짪놨ꆷꎬ춬훎쪮튻쓪컥퓂뻅죕ꆣ ꋛ North China Daily Newsꎬ1871쓪11퓂15죕ꎬ뗚455튳ꆣ ꋜ ꆶ짏몣잮쪷쇏ꆷꎬ뗚612튳ꆢ631튳ꆣ닰쾢탐쫐횸냗틸1000솽뗄죕쾢ꎬ퇳샥탐쫐횸틸풪튻풪뗄틸솽볛룱ꆣ ꋝ North China Daily Newsꎬ1872쓪6퓂13죕ꎬ뗚547튳ꎻNorth China Heraldꎬ1872쓪6퓂15죕ꎬ뗚476튳ꆣ 1 9
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 폐ꆰ럅돶퓚췢ꆱ뗄톺뿮ꆢ뷨뿮㌰?폠췲솽ꎬꆰ튻웫쫕웰ꆱꎬ쪹짏몣ꆰ쎳틗뎡훐ꆱꎬ쿝죫ꆰ쪵쓑듫쫖ꆱ뗄뺳뗘ꆣ?ㄹ쫀볍㜰쓪듺뫳웚ꎬ췢맺틸탐춨맽뛔잮럅뿮뗄쫕쯵살뿘훆짏몣뷰죚쫐뎡ꆣ췢맺틸탐뛔잮뗄럅뿮놣돖퓚㌰?췲솽틔짏ꎬ튻떩쫐쏦쇷춨믵뇒뗍폚헢룶쫽뛮ꎬ틸룹솢벴뇤뗄뷴헅ꆣ?췢틸탐욾뷨탛뫱뗄솦ꎬ춨맽펰쿬놾뗘쇷춨춨믵뿘훆뷰죚쫐뎡ꎬퟳ폒뷨듻쫐뎡샻싊ꎬ닙뿘믣뮮쪱볛ꎬ폫즽컷욱뫅햹뾪볛룱뺺헹ꎬ뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄튵컱뺭펪퓬돉튻뚨뗄췾킲ꆣ욱뫅뺭샭샮뫪쇤퓚쯻뗄ꆶ즽컷욱짌돉냜볇ꆷ훐퓸짺뚯뗘쏨믦쇋췢틸탐폫즽컷욱뫅뗄볛룱뺺헹ꆰ룷맺틸탐뢴뷓뛸훁ꎬ돶좫솦폫컒뺺헹ꆭꆭ컒탐듦뿮훁뛠쿲늻맽쯄샥탐쾢ꎬ뛸틸탐퓲뿉뗃컥쇹샥ꎬ럅뿮헟틔뇋샻뛠ꎬ쯬쳡컒횮뿮ꎬ틆폚뇋뒦ꆣ쟒뇋킮맺뿢ꎬ랪뿢횮솦ꎬ닆탛뫱ꎬ폐폠퓲쯵복샻쾢ꎬ즢늼쫐쏦ꎬ컒폻늻복늻뗃튲ꆣ늻ퟣ퓲튻뿚컼뺡ꎬ샻쾢뛙뎤ꎬ컒폻늻퓶폖늻뗃튲ꎬ뇋쪵쪩닙ퟝ횮좨ꎬ컒쪱쪱듓죋횮뫳ꎬ웤돔뿷죝폐쫽뫵ꎿ훁췢틸탐ꎬ붥붫벰폚쓚뗘ꎬ쯹폐짌볒쎳틗ꎬ맙짰듦뿮ꎬ뇘붫뺡솦쯹뛡ꆣ췢죋횮쯘쾰짌햽ꎬ퓲럇컒쯹쓜뗐ꆣ쫔컊컒탐짌폐뫎쫂뿉ퟶ뫵ꎿꆱ?㌮㌮㈠㠰쓪듺틔뫳췢틸탐쪵솦삩헅뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄펰쿬?ㄹ쫀볍㜰쓪듺쪼ꎬ췢틸탐뿘훆훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡ꎬ㠰쓪듺틔뫳ꎬ췢틸탐닙ퟝ훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡뗄탎쫆룼볓쏷쿔ꆣ헢쪹뗃췢틸탐룼뫃뗘뺭펪틸탐튵컱폐쇋뫜듳뗄뇣샻쳵볾ꆣ㠰쓪듺횮잰ꎬ즽컷욱뫅퓚뛔췢쎳틗훐웰떽쇋벫캪훘튪뗄늻뿉믲좱뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ엓듳뗄뷸돶뿚쎳틗뛮ꎬ뇘좻튪춨맽룷뿚낶뗄췌췂닅쓜쪵쿖뗄ꆣ뛸쎿룶뿚낶ꎬ늻맜쫇췢믵뗄뷸뿚ꎬ뮹쫇맺믵뗄돶뿚ꎬ튲늻맜쫇뮪짌뮹쫇췢짌냑믵컯평뿚낶쿺췹쓚뗘ꎬ믲평쓚뗘쫕릺췁쳘닺욷랷퓋떽뿚낶ꎬ뇘좻틽웰뿚낶뫍쓚뗘돇헲횮볤듳솿뗄믵뇒쇷춨ꆣ퓚쎻폐췢맺틸탐뗄탭뛠돇헲ꎬ듳솿뗄믵뇒쇷춨뚼쫇평즽컷욱뫅춨맽믣뛒랽쪽쪵쿖뗄ꆣ뛸뷸죫㠰쓪듺ꎬ냩쯦ퟅ쎳틗췸뗄삩듳ꎬ췢틸탐늻뛏삩돤믺릹떽웤쯼뿚낶ꎬ뾪쪼쇋뛔즽컷욱뫅듦ꆢ럅ꆢ믣뗈튵컱뗄럖쇷ꆣ?愮 횽뇒랢탐튵컱뗄삩돤?췢맺틸탐퓚훐맺랢탐횽뇒뗄샺쪷뿉틔ힷ쯝떽ㄹ쫀볍㐰쓪듺훐웚ꆣꋙ좻뛸뎤웚틔살ꎬ튻냣훐맺짌죋뛔췢맺횽뇒닉좡뻜뻸첬뛈ꎬ훐맺죋뛔쯼뮹쫇늻탅죎뗄ꆣ뷸죫㠰쓪듺ꎬ쯦ퟅ쎳틗췸뗄삩듳ꎬ췢맺틸탐랢탐뗄횽뇒죕틦놻훐맺쫐뎡쯹뷓쓉ꆣ㠰쓪듺돵웚튻볒펢맺퓚짏몣뗄놨횽퓸킴 ꋙ :Money and Money Policy in Chinaꎬ1845-1895ꆤ1965쓪냦ꎬ뗚98튳ꆣ 20
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 뗀ꎺꆰ뚫랽뗄놾뗘뻓쏱헽쓪뢴튻쓪뗘풽살풽타짍튻훖뛔쯻쏇쮵살뺭뎣놣돖만뚨볛횵뗄춨믵ꋙꆱꆣ떽쇋㠰쓪듺쒩웚ꎬꆰ놾뗘죋쓾풸튪믣럡틸탐뗄뎮욱뛸늻풸튪쯻쏇ퟔ벺잮뗄욱ퟓ쇋ꆱꆣꋚ?췢맺틸탐횽뇒랢탐튵컱뗄삩돤ꎬ뇭쏦짏뾴늻믡뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄뺭펪퓬돉횱뷓펰쿬ꎬ떫쫂쪵짏좷쫇췢맺틸탐퓚훐맺짌죋훐쫷솢탅죎뛈뗄쿳헷ꎬ캪췢맺틸탐폫즽컷욱뫅뗄튵컱뺺헹뗬뚨쇋좺훚믹뒡ꆣ?戮 뛔즽컷욱뫅믣뛒튵컱ꋛ뗄럖쇷?냑뷰죚췸ꆰ삩돤떽쎻폐짨솢믺릹뗄웤쯼뿚낶훐좥ꆱꎬ헢쫇ㄹ쫀볍㠰쓪듺췢틸탐뗄뿚뫅ꆣꋜ췢틸탐뗄ퟣ벣쯦ퟅ쎳틗췸뗄삩듳뛸삩돤ꆣ쿂쏦틔믣럡틸탐캪샽살쮵쏷떱쪱췢틸탐뷰죚췸뗄삩돤ꆣ?ㄸ㘶?ㄸ㜵쓪ꎬ믣럡틸탐틑뺭쿈뫳퓚짏몣ꆢ뢣훝ꆢ쿃쏅ꆢ쓾늨ꆢ짇춷ꆢ몺뿚뗈뗘짨솢쇋럖탐믲듺샭믺릹ꆣㄸ㜶쓪퇌첨쳵풼잩뚩떱쓪ꎬ쯼퓚퇌첨짨솢쇋듺샭믺릹ꆣㄸ㜹쓪ꎬ뻅붭듺샭믺릹돉솢ꆣㄸ㠰쓪ꎬ퓚맣훝짨솢럖탐ꎬ춬쪱퓚룕뾪늺늻뻃뗄놱몣짨솢쇋듺샭믺릹ꆣㄸ㠱쓪ꎬ폖퓚쳬뷲짨솢쇋럖탐ꎬ춬쪱퓚냄쏅짨솢듺샭믺릹ꆣㄸ㠵쓪ꎬ믣럡틸탐폖냑뒥탫짬쿲쇋뺩쪦ꆣㄸ㠶쓪ꎬ폖퓚첨췥캨튻뗄춨짌뿚낶ꆪꆪ듲릷짨솢쇋듺샭믺릹ꆣꋝ훁듋튻룶퇏쏜뗄뷰죚췸탎돉쇋ꎬ췢맺틸탐닥쫖훐맺춨짌뿚낶뗄늺볊믣뛒훰붥웕뇩뮯쇋ꆣ?뻍쓃몺뿚살쮵ꎬㄹ쫀볍㠰쓪듺틔잰ꎬ췢맺틸탐쯤쮵튲냬샭몺뿚폫짏몣횮볤뗄믣뛒튵컱ꎬ떫쫇퓋쿖죔쫇떱쪱쟥뎥듻뿮뗄훷튪탎쪽ꆣ퓋쿖뗄복짙퓚㠰쓪듺쒩웚뾪쪼쿔훸ꆣ㤰쓪듺돵웚뗄몺뿚몣맘놨룦훐킴뗀ꎺ놾뗘ꆰ췢맺틸탐뗄튵컱ꎬ틔폐맘단튶벰웤쯼췁닺뗄믵뇒붻틗캪쿞ꆣ벸쓪틔잰ꎬ냗틸뷸뿚듳솿퓶볓ꎬ뿉쓜쫇평폚헢룶풭틲ꆣ좻뛸ퟮ뷼랢쿖훐맺잮뇈뷏풸틢틔췢맺틸탐뗄믣욱쿲짏몣믣뿮ꎬ헢뿉쓜쫇냗틸돶뿚복짙뗄풭틲ꆱꆣ뿉틔뾴돶훐맺짌죋뛔췢맺틸탐쳘뇰쫇믣럡틸탐뗄탅삵돌뛈ꆣ?좻뛸듋쪱뗄즽컷욱뫅ꎬ퓚늺볊볤믣뛒튵컱룸짌죋쯹쓜쳡릩뗄뇣샻탔짏살쮵ꎬ뫍췢틸탐쿠뇈틑뺭쏷쿔늻햼폅쫆ꆣ틲욱뫅튵컱훘탄평짌튵믣뛒쿲헾뢮릫뿮믣뛒뗄틆ꎬ쪹뗃늺볊쎳틗뗄믵뇒쟥뎥퓚뫜듳돌뛈짏뮹쫇틀뾿뷢쿖살췪돉뗄ꎬ쿖틸뗄춬쪱쫤뷸쫤돶쿖쿳퓚떱쪱튲쿠떱웕뇩ꆣ뫜쏷쿔ꎬㄹ쫀볍㠰쓪듺틔뫳ꎬ즽컷욱뫅뿚낶폫뿚낶횮볤뗄믣뛒튵컱믹놾즥쪧ꎬ뛸평췢틸탐폫훐맺잮릲춬떣떱ꆣ? ꋙ 폐ꆰ만뚨볛횵뗄춨믵ꆱꎬ횸뗄쫇췢맺틸탐뗄횽뇒ꆣ ꋚ North China Heraldꎬ1889쓪11퓂29죕ꎬ뗚662튳ꆣ ꋛ 듋뒦뗄믣뛒튵컱ꎬ훷튪쫇횸뿚낶폫뿚낶횮볤뗄믣뛒ꆣ ꋜ North China Daily Newsꎬ1887쓪11퓂10죕ꎬ뗚455튳ꆣ ꋝ 췴뺴폝ꎺꆶ췢맺놾퓚뷼듺훐맺뗄뷰죚믮뚯ꆷꎬ죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ1999쓪ꎬ뗚167튳ꆣ 2 1
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 挮 뛔즽컷욱뫅듦뿮튵컱뗄럖쇷?ㄹ쫀볍㠰쓪듺ꎬ췢맺틸탐뗄듦뿮튵컱뗃떽쇋뿕잰뗄삩헅ꆣ틔췢맺퓚뮪틸탐뗄쇺춷ꆪꆪ믣럡틸탐캪샽럖컶웤뛔욱뫅듦뿮튵컱뗄럖쇷ꆣ?ㄹ쫀볍㠰쓪듺틔뫳ꎬ믣럡틸탐뗄듦뿮튵컱돶쿖쇋튻룶쿔훸쳘헷ꆣ퓚듋횮잰ꎬ믣럡틸탐쯹컼쫕뗄뮪죋듦뿮ꎬ훷튪살ퟔ폚짌뷧훐죋ꆣ㠰쓪듺뫳ꎬ튻룶쿔훸뗄뇤뮯쫇평짌뷧쿲췢뗄퇓짬ꎬ냑듦뿮튵컱쿲훐맺짧믡뗄솽벫랢햹ꆣ쯼냑믱좡듦뿮뗄뒥탫튻랽쏦짬쿲쯵틂뷚쪳뗄짽뚷킡쏱ꎻ튻랽쏦짬쿲믽폱뛑뷰뗄뫀짰듳샴ꆣ?믣럡틸탐춨맽뾪냬뒢탮튵컱컼쫕짽뚷킡쏱뗄듦뿮ꆣㄸ㠱쓪?퓂ㄹ죕ꎬ짏몣뒢탮늿돉솢ꎬ웤돉솢돵훔뻍퓚폚컼쫕킡뛮듦뿮ꆣ쯼쯹뷓쫜뗄듦뿮ꎬퟮ뗍뿉틔ꆰ평튻풪웰ꆱꎬퟮ룟튻듎ꆰ늻뗃뎬맽튻냙풪ꆱꆣ췢맺틸탐쟡뛸틗뻙뗄힡쇋췪좫늻놻즽컷욱뫅쯹뾴뫃뗄ꆰ킡뛮듦뿮ꆱꆣ좻뛸췢맺틸탐늢쎻폐싺ퟣ폚짽뚷킡쏱뗄ꆰ믽탮ꆱꎬ폖뾪쪼냑쫖짬쿲쇋훐맺짧믡뗄짏닣뷗벶ꆪꆪ맙뎡죋컯ꆣㄹ쫀볍㠰쓪듺돵ꎬ믣럡틸탐뷸죫쳬뷲뫳ꎬ뺩뷲솽뗘뗄듯맙맳죋럗럗붫뻛솲뗄잮닆듦죫믣럡ꎬ헢틑쫇훚쯹릫죏뗄쫂쪵ꆣꋙ폐맘맙뎡죋컯듦뿮폚췢맺틸탐뗄볇퓘뫜뛠ꆣ㤰쓪듺틔뫳ꎬ쇷뒫뗄ꆶ췴쟤뇊볇ꆷ훐킴뗀ꎺ떱쪱맙짌횮듦뿮폚췢맺틸탐헟ꎬ맀볆폐튻틚죽쯄잧췲풪ꆣ떥쫇믣럡튻볒뻍폐웟잧폠췲ꆣ?퓚췢틸탐캴좡뗃맺죋냼삨럢붨맙샴탅죎쪱ꎬ럢붨맙샴욾뷨좨솦ꎬ쯑많쏱닆ꎬ듳솿쮽탮믹놾뚼듦죫욱뫅ꆣ틲캪뎤웚틔살욱뫅폫맙샴횮볤ꎬ욱뫅탨튪솪쾵맙샴ꎬ틔컼쫕듦뿮ꎬ삩듳놾살풴ꎻ춬쪱맙샴튲탨튪욱뫅캪웤듦믣틸솽ꎬ틔벰쿲욱뫅뷨듻틸솽ꎬ쮫랽쮭튲샫늻뾪쮭ꆣ떱췢틸탐돶쿖늢훰늽좡뗃럢붨맙샴뗄탅죎뫳ꎬ맙샴쏇랢쿖ꎬ뎤웚뻛솲뗄늻뿉볻맢뗄잮닆ꎬ듦퓚췢틸탐쯆뫵룼캪낲좫틾뇎ꎬ튻늿럖맙샴뻍붫틔잰룃듦욱뫅뗄잮캪듦죫췢틸탐ꆣ헢뛔틔맙쇅쮽죋듦뿮ퟷ캪훷튪듦뿮살풴횮튻뗄즽컷욱뫅쫇튻룶잱퓚뗄듲믷ꆣ떫쫇즽컷욱뫅듋쪱좴늢캴폐쯹믘믷ꎬ틲캪즽컷욱뫅싺ퟣ폚ퟔ벺쯹햼뗄틑폐럝뛮ꆣ?搮 뛔즽컷욱뫅듻뿮튵컱뗄럖쇷?ㄹ쫀볍㠰쓪듺틔뫳ꎬ췢맺틸탐돽쇋풭폐뗄짌튵럅뿮틔췢ꎬ뾪쪼욵랱뗄뛔쟥헾뢮뷸탐닆헾뷨뿮ꎨ맘폚닆헾뷨뿮뗄뻟쳥쮵쏷믡퓚뗚컥헂ퟅ훘쳡돶ꎬ듋뒦횻볲떥쏨쫶ꎩꆣ헢뛔폚뫳웚힢폚캪헾뢮럾컱뗄즽컷욱뫅살쮵ꎬ컞틉쫇웤헦헽놯뻧뗄뾪쪼ꆣ폫듋춬쪱ꎬ췢틸탐폫훐맺짌죋뫍잮뗄맘쾵튲룼캪쟗쏜쇋ꆣ췢틸탐폫잮튻훂탐뚯욵랱샻폃럅뿮뗄짬쯵닙ퟝ뷰죚쫐뎡ꆣㄸ㠱쓪ꎬ짏몣뗄훐맺잮뫍췢맺틸탐튻웰ꎬ죋캪뗘쫕쯵틸룹ꎬ쳡룟쫐뎡샻싊ꎬ뷸탐춶믺믮뚯ꆣ? ꋙ ꆶ뺭볃퇐뺿쯹벯뾯ꆷ뗚11벯ꎬ1988쓪냦ꎬ뗚158튳ꆣ 22
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 돽뛔샻싊뗄뿘훆틔췢ꎬ듓훐맺뗄뗚튻뇊췢햮뾪쪼ꎬ훐맺뗄몣맘쮰쫕뻍돉캪훐맺헾뢮뛔췢뷨뿮뗄뗖톺욷ꆣꋙ쟥헾뢮쯹뷨뗄뗚튻뇊췢햮쫇붭쯕쯕쯉첫뗀컢붡헂쿲짏몣퇳탐뷨뿮ㄲ⸷췲폠솽ꆣꋚㄸ㘲쓪ㄱ퓂ꎬ뗚튻뇊평췢맺틸탐돐듻뗄췢햮퓲쫇평낢볓?틸탐듻뿮룸쯕쯉첫뗀컢뗄ꆣꋛㄸ㜴쓪ꎬ믣럡틸탐뾪쪼떥뛀듻뿮룸쟥헾뢮ꎬ뗚튻뇊쫇첨췥몣럀듳뎼짲?뗄ꆰ뢣붨첨럀뷨뿮ꆱ㈰?췲솽ꆣㄸ㜵쓪?퓂ꎬ샶죧틸탐튲듻룸쟥헾뢮㈰?췲솽ꆣㄸ㜷쓪훁ㄸ㠱쓪볤믣럡틸탐솬탸죽듎듻룸쟥헾뢮짂룊ퟜ뚽ퟳퟚ쳄뗄ꆰ컷헷뷨뿮ꆱ릲㜵췲솽ꆣ㠰쓪듺틔뫳ꎬ믣럡틸탐퓚싗뛘쫐뎡ퟷ캪뫳뛜뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ뾪쪼퓚훐맺뺳쓚뷸탐뻞뛮듻뿮ꆣ?攮 욱뫅떹헋떹뇕?㜰쓪듺틔잰ꎬ훐맺뛔췢쎳틗쫐뎡뗄볛룱믹놾짏쫇평훐맺랽쏦뗄틲쯘뻶뚨뗄ꆣ㘰쓪듺ꎬ싗뛘뗄뮪단쫐뎡뎣뎣돶쿖헢퇹뗄쟩뿶ꎺ단튶뗄볛룱ꎬ췹췹쯦단튶듦믵뗄퓶볓뛸짏짽ꎻ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ싗뛘쫐뎡단튶볛룱뗄쿂붵ꎬ퓲뫜쓑쪹ꆰ몺뿚맽룟뗄단볛쿂붵뛾솽ꆣꆱꋜ㜰쓪듺웰ꎬ쯦ퟅ쯕틁쪿퓋뫓뗄춨몽뫍뗧톶붻춨뗄붨솢ꎬ훐맺뛔췢쎳틗쫐뎡뗄볛룱훰붥평훐맺랽쏦뻶뚨쿲평뛔랽틲쯘뻶뚨ꆣ?퓚훐맺뛔췢쎳틗쫐뎡뗄뿘훆좨헆컕퓚췢짌쫖샯뫳ꎬ췢맺짌죋뛔훐맺짺닺헟춨맽짌욷쫐뎡뿘훆뗄맽돌ꎬ튲뻍돉캪쇋췢맺틸탐춨맽뷰죚쫐뎡뿘훆훐맺짺닺헟뗄맽돌ꆣ퓚튦컽맢뗄ꆶ뎾듓뎮ꆷ훐킴뗀ꎺꆰ랲훐맺횮랷쮿단헟ꎬ벸폚쪮쯪뛸뻅뿷ꆣ웤맊평폚퇳짌횮샕볛ꆣ퇳짌횮샕볛ꎬ평폚룷랷횮헹쫛ꆣ룷랷횮헹쫛ꎬ평폚랷쮿단헟ꎬ늢럇뢻짌ꎬ웤놾틸볈웈ꎬ쿞웚쾢틸틠훘ꎬ폚쫇돶쫛늻쓜짔뮺ꎬ퇳짌쓋훘틖볛틔삧횮ꎬ훐짌컞뿉죧뫎튲ꆣꆱ쫂쪵짏쾢틸뗄ퟮ뫳믱뗃헟뻍쫇췢틸탐ꎬ쯻쏇뒦퓚쒻뫳ꎬ떼퇝ퟅ웤싲냬쯹ퟷ캪뗄튻쟐ꆣ뛸훐맺짌죋퓚샕볛쯰쪧뫍샻쾢쯰쪧훐좨뫢ꎬ캪쇋뗈듽룼뫃뗄쿺쫛쪱믺ꎬ튻냣쓾풸톡퓱뷓쫜늻쪤뫉뢺뗄샻쾢뢺떣ꆣ?췢맺짌죋뫍췢맺틸탐뗄늽뗷튻훂ꎬퟮ훕떼훂쇋훐맺쮿단짌튵뗄뿷놾뫍떹뇕ꎬ쪹뗃즽컷욱뫅뗄떹헋냙돶ꆣ듋쪱뗄즽컷욱뫅늻떫컞쯹랴뾹랴뛸붫튵컱훘탄평짌튵믣뛒쿲헾뢮릫뿮믣뛒틆ꎬ늿쏅캴벰쪱틆ꎬ쫔춼랴뾹뗄욱뫅훕뺿쫆떥솦놡늻뗐췢틸탐뫍잮뗄솪뫏ꆣ퓚릤짌튵뺭펪헟럗럗떹뇕쪱뇘좻믡솬샛떽욱뫅ꆣ㜰쓪듺쒩떽㠰쓪듺쒩ꎬ평폚췢맺놾훷틥뗄쟖싔믮뚯ꎬ쪹뗃욱뫅떹헋듯벸냙췲솽ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ욱뫅퓚떹헋횮훐ꎬ폐뗄춣튵맘뇕ꎬ퓢떽쇋쯼랢짺틔살뗄뛲퓋ꆣꋝ? ꋙ 탬틥짺ꎺꆶ훐맺뷼듺췢햮쪷춳볆쇏ꆷꎨ1853-1927ꎩꎬ훐뮪쫩뻖1962쓪냦ꎬ뗚4-5튳ꆣ ꋚ 탬틥짺ꎺꆶ훐맺뷼듺췢햮쪷춳볆쇏ꆷꎨ1853-1927ꎩꎬ훐뮪쫩뻖1962쓪냦ꎬ뗚4튳ꆣ ꋛ 탬틥짺ꎺꆶ훐맺뷼듺췢햮쪷춳볆쇏ꆷꎨ1853-1927ꎩꎬ훐뮪쫩뻖1962쓪냦ꎬ뗚4튳ꆣ ꋜ North China Daily Newsꎬ1866쓪6퓂22죕ꎬ뗚1805튳ꆣ ꋝ 믆본믔ꎺꆶ즽컷욱뫅쪷ꆷꎬ즽컷뺭볃돶냦짧ꎬ1992쓪ꎬ뗚250튳ꆣ 2 3
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 ㌮㌮㌠킡뷡?뷸죫ㄹ쫀볍㜰쓪듺틔살ꎬ췢틸탐솪뫏잮캪훐췢짌죋쳡릩뇣샻ꎬ볓뿬쇋췢맺놾훷틥쟖싔훐맺뗄늽랥ꆣ?ㄹ쫀볍㜰쓪듺쪼훁㠰쓪듺훕ꎬ뛔폚즽컷욱뫅살쮵쫇웤듳랢햹쪱웚ꎬ좻뛸췢틸탐좴뾪쪼뛔웤쯹뺭펪뗄튵컱뚼폐쯹짦ퟣꎬ틅몶뗄쫇즽컷욱뫅늢캴닉좡탐뚯벰쪱뗷헻ꆣ듦뿮튵컱짏ꎬ췢틸탐쫗쿈첤죫늢컈만쇋즽컷욱뫅ꆰ뾴늻짏ꆱ뗄짽뚷킡쏱뗄킡뛮듦뿮ꎬ뷓ퟅ쿲즽컷욱뫅뗄듦뿮살풴훘탄ꆪꆪ럢붨맙샴짬좥ꆰ뇣샻ꆱ횮쫖ꆣ듻뿮튵컱짏ꎬ췢틸탐퓚늻뚪짌튵듻뿮틔뿘훆훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡뗄잰쳡쿂ꎬ쿫랽짨램뾪쪼쿲쟥헾뢮닆헾뷨뿮짬쫖ꎬ듸돶쇋룼캪쏷쿔뗄헾훎쒿뗄ꎬ헢믲탭돉캪쇋훷튪캪헾뢮럾컱뗄즽컷욱뫅뛲퓋뗄뾪뛋ꆣ믣뛒튵컱짏ꎬ췢틸탐튻랽쏦춨맽ퟔ짭뷰죚췸뗄삩헅ꎬ냑럖횧믺릹짨솢떽쇋룼뛠뗄뿚낶ꎬ햼폐쇋풭쫴폚즽컷욱뫅뗄뿚낶볤뗄믣뛒튵컱ꎻ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ춨맽냯럶웤싲냬ꆪꆪ잮ꎬ쪹웤폐쪵솦퓚웤쯼돇헲짨솢럖횧믺릹ꎬ뾪쪼짦ퟣ튻횱평즽컷욱뫅슢뛏뗄뿚낶폫쓚슽볤뗄믣뛒튵컱ꆣ?췢틸탐듋쪱뛔욱뫅튵컱뗄헹뛡ꎬ뮹뒦퓚횻ꆰ짬쫖ꆱ뗄맽돌ꎬ쪵볊짏떽뗄뚫컷늢늻뛠ꎬ즽컷욱뫅틲퓝캴뾴떽맽듳쯰쪧뛸쎻벰쪱랴펦ꆣ틲캪듋쪱뗄욱뫅틠뒦폚웤듳랢햹쪱웚ꎬ춨맽ퟔ짭뗄튵컱뒴탂틔벰뫍릤짌튵ꆢ쟥헾뢮맘쾵뗄릮만ꎬ췢틸탐뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄튵컱쟖쪴퓚즽컷욱뫅뗄뺭펪맽돌훐늢캪쏷쿔쿔쿖ꆣ춬쪱췢틸탐뛔훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡뗄뿘훆쳘뇰쫇뛔뷨듻샻싊뗄뿘훆ꎬ즽컷욱뫅튲뷶뷶쫇쫊떱닉좡뗍샻뺺헹ꎬ늢캴듓룹놾짏뗷헻웤뺭펪햽싔폨틔믘믷ꆣ뇈죧쮵ꎬ욱뫅뺭펪쳘뎤쫇맺쓚믣뛒ꎬ퓚벤쇒뗄쫐뎡뺺헹훐ꎬ쯼펦떱뺭펪뗃룼쇩믮ꎬ룸뿍뮧틔룼뛠랽뇣뫍쪵믝ꆣ쫂쪵짏ꎬ췢틸탐뛔뿍뮧믣뿮쫽뛮뗄뛠맑쫇컞죎뫎쿞훆뗄ꎬ뛸욱뫅좴ꆰ횴틢뗘볡돖럇폐튻룶듳뛮믹쫽늻뿉ꆱꆣ틔짏쯹쫶뻹캪ퟮ훕즽컷욱뫅뗄뿥첨싱쿂쇋럼뇊ꆣ?24
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 ??췢틸탐퓚뮪잿쫆뗘캻뗬뚨쪱웚뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄펰쿬?㐮ㄠ짧믡뺭볃놳뺰?쪮뻅쫀볍쒩뛾쪮쫀볍돵ꎬ쫀뷧놾훷틥틑뺭랢햹떽쇋뗛맺훷틥뷗뛎ꆣ쯼쏇뛔횳쏱뗘뗄튪쟳룼볓웈쟐ꎬ쿠뮥횮볤헹뛡횳쏱뗘뗄뚷헹튲뻍룼볓뗄벤쇒ꆣ?퓚볗컧햽헹잰ꎬ룷놾훷틥맺볒뛔훐맺뗄쟖싔랽쪽뮹훷튪춣쇴퓚짌욷쫤돶ꆣ떱맽뛉떽뗛맺훷틥뷗뛎뫳ꎬ놾훷틥맺볒뗄쟖싔랽쪽뇣듓짌욷쫤돶삩듳떽놾쫤돶ꎬ늢쟒놾쫤돶뗄폻췻튲뇤뗃풽살풽잿쇒ꎬ짵훁웳춼쿲훐맺퓙튻듎랢뚯커ힰ쟖싔틔즨쟥뛔훐맺놾쫤돶뗀슷짏뗄헏낭ꆣ훕폚퓚ㄸ㤴쓪죕놾뚯쫖죫쟖ꎬ놬랢쇋훐죕볗컧햽헹ꎬퟮ훕쟥헾뢮닒냜ꎬ잩뚩쇋쟼죨뗄ꆶ십맘쳵풼ꆷꆣ듓듋ꎬ훐맺늻뷶돉캪쇋뗛맺훷틥뗄짌욷쟣쿺쫐뎡ꎬ튲돉캪쇋뗛맺훷틥놾쫤돶뗄뎡쯹ꆣ?볗컧햽헹뫳ꎬ튻랽쏦뗛맺훷틥볓뷴쟖싔훐맺퇘몣뻼룛ꎬ늢짮죫쓚뗘싓뛡슷뿳좨틦ꎬ뮮럖쫆솦랶캧ꎬ웳춼맏럖훐맺ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ볗컧햽냜뛔훐맺죋쏱살쮵쫇튻룶뫜듳뗄듌벤ꎬ폚쫇늻뻃뇣쿆웰쇋캬탂퓋뚯ꆣㄸ㤸쓪놬랢쇋짹쫆뫆듳뗄틥뫍췅랴뗛퓋뚯ꆣㄹ〵쓪ꎬ쯯훐즽퓚죕놾솪뫏탭뛠룯쏼췅쳥돉솢쇋ꆰ훐맺룯쏼춬쏋믡ꆱꎬ틔ꆰ쟽돽슲ꎬ믖뢴훐뮪ꎬ붨솢쏱맺ꎬ욽뻹뗘훆ꆱ캪룙쇬ꎬ퓚룷쪡뫍몣쓚췢붨솢룯쏼ퟩ횯ꎬ뛠듎랢뚯커ힰ웰틥ꎬ캪탁몥룯쏼ힼ놸쇋쳵볾ꆣㄹㄱ쓪ꎬ쟥헾뢮돶싴쳺슷탞훾좨?벤웰쇋좫맺죋쏱뗄랴뛔ꆣ퓂죕커닽웰틥놬랢ꎬ룷쪡럗럗쿬펦ꎬ솽룶퓂쓚벴폐뛵ꆢ쿦ꆢ짂ꆢ룓ꆢ뷺ꆢ잭ꆢ쯚ꆢ헣ꆢ맰ꆢ췮ꆢ퓁ꆢ쏶ꆢ뒨뗈쪡쿈뫳탻늼뛀솢ꎬ쟥헾뢮톸쯙뷢쳥ꆣ쯯훐즽쿈짺폚ㄲ퓂믘맺ꎬ뺭쪮웟쪡듺뇭믡틩췆뻙캪쇙쪱듳ퟜ춳ꆣㄹㄲ쓪?퓂ꎬ퓚룷엉헾훎솦솿뗄뷇훰훐풬쫀뾭쪩햹틵쒱뻍죎듳ퟜ춳ꎬ쟔뛡쇋탁몥룯쏼쪤샻맻쪵ꆣ듓ㄹㄲ쓪?ㄹ㈷쓪쫇놱퇳뻼랧헾뢮춳훎쪱웚ꎬ놱퇳뻼랧룷엉쾵퓚룷ퟔ뗛맺훷틥훷ퟓ뗄횧돖쿂ꎬ햹뾪쇋헹뛡뗘엌뗄뚷헹ꎬ뎤웚믬햽ꎬ퇏훘뗘웆뮵쇋훐맺뗄짧믡뺭볃ꎬ볓쯙쇋얩튵뗄웆닺ꆣㄹ㈱쓪ꎬ훐맺릲닺떳헽쪽돉솢ꆣ퓚훐맺릲닺떳뗄쇬떼쿂ꎬ믽벫뾪햹릤죋ꆢ얩쏱퓋뚯ꎬ늢솪뫏쯯훐즽쯹쇬떼뗄맺쏱떳ퟩ횯맺쏱춳튻햽쿟뫍룯쏼뻼뛓ꆣㄹ㈷쓪ꎬ평폚닺뷗벶폒틭뫍뗛맺훷틥벰럢붨훷틥싲냬쫆솦쿠뮥릴뷡ꆢ엑뇤ꎬ뗚튻듎맺쓚룯쏼햽헹쪧냜쇋ꆣ?2 5
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 㐮㈠ㄸ???ㄹ㈷쓪췢틸탐퓚뮪잿쫆뗘캻뗄뗬뚨?뷸죫ㄹ쫀볍㤰쓪듺뫳ꎬ펢맺틸탐뛀냔뗄뻖쏦뛙좻룄뇤ꎬ룷훷튪놾훷틥맺볒뚼퓚훐맺짨솢솦탛뫱뗄틸탐ꎬ퓚ㄸ㤰?ㄹ〲쓪뗄ㄳ쓪볤ꎬ뗂맺뗄뗂뮪틸탐ꆢ죕놾뗄뫡뇵헽뷰틸탐ꆢ뛭맺뗄뮪뛭뗀쪤틸탐ꆢ램맺뗄뚫랽믣샭틸탐뫍쏀맺뗄뮨웬틸탐쿠볌짨솢ꎬ볓짏풭틑듦퓚뛠쓪뗄펢맺믣럡틸탐ꎬ탎돉쇹잿늢듦뗄뺺헹뻖쏦ꆣ?뗂뮪틸탐ꎨDeutsche-Asiatisehe Bankꎩ쫇튻볒폚1889쓪9퓂퓚냘쇖평뗂틢횾틸탐ꆢ맺볒쳹쿖릫쮾뫍췟즳릫쮾랢웰뒴솢뗄틸탐ꆣ헢3룶떥캻볓뮪첩틸탐뫍쮹첹틲퇳탐볆5룶떥캻릲춶듯230췲솽ꎬ햼헢볒틸탐450췲솽놾ퟜ뛮뗄튻냫틔짏ꆣ뗂맺헢킩슢뛏놾볒뾴떽탭뛠췢맺놾틸탐퓚훐맺뾪짨뫳늢쎻폐좡뗃샭쿫뗄돉킧ꎬ뛸ퟜ탐짨퓚훐맺쇬췁짏뗄믣럡틸탐좴좡뗃쿔훸뗄돉뻍ꎬ쯻쏇튲뻍럂헕믣럡뗄쒣쪽ꎬ냑탂뾪짨뗄뗂뮪틸탐뗄ퟜ탐짨퓚캻뻓뮪훐튪돥뗄훐맺ퟮ듳뗄짌늺짏몣ꆣ뗂뮪틸탐짏몣ퟜ탐헽쪽뾪튵뗄죕웚캪1890쓪1퓂ꋙꎬ뛮뚨놾500췲솽ꎬ춬쓪12퓂퓚쳬뷲짨솢럖탐ꆣ랢웰뒴솢헢볒틸탐뗄쯤쫇틸탐볒뫍웳튵볒ꎬ떫쫇뗂맺헾뢮ퟔ쪼뻍볓틔맘힢뫍횧돖ꎬ늢쟒뻟쳥횸쪾늻튪럖즢솦솿돉캪솽룶틸탐ꎬ뛸틋벯훐솦룣튻룶틸탐ꎬ뿉틔횴탐춶틸탐뗄죎컱ꎬ돉캪헽퓚톸쯙랢햹뗄뗂맺퓚풶뚫뗄훘튪믹뗘ꎬ볓잿뗂맺릤튵욷퓚훐맺뗄뺺헹솦솿ꎬ삩듳뗂맺짌뷧폫풶뚫쫐뎡뗄솪쾵ꆣ 뫡뇵헽뷰틸탐ꎬퟜ탐짨퓚뫡뇵ꎬ돉솢폚1880쓪ꆣ듓웤뒴솢횮죕웰뻍쫜떽죕놾헾뢮뗄맘탄폫횧돖ꆣퟮ돵쯼뗄쪵쫕놾캪300췲죕풪ꎬ헾뢮뻍춶죫죽럖횮튻ꎬ늢듦뿮쫽냙췲죕풪릩웤훜퓋폃ꎻ1882쓪죕놾틸탐ꎨ벴죕놾훐퇫틸탐ꎩ돉솢뫳ꎬ폖캪쯼쳡릩뎤웚뗍샻듻뿮ꆣ1913쓪놾뛮퓶캪1800췲죕풪ꎬ뫳폖퓶볓떽1틚죕풪ꎬ뿉볻웤쫆솦엲헍횮뿬ꆣ쯼퓚짏몣짨솢럖탐뗄쓢틩쪼폚1881쓪ꎬ떫쓇쪱뗄쳵볾뮹쎻폐돉쫬ꆣ1898쓪ꎬ죕놾뗄튻킩듳웳튵틔죽쇢릫쮾캪쫗쓢ퟩ돉튻룶ퟣ틔슢뛏죕놾뷰죚튵컱뗄틸탐ꎬ늢짨쿫틔짏몣캪쫗붨솢뗄럖탐ꎬ헢룶볆뮮틠캴쓜쪵쿖ꎬ떫죽쇢릫쮾헢튻뻙뚯좴듙뷸쇋뫡뇵헽뷰틸탐볓뷴돯짨퓚훐맺뗄럖탐ꎬ쯼뗄짏몣럖탐폚1893쓪5퓂15죕뾪튵ꆣ죕놾헾뢮쫇틔헢볒틸탐캪맺볒뗄뛔췢쎳틗틸탐ꎬ뷟솦횧돖쯼퓚맺췢뷰죚쇬폲뗄뺺헹솦솿ꎬ돽쇋뾴ힼ짏몣뿉틔돉캪훘튪쫠얦췢ꎬ뮹훂솦폚돉캪풶뚫ퟮ듳뗄맺볊믣뛒틸탐ꎬ틔듋엤뫏죕놾쟖뮪뗄닟싔ꎬ뒦탄믽싇뗘퓚컒맺뚫놱쳘뇰쫇쓏웖튻듸삩햹뷰죚쫆솦ꆣ슽탸뾪짨럖횧탐폐ꎺ쿣룛ꎨ1897쓪ꎩꆢ쳬뷲ꎨ1899쓪ꎩꆢ얣ꎨ1900쓪ꎩꆢ놱뺩ꎨ1902쓪ꎩꆢ듳솬ꎨ1904쓪ꎩꆢ짲퇴ꎨ1905쓪ꎩꆢ몺뿚ꎨ1906쓪ꎩꆢ뾪풭ꆢ뎤뒺ꆢ맾뛻뇵ꎨ뻹1912쓪ꎩ뗈ꆣ ꋙ ꆶ뷼듺짏몣듳쫂볇ꆷꎬ듇쫩돶냦짧1989쓪냦ꎬ뗚471튳ꆣ 26
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 뮪뛭뗀쪤틸탐캪즳믊뛭맺뗄횳쏱뗘틸탐ꎬ쫇즳믊뛭맺췆탐쟖뮪헾닟뗄릤뻟ꆣ1895쓪12퓂짨ퟜ탐폚뇋뗃놤ꎬ듎쓪2퓂13죕벴퓚짏몣췢첲풭램삼컷틸탐뗄뻉횷짨솢짏몣럖탐ꆣ틔뫳폖퓚얣ꆢ쳬뷲ꆢ몺뿚ꆢ놱뺩ꆢ맾뛻뇵ꆢ벪쇖ꆢ짲퇴ꆢ몣돇ꆢ쳺쇫ꆢ싃쮳ꆢ헅볒뿚ꆢ퇅볓ꆢ컚샯퇅쯕첨뗈뗘짨솢럖횧믺릹ꆣ헢킩뗘랽ꎬ돽뺩ꆢ뷲ꆢ뮦ꆢ몺캪맘쓚돇쫐췢ꎬ웤폠뻹쫇맘췢뗄돇쫐ꎬ뿉볻웤춼쒱뚫놱뗄쟖싔튰탄횮튻냟ꆣ짨솢쪱ꎬ쯼뗄놾600췲슬늼ꎬ웤훐램맺뗄냍샨맺볒쳹쿖릫쮾뗈춶%ꎬ뛭맺랽쏦춶%ꎻ떫퓚뚭쫂쾯캻훐ꎬ잰헟횻햼3쾯ꎬ뫳헟좴햼5쾯ꆣ1895쓪7퓂잩뚩뗄ꆰ훐뛭쏜풼ꆱ맦뚨ꎬ퓚ꆰ뛭램쯄샥뷨뿮ꆱ4틚램색뫏볆풼1틚솽훐ꎬ늦돶뿢욽틸500췲솽ꎬퟷ캪쟥헾뢮뛔헢볒틸탐쯹돶뗄놾ꎬ폫뮪뛶쪤틸탐뫏ퟶ짺틢ꎬ쏻풻ꆰ죫막믯뾪뫏춬ꆱꆣ떫쫇헢훖ꆰ뫏믯ꆱꎬ훐맺랽쏦좷좷쪵쪵돶쇋500췲솽뷰ꎬ좴뫁컞좨샻뿉퇔ꆣ헢500췲솽쫽뛮ꎬ쿠떱폚뛭램춶ퟜ뛮뗄70%ꎬ떫쎻폐튻룶뚭쫂쾯캻ꎬ튲컞좨맽컊룃탐뗄쫂컱ꆣ퓚뮪뛭뗀쪤틸탐뗄헂돌훐ꎬ뫜뛠쳵컄쳥쿖즳믊뛭맺웳춼춨맽뾪짨틸탐냔햼훐맺뗄튰탄ꆣ헂돌맦뚨ꎬ쯼ꆰ퓚훐맺뺳쓚냬샭ퟢ쮰ꆢ뢳뿎횮뷉쓉ꎻ횧뢶훐맺헾뢮릫햮횮샻쾢ꆱꎬꆰ돐쫜릫햮횮랢탐ꆱꎬ헢컞틬쫇튪쳦쟥헾뢮뺭샭맺뿢ꆢ뺭맜훐맺뗄닆헾쫕횧ꆣ헂돌폖맦뚨ꆰ뗃틲훐맺헾뢮탭뿉ꎬ훽퓬믵뇒ꆱꎬꆰ랢탐솽ꆢ풪벰웤쯼믵뇒ꆱ횻ꆰ탫폐죽럖횮튻틔짏뗄램뚨ힼ놸ꆱꎬ헢뻍쫇튪평쯼살돤떱훐맺뗄믵뇒랢탐틸탐ꆣ헂돌뮹맦뚨쯼뿉ꆰ뺭샭쳺슷뗈뗄짨훃ꆱꎬ헢튻쳵튲뻍쫇짨솢헢볒틸탐뗄횱뷓뚯틲ꎬ틲캪틔뫳뻍쫇평쯼돶쏦돐냬훐뚫쳺슷뗄붨훾뫍뺭펪ꎬ틔쪵쿖샏즳믊뛠쓪살쿫뻰좡뚫놱뛸캴쓜쪵쿖뗄폻췻ꆣ 뚫랽믣샭틸탐ꎬ돉솢폚1875쓪1퓂ꎬ짨ퟜ탐폚냍샨뗄뚫랽믣샭틸탐ꎬ쫇램맺퓚뚫랽뗄횳쏱뗘틸탐 ꎬ쏅틔뾪췘펡뛈횧쓇벰풶뚫횳쏱뗘뗄뷰죚튵컱캪웤횰퓰ꆣ룕뾪쪼쪱놾800췲램색ꎬ틔뫳퓶훁틚램색ꎬ튻뛈평헾뢮볓죫맙막ꎬ늢엉맙막뚭쫂닎볓맜샭ꆣ1888쓪램맺쟖햼펡뛈횧쓇뫳ꎬ헢볒틸탐튲놻쫚좨퓚떱뗘랢탐뎮욱ꆢ듺샭맺뿢뗄쳘좨ꎬ늢퓚듳훐돇쫐맣짨럖횧믺릹ꎬ뿘훆뷰죚뺭볃ꆣ퓚훐맺ꎬ쯼폚1894쓪퓚쿣룛짨탐ꎬ뷓쳦램삼컷틸탐풭폐뗄뗘캻ꎬ램삼컷틸탐뻍췋돶쇋훐맺ꎬ뚫랽믣샭틸탐폚1899쓪퓚짏몣짨솢럖탐ꎬ램맺틸탐놾퓚90쓪듺훐웚틔뫳닉좡쮫맜웫쿂뗄헾닟ꎬ벴퓚훐맺쓏랽좫솦럶돖뚫랽믣샭틸탐ꎬ퓚훐맺놱랽폐뛭맺뗄뗀쪤틸탐ꎬ틔퓶볓퓚훐맺놱랽뗄뷰죚쫆솦ꆣ쯹틔퓚훐맺쓏랽뻹캪뚫랽믣샭틸탐뗄럖횧믺릹ꎬ퓚훐맺놱랽퓲뻹캪뮪뛭뗀쪤틸탐뗄믺릹ꎬ캨튻붻닦뗣쫇짏몣ꎬ짏몣볈폐뮪뛭뗀쪤틸탐뗄럖탐ꎬ폖폐뚫랽믣샭틸탐뗄럖탐ꆣ 뮨웬틸탐(The International Banking York)떽짏몣짨솢럖탐틑쫇1902쓪ꆣ떽19쫀볍쒩ꎬ퓚훐맺쎻폐튻볒쏀맺틸탐ꆣ1902쓪1퓂1죕짨솢짏몣럖탐뗄뮨웬틸탐쾵1901쓪퓚2 7
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뾵쓹뗒뿋훝솢낸힢닡ꎬ떱쪱쫇쏀맺캨튻뗄뿉틔퓚몣췢짨솢럖횧믺릹뗄틸탐ꆣ쿣룛냑쯼돆캪췲맺놦춨틸탐ꆣ쏀맺헾뢮쫚좨헢볒틸탐뒦샭퓚뮪ꆰ룽ퟓ엢뿮ꆱ쫂틋ꆣ뻝쯼ퟔ벺퓚1903쓪뾯뗇뗄맣룦훐쮵ꆰ쾵쏀샻볡뫏훚맺퓚훐맺벰럆싉뇶뗄닆컱듺샭죋ꆱꆣ뛮뚨놾벰릫믽뷰캪1000췲쏀풪ꎬ쪵쫕놾폫릫믽뷰캪췲쏀풪ꎬ돽쇋냬샭룽ퟓ엢뿮뗄쫕뷢췢ꎬퟔ좻튲뺭펪튻냣틸탐튵컱ꆣ떽쇋1915쓪ꎬ헢볒틸탐놻얦풼맺쏱돇쫐틸탐쯹돖폐ꆣ얦풼맺쏱돇쫐틸탐쫇뮪뛻뷖ퟮ샏뗄틸탐횮튻ꎬ돉솢폚1812쓪ꎬ쯹틔뮨웬틸탐뗄뒴짨쓪럝튲뿉짏쯝떽1812쓪ꆣ 듋췢ꎬ20쫀볍돵퓚뮪짨솢믺릹뗄췢맺틸탐뷏캪훸쏻뗄뮹폐뇈샻쪱뗄뮪뇈틸탐ꎨBanque Belge Pour LꆯEtrangerꎩꎨ1902쓪ꎩꆢ뫉삼뗄뫉삼틸탐ꎨNederlandsche Handel-Maatschappityꎩꎨ1903쓪ꎩ뫍죕놾햼쇬첨췥뫳ퟜ탐짨퓚첨놱뗄첨췥틸탐ꆣ 㐮㌠췢틸탐잿쫆뗘캻뗄뗬뚨뛔즽컷욱뫅퓬돉늻뿉쓦뗄췾킲?19쫀볍90쓪듺틔뫳폈웤쫇볗컧햽헹뫳ꎬ훐맺펭살쇋췢맺틸탐퓚뮪뗄폖튻싖짨솢룟럥ꆣ듋듎짨솢뗄췢틸탐믹놾쫇웤놾맺횴탐뛔뮪놾쫤돶뗄릤뻟ꆣ췢틸탐뗄뻸뛔쪵솦볓횮쟥헾뢮죫ퟣ틸잮탐뫅췪좫벷햼쇋즽컷욱뫅뗄짺듦뿕볤ꆣ 㐮㌮??췢틸탐뷸튻늽뗄튵컱쟖쪴뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄펰쿬?愮 췢틸탐잿뮯뛔훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡뗄뿘훆?췢틸탐뛔훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡뗄뻸뛔뿘훆ꎬ뿉틔쮵쫇웤퓚훐맺쮳샻랢햹뗄뫋탄뫍믹뒡ꆣ19쫀볍70쓪듺쪼ꎬ췢틸탐뻍뛔훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡폐쇋튻뚨돌뛈뗄뿘훆ꎬ훷튪춨맽뛔잮럅뿮뗄쫕쯵살뿘훆쫐뎡샻싊뷸뛸뿘훆뷰죚쫐뎡ꆣ?뷸죫19쫀볍90쓪듺ꎬ췢틸탐뛔췢믣탐쫐뗄뿘훆ꎬ놣횤쇋웤뛔훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡뗄뻸뛔뿘훆ꎬ맺쓚춨맽샻싊뷸탐뿘훆ꎬ맺볊춨맽믣싊볓틔뿘훆ꆣ틲뎤웚틔살뗄틸볛쿂뗸뛔췢믣쫐뎡닺짺펰쿬ꎬ췢맺틸탐퓚췢믣쫐뎡짏죕틦뻓폚훷퓗헟뗄뗘캻ꆣ90쓪듺ꎬ뛔췢쎳틗뗄뷰죚훜랽쏦돶쿖쇋쯹캽풤뚩훆뛈ꆣꋙ훐맺뛔췢쎳틗뗄뷰죚훜ꎬ쯦벴튻늽튻늽뗘놻췢맺틸탐쯹헆컕ꆣꆰ믣뛒틸탐볒ꆱ늻뷶폐냬램놣컀ퟔ벺ꎬ뛸쟒헽뫃춨맽풤뚩훆뛈룼폐킧뗘닙ퟝ췢믣탐쫐ꆣ틲캪ꆰ틸 ꋙ쯹캽풤뚩훆뛈ꎬ쫇횸믵뿮퓚뚩믵횮쪱벴폨틔뷡쯣ꎬ뛸늻쫇퓚붻믵쪱닅뷸탐뷡쯣ꆣ 28
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 탐뗄없볛ퟜ쫇룹뻝틸풪헇실뗄쟷쫆살맦뚨뗄ꆱꋙꎬ뛸헢룶헇실뗄탅쾢ꎬ쿖퓚돽쇋ꆰ믣뛒틸탐볒ꆱ틔췢ꎬ쮭튲쎻폐냬램풤쿈횪뗀ꆣꋚ 믣싊놻췢틸탐헆뿘횮뫳ꎬ훐맺맺볊쎳틗뗄훷뚯좨믹놾짏실퓚쇋췢틸탐뗄쫖훐ꆣ뛸퓚틔짏뗚죽늿럖뗄쓚죝떱훐틑뺭뷩짜쇋19쫀볍70쓪듺뾪쪼췢틸탐뛔맺쓚샻싊뗄헆뿘ꎬ췢틸탐춨맽뛔샻싊뗄뿘훆쪵쿖쇋웤뛔폚맺쓚쎳틗뗄늿럖헆뿘ꆣ떱맺쓚맺볊쎳틗뻹놻췢틸탐볤뷓헆뿘쪱ꎬ즽컷욱뫅쓜캪짌튵쳡릩뗄럾컱뇘좻튲튪쫜훆폚췢틸탐ꆣ본폚듋ꎬ즽컷욱뫅붫튵컱훘탄듓캪짌튵럾컱쿲캪쟥헾뢮럾컱ꎬ튻랽쏦뿉틔쮵쫇틲캪웤뫍쟥헾뢮뗄쏜쟐맘쾵쯹훂ꎬ쇭튻랽쏦퓲뿉틔쮵쫇틲캪웤짌튵랽쏦뗄듦ꆢ듻ꆢ믣뛒뗈튵컱뚼볤뷓뗘놻췢틸탐쯹뿘훆ꆣ 戮 닆헾뷨뿮뗄삩듳?췢틸탐퓚릮만쇋짌튵랽쏦뗄틸탐튵컱췢ꎬ뷸죫19쫀볍90쓪듺ꎬ폈웤쫇1894쓪틔뫳ꎬ췢틸탐ퟷ캪놾맺뛔뮪쟖싔뗄훘튪릤뻟ꎬ뛔훐맺헾뢮닆헾뷨뿮듳럹퓶볓ꎬ뾪쪼훰늽뿘훆훐맺뗄닆헾듳좨ꆣ룷맺쇐잿춨맽헹뛡닆헾뷨뿮ꎬ뷸뛸헹뛡뺭볃ꆢ헾훎좨틦뗄뻟쳥쳥쿖ꆣ벸뫵쎿뇊췢맺뷨뿮ꎬ뚼뢽볓쇋쟖랸훐맺훷좨뗄뿁뿌쳵볾ꆣ 뷶퓚1894ꆪ1898쓪5쓪볤쟥헾뢮뗄췢햮릲35091췲솽ꎨ늻냼삨쳺슷뷨뿮ꎩꎬ웤훐ퟮ듳뗄3뇊쫇뛭램뷨뿮ꆢ펢뗂뷨뿮뫍펢뗂탸뷨뿮ꆣ (1) 뛭램뷨뿮 십맘쳵풼뗄잩뚩ꎬ훐맺탫뛔죕놾엢뿮뫍맩뮹쇉뚫냫떺쫪뿮릲틸23000췲솽ꎬ웤훐뗚튻웚펦맩뮹8000췲솽ꎬ쮫랽킭뚨ꎬ내틸솽쫽헛뫏펢뷰1316췲냷ꎬ평솽맺펢릫쪹폚1895쓪11퓂볤퓚싗뛘붻쫕쟥웽ꆣ캪쇋뷢뻶헢뇊엢뿮뗄살풴ꎬ쟥헾뢮쿈춬몣맘ퟜ쮰컱쮾펢맺죋뫕뗂짌솿ꎬ뫕뗂훷헅쿲펢맺뷨ꎬ늢틑뾪쪼춬믣럡틸탐뷓뒥ꆣ즳뛭쳽떽럧짹뫳ꎬ쯦벴쿲쟥헾뢮쪩볓톹솦ꎬ쮵뛭맺퓚솪뫏램ꆢ뗂쪹죕놾췋돶쇉뚫냫떺폐릦ꎬ뷨뿮펦쿈짌훮폚뛭맺ꆣ헢쪱ꎬ폫즳뛭튻웰톹췋죕놾뗄램ꆢ뗂솽맺튲럖뇰쿲쟥헾뢮뚵삿뷨뿮ꆣ쟥헾뢮늻룒뗃ퟯ죎뫎튻맺ꎬ뇭쪾풸틢쿲뛭ꆢ램ꆢ뗂죽맺럖뷨ꆣ떫뛭맺죔잿쫆튪쟳평쯼떥뛀믲쯼폫램맺튻웰돐듻ꆣ쟥헾뢮ퟮ훕듰펦쇋쯼뗄싹뫡튪쟳ꆣ헢뇊뷨뿮틲쾵뛭ꆢ램솽맺틸탐돐듻ꎬ쯹틔돆캪ꆰ뛭램뷨뿮ꆱꎬ뷰뛮4틚램색ꎨ뫏틸9896췲솽ꎩꎬ쓪쾢4샥ꎬ헛뿛ꎬ웚쿞36쓪ꎬ잰15쓪늻쓜붫뷨뿮좫늿뮹쟥ꎬ틔맘쮰쫕죫ퟷ캪떣놣ꎬ늢쟒짹쏷튪뻹햴ꆰ훐맺몣맘탐헾맜샭좨ꆱꆣ햮욱퓚냍샨뗈뗘랢탐ꎬ뫜뿬뻍죏릺튻뿕ꆣ ꋙ ?ꎮ坲楧桴ꎺ呷敮瑩整栠䍥湴畲礠䥭灲敳獩潮猠潦⁈潮杫潮ꎬ?卨慮杨慩湤瑨敲⁔牥慴礠偯牴猠潦⁃桩ꎬ湡ㄹ〸ꎬ뗚ㄱ?튳ꆣ ꋚ ?ꎮ?ꎮ?ꎮ䭩湧ꎺ周攠䡩獴潲礠潦⁴桥⁈潮杫潮朠慮搠卨慮杨慩⁂慮歩湧⁃潲灯牡瑩潮ꎬ噯?ꎮꋳꎬㄹ㠸ꎬ뗚㠳튳ꆣ?2 9
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 (2) 펢뗂뷨뿮 뛭램뷨뿮뫳ꎬ뗂맺폫펢맺솪뫏웰살ꆣ헢쪱램맺놾늻풸닎볓ꎬ뛭맺컞뷰쪵솦ꎬ횻뫃ퟷ냕ꆣ헢듎뷨뿮평펢맺뗄믣럡틸탐뫍뗂맺뗄뗂뮪틸탐룷냫돐듻ꎬ폚1896쓪3퓂잩뚩뫏풼ꎬ뷨뿮ퟜ뛮캪1600췲냷ꎬ뫏틸9762췲솽ꎬ쓪쾢5샥ꎬ헛뿛74ꎬ웚쿞36쓪ꎬ틠틔몣맘쮰쫕캪떣놣ꎬ햮욱퓚냘쇖ꆢ싗뛘쫐뎡짏랢탐ꎬ뚩릺헟뛠ꎬ뚩릺뛮뚼뎬맽랢탐뛮ꆣ (3) 펢뗂탸뷨뿮 쟥헾뢮뷨짏쫶솽뇊뷨뿮뫳ꎬ짐잷죕놾8333췲솽ꎬ폚쫇폖쿲믣럡뫍뗂뮪틸탐짌뷨ꎬ헢뻍쫇1898쓪3퓂잩뚩뗄ꆰ펢뗂탸뷨뿮ꆱꆣ뷰뛮튲쫇1600췲냷ꎬ평폚틸솽뛔펢냷뗄뇈싊쿂붵ꎬ춬퇹쫇1600췲냷ꎬ1896쓪3퓂횻뫏틸9762췲솽ꎬ헢쪱뻍뫏11277췲솽ꎬ쿠맘듯1515췲솽ꎬ뷨뿮쓪쾢샥ꎬ웚쿞45쓪ꎬ틔몣맘쮰쫕틔벰7룶맘뾨뗄믵샥뫍퇎샥ꎨ뻹캪쮰쫕쏻돆ꎩ캪떣놣ꎬ헢킩뗘랽뗄샥뷰튲뻍맩ퟜ쮰컱쮾ꆰ뚽헷듺뷉ꆱꆣ 헢뇊뷨뿮뮹폐웤쯼뗄뢽듸쳵볾ꎺ튻쫇뎥뮹웚쿞45쓪ꎬ늻뗃쳡잰믲튻듎뮹쟥ꎨ틔럀죕뫳쟥헾뢮쿲뛭램뷨뿮ꎩꎻ뛾쫇퓚뷨뿮뎥뮹웚쓚늻싛펢맺뛔뮪쎳틗쫇럱햼뗚튻캻ꎬ훐맺몣맘ퟜ쮰컱쮾튻횰뻹평펢맺죋떣죎ꆣ퓚뺭볃샻틦짏ꎬ믣럡틸탐뫍뗂뮪틸탐돐듻헢뇊뷨뿮쫇내83헛뢶룸쟥헾뢮ꎬ떫쯼쏇퓚싗뛘뫍냘쇖쫐뎡짏좴내9헛랢탐ꎬ떥헢튻닮뛮쫕틦뻍폐112췲냷ꆣ헢뇊뿮쿮튪떽5퓂8죕닅퓚싗뛘붻룸죕놾뗄뫡뇵헽뷰틸탐ꎬ뮹쟥뛔죕놾뗄엢뿮ꎬ퓚캴붻늦잰ꎬ뻍돉캪짏몣믣럡틸탐퓚싗뛘뗄듦뿮ꆣ평폚돐듻헢뇊뷨뿮뗄뫃뒦뛠ꎬ믣럡틸탐헢튻쓪헋쏦뗄펯샻룟듯640췲룛풪ꎬ떱쪱믣럡뗄놾캪1000췲룛풪ꎬ쓪펯샻싊듯64%ꎬ뇈잰뫳벸쓪뗄펯샻뚼룟ꎬ뿉볻뺭쫖듳뷨뿮캪틸탐듸살뗄샻죳쫇쿠떱뿉맛뗄ꆣ 듓틔짏3뇊뗤탍뗄닆헾뷨뿮뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ뗛맺훷틥뛔훐맺맘쮰ꆢ퇎쮰뚼춨맽닆헾뷨뿮쪵쪩쇋뿘훆ꆣ맘쮰뫍퇎쮰쫇훐맺헾뢮뗄훷튪닆헾쫕죫ꎬ췢틸탐틔벰웤듺뇭뗄뗛맺훷틥횱뷓뿘훆쇋헢솽듳쮰쫕ꎬ틠뻍뗈폚쮵믹놾뿘훆쇋훐맺뗄닆헾쏼싶ꆣ 挮 쳺슷뷨뿮뗄헹뛡?퓚1900쓪횮잰ꎬ퓚쳺슷붨짨랽쏦ꎬ폫췢틸탐쿠뇈즽컷욱뫅틠ퟶ돶쇋뫜듳뗄릱쿗ꎬ쳺슷뺭럑뗄믣뛒튵컱틔벰뷨뿮튵컱쫇웤훘튪뗄튵컱ꆣ냩쯦ퟅ췢틸탐쳺슷뷨뿮뗄퓶볓ꎬ쯤좻즽컷욱뫅뗄믣뛒튵컱쿠펦퓶볓ꎬ춬쪱즽컷욱뫅뗄쳺슷뷨뿮튵컱튲폐튻뚨돌뛈뗄퓶볓ꎬ떫뻍튵컱럖룮살쮵ꎬ즽컷욱뫅뗄튵컱햼폐싊좴뇭쿖캪쏷쿔쿂붵ꆣ쿂쏦춨맽닎퓄믆본뷌쫚뇠킴뗄ꆶ즽컷욱뫅쪷ꆷ럖뇰뻙샽쮵쏷ꎬ즽컷욱뫅뛔쳺슷붨짨랽쏦뗄틸탐튵컱쳥쿖ꆣ (1) 쳺슷뺭럑뗄믣뛒튵컱 30
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 즽컷욱뫅춬쳺슷붨짨ퟮ돵뗄솪쾵쪼폚믣뛒쳺슷뺭럑틸솽ꆣ1891쓪ꎬ쟥헾뢮ퟩ붨맙냬쳺슷ꎬ퓸엉룷탐쪡쎿쓪짏뷉컥췲솽뗄쳺슷뺭럑ꆣ헢쿮뺭럑ꎬ평룷쪡뷢붻쳬뷲놱퇳듳뎼믲횱솥ퟜ뚽퇃쏅뛒쫕ꎬ벸뫵뚼쫇평즽컷욱뫅믣뛒ꆣ볗컧햽헹뫳ꎬ쟥헾뢮랢탐헑탅막욱ꎬ튻킩탐쪡췆쿺헑탅막욱틸솽늦돤쳺슷뺭럑ꎬ튲닮늻뛠쫇평즽컷욱뫅믣뛒뗄ꆣ뇈죧ꎺ슬몺쳺슷릫쮾탞훾슬릵쟅훁몺뿚쳺슷ꎬ퓚1898쓪6퓂26죕ꎬ평쳺슷듳뎼쪢탻뮳폫뇈맺쳺슷릫쮾잩뚩튻틚튻잧뛾냙컥쪮췲램색뷨뿮ꎬ뷨뿮쫕횧평뮪뛭뗀쪤틸탐뺭샭ꎬ훐맺춨짌틸탐틠ힼ폨닎볓ꆣ룷쪡헑탅막욱틸솽늦룸슬몺쳺슷릫쮾뗄평즽컷욱뫅믣붻짏몣훐맺춨짌틸탐붻슬몺릫쮾쫕쓉ꆣ쯄뒨쪡ꆢ뫾쓏쪡ꆢ맳훝쪡ꎬ퓚1897쓪튻듎춨맽킭춬쟬뗈욱뫅ꎬ믣붻짏몣훐맺춨짌틸탐붻슬몺쳺슷릫쮾뗄헑탅막욱틸솽듯뛾쪮뛾췲솽ꆣ (2) 쳺슷뷨뿮튵컱 쳺슷뷨뿮튵컱랽쏦ꎬ즽컷욱뫅폫췢틸탐떥듓뷨뿮쫽솿짏뷸탐뇈뷏ꎬ뻍쓜뾴돶닮뻠쯹퓚ꎬ떱좻헢폫쮫랽놾짭뗄뷰쪵솦쫇폐맘쾵뗄ꎬ춬쪱튲폫쮫랽뷨뿮뗄쒿뗄늻춬폐맘쾵ꆣ쿠맘쇏볇퓘ꎺ춬웖쳺슷평쟾놾쟌돶쏦쿲룷욱뫅뷨뿮컥쪮웟췲솽ꎬꋙ쇭췢욱뫅룷짌죏막쇹쪮췲솽ꎬꋚ듓즽컷욱뫅뫏볆뗃뿮튻냙튻쪮폠췲솽ꆣ쿠뇈웰췢틸탐짏냙췲냷뗄듻뿮ꎬ뷨뿮쫽솿쫇컞뿉뇈쓢뗄ꆣ쇭췢퓚쳺슷뷨뿮뗄쒿뗄짏ꎬ즽컷욱뫅놾ퟅ헽틥낮맺뗄탅쓮폖폫췢틸탐뗄ꆰ늻퓱쫖뛎쟖싔훐맺ꎬ뮮럖쫆솦랶캧ꆱ탎돉쇋쿊쏷뗄뛔뇈ꆣ 쳺슷쫇쪹실뫳맺볒뻭죫쫀뷧놾훷틥쇷춨랶캧뗄훘튪틲쯘ꎬ쳺슷듻뿮돉캪쇋췢맺틸탐쫆솦퓚뮪삩헅뗄폖튻쫖뛎ꆣ춨뎣쫇튻맺돶탞붨쒳쳵쳺슷ꎬ룃맺뗄쫆솦뻍믡퓚헢튻쳺슷쟸폲톸쯙삩헅ꎬ탎돉튻룶뺭볃춳훎훐탄ꆣ19쫀볍쒩20쫀볍돵ꎬ췢맺쇐잿럗럗뛔훐맺쳺슷뷨뿮좨햹뾪헹뛡ꆣ틔믣럡틸탐캪샽ꎬ1898쓪믣럡틸탐떥뛀돐듻230췲냷폨맘쓚췢쳺슷ꎨ뺩럮쳺슷ꎩꆣ1903쓪뮦쓾쳺슷뷨뿮290췲냷ꎬ1907쓪맣뻅쳺슷뷨뿮150췲냷ꎬ1908쓪뮦몼쳺슷150췲냷ꎬ뻹평훐펢릫쮾돐듻ꆣꋛ듋췢1908쓪믣럡폫뗂뮪틸탐튻웰뫏듻뷲웖쳺슷뷨뿮800췲냷ꎬ폫뚫랽믣샭틸탐뫏듻뺩몺슷뷨뿮500췲냷ꆣ1910쓪믣럡폖춬뗂뮪틸탐튻웰뫏듻뷲웖쳺슷뷨뿮296췲냷ꆣꋜ 搮 웳튵춶?19쫀볍90쓪듺췢틸탐퓚뮪춶믮뚯뗄볓잿ꎬ뮹뇭쿖퓚웤뛔퓚뮪췢맺웳튵벰훐맺ퟔ폐웳튵뎤웚뷰뗄춶럅뫍뛌웚뷰뗄죚춨짏ꆣ ꋙ 놱퇳헾뢮떵낸ꎬ닆헾늿쏱맺쯄쓪쪮뛾퓂뛾쪮뻅죕컄ꆣ ꋚ ꆶ듳릫놨ꆷ1910쓪5퓂7죕ꆣ ꋛ 훐펢릫쮾ꎬ쫇평믣럡틸탐폫펢맺뫍퇳탐뫏ퟩ뛸돉ꎬ횻쫇캪쇋볓잿헹뛡쳺슷뷨뿮좨샻뗄솦솿ꆣ ꋜ 뿗쿩틣ꎺꆶ뷰죚쎳틗쪷싛ꆷꎬ훐맺뷰죚돶냦짧ꎬ1998쓪ꎬ뗚300튳ꆣ 3 1
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뗚튻ꎬ뿳뎡뾪닉춶ꎬ헢쫇뗛맺훷틥퓚뮪뗄튻쿮훷튪춶ꆣ1898쓪잩뚩쓏욱뿳컱뫏춬뗄튻랽쫇훐맺뚽냬뷲폜쳺슷듳뎼뫺鿺럒ꎬ튻랽쫇믣럡틸탐늢듺뫍퇳탐뺭샭뗄훐펢릫쮾ꆣꋙ훐맺놾뗄뗚튻볒쿖듺쎺뿳ꆪꆪ첨췥믹슡쎺뿳ꎬ튲퓸폐췢맺놾웳튵좾횸웤훐ꆣꋚ 뗚뛾ꎬ뛔췢맺퓚뮪웳튵뗄춶ꎬ쫇췢맺틸탐뗄튻쿮훘튪튵컱ꎬ냼삨캪웤듺샭막럝헷벯ꆢ뷰죚춨ꆢ횱뷓죫막ꆣ듋뒦뗄췢맺퓚뮪웳튵냼삨캪짌욷퓋쫤럾컱놣쿕ꆢ몬퓌ꆢ싫춷ꆢ뛑햻뫍뒬컫릫쮾틔벰볓릤돶뿚짌욷뗄훆퓬릤뎧ꎻ릩쮮ꆢ랢뗧뫍쎺웸훆퓬뗄릫폃쫂튵ꆣ췢맺틸탐헢랽쏦뗄믮뚯ꎬ퓚19쫀볍60쓪듺뻍틑뺭훰붥믮풾웰살ꎬ튻횱볡돖퇓탸쇋뫃벸쪮쓪ꆣ 틔놣쿕튵랽쏦춶캪샽ꎬ펢맺뗄샶죧틸탐뫍샻짺틸탐퓚1866쓪틔잰뻍컕폐튻볒ퟮ듳췢벮놣쿕릫쮾ꆪꆪ놣볒탐뗄막욱ꆣꋛ샶죧틸탐뫍폐샻틸탐쿈뫳뛔놾캪200췲풪뗄첩낲믰쿕탐뷸탐맽춶ꎬ뛸폐샻틸탐뗄낮뗂뮪ꆤ냂즪퓚19쫀볍70쓪듺돵웚뮹떣죎맽쯼뗄뚭쫂ꆣꋜ쇭튻볒놾150췲풪뗄듳놣쿕탐쿣룛캬뛠샻퇇믰쿕릫쮾퓚70쓪듺돵웚튲폫퓚뮪췢틸탐폐ퟅ쏜쟐맘쾵ꎬ램삼컷틸탐떣죎웤릫쮾뗄뚭쫂ꎬ믣럡틸탐퓲떣죎웤릫쮾뗄듺샭틸탐ꆣꋝ믣럡틸탐퓚80쓪듺폖뫍뫍퇳탐뗄맣뚫놣쿕릫쮾랢짺듺샭맘쾵ꎬꋞ뷸죫90쓪듺뫳ꎬ헢훖맘쾵폖삩듳떽첩낲믰쿕탐ꆣꋟ 뗚죽ꎬ뛔훐맺웳튵뗄뷰죚춨ꎬ듓1885쓪믣럡틸탐뛔싖뒬헐짌뻖뗄듻뿮웰ꎬ믮뚯풽살풽욵랱ꎬ췢틸탐쯦횮튲햹뾪쇋뛔듋쿮튵컱뗄헹뛡ꆣ19쫀볍90쓪듺돵ꎬ훐맺ퟔ폐뗄뗚튻볒쏞럄횯뎧ꆪꆪ짏몣횯늼뻖돉쇋펢맺믣럡ꆢ뫍솽탐뫍뗂맺뗂뮪ꆢ첩살솽탐헹쿠뷸좡뗄쒿뇪ꋠꎬ뛸떱믣럡틸탐뛔뫾놱커닽횯늼뻖햹뾪릥쫆횮쪱ꎬ뗂뮪뫍첩살쯦벴쿲뾪욽쎺뿳뫍맳퇴쟠?쳺뎧뷸탐듻뿮ꆣꋡ틔짏듻뿮훐ꎬퟮ듳튻뇊쫇믣럡틸탐뛔싖뒬헐짌뻖뗄뷨뿮ꎬ듋쿮뷨뿮훐맦뚨듻뿮죋폐좨ꆰ쯦쪱닩뾴뻖훐헊놡ꎬ늢퇩뾴룷뒬룷닺튵ꆱꎬ뛸쟒폐좨돶싴ꆢ돶쇞ꆢ돶뗤ꆰ뻖훐뒬횻룷컯튵ꆱꎬ튻쟐ꆰ쳽욾믣럡훷틢ꆱꆣꋢ볗컧햽헹뫳ꎬ췢틸탐샻폃듻뿮뛔훐맺웳튵뗄째춸룼볓쏷쿔ꎬ풽살풽뛠뗄췢틸탐닥ퟣ웤훐ꆣ ꋙ ꆶ뻉풼헂ꆷ뗚튻닡ꎬ뗚767-768ꆢ840튳ꆣ ꋚ 쇵쏺뒫ꎺꆶ쇵ힳ쯠릫ퟠ틩ꆷ뻭8ꎬ뗚22-28튳ꎬ1906쓪냦ꆣ ꋛ North China Daily Newsꎬ1867쓪1퓂16죕ꎬ뗚2503튳ꆣ ꋜ North China Daily Newsꎬ1867쓪1퓂16죕ꎬ뗚2503튳ꆣ ꋝ Shanghai Evening Courierꎬ1870쓪2퓂14죕ꎬ뗚1678튳ꆣ ꋞ North China Daily Newsꎬ1881쓪12퓂14죕ꎬ뗚569튳ꎻꆶ짪놨ꆷꎬ1881쓪12퓂15죕ꆣ ꋟ North China Heraldꎬ1896쓪3퓂7죕ꎬ뗚219튳ꆣ ꋠ 샮뫨헂ꎺꆶ샮컄훒릫좫쫩ꆤ뗧룥ꆷ뻭13ꎬ뗚10튳ꎬ1905-1908쓪냦ꆣ ꋡ ꆶ헅횮뚴벯ꆷ뻭135ꎬ뗧뚿14ꎻ쪩뚪뿋뛻ꎺꆶ쪮뻅쫀볍뗄뗂맺폫훐맺ꆷꎬ뗚256튳ꆣ ꋢ 쿄뚫풪ꆢ퇮쿾쏴ꎺꆶ싛쟥벾싖뒬헐짌뻖뗄탔훊ꆷꎬꆶ샺쪷퇐뺿ꆷ1980쓪뗚4웚ꆣ 32
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 퓚웳튵춶랽쏦ꎬ즽컷욱뫅ퟔ쪼훁훕뚼퓚쏾쯷ퟅꆣ틔뫏쪢풪욱뫅캪샽ꎬ돽뺭펪욱뫅튵컱췢ꎬ뮹뺭펪잮튵ꆢ뗤떱튵뗈ꎬ뛔웤삩헅튵컱ꎬ퓶볓펯샻듸살쇋뫃뒦ꆣ쫂쪵짏욱뫅퓚뺭펪웤욱뫅튵컱뗄춬쪱ꎬ뛔짌튵ꆢ쫖릤튵ꆢ뷰죚튵틔벰뷼듺릤튵뚼폐늻춬돌뛈뗄춶ꆣ좻뛸폫췢틸탐뗄웳튵춶늻싛듓맣뛈뮹쫇짮뛈짏쿠뇈ꎬ뚼닮횮짵풶ꆣ컒쏇뿉틔랢쿖ꎬ듓맣뛈짏ꎬ췢틸탐짦ퟣ뗄탐튵ꎬ듓놣쿕튵떽릫릲쫂튵ꎬ죧릩쮮ꆢ랢뗧ꆢ쎺웸훆퓬ꎬ퓙떽쓜풴튵ꎬ뚼쫇쓜쳥쿖웤쯹듺뇭뗄뗛맺훷틥쟖싔탐뺶ꎻ듓짮뛈짏ꎬ췢틸탐쯹춶뗄웳튵믹놾짏뚼쫇퓚쯹쫴탐튵폐췻듯떽슢뛏뗘캻뗄쇺춷웳튵ꆣ 㐮㌮?췢틸탐헾뢮횧돖뗄잿뮯폫즽컷욱뫅춴쪧헾뢮횧돖뗄뛔솢?뷸죫19쫀볍90쓪듺ꎬ퓚췢틸탐뗃떽놾맺헾뢮뗄잿듳횧돖뗄쪱뫲ꎬ즽컷욱뫅좴틲훷맛랽쏦늻쟳뒴탂ꆢ늻쟳뇤룯ꎬ틔벰뿍맛랽쏦뗄쟥헾뢮뿥첨뗈풭틲ꎬ즥쪧쇋훐맺헾뢮뗄횧돖ꆣ헢틠돉캪즽컷욱뫅ퟮ훕뿥첨뗄튻룶뫪맛랽쏦믲헟쮵췢퓚뗄훷튪풭틲ꆣ 愮 췢틸탐놾맺헾뢮횧돖뗄잿뮯?췢틸탐ퟷ캪놾맺헾뢮헾닟횴탐뗄릤뻟ꎬ튻횱틔살쫜떽쇋놾맺헾뢮뗄횱뷓횧돖ꎬ뷸죫19쫀볍90쓪듺틔뫳ꎬ늻싛쫇탂짨틸탐뮹쫇틑폐틸탐뚼뗃떽쇋놾맺헾뢮뗄잿듳횧돖ꆣ틔뮨웬틸탐뫍믣럡틸탐캪샽뷸탐쮵쏷ꆣ 뮨웬틸탐ꎬ웤뷸죫훐맺뗄뗚튻룶죎컱뻍쫇놻캯엉캪ꆰ뮪쏀맺맺뿢뗄듺샭믺릹ꆱꋙꎬ뢺퓰훐맺뛔쏀룽ퟓ엢뿮뗄맜샭좨ꆣ평폚쏀맺헾뢮뗄헢튻캯엉ꎬ뮨웬틸탐닅뗃틔ꆰ뷸튻늽닉좡듫쪩퓚뚫랽삩듳웤듺샭믺릹ꎬ틔뇣캪웤퓚쓇튻뗘쟸듓쫂튻냣틸탐튵컱워뾪뗀슷ꆱꋚꆣ횮뫳퓚훐맺돶쿖뗄뗚튻룶뛠맺틸탐췅훐ꎬ뮨웬틸탐ퟷ캪뫳살헟횮쯹틔쓜릻펲벷뷸펢ꆢ뗂ꆢ램죽맺럖퓟틑뚨뗄탎쫆훐살ꎬ헽쫇쏀맺ퟜ춳횱뷓돶쏦쿲훐맺헾뢮쪩볓톹솦뗄뷡맻ꆣꋛ 훁폚믣럡틸탐ꎬ쯼몬탮뗘튪쟳늢뷓쫜ퟅ펢맺헾뢮뗄횧돖ꆣ퓚쿲훐맺듻뿮뗄킭틩훐ꎬ믣럡틸탐ퟜ쫇ꆰ폃펢맺헾뢮뗄짹틴붲뮰ꆱꎻ랴맽살튲쫇튻퇹ꎬ믣럡틸탐퓚폐ꆰ웈쟐탨튪ꆱ뗄쪱뫲ꎬ뿉틔뗃떽펢맺헾뢮뗄폐솦횧돖ꆣꋜ 퓚훐맺뗄췢맺틸탐볒볈듺뇭ퟔ벺뗄틸탐ꎬ튲듺뇭ퟔ벺뗄헾뢮ꆣ헢훖뻖쏦ꎬ퓚20쫀볍떽살횮잰ꎬ틑뺭쟥컺뿉볻ꆣ 戮 즽컷욱뫅춴쪧헾뢮횧돖? ꋙ 乯牴栠䍨楮愠䡥牡汤ꎬㄹ〲쓪?퓂ㄲ죕ꎬ뗚㈹?튳ꆣ ꋚ 乯牴栠䍨楮愠䡥牡汤ꎬㄹ〲쓪?퓂㌱죕ꎬ뗚ㄳ㤸튳ꎻㄹ〲쓪?퓂ㄲ죕ꎬ뗚㈹?튳ꆣ ꋛ 䙯牥楧渠剥污瑩潮猠潦⁕湩瑥搠却慴敳ꎬㄹㄶꎬ뗚ㄳ?튳ꆣ ꋜ 췴뺴폝ꎺꆶ췢맺놾퓚뷼듺훐맺뗄뷰죚믮뚯ꆷꎬ죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ뗚334튳ꆣ 3 3
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 (1) 맙냬틸탐뗄돶쿖 듓1897쓪5퓂27죕훐맺ퟔ냬뗄뗚튻볒틸탐ꆪꆪ훐맺춨짌틸탐돉솢ꎬ떽1905쓪뮧늿틸탐짨탐놱뺩ꎬ퓙떽1908쓪붻춨틸탐뗄헽쪽뾪튵ꎬ맙냬틸탐잮뫅뗄탋웰럖룮쇋즽컷욱뫅퓚맺쓚쫐뎡뗄믣뛒튵컱ꎬ벫듳뗘췌쫉쇋즽컷욱뫅뷶듦뗄싔폐폅쫆뗄뿚낶폫쓚뗘횮볤뗄믣뛒튵컱ꆣ훐맺춨짌틸탐돉솢뫳뻍뛡좡쇋욱뫅뫜듳튻늿럖뗄듦믣튵컱ꆣ뮧늿틸탐퓲욾뷨탛뫱뗄놾ꆢ훚뛠뗄럖횧믺릹틔벰쿭폐뗄쳘좨ꎬ췪췪좫좫뗘냑즽컷욱뫅듓믣뛒튵컱훐업벷돶좥ꆣ (2) 욱뫅솽듎듭쪧뇤잨믺믡 1) 1896쓪춨짌틸탐돉솢쪱ꎬ퓸솦퇻즽컷욱뫅죫막ꆣ뛸듋쪱뗄즽컷욱뫅짐뒦폚탋쪢웚ꎬ퓚췪좫뻟놸뫏ퟩ틸탐쳵볾뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ엇뮲맛췻ꎬ뻹늻뿏펻풾헹쿈ꎬퟮ훕뻜뻸쇋쟥헾뢮뫏ퟩ틸탐뗄쳡틩ꆣ 2) 틔즽컷욱뫅뺩뚼럖뫅뺭샭샮뫪쇤캪쫗뗄췅쳥ꎬ뛔떱쪱뗄탎쫆폐튻룶쟥탑뗄죏쪶ꎬ랢돶쇋욱뫅뫏ퟩ틸탐뗄뎫틩ꆣ틅몶뗄쫇ꎬ뫏ퟩ틸탐뗄붨틩훕놻욱뫅ퟜ뫅ퟮ룟뻶닟헟늵믘ꆣ (3) 쟥헾뢮동떽뗄램훆횧돖 즽컷욱뫅ퟔ닺짺틔살ꎬ훐맺뗄뷰죚쫐뎡냼삨췢틸탐믹놾짏튻횱뚼쫇뒦폚컞헾뢮ힴ첬ꎬ뷰죚훈탲믬싒ꆣ횱떽1908쓪2퓂7죕ꎬ훐맺뗚튻늿맜샭웕춨틸탐뗄틸탐램ꆪꆪꆶ틸탐춨탐퓲샽ꆷꎬ닅뾪쪼쇋퓧웚뗄뻉훐맺뗄뷰죚볠맜ꆣ캪췆뚯틸잮뫅튵힢닡ꎬ1908쓪8퓂뛈횧늿폖훆뚨쇋ꆶ틸탐힢닡헂돌ꆷ냋쳵ꎬ1909쓪7퓂ꎬퟠힼ냤늼ꆶ춨폃틸잮욱퓝탐헂돌ꆷ뛾쪮쳵ꎬ좫쏦헻뛙맜샭틸잮탐뫅횽뇒ꎬ헂돌맦뚨짦벰랢탐퓰죎ꆢힼ놸뷰ꆢ틑랢탐횽뇒뗄쫕믘뗈쫂틋ꆣ 퓝쟒늻쮵ꆶ틸탐춨탐퓲샽ꆷ뫍ꆶ춨폃틸잮욱퓝탐헂돌ꆷ뗈뗄냤늼ꎬ뛔훐맺뷰죚훈탲뗄캬뮤쫇럱폐킧ꆣ뻍웤뛔폚즽컷욱뫅뗄펰쿬살쮵ꎬ쯆뫵캪쪱틑췭ꆣ뺭샺쇋췢틸탐뗄3듎퓚뮪뺭펪룟럥ꎬ퓚훐맺뷰죚튵ퟮ탨튪램훆맦랶뗄쪱뫲ꎬ컒쏇헾뢮쓋훁뷰죚튵쎻폐죎뫎쿫램ꆣ훂쪹췢틸탐퓚훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡죎틢췽캪ꎬ춨맽 ꆰ늻램쫖뛎ꆱꆢꆰ늻헽떱뺺헹ꆱ뿘훆훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡ꎬ즽컷욱뫅뗄뺭펪뮷뺳뿉쿫뛸횪폐뛠퓣룢ꎬ뛔폚췆돧돏탅ꆢ돧짐틥샻뗄즽컷욱뫅살쮵ꎬ컞틬쫇돁훘뗄듲믷ꆣ퓚쟥헾뢮냤늼틸탐쳵샽횮뫳ꎬ욱뫅튲쎻폐뷴쪱볤내헕맺볒램뚨냬램룄ퟩꎬ쪵탐폐쿞퓰죎릫쮾ꎬ쪵탐뚭쫂믡ꆢ볠쫂믡ꎬ쪧좥쇋ퟮ뫳뗄짺듦믺믡ꆣ (4) 쟥헾뢮뗄뿥첨 탁몥죉ퟓ솽쓪볤ꎬ탭뛠돇쫐뺭볃퓢떽웆뮵ꎬ릤짌튵웆닺ꎬ틸잮탐뫅놻벷뛸룩잳떹뇕ꆣꆰ뮦쫐쟞쪢쪱ꎬ잮욱뫅튻냙쫽쪮볒ꎬ뷱횻잿듦뛾쪮폠볒ꎬ맙짨횮잮뻖틸탐틠뢴믙짋훏낭ꆣ춬늡34
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 쿠솯ꎬ웤쯼쫂튵횮ힴ뿶ꎬ뿉쿫뛸횪ꆣꆱꋙ욱뫅폫웤쯼틸잮탐뫅튻퇹ꎬ튪쎴퓚룷뚯싒돇쫐닆컯놻쟀ꎬ튪쎴놻벷룩잳떹뇕ꆣ욱뫅놻벷뛒뗄쟩탎ꎬ퓚1911쓪10퓂뻍틑뾪쪼ꆣ커닽웰틥ꎬ헰뚯쇋뺩돇ꎬ볓횮쫐쏦쿖틸좱랦ꎬ룷훖잮욱틸욱쇷춨뷏뛠ꎬꆰ튻컅뇸뺯ꎬ헹쿠쿖뇒ꆱꆣꋚ죉ퟓ쓪뇸뇤ꎬ룷짌닒퓢쟀뷙ꎬ욱뫅뾪쪼떹뇕ꆣ퓚떹뇕맽돌훐ꎬ췹췹폖쫇퓚벫뛋삧쓑쿂ꎬ캪놣좫탅폃ꎬ뷟솦캬돖ꆣ 㐮㌮㌠킡뷡?춨맽틔짏럖컶컒쏇뿉틔랢쿖ꎬ쓚퓚벰췢퓚솽랽쏦풭틲ꎬퟮ훕떼훂즽컷욱뫅퓚폫췢틸탐뺺헹훐ퟮ훕쪧샻ꆣ쓚퓚랽쏦ꎬ퓚펦뛔췢틸탐뺭펪튵컱맣뛈뫍짮뛈짏뗄쾮죫쪱ꎬ즽컷욱뫅튵컱뺭펪틔벰햽싔짏뗄쒫쫘돉맦ꎬ쪹뗃즽컷욱뫅ퟮ훕횻쓜욾뷨럖횧믺릹뛠헢튻폅쫆뛸놣폐뗄믣뛒튵컱뷸탐짺듦ꆣ췢퓚랽쏦ꎬ췢틸탐퓚뗛맺훷틥뗄횧돖쿂ꎬ뿘훆쇋훐맺뗄닆헾뫍뷰죚쏼싶ꎬ즽컷욱뫅튪헽뎣뺭펪웤듦ꆢ듻ꆢ믣튵컱ꎬ틑뺭뇤뗃쿠떱뗄놻뚯ꎻ춬쪱맙냬틸탐뗄돉솢ꎬ쪹뗃즽컷욱뫅훰늽쪧좥쇋쟥헾뢮뗄횧돖ꎬ늢ퟮ훕즥쪧쇋볌탸뫍췢틸탐뺺헹뗄뿉쓜ꆣ 쯹틔쮵ꎬ즽컷욱뫅뗄뿥첨ꎬ폫뗛맺훷틥뗄쟖싔릤뻟ꆪꆪ췢틸탐뗄랢햹폐ퟅ훘튪뗄솪쾵ꆣ퓚췢틸탐튵컱쇩믮뗷헻ꎬ훰늽쾮뷼즽컷욱뫅뗄쪱뫲ꎬ즽컷욱뫅캴쓜ퟶ돶쿠펦뗄뗷헻틔릮만ퟔ짭튵컱폨틔믘믷ꎬ쿠랴뗄ꎬ즽컷욱뫅닉폃쇋ꆰ쓣뷸컒췋ꆱ뗄뺭펪햽싔ꎬퟮ훕떼훂웤퓚폫췢틸탐뗄뺺헹맽돌훐풽살풽놻뚯ꆣ ꋙ ꆶ쇙쪱듳ퟜ춳쇮ꆷ1912쓪3퓂21죕ꎬ뗚283튳ꆣ ꋚ 쟥떵ꎬ컞쏻돂맜볻헛욬ꎬ탻춳죽쓪냋퓂뛾쪮쯄죕ꆣ 3 5
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 ??즽컷욱뫅쫜췢틸탐펰쿬뗄샺쪷웴쪾벰쿖쪵틢틥?㔮??춸맽즽컷욱뫅뗄탋쪢뺭퇩뾴떱뷱훐틸탐뗄ퟔ짭폅쇓?즽컷욱뫅뗄ꆰ돏탅캪놾ꎬ힢훘탅폾ꆱ뗄뺭펪샭쓮ꎬ쪹웤믱좡쇋뺭펪욱뫅튵컱컈만뗄뿍뮧믹뒡ꎻ욱뫅뗄ꆰ훘쫓죋닅ꎬ틔죋캪놾ꆱ뗄죋쫂맜샭훆뛈ꎬ뛔욱뫅뗄탋쪢ퟶ돶쇋뫜듳릱쿗ꎬ뛔폚쿖듺웳튵뗄죋쫂맜샭죔뻉폐뫜듳뗄뷨본틢틥ꎻ욱뫅뗄ꆰ퇏룱뫅맦ꎬ뷚폻뛅뇗ꆱꎬ쫇욱뫅뗃틔퓚80뛠쓪컞헾뢮ힴ첬쿂헽뎣뺭펪뗄맘볼쯹퓚ꎬ훘쫓뫅맦뗄훆뚨ꎬ춨맽뫅맦웰떽ퟔ싉뗄킧맻ꎻ욱뫅뗄ꆰ폂폚뒴탂ꎬ뒴퓬킧틦ꆱꎬ벫듳뗘쳡짽쇋욱뫅쯹뺭펪뗄룷쿮튵컱뗄튵컱쓜솦ꎬ늢캪욱뫅뒴퓬쇋뺭볃킧틦ꎻ욱뫅돧짐뗄ꆰ쿈틥뫳샻ꎬ틔틥훆샻ꆱꎬ쪹뗃즽컷욱뫅짭죫닆솦횮뎡뛸늻컛ꆣ틔짏쫇듓즽컷욱뫅컈만뗄뺭펪믹뒡뾴즽컷욱뫅뗄탋쪢ꆣ쿂쏦듓즽컷욱뫅뗄뺭펪랢햹햽싔뾴웤탋쪢ꆣ 욱뫅퓚1851쓪떽1864쓪헢튻쪱웚랢햹톸쯙ꎬ늢쫕좡쇋폅뫱샻죳ꆣ췢틲퓚폚췢맺놾훷틥쫆솦뗄죫쟖ꎬ퇘몣뫍뎤붭퇘낶훷튪돇쫐뛔췢뾪럅ꎬ퇳믵듳솿펿죫ꎬ췁닺욷듳솿췢쇷뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ쿲욱뫅쳡돶쇋룼뛠뗄짌튵믣뛒뗄튪쟳ꆣ쓚틲퓚폚즽컷욱뫅틔듦럅뿮폫믣뛒튵컱캪훷ꎬ럾컱폚릤짌튵ꆣ1865-1890쓪ꎬ즽컷욱뫅뗄듳랢햹쪱웚ꎬ욱뫅튻늽늽랢햹ힳ듳ꎬ뺭펪튵컱늻뛏퓶볓ꎬ폫쟥헾뢮뗄맘쾵튲폺랢뗄쏜쟐ꆣ즽컷욱뫅뾪쪼붫튵컱훘탄평떥뒿뗄럾컱폚릤짌튵ꎬ캪춬쪱럾컱폚릤짌튵틔벰쟥헾뢮ꎬ벫듳뗄삩헅쇋즽컷욱뫅뗄샻죳살풴ꎬ쫕좡쇋럡뫱샻죳ꆣ1891쓪-1911쓪ꎬ즽컷욱뫅뗄샻틦폫쟥헾뢮뷴쏜솪쾵ꎬ떥뒿뗄럾컱폚헾뢮ꎬ늽죫즽컷욱뫅쮥췶횮잰뗄믻탎뗄벫쪢쪱웚ꆣ 즽컷욱뫅뗄탋쪢ꎬ쫇욾뷨컈만뗄뺭펪믹뒡틔벰훰붥뇤뗄랢햹햽싔뛸펭살튻싖튻싖뗄탋쪢ꆣ떫쫇듓즽컷욱뫅탋쪢뺭퇩훐컒쏇랢쿖ꎬ폐킩뺭퇩돉캪욱뫅뛌웚랱죙뗄틲쯘춬쪱ꎬ튲돉캪ퟮ훕즽컷욱뫅뗄뿥첨뗄튻룶췆솦ꆣ퓚욱뫅컈뚨뗄뺭펪믹뒡쿂ꎬ욱뫅폫짌뫅ꆢ쟥헾뢮틔벰췢틸탐횮볤맘쾵뗄뒦샭ꎬ돉캪욱뫅뺭펪맽돌훐뗄튻룶폖튻룶뗄뷚뗣ꆣ 죧뷱ꎬ훐틸탐퓙듎횱쏦췢틸탐ꎬ뿉틔쮵컒쏇펵폐뫍췢틸탐뺺헹뗄쓜솦뫍쳵볾ꎬ떫튲폐탭뛠놡죵뮷뷚폐듽볓잿ꆣ틔쿂춨맽즽컷욱뫅뗄탋쪢뺭퇩ꎬ뻟쳥럖컶떱뷱훐틸탐뗄폅쇓쫆ꆣ 36
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 뇭?ꋙ 즽컷욱뫅폫맺폐틸탐뗄뇈뷏 뇈뷏쿮쒿 즽컷욱뫅 맺폐틸탐 폫헾뢮뗄맘쾵 즽컷욱뫅퓚ퟔ좻랢햹맽돌훐ꆪꆪ훷뚯뷡붻맺폐틸탐퓚죋캪랢햹맽돌훐ꆪꆪퟷ캪헾뢮헾뢮ꆪꆪ틲듺샭헾뢮튵컱뛸랱죙ꆪꆪ틲헾뗄돶쓉캪헾뢮럾컱ꆪꆪ헾뢮훰붥췋돶ꆪꆪ뢮뿥첨뛸웆닺 틸탐쫊펦쫐뎡뗄쓜솦늻ퟣꆪꆪ뺭펪뿷쯰 탔훊ꎺ컞싛퓵퇹뮥쿠샻폃ꎬ쪼훕쫇헾웳럖뾪ꆣ 탔훊ꎺ컞싛헾뢮퓵퇹췋돶ꎬ쪼훕헾웳늻럖ꆣ 폫웳튵뗄맘쾵 캪틬뗘짌튵쎳틗럾컱ꎬ럻뫏뺭볃랢햹맦싉늢잿훆탔뗘캪맺폐웳튵쳡릩럾컱ꎬ럻뫏쪱듺돶폚샻죳쒿뗄ꆣ 쳘헷떫늻쫇돶폚샻죳쒿뗄ꆣ 뫏ퟷ뷡맻ꎺ틲짌튵쎳틗뗄랱죙뛸랱죙ꎬ틲짌뫏ퟷ뷡맻ꎺ틲맺폐웳튵킧싊뗍쿂뛸뿷쯰ꎬ튵쎳틗뗄쮥췋뛸쮥췋ꆣ 1/3뗄늻솼듻뿮살ퟔ폚듋ꆣ 쪱듺뇤잨뗄쳘뇤잨쳘헷ꎺ짺닺랽쪽평킡릤튵쿲놾훷틥릤뇤잨쳘헷ꎺ볆뮮뺭볃쿲쫐뎡뺭볃뇤ꎻ럢헷벰펦뇤쓜솦 튵맽뛉ꎻ짧믡훆뛈ꎺ럢붨훆뛈뿥첨뛸탂훆뛈뇕뺭볃쿲뾪럅뺭볃뇤ꎻ릤튵뺭볃쪱듺쿲짐캴좷솢뗄횳쏱훷틥쪱웚ꎬ맺쓚ꆢ맺볊햽싒횪쪶뺭볃쪱듺맽뛉ꎻ탂탋막럝훆틸탐붨솢ꎬ욵랱ꎬ뻖쫆뚯떴ꎻ뷰죚쇬폲ꎺ탂탋틸탐붨솢ꆢ췢틸탐펿죫ꆣ 췢틸탐펿죫ꆣ 펦뇤쓜솦ꎺ뷏닮ꆣ뇭쿖퓚ꎺ맺폐틸탐짌튵펦뇤쓜솦ꎺ늻쓜폫쪱뻣뇤ꎬퟮ훕쮥췶ꆣ 뮯캴떽캻ꎻ80%뗄듻뿮횧뢶뛔GDP릱쿗늻ퟣ30%뗄맺폐웳튵ꎻ훐볤튵컱햼뇈뗍ꎬ췸짏럾컱쓜솦늻ퟣꆣ 맺쓚쫐뎡ힴ뿶 룟뛈뺺헹 룟뛈슢뛏 살ퟔ췢틸탐췢틸탐뾿쪵솦뾿쳘좨쟀ퟟ쫐뎡ꆣ 췢틸탐믡뾿쪵솦쟀ퟟ폅훊뿍뮧ꆢ폅탣죋뗄톹솦 닅ꆢ듦뿮벰듳늿럖뷡쯣튵컱ꆣ 뷰죚볠맜 컞 폐ꎬ떫늻췪짆ꎬ킧싊늻룟 쫐뎡춸쏷뛈 잿 죵 듦뿮놣쿕훆뛈 컞 컞 쓚뿘훆뛈 붡좫ꎬ쇩믮 늻붡좫ꎬ붩뮯 늻솼듻뿮 폐 폐ꎬ맙랽쫽ퟖ캪22898틚풪ꎬ햼듦뿮뗄뇈늻솼듻뿮뗄탔훊ꎺ춻랢쫂볾떼훂ꆣ 샽캪%ꆣ ꋙ 헅퇇삼ꆢ킻슻즽ꎺꆶ즽컷욱뫅쮥췶뗄풭틲폫뷌통ꆷꎬꆶ즽컷욱뫅퇐뺿ꆷꎬ훐맺닆헾뺭볃돶냦짧ꎬ2002쓪ꎬ뗚86ꆢ87튳ꆣ 3 7
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 쳘헷ꎺ쓚늿럧쿕킡ꎬ췢늿럧쿕듳ꆣ 늻솼듻뿮탔훊ꎺ뎣쓪믽샛뷡맻ꆣ 쳘헷ꎺ뛌웚쓚쓚늿럧쿕듳ꎬ췢늿럧쿕킡ꎬ뎤웚쓚췢늿럧쿕튲붫퓶듳ꎬ늢볓뻧쓚늿럧쿕뗄삩듳ꆣ 놾돤ퟣ싊 뷏돤ퟣꆣ 늻ퟣꎬ2000쓪맺폐틸탐욽뻹놾돤ퟣ싊캪%ꆣ 쯤쮵듓2002쓪떽죧뷱ꎬ훐틸탐쳘뇰쫇짏뇭쯹쮵뗄맺폐틸탐뺭맽룄룯틑뺭퓚룷랽쏦뚼랢짺쇋뫜듳뗄뇤뮯ꎬ떫쫇춨맽짏뇭틀뻉뛔컒쏇춨맽즽컷욱뫅퇐뺿훐틸탐폐튻뚨뗄횸떼틢틥ꆣ a. 쏦뛔췢틸탐ꎬ럖컶훐틸탐뗄폅쇓쫆뮻 (1) 즽컷욱뫅랢햹맽돌훐ꎬ탋쪢뗄풭틲훐폐웤폫헾뢮뗄맘쾵ꎬ쮥췶뗄풭틲튲폫춬헾뢮뗄맘쾵냚췑늻쇋룉쾵ꆣ쫗쿈ꎬ훐틸탐뇘탫튪뒦샭뫃뗄쫇폫헾뢮뗄맘쾵ꆣ뒦샭뗃떱ꎬ뿉틔돉캪훐틸탐뗄튻룶랢햹폅쫆ꎻ뒦샭늻떱ꎬ뫜뿉쓜뻍돉캪쇋웤랢햹뗄튻룶냭뷅쪯ꆣ헾뢮펦뺡뿉쓜뗘돤떱튻룶훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡훈탲뗄컈뚨헟ꎬ캪훐틸탐펪퓬튻룶솼뫃뗄뷰죚뮷뺳ꎬ뺡뿉쓜뗄돤떱뷰죚쫐뎡뗄럾컱헟ꎬ뇜쏢쪹웤쿲욱뫅쓪듺튻퇹쫜떽췢맺놾뗄ퟳ폒ꎬ컒쿠탅듋뻙튻뚨믡캪훐틸탐뗄랢햹ퟶ돶릱쿗뗄ꆣ뻟쳥붨틩믡퓚쿂튻킡뷚훐틸탐죧뫎펦뛔췢틸탐훐룸돶ꆣ (2)즽컷욱뫅랢햹맽돌훐ꎬ춬퇹뮹폐튻닣맘쾵ꎬ볈돉뻍쇋즽컷욱뫅뗄탋쪢ꎬ폖돉캪쇋즽컷욱뫅쮥췶뗄튻룶췆솦ꎬ쓇뻍쫇즽컷욱뫅폫웳튵뗄맘쾵ꆣ컒쏇횪뗀틸탐닺짺뗄돵훔뻍쫇캪짌튵쳡릩럾컱ꎬퟷ캪짌튵훐뷩뛸랢햹ꆣ럅웺뗴짌튵뷰죚뗄욱뫅뗄ꆰ믻탎뷰죚ꆱ뇘붫쪧냜ꎬ쯹틔쮵쿖뷱뗄훐틸탐튻뚨튪헦헽ퟶ떽캪릤짌튵럾컱ꎬ캪짧믡훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃럾컱ꎬ헢튲쫇훐틸탐랢햹뗄캨튻돶슷ꆣ 솽룶맘쾵뗄뒦샭ꎬ쫇훐틸탐랢햹뗄맘볼ꆣ뒦샭뗃떱ꎬ솽룶맘쾵붫쫇훐틸탐뗄잿폐솦뗄폅쫆ꎻ뒦샭늻떱ꎬ퓲뇘붫돉캪훐틸탐뗄뻸뛔쇓쫆ꆣ b. 쏦뛔췢틸탐ꎬ훐틸탐뗄폅쫆 (1) 뻟폐뷏엓듳뗄맺쓚럖횧췸싧ꎬ펵폐췪짆뗄맺쓚쟥쯣쾵춳ꆣ (2) 펵폐솼뫃뗄놾뗘뿍뮧믹뒡ꆣ (3) 쫬쾤놾맺헾닟벰놾맺맺쟩ꎬ뻟폐놾췁뺭펪뺭퇩ꆣ c. 쏦뛔췢틸탐ꎬ훐틸탐뗄쇓쫆 (1) 쓚뿘믺훆놡죵ꎬ민뫋늿쏅ퟷ폃캴돤럖랢믓ꆣ 38
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 (2) 튵컱쫕죫살풴떥튻ꆣ (3) 튵컱뒴탂쓜솦뷏닮ꆣ (4) 뷰죚벼쫵뫍럧쿕맜샭쮮욽늻룟ꆣ (5) 훐볤튵컱ꆢ춶틸탐튵컱랽쏦뺭퇩늻ퟣꆣ 㔮㈠평즽컷욱뫅뗄뿥첨뾴떱뷱훐틸탐룃죧뫎펦뛔췢틸탐?즽컷욱뫅뗄뿥첨ꎬ뺿웤폫췢틸탐랽쏦뗄쿠맘풭틲ꎬ늻쓑랢쿖폐틔쿂벸룶랽쏦뗄풭틲ꆣ뗚튻ꎬ췢틸탐뗄뺺헹쪹뗃욱뫅튵컱놻뛡ꆣ췢틸탐욾뷨탛뫱뗄놾ꎬ췪좫뻟폐ퟳ폒뷨듻쫐뎡뗄쓜솿ꎬ즽컷욱뫅뗄듦ꆢ듻ꆢ믣튵컱뚼쫜떽쇋뫜듳뗄펰쿬ꆣ뗚뛾ꎬ췢틸탐뛔훐맺닆헾쏼싶뗄뿘훆ꎬ떼훂틔캪쟥헾뢮럾컱캪훘탄뗄즽컷욱뫅ꎬ즥쪧쇋뺭펪튵컱뗄컈뚨탔ꆣ뗚죽ꎬ욱뫅뺭펪짏뗄쫘뻉ꆢ늻쮼뷸좡ꎬ쫇욱뫅뺺헹솦즥쪧뗄훷튪풭틲ꆣ뻍쓃욱뫅뗄탅폃럅뿮살쮵ꎬ퓚췢틸탐폫즽컷욱뫅늢듦뗄냫룶뛠쫀볍훐ꎬ췢틸탐뗄뗖톺럅뿮헢튻훘튪뺭퇩ꎬ튻횱캴놻즽컷욱뫅쯹죏뿉ꆣ틲즽컷욱뫅횴틢횻ퟶ탅폃럅뿮ꎬ퓚뺭볃캣믺훐떹헋쯰쪧풽살풽듳ꎬ쎿랢짺튻듎떹헋ꎬ뺭볃쪵솦뻍믡복짙튻럖ꆣ튻랽쏦쫇췢틸탐뗄돉릦뺭퇩ꎬ죧웤돉릦뗄ꆰ릮만훘탄뗄잰쳡쿂ꎬ쿲웤쯼랽쏦삩헅ꆱ뗄뺭펪햽싔ꎬ튻랽쏦쫇즽컷욱뫅ퟔ짭뗄떹헋뷌통ꎬ뚼쎻폐쇮즽컷욱뫅폐쯹뇤ꆣ 뛔폚즽컷욱뫅뗄뿥첨ꎬ컒죏캪컒쏇ퟮ펦룃랴쮼뗄쫇즽컷욱뫅퓚뒦샭폫췢틸탐맘쾵뗄컊쳢ꆣ쫗쿈ꎬ즽컷욱뫅냑폫췢틸탐퓚믣뛒튵컱짏뗄뫏ퟷꎬ맡뒩폚쮫랽뗄헻룶뺭펪맽돌훐ꆣ듓췢틸탐쏩ힼ맺볊믣뛒튵컱뷸죫훐맺돵웚떽ퟮ훕즽컷욱뫅뿥첨ꎬ즽컷욱뫅볡돖폫췢틸탐뫏ퟷꎬ랢믓ퟅ럖횧믺릹뛠헢튻폅쫆ꎬ튻춬럾컱폚훐맺뛔췢쎳틗ꎬ듓쫂맺쓚늺볊볤믣뛒튵컱ꆣ웤듎ꎬ췢틸탐퓚릮만맺볊믣뛒튵컱뗄쟩쫆쿂ꎬ뾪쪼늻낲폚튵컱쿖ힴꎬ믽벫햹뾪폫즽컷욱뫅뗄뺺헹ꆣ즽컷욱뫅퓚뺺헹훐늻뗐췢틸탐ꎬ늢ퟮ훕퓚췢틸탐뗄뺺헹훐훰늽ퟟ쿲쮥췶ꆣ뺿웤뺺헹늻샻뗄풭틲ꎬ훷튪폐솽룶랽쏦ꆣ튻랽쏦돶쿖퓚쮫랽뗄뫏ퟷ맽돌ꆣ즽컷욱뫅퓚폫췢틸탐뗄뫏ퟷ맽돌훐ꎬ럮쿗ퟔ짭폅쫆뗄춬쪱ꎬ튻쫇캴쓜벰쪱랢쿖췢틸탐뛔ퟔ짭튵컱쟖쪴뗄뚯믺ꎬ틀뻉뻓릦ퟔ냁ꆢ붾냁ퟔ싺ꎻ뛾쫇쎻쓜듓췢틸탐쓇샯뷨본뫏샭뺭퇩ꎬ쫊쪱뗘뗷헻ퟔ짭ꎬ뛸쫇쫘뻉ꆢ뢯뮯쮼쿫햼뻝짏럧ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦돶쿖퓚쮫랽뗄뺺헹맽돌ꆣ즽컷욱뫅퓚튵컱뺺헹쪧샻뗄맽돌훐ꎬ캴쓜컼좡쪧냜뷌통믽벫뒴탂ꎬ뛸쫇튻캶뗘만쫘돂맦ꆣ?짏쫀볍횮붻ꎬ즽컷욱뫅펦뛔췢틸탐쪱좫뻼뢲쎻ꆣ헢튻쫀볍횮붻ꎬ훐틸탐룃죧뫎펦뛔췢틸탐쓘ꎿ퓚랴쮼췢틸탐폫즽컷욱뫅ퟮ훕뿥첨뗄맘쾵뫳ꎬ컒죏캪떱뷱훐틸탐퓚펦뛔췢3 9
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 틸탐쪱ꎬ훐틸탐펦췗짆뒦샭뫃쯄듳맘쾵ꎬ냼삨헾뢮폫훐틸탐맘쾵뗄뒦샭ꎻ훐틸탐폫뻓쏱ꆢ웳튵맘쾵뗄뒦샭ꎻ훐틸탐폫훐틸탐쓚늿맘쾵뗄뒦샭ꎻ훐틸탐폫췢틸탐맘쾵뗄뒦샭ꆣ웤훐ꎬ잰죽룶맘쾵뗄뒦샭쫇훐틸탐펦뛔췢틸탐뗄믹뒡ꎬퟮ뫳튻룶맘쾵뗄뒦샭쫇펦뛔뗄쫖뛎ꆣ훁폚쫖뛎뿉닉좡 ꆰ솽늽ퟟ햽싔ꆱꎬ뗚튻늽ꎬ퓚뺺헹훐톰쟳뫏ퟷꎻ뗚뛾늽ꎬ퓚뫏ퟷ훐톰쟳뺺헹ꆣ a. 헾뢮폫훐틸탐맘쾵뗄뒦샭 (1) 탅폃훆뛈뗄붨솢ꆢ붡좫ꆣ룶죋헷탅틔벰웳튵헷탅쾵춳뗄붨솢뫍췪짆ꎬ탨튪짧믡탅폃럾컱쳥쾵뗄늻뛏붡좫ꆣ컒맺룶죋헷탅쾵춳틀헕쪮쇹뷬죽훐좫믡쳡돶ꆰ붨솢웳튵뫍룶죋탅폃럾컱쳥쾵뗄랽쿲쫇췪짆램맦ꆢ쳘탭뺭펪ꆢ짌튵퓋ퟷꆢ튵럾컱ꆱ뗄ퟜ쳥튪쟳ꎬ룕붨돉늻뻃ꎬ뮹탨튪늻뛏췪짆늢첽쯷룟킧ꆢ릫헽뫍쫊뫏맺쟩뗄퓋탐쒣쪽ꆣ웳튵헷탅쾵춳뾪랢쫇퓚죋쏱틸탐ퟜ탐뗄횱뷓쇬떼쿂ꎬ2005쓪웴뚯뛔풭폐틸탐탅듻뗇볇톯쾵춳뷸탐뗄짽벶룄퓬뗄릤ퟷꎬ춨맽뛔탅듻맜샭쾵춳뗄룄퓬ꎬ퓋폃탅듻맜샭쾵춳닉벯쫽뻝ꎬퟔ뚯짺돉짏놨컄볾ꎬ쿲죋쏱틸탐ퟜ탐뗄헷탅럾컱훐탄횱뷓놨쯍쫽뻝ꎬ삩돤탅쾢솿ꎬ쳡룟쇋쫽뻝짏놨뗄벰쪱탔뫍ힼ좷탔ꆣ 폐쇋붡좫뗄탅폃훆뛈ꎬ뷰죚믺릹퓚쫜샭웳튵믲헟쫇룶죋듻뿮짪쟫쪱ꎬ뿉닩톯웳튵틔벰룶죋헷탅쾵춳ꎬ쇋뷢뷨뿮죋뗄탅폃ힴ뿶틔벰뷨뿮웳튵뗄닆컱ힴ뿶뫍탅폃ힴ뿶ꆣ쯦ퟅ헷탅쾵춳뗄붨짨뫍췪짆ꎬ헷탅쾵춳폐훺폚뷰죚믺릹럀랶탅폃럧쿕ꎬ쳡룟짌튵틸탐탅듻닺훊솿ꎻ듙뷸탅듻쫐뎡랢햹ꎬ삩듳탅듻랶캧ꎬ듙뷸쿻럑퓶뎤ꆣ (2) 램싉뮷뺳뗄췪짆ꆣ췪짆ꆢ뫏샭뗄볠맜쳥훆뗄붨솢ꎬ쫇훐췢틸탐쿠뮥뺺헹ꆢ릲춬랢햹뗄믹뒡ꆣ컒쏇튪컼좡즽컷욱뫅쪱웚뗄뷌통ꎬ떱췢틸탐퓋폃늻헽떱쫖뛎뫍즽컷욱뫅햹뾪뺺헹쪱ꎬ떱췢틸탐폃횳쏱쫖뛎ퟳ폒훐맺뷰죚쫐뎡뗄쪱뫲ꎬ틲램싉훆뛈뗄좱쪧ꎬ쎻쓜뛔췢틸탐뗄뺭펪탐캪웰떽죎뫎뗄풼쫸ꆣ쒿잰쯤좻틑뺭돵늽붨솢웰쇋튻쳗뛔췢틸탐쪵쪩듓뾪튵짳엺떽뺭펪볠맜뗄볠맜쳥쾵ꆣ룃쳥쾵ퟮ훷튪뗄램싉틀뻝캪ꆶ훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺췢뷰죚믺릹맜샭쳵샽ꆷ벰웤쪵쪩쾸퓲뫍ꆶ췢맺뷰죚믺릹뮪듺뇭믺릹맜샭냬램ꆷꎨ쿂컄럖뇰볲돆캪ꆶ쳵샽ꆷ뫍ꆶ냬램ꆷꎩꆣ떫쫇ꎬ펦떱뾴떽ꎬퟷ캪튻쳗볠맜쳥쾵뗄떼쿲뫍볠맜램싉풭퓲ꎬ퓚ꆶ쳵샽ꆷꆢ쾸퓲뫍ꆶ냬램ꆷ훐뚼폐맦뚨늻쏷믲쫇늻좫쏦횮뒦ꆣ틲컒맺틽뷸췢틸탐뗄쯄훖ퟩ횯탎쪽뻹짦벰떽뿧맺뷰죚믺릹뗄볠맜컊쳢ꎬ늻춬뗄ퟩ횯탎쪽쫊폃춬튻볠맜냬램ꎬ쿔좻폐웤늻뫏샭횮뒦ꆣ (3) 릫욽ꆢ릫헽뷰죚뮷뺳뗄붨솢ꆣ내헕훐맺뗄죫쫐돐억ꎬ2006쓪12퓂11죕웰붫뛔췢틸탐쪵탐맺쏱듽폶ꆣ듎맺쏱듽폶뛔폚췢틸탐살쮵쫇늻폨뷓쫜뗄ꎬ놻쫓캪웧쫓헾닟ꆣ듓쒿잰뗄랢햹살뾴ꎬ훐맺쎻폐캥놳ꆰ쫐뎡ힼ죫뫍맺쏱듽폶ꆱ솽듳틥컱돐억ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ뛔췢틸탐뗄뎬40
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 맺쏱듽폶튲쫇훐틸탐늻펦뷓쫜뗄ꆣ틲캪늻맜쫇럇맺쏱듽폶뮹쫇뎬맺쏱듽폶ꎬ뚼늻샻폚붨솢릫욽ꆢ릫헽뗄뷰죚뮷뺳ꆣ좻뛸컒쏇뗄헾닟퓚폐킩랽쏦듦퓚ퟅ늻춬돌뛈뗄쟣킱ꆣ뇈죧퓚틸탐틽랽쏦뗄ힼ죫늻릫욽훆뛈ꆢ훐췢틸탐쮰뢺늻욽뗈죧훐뷰죚믺릹튪뷉쓉돇쫐캬뮤붨짨쮰뫍뷌폽럑뢽볓ꎬ뛸췢틸탐뿉쏢헷헢킩쮰럑ꎬ훐췢틸탐뷉쓉뗄펪튵쮰ꆢ쯹뗃쮰뗄뻟쳥맦뚨튲늻쿠춬ꎬ헷쫕믹쫽늻욽뗈뗈뗈ꆣ헢훖늻릫욽ힴ첬뗄듦퓚ꎬ뇘붫늻샻폚훐틸탐뗄놾믽샛뫍뎤웚ꆢ컈붡랢햹ꎬ튲쿷죵쇋틸탐뗄뺺헹솦ꆣ b. 훐틸탐폫뻓쏱ꆢ웳튵맘쾵뗄뒦샭 퓚훐틸탐폫뻓쏱ꆢ웳튵맘쾵컊쳢짏ꎬ컒쏇랢쿖즽컷욱뫅폫쿖뷱뗄훐틸탐폐뫜듳뗄쿠쯆횮뒦ꆣ즽컷욱뫅닉폃ꆰ훘듳럅킡ꆱ뗄뒦샭랽램ꎬ훘쫓뫍듳짌튵ꆢ룟닣맙샴뗄뫏ퟷꎬ믹놾럅웺킡뮧튵컱ꆣ뛸떱쪱췢틸탐춨맽컈만즽컷욱뫅킡쫓뗄킡뮧튵컱뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ뾪쪼쿲듳짌튵ꆢ룟닣맙샴쟖쪴ꎬퟮ훕늽늽뇆뷼즽컷욱뫅뗄룷쿮튵컱ꆣ쿖죧뷱ꎬ듓훐킡웳튵죚쓑헢튻쿖ힴ뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ훐틸탐쿠뇈뷏뛸퇔틠듦퓚훘쫓폫듳웳튵뫏ퟷ뗄쳘뗣ꆣ늻춬뗄쫇ꎬ훐틸탐퓚폫뻓쏱맘쾵뗄뒦샭짏ꎬ늻듦퓚틔짏컊쳢ꆣ쯹틔럖컶뾴살ꎬ훐틸탐폫룟뛋뿍뮧틔벰훐킡웳튵맘쾵뗄뒦샭쫇훐틸탐좫쏦랢햹뿍뮧맘쾵탨훘뗣뷢뻶뗄ꆣ (1) 훐틸탐폫룟뛋뿍뮧맘쾵뗄뒦샭ꆣ췢틸탐뗄뷸죫ꎬ뇘좻믡햹뾪뛔훐틸탐룟뛋뿍뮧뗄뺺헹ꎬ췢틸탐떱잰틲쫜훆폚췸뗣ꆢ죋닅ꆢ돉놾뗈틲쯘ꎬ늻뿉쓜냑럾컱튻냣뻓쏱ퟷ캪웤뺭펪뗄훘뗣ꎬ쯼쏇뇘좻튪냑훷튪뺫솦럅퓚ퟮ쓜캪웤뒴퓬킧틦뗄룟뛋뿍뮧짭짏ꆣ쯹틔쮵훐틸탐펦훘쫓뛔룟뛋뿍뮧뗄뚨쿲럾컱ꎬ쳡짽럾컱훊솿ꎬ틔릮만뫍룟뛋뿍뮧틑붨솢뗄맘쾵ꆣ (2) 훐틸탐폫훐킡웳튵맘쾵뗄뒦샭ꆣ컒맺훐킡웳튵뻟폐쫽솿뛠ꆢ짦벰쇬폲맣ꆢ춶쿠뛔짙ꆢ뺭펪랽쪽쇩믮ꆢ쫊펦짧믡탨쟳뗈쳘뗣ꎬ쫇맺쏱뺭볃뗄냫뇚붭즽ꆣ짌튵틸탐펦캪훐킡웳튵펪퓬릫욽뗄듻뿮뮷뺳ꎬ뗷헻탅듻헾닟ꎬ탞룄웳튵탅폃뗈벶움뚨뇪ힼꎬ듲웆틔웳튵맦쒣ꆢ탔훊ퟷ캪횧돖폫럱뗄쳵볾ꎬ횧돖훐킡웳튵뗄뗄뫏샭뷰탨쟳ꎬퟱ톭릫욽ꆢ릫횤뫍돏탅풭퓲ꎬ훰늽쳡룟뛔훐킡웳튵탅듻춶죫뗄뇈훘ꆣ춬쪱짌튵틸탐펦믽벫뒴탂룄짆뷰죚럾컱ꎬ캪훐킡웳튵ퟶ떽솿쳥닃틂ꎬ쳡릩좫쏦뷢뻶랽낸ꆣ c. 훐틸탐폫훐틸탐쓚늿맘쾵뗄뒦샭 퓚즽컷욱뫅뗄랢햹맽돌훐ꎬ컒쏇펦룃힢틢떽ꎬ뫍즽컷욱뫅춬쪱웚퓢폶췢틸탐뗄ꆰ잮ꆱꎬ틲웤솦뇈뷏놡죵ꎬ뎤웚퓚욱뫅틔벰췢틸탐뗄냯훺쿂짺듦ꆢ랢햹ꎬ좻뛸랢햹떽ퟮ뫳퓚췢틸탐뗄 ꆰ룸폨헾닟ꆱ뗄쪵쪩쿂ꎬ돉캪쇋췢틸탐뗄싲냬ꎬ돉캪쇋즽컷욱뫅뗄뺺헹뛔쫖ꆣ 4 1
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 컼좡뷌통ꎬ컒쏇쒿잰맺쓚뗄잰맺폐틸탐뫍잰막럝훆틸탐튻뚨튪췅뷡웰살ꎬ죃훐틸탐뗄폅쫆룼폅ꎬ훐틸탐뗄쇓쫆뺡퓧뗄뮯ꆣ튻뚨튪퓚훐틸탐쓚늿ퟶ떽췪좫뗄풴ꆢ벼쫵릲쿭ꆣ헢퇹ퟶ뿉틔뷚풼돉놾ꎬ폐샻폚룼뿬쳡룟훐틸탐뗄헻쳥쪵솦ꆣ뇈죧쮵ꎬ훐맺붨짨틸탐틑춬뛠볒췢틸탐듯돉쇋벼쫵뫏ퟷ킭틩ꎬ헢킩췢틸탐붫캪훐맺붨짨틸탐쳡릩좫랽캻뗄벼쫵풮훺ꆣ컒쏇횪뗀뷰죚벼쫵쮮욽뛔폚컒쏇헻룶훐틸탐살쮵뚼늻룟ꎬ뚼폐믱좡벼쫵풮훺뗄뇘튪살뷸탐쳡짽ꆣ훐맺붨짨틸탐폫췢틸탐뫏ퟷꎬ돶폚뷚풼돉놾ꎬ믱좡룼듳킧틦뗄뾼싇ꎬ훐맺붨짨틸탐펦룃퓚폫췢틸탐뫏ퟷ뗄춬쪱ꎬ폫맺쓚웤쯼훐틸탐뷸탐뫏ퟷꆣ틲캪췢틸탐뗄쿈뷸뗄뷰죚벼쫵ꎬ늢늻튻뚨쫊뫏컒쏇떱잰뗄뷰죚뮷뺳ꎬ컒쏇튻뚨늻쓜닉폃벼쫵뗄쓃살훷틥ꎬ뛸펦룃훐틸탐릲춬뫏ퟷꎬ폅뮯컒쏇살횮늻틗뗄쫜풮훺뗄뷰죚벼쫵ꎬ쪹웤룼쫊뫏컒쏇뗄맺쟩ꆣ퓚컒쏇늹뛌뗄맽돌훐ꎬ튻뚨튪짃폃컒쏇뗄뎤ꆣ컒쏇튪폃췢틸탐뗄폅쫆ꎬ볓훐틸탐뗄폅쫆ꎬ짨볆돶ퟮ쫊뫏ퟮ폅뗄뷰죚럾컱ꆣ d. 훐틸탐폫췢틸탐맘쾵뗄뒦샭 (1) 퓚뺺헹훐톰쟳뫏ퟷꆣ뺭펪뗄뛀솢탔틔벰햽싔쟥컺탔쫇훐틸탐듋늽훨쿂랢햹뗄맘볼ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ돵웚틲훐췢틸탐퓚뺺헹맽돌훐뻹듦퓚ퟔ짭뗄쇓쫆ꎬ햹뾪췪좫뗄뺺헹뇘붫떼훂솽냜뻣짋ꆣ퓚뺺헹훐톰쟳뫏ퟷ뗄쒿뗄퓚폚ꎬ훐틸탐퓚폫췢틸탐뫏ퟷ틔쏖늹ퟔ짭좱쿝뗄춬쪱ꎬ늻쓜즥쪧웤뛀솢탔뛸쫜뿘폚췢틸탐ꎻ춬쪱훐틸탐쳡릩ퟔ짭폅쫆럾컱쪱ꎬ튻뚨튪춨맽뫏ퟷ맽돌ꎬ쳡짽컒쏇뗄쇓쫆뮷뷚ꆣ 뮨웬틸탐캪쇋쳡룟뿍뮧뷰떽헋쯙뛈ꎬ낲ힰ쇋릤짌틸탐뫍얩튵틸탐뗄뷰쟥쯣쾵춳ꎬ릤짌틸탐뫍얩튵틸탐튲뗃떽쇋쿠펦뗄쫖탸럑ꎬ늢믱뗃쇋죋풱엠통믺믡ꎻ훐맺붨짨틸탐틑춬뛠볒췢틸탐ꎨ냼삨뮨웬틸탐ꆢJP쒦룹듳춨틸탐ꆢ탂볓웂듳뮪틸탐뗈ꎩ듯돉쇋벼쫵뫏ퟷ킭틩ꎬ헢킩췢틸탐붫캪훐맺붨짨틸탐쳡릩좫랽캻뗄벼쫵풮훺ꎻ훐맺붨짨틸탐뫍붻춨틸탐쿈뫳뚼폫JP쒦룹듳춨틸탐퓚믹뷰맜샭랽쏦햹뾪쇋햽싔뫏ퟷꆣ뛸훐맺얩튵틸탐튲폫뗂틢횾틸탐뫏ퟷꎬ캪퓚뮪춶뗄뿧맺릫쮾뿍뮧쳡릩쿖뷰맜샭럾컱ꆣ 춨맽훐틸탐폫췢틸탐풽살풽맣랺뗄뫏ퟷꎬ퓚췢틸탐쿈뷸뗄샭쓮뫍쿈뷸튵컱욷훖쿲훐틸탐뗄훰늽째춸훐ꎬ훐틸탐펦믽벫컼좡뫍쿻뮯ꎬ헹좡뺡뿬뗄뇤놻뚯캪훷뚯ꎬ틔쳡룟웤쫊펦쫐뎡뇤뮯뗄쓜솦ꆣ 쇭췢ꎬ뮹탨쳘뇰힢틢뗄쫇ꎬ훐틸탐폫췢틸탐막좨랽쏦뗄뫏ퟷꆣ췢틸탐캪쇋폫훐틸탐붨솢룼샎만뗄뫏ퟷ맘쾵ꎬ늢샻폃훐틸탐뗄뗘폲벰믺릹폅쫆췘햹퓚훐맺뗄튵컱ꎬ쒱쟳룼듳뗄랢햹ꎬ믽벫닉폃쇋닺좨뫏ퟷ랽쪽ꆣ좻뛸쒱쟳뛔훐틸탐뗄뿘막ꎬ믲탭쫇쯻쏇뗄훕벫쒿뇪ꆣ42
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 컒쏇랢쿖ꎬ쿠뇈뛸퇔췢틸탐뛔막좨쿠뛔럖즢뗄훐킡막럝훆틸탐룼캪쟠ꆣ풭틲뫜볲떥ꎬ뻍쫇쿫쿈춨맽닎막뫏ퟷꎬ좻뫳퓙샻폃ퟔ짭퓚맜샭ꆢ벼쫵뫍좫쟲췸싧뗄폅쫆훰늽헆컕훷뿘좨ꎬ틔웚뷱뫳쪵쿖뻸뛔뿘막ꆣ헢튻뗣ꎬ뛔폚훐킡막럝훆짌튵틸탐펦룃냑컕뫃ꎬ튻뚨늻쓜쿱샺쪷짏뗄잮쓇퇹쪧좥ퟔ훷좨ꎬ퓚냑컕쇩믮뛠뇤헢튻폅쫆뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ룼튪냑컕뫃뺭펪뛀솢탔풭퓲ꆣ 훐췢틸탐뺭맽쿠뮥뺺헹ꎬ릲춬랢햹뗄뷗뛎뫳ꎬ쿠탅훐췢짌튵틸탐뚼뗃떽쇋뎤ퟣ뗄랢햹ꎬ풭놾뗄폅쫆늻퓙쫇폅쫆ꎬ풭놾뗄쇓쫆틠늻퓙쫇쇓쫆ꆣ (2) 뫏ퟷ훐톰쟳뺺헹ꆣ뗚튻뷗뛎훐췢틸탐릲춬랢햹뗄맽돌ꎬ튲쫇뷰죚쫐뎡뾪췘뗄맽돌ꆣ훐볤튵컱ꆢ춶틸탐튵컱뗈좫쏦랢햹ꎬ쫆뇘룸틸탐튵듸살럡뫱뗄샻죳ꆣ틀뻝뺭볃톧풭샭ꎬ럡뫱뗄샻죳ꆢ뷰죚쫐뎡뗄췪좫뾪럅뇘붫컼틽탂냬틸탐뗄럗럗볓죫ꎬ튲뻍믡펭살틸탐튵탂튻싖뗄뺺헹룟뎱ꆣ듓웳튵떽뻓쏱뚼쓜쿭쫜떽튻헻쳗뇣샻뗄뷰죚럾컱ꎬ쫐뎡뮯뷰죚뗄폅쫆췪좫쳥쿖ꆣ훐틸탐퓚듋웚볤펦돤럖랢믓ퟔ짭뗄뷰죚뒴탂쓜솦ꎬ듋쪱훐췢틸탐뗄뺺헹뻍퓚폚뷰죚뒴탂쓜솦뗄뺺헹ꎬퟮ듳쿞뛈뗄쿫뿍뮧횮쯹쿫ꎬ벱뿍뮧횮쯹벱ꆣ뫏ퟷ훐톰쟳뺺헹뗄뷗뛎ꎬ펦룃쫇훐맺틸탐튵듳솦랢햹뗄뷗뛎ꎬ튲쫇뷰죚럾컱헦헽쳡룟뗄뷗뛎ꆣ 㔮㌠킡뷡?놾헂춨맽즽컷욱뫅폫훐틸탐뗄뇈뷏ꎻ췢틸탐뛔즽컷욱뫅뗄펰쿬ꎻ즽컷욱뫅죧뫎펦뛔췢틸탐죽룶랽쏦살ퟮ훕뷒쪾놾컄퇐뺿뗄쿖쪵틢틥ꆣ 쫗쿈ꎬ뇘탫잿뮯헾뢮뛔훐틸탐뗄횧돖솦뛈ꎬ튻뚨튪뛅뻸췢틸탐뎬맺쏱듽폶뗄쿖쿳ꆣ틲컒맺뛔틸탐튵뗄볠맜쓜솦뫍맺볊쮮욽뮹폐뫜듳뗄닮뻠ꎬ췢틸탐뗄뷸죫놾짭뛔컒맺볠맜믺릹살쮵틑뺭쫇튻듳쳴햽ꆣ췢틸탐뗄뎬맺쏱듽폶붫믡볓뻧컒맺볠맜믺릹뗄볠맜톹솦ꎬ룒컊죧죴돶쿖췢볠맜슩뚴뛸ퟮ훕떼훂뻞뛮쯰쪧쪱ꎬ평쮭살싲떥ꎿ튪쳡짽볠맜쮮욽ꎬ컞틉늻쓜뾿쿞훆틸탐튵랢햹살듯떽볠맜뗄쒿뗄ꎬ뛸펦룃쫇냩쯦ퟅ틸탐튵뗄늻뛏랢햹살쳡짽볠맜쮮욽ꆣ떫쫇컒쾣췻볠맜쓜솦쳡짽뗄쯹냩쯦뗄ꆰ틸탐튵뗄랢햹ꆱ쫗쿈쫇훐틸탐튵뗄랢햹ꆣ횻폐헢퇹ꎬ퓚볠맜늻솦랢짺볠맜돉놾쪱ꎬ뮹폐컒쏇뗄헾뢮뿉틔살캪횮싲떥ꆣ 웤듎ꎬ훐틸탐쓚늿맘쾵뇘탫뫍킳ꆣ컒쏇랢쿖죧뷱뗄풭맺폐틸탐ꆢ풭막럝훆틸탐ꆢ췢틸탐죽헟뗄맘쾵폫즽컷욱뫅ꆢ잮ꆢ췢틸탐죽헟뗄맘쾵폐뫜듳뗄쿠쯆횮뒦ꆣ샺쪷짏잮틀뢽폚췢틸탐싙캪싲냬ꎬ룸폨즽컷욱뫅훂쏼뗄튻믷ꎬ떱잰췢틸탐춬퇹쫗쿈뛔쪵솦뷏죵뗄풭막럝훆틸탐뾪쪼쿂쫖ꆣ퓚뺭퇩뷌통뗄웴뗏쿂ꎬ컒쏇뗄훐틸탐뇘탫췅뷡튻훂ꆢ릲춬랢햹ꆢ릲춬뗖폹췢틸탐뗄뺺헹ꆣ 4 3
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 퓙듎ꎬ훐틸탐뇘탫믽벫쳡짽ퟔ짭뗄럾컱ꎬ퓚폫췢틸탐뺺헹뗄맽돌훐쫗쿈뇘탫놣좫ퟔ짭풭폐뗄뿍뮧믹뒡ꆣ좻뫳춨맽늻뛏뗘뒴탂ꎬ살헹좡풴풴늻뛏뗄탂뗄뿍뮧풴ꆣ ퟮ뫳ꎬ훐틸탐폫췢틸탐뗄뫏ퟷꆢ뺺헹뗄맽돌ꎬ쪵볊짏쫇훐췢틸탐쿠뮥톧쾰ꆢ쿠뮥쳡룟뗄맽돌ꆣ훐틸탐튻뚨튪뫃뫃냑컕헢튻맽돌ꎬퟶ뫃뎤풶뗄듲쯣ꆣ럀횹틲퇛잰샻틦뗄폕믳뛸놻췢틸탐쯹샻폃ꎬ죧췢틸탐샻폃훐틸탐럖횧믺릹훚뛠헢튻폅쫆ꆣ쯹틔쮵훐틸탐튻뚨튪냑컕뫃ꆰ쿠뮥ꆱ헢튻룅쓮ꎬ횼퓚톧쾰ꎬퟅ퇛폚뎤풶샻틦ꆣ 44
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 닎뾼컄쿗?ꆾ?ꆿ훐맺죋쏱틸탐즽컷쪡럖탐ꆢ즽컷닆뺭톧풺ꆶ즽컷욱뫅쪷쇏ꆷ뇠킴ퟩꎬ즽컷욱뫅쪷쇏ꎨ퓶뚩놾ꎩ⸠즽컷뺭볃돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〲?ꆾ?ꆿ돂웤쳯⸠즽컷욱뾼싔⸠짌컱펡쮢망ꎬㄹ㌷?ꆾ?ꆿ췴뺴폝⸠췢맺놾퓚뷼듺훐맺뗄뷰죚믮뚯⸠죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬㄹ㤹?ꆾ?ꆿ컀뻛쿍⸠즽컷욱뫅쪷⸠쮵컄짧ꎬㄹ㐴?ꆾ?ꆿ믆맺믔⸠췭쟥잮뫍욱뫅퇐뺿⸠훐뮪쫩뻖ꎬㄹ㠹 ꆾ?ꆿ믆본⸠즽컷욱뫅쪷⸠즽컷뺭볃돶냦짧ꎬㄹ㤲 ꆾ?ꆿ뿗쿩틣⸠뷰죚쎳틗쪷싛⸠훐맺뷰죚돶냦짧ꎬㄹ㤸 ꆾ?ꆿ쫙돤튻ꆢ쫙샖펢⸠췢짌틸탐퓚훐맺⸠훐맺컄쪷돶냦짧ꎬㄹ㤶??ꆾ?ꆿ즽컷욱뫅퇐뺿솪싧ퟩ⸠즽컷욱뫅퇐뺿벯뗚튻벭??즽컷닆뺭톧풺뿆퇐뒦ꎬㄹ㠲?ꆾꆿ즽컷욱뫅퇐뺿솪싧ퟩ??즽컷욱뫅퇐뺿벯뗚뛾벭⸠즽컷닆뺭톧풺뿆퇐뒦ꎬㄹ㠴?ꆾㄱꆿ헅릮뗂⸠즽컷욱뫅ퟝ샀⸠탂뮪돶냦짧ꎬㄹ㤶 ?ꆾㄲꆿ?죕?쯂쳯슡탅⸠즽컷짌죋퇐뺿⸠즽컷죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬㄹ㠶?ꆾㄳꆿ뚭볌뇳⸠뷺짌폫훐맺뷼듺뷰죚⸠즽컷뺭볃돶냦짧?ꆾㄴꆿ쎫샯쮹ꆢ뿂솢쮹⸠믣럡ꆪꆪ쿣룛짏몣틸탐⸠훐뮪쫩뻖ꎬㄹ㜹?ꆾㄵꆿ뿗쿩틣⸠즽컷욱뫅쮥췶뗄풭틲폫뷌통⸠ꆶ훐맺뷰죚냫퓂뾯ꆷꎬ㈰〳ꎬㄹ?ꆾㄶꆿ헅퇇삼ꆢ킻슻즽? 즽컷욱뫅쮥췶뗄풭틲폫뷌통? ꆶ즽컷욱뫅퇐뺿ꆷ?훐맺닆헾돶냦짧?ꆾㄷꆿ뿗쿩틣⸠욱뫅뗄닺짺벰뷰죚뒴탂⸠ꆶ훐맺뷰죚냫퓂뾯ꆷꎬ㈰〳ꎬㄳ?ꆾㄸꆿ뫩?맜⸠훐맺뷰죚춨쪷⸠훐맺뷰죚돶냦짧ꎬ?㈰〲?ꆾㄹꆿ쇨튩싗ꆢ태뢦뗈⸠훐맺뷼듺뺭볃쪷⸠훘쟬돶냦짧ꎬㄹ㠲?ꆾ㈰ꆿ엓틣⸠훐맺쟥듺뺭볃쪷⸠죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬㄹ㤴?ꆾ㈱ꆿ즣죳짺⸠볲쏷뷼듺뷰죚쪷⸠솢탅믡볆돶냦짧?ꆾ㈲ꆿ역탅췾?훐맺믵뇒쪷⸠짏몣죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬㄹ㘵?ꆾ㈳ꆿ샮폀뢣⸠즽컷욱뫅퇐뺿⸠훐뮪릤짌솪뫏돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〷?ꆾ㈴ꆿ쳆쮫쓾⸠퓚뮪췢틸탐룅샀⸠훐맺뷰죚돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〱 ꆾ㈵ꆿ췵병병⸠랢햹훐맺볒뗄췢틸탐?뺺헹?킧싊폫컈뚨⸠죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〷?ꆾ㈶ꆿ훜훙량ꆢ돂랼뗈⸠죫쫀맽뛉웚뫳뗄훐맺췢틸탐램⸠짏몣닆뺭듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〸 ?4 5
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 ꆾ㈷ꆿ돂폪슶⸠쿖듺뷰죚샭싛⸠훐맺뷰죚돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〱?ꆾ㈸ꆿ헅헽쏷ꆢ뗋좪⸠욽튣욱뫅짌⸠즽컷죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬㄹ㤷?ꆾ㈹ꆿ쎫퓌쪫⸠뿧맺릫쮾퓚뮪춶닟싔⸠훐맺닆헾뺭볃돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〵?ꆾ㌰ꆿ뿗쿩틣⸠뷰죚욱뫅쪷싛⸠훐맺뷰죚돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〳?ꆾ㌱ꆿ짏몣닆뺭듳톧쿖듺뷰죚퇐뺿훐탄⸠㈰〶훐맺뷰죚랢햹놨룦⸠짏몣닆뺭듳톧ꎬ㈰〶?ꆾ㌲ꆿ쫦쯄뫬⸠뛔붨솢웳튵폫룶죋솪뫏헷탅훆뛈뗄벸뗣쮼뾼⸠ꆶ웳튵뺭볃ꆷꎬ㈰〳ꎬ??ꆾ㌳ꆿ벽뒺쎷ꆢ췵뺰타⸠췢틸탐뛔훐맺틸탐튵랢햹뗄펰쿬⸠ꆶ춳볆폫탅쾢싛첳ꆷꎬ㈰〲ꎬ??ꆾ㌴ꆿ뿗쿩틣⸠욱뫅폫맙뎡⸠ꆶ훐맺뷰죚냫퓂뾯ꆷꎬ㈰〳ꎬㄷ?ꆾ㌵ꆿ쓴놦⸠ㄹ쫀볍훐튶퓚뮪퇳탐쫆솦뗄삩헅폫놩솦싓뛡?볻맺톧췸?럃컊쪱볤㈰〸??????ꆾ㌶ꆿ췵샶ꆢ쳯탂쏱⸠싛컒맺뛔췢틸탐볠맜뗄램싉풭퓲⸠ꆶ짌튵퇐뺿ꆷꎬ㈰〳ꎬ㈴?ꆾ㌷ꆿ돂뗀뢻⸠뷰죚튵뾪럅틽랢낲좫폫킧싊횮헹⸠맺볊짌놨ꎬ㈰〶ꎬㄲ?ꆾ㌸ꆿ헔맺쏷⸠잳틩훐췢틸탐뗄뫏ퟷ쮫펮⸠ꆶ떱듺뺭볃ꆷꎬ㈰〷ꎬ?ꆾ㌹ꆿ쎯즭⸠훐췢짌튵틸탐뺺헹솦닮틬뇈뷏⸠ꆶ뷰죚맜샭폫퇐뺿ꆷꎬ㈰〶ꎬ??ꆾ㐰ꆿ룟뫗⸠훐맺욱뫅폫췢틸탐췭쟥뛔뻶짏몣첲⸠ꆶ훐맺뷰죚볒ꆷꎬ㈰〳ꎬ?ꆾ㐱ꆿ뫺횾랫⸠뷼듺즽컷욱뫅폫믣럡틸탐뗄랢햹뇈뷏⸠ꆶ뫚쇺붭뛔췢뺭쎳ꆷꎬ㈰〶ꎬ?ꆾ㐲ꆿ뫂뚫짽⸠듓즽컷욱뫅쮥췶뾴훐맺틸탐튵뗄뷼듺뮯쟷쿲⸠ꆶ즽컷뺭볃ꆷꎬ㈰〶ꎬ??ꆾ㐳ꆿ듞뫨퇣⸠즽컷욱뫅듭쪧뇤잨믺폶뗄탂훆뛈뺭볃톧럖컶⸠ꆶ훐릲즽컷쪡캯떳킣톧놨ꆷꎬ?㈰〶ꎬ??ꆾ㐴ꆿ䉨慧?慴椬?⸠周攠捡灩瑯氠䵹瑨⁔桥楦晥牥湣攠䉥瑷敥渠呲慤攠楮⁗楤来瑳湤?䑯汬慲?ꎬ䙯牥楧渠䅦晡楲ꎬ䵡礬ㄹ㤸?ꆾ㐵ꆿ䝲敥湳灡?ꎬ?⸠剥浡牫猠慴⁴桥⁃潮晥牥湣攠潮⁂慮欠却牵捴畲攦䍯浰整楴楯?ꎬ䉉匠剥癩敷ꎬ乯⸵〬灰㐬ㄹ㜵⸵?ꆾ㐶ꆿ倮䈮坩汬楡?⸠䄠却畤礠潮⁴桥⁄敶敬潰浥湴映䵯湥?⸠?潲歩湧⁰慰敲ꎬ䍡汩景牮楡?獴慴攠啮楶敲獩瑹ꎬ乯牴桲楤来ꎬ啓䄮ㄹ㤹⁎漮㈲?ꆾ㐷ꆿ坯牬搠䉡湫⸠ꆰ周攠䕡獴⁁獩慮⁍楲慣汥ꆱⰠ䕣潮潭楣⁇牯睴栠慮搠偵扬楣⁐潬楣礬‱㤹??ꆾ㐸ꆿ偡畬⁋牵杭慮⸠ㄹ㤸ꆰ坨慴慰灥湥搠瑯⁁獩?ꆱ⸠䑉华呅删Ⱐ䩡湵慲礠ㄹ㤸?ꆾ㐹ꆿ坯牬搠䉡湫⸠ꆰ周攠䕡獴⁁獩慮⁍楲慣汥ꆱ?⁅捯湯浩挠䝲潷瑨湤⁐畢汩挠偯汩捹Ⱐㄹ?㤳 46
듓샺쪷ퟣ벣뾴췢틸탐뛔욱뫅뗄펰쿬벰웴쪾 훂킻 놾컄뗄킴ퟷ듓뾪쳢떽ퟮ뫳뗄뚨룥ꎬ뗃떽쇋컒뗄떼쪦뿗쿩틣뷌쫚죏헦뢺퓰뗄횸떼ꎬ퓚듋뛔쯻룸폨뗄냯훺뫍맘탄뇭쪾훔탄뗄룐킻ꆣ룼훘튪뗄쫇샏쪦뗄퇏뷷훎톧ꆢ톧쫵풨늩ꆢ뿭듳헽횱뗄ퟷ럧ꎬ틔벰뛔톧짺쟣웤쯹폐뗄퇔뒫짭뷌ꎬ뚼쪹컒쫜틦럋잳ꆢ훕짭쫜폃ꆣ믲탭헢럝뇏튵듰뻭늢늻뺡죧죋틢ꎬ떫헢웤훐쓽뷡ퟅ뛷쪦뛔톧짺뗄ힻힻ뷌믥폫틳쟐웚췻ꆣ 퓚퇐뺿짺뷗뛎뗄톧쾰짺믮훐ꎬ탭뛠샏쪦컞쮽뗘룸폨컒쏇횪쪶폫냯훺ꎬ퓚듋훂틔돏횿뗄킻틢ꎡ쳘뇰룐킻폍쿾럥샏쪦ꆢ퇮탣닽샏쪦뫍샮믝럒샏쪦퓚뾪쳢맽돌훐쳡돶뗄놦맳뗄틢볻ꆣ ????????†††††††††††††††††††††††††††††?듞퇇쓝??㈰??쓪?퓂㈳죕??4 7
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 릥뛁쮶쪿톧캻웚볤랢뇭뗄싛컄 듞퇇쓝?믹폚컒맺믵뇒헾닟뒫떼믺훆펰쿬틲쯘뗄럖컶?ꆶ즽컷닆뺭듳톧톧놨ꎨ룟뗈뷌폽냦ꎩꆷ㈰〸쓪뗚?웚?ퟜ뗚㠱웚?48
