헅ꆡ뻼뗈:뷡릹룄룯폫훐맺릤튵퓶뎤뷡릹룄룯폫훐맺릤튵퓶뎤3헅ꆡ뻼ꆡ돂쪫튻ꆡꆡꆡ쓚죝쳡튪:1978쓪틔살,훐맺릤튵퓚돖탸뗄뷡릹룄룯훐뺭샺쇋잿뺢뗄퓶뎤뫍짺닺싊쮮욽뗄늻뛏쳡룟ꆣ놾컄맀쯣쇋릤튵럖탐튵쯦믺잰퇘짺닺몯쫽,랢쿖1992쓪뫳,TFP퓶뎤뎬맽쇋튪쯘춶죫퓶뎤,떫쫇TFP뛔릤튵퓶뎤뗄릱쿗퓚2001쓪뫳돶쿖쇋쿂붵ꆣ뷸튻늽뛔TFP퓶뎤럖뷢뫳랢쿖,평릤튵뷡릹룄룯틽훂뗄탐튵볤튪쯘훘훃쿔좻뛔룄룯뾪럅웚볤훐맺릤튵짺닺싊뗄쳡룟쓋훁릤튵퓶뎤웰떽쇋쪵볊췆뚯ퟷ폃,벴뷡릹뫬샻쫇쿔훸듦퓚뗄,뛸2001쓪뫳튪쯘엤훃킧싊뗄쿂붵튲돉캪춬웚TFP퓶뎤릱쿗럝뛮쿂붵뗄훷튪풭틲ꆣ틲쯘믘맩럖컶쿔쪾,훐맺튪쯘쫐뎡뗄룄룯뫍릤튵탐튵뗄뷡릹뗷헻훷떼쇋튪쯘엤훃킧싊뇤뮯뗄ퟜ쳥ퟟ쫆,늢퓬돉쇋늻춬탐튵튪쯘엤훃킧싊뗄쿔훸닮틬ꆣ맘볼듊:뷡릹룄룯ꆡ튪쯘엤훃킧싊ꆡ뷡릹뫬샻ꆡ짺닺싊뇤뮯ꆡ릤튵퓶뎤튻ꆢ틽ꆡ퇔Kuznet(1979)퓸뺭횸돶ꆰ,쎻폐룷훖튪쯘퓚늻춬뺭볃늿쏅횮볤뗄돤럖쇷뚯,믱뗃죋뻹닺돶뗄룟퓶뎤싊쫇늻뿉쓜뗄ꆣꆱ훐맺쫇퇐뺿튪쯘훘훃뛔퓶뎤펰쿬뗄뫜뫃랶샽ꆣ1978쓪룄룯뾪럅틔살,훐맺뺭볃춻량쏍뷸,GDP쓪뻹퓶뎤듯918%쟒럇뎣컈붡,헢펦룃폫훐맺뺭볃탍맽돌훐돖탸뗄뷡릹룄룯뫍튪쯘훘훃뷴쏜쿠맘ꆣ뷡릹룄룯쫇뺭볃퓶뎤훘튪풴좪뗄볙쮵뿉틔ힷ쯝떽Lewis(1954)맘폚뛾풪뺭볃뗄맅뗤쒣탍,헢춬쪱쫇Maddison(1987)퓶뎤뫋쯣컄쿗뗄뫋탄맛뗣ꆣCheneryetal(1986)뫍Syrquin(1995)퓚뺭볃퓶뎤뫍랢햹뺭볃톧훐쪹폃쇋뷡릹뇤뮯뫍튪쯘훘훃킧펦룅쓮,늢횸돶헢훖킧펦쫇퓶뎤뇭쿖뗄맘볼틲쯘ꆣ뛸Lucas(1993)뫍Verspagen(1993)럖뇰듓릩룸쏦뫍탨쟳쏦쳡돶뗄릤튵랢햹쒣탍훐튲잿뗷쇋뷡릹뇤뮯뛔짺닺싊쳡룟뗄훘튪펰쿬ꆣHarberge(1998)탎쿳뗘붫뺭볃퓶뎤쏨쫶캪솽훖맽돌:튻훖돆캪쒢립킧펦,횸튪쯘늻뛏뗘듓뗍짺닺싊탐튵엤훃떽룟짺닺싊탐튵쯹떼훂뗄랢햹쿻뎤뫍쿔훸닮틬;쇭튻훖돆캪뷍쒸맽돌,틢횸쯹폐탐튵쫜쿠춬뗄뫪맛뺭볃믹놾쏦틲쯘펰쿬뛸뇭쿖돶뗄릲춬랢햹첬쫆ꆣ탭뛠퇐뺿랢쿖뷡릹룄룯뫍튪쯘훘훃뛔퓶뎤폐쿔훸헽뗄펰쿬(Young,1995;NelsonandPack,1999;Berthelemy,2001;Akkemik,2005;Calderonetal1,2007);쇭튻킩퇐뺿퓲랢쿖헢훖펰쿬늻듦퓚믲뫜킡(TimmerandSzirmai,2000;Caselli,2005)ꆣ웤훐,TimmerandSzirmai(2000)퓚뷢쫍퇇훞쯄킡쇺훆퓬튵뷡릹뗷헻뫍룄룯뛔짺닺싊퓶뎤펰쿬뗄쪱뫲,붫헢훖헽쿲펰쿬돆캪뷡릹뫬샻볙뚨,헢튻쫵폯듋뫳놻맣랺쪹폃ꆣ믘떽훐맺낸샽,탂훐맺돉솢뫳,훐맺톡퓱쇋폅쿈랢햹훘릤튵뗄룏뎬햽싔,헢퓬돉쇋룕탔뗄뛾풪뺭볃뷡릹뫍퇏훘뗄튪쯘엤훃얤쟺;룄룯뾪럅뫳,훐맺뗄뷡릹룄룯ힿ폐돉킧ꆣ죧춼1쯹쪾,뗚튻닺튵샍뚯솦쯹햼럝뛮듓1952쓪뗄8315%붵떽2006쓪뗄4216%,뗚죽닺튵뻍튵럝뛮퓲뺭샺쇋컈늽짏짽3ꆡ헅뻼ꆢ돂쪫튻,뢴떩듳톧훐맺짧믡훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃퇐뺿훐탄,폊헾뇠싫:200433,뗧ퟓ탅쿤:junzh-2000@,shiyichen@ꆣ(킻잧샯),쏀맺늼삼뗏쮹듳톧(BrandeisUniversity),뗧ퟓ탅쿤:jefferson@ꆣퟷ헟룐킻맺볒ퟔ좻뿆톧믹뷰(70873022)ꆢ짏몣쫐훘뗣톧뿆붨짨쿮쒿(B101)뫍뢴떩듳톧985맺볒헜톧짧믡뿆톧뒴탂믹뗘ꆰ훐맺뺭볃맺볊뺺헹솦퇐뺿ꆱ뿎쳢뛔놾퇐뺿뗄훺ꆣ춬쪱룐킻뫺폀첩ꆢ췲맣뮪ꆢ튦퇳ꆢ헅쫯맢뫍LiKui2Wai뗈퓚ꆰ2009짏몣싛첳ꆱ틔벰뫩폀ꆢ닌ퟚ커ꆢ랽펱ꆢ죎폮뗈퓚쿃쏅듳톧췵퇇쓏뺭볃퇐뺿풺(WISE)2009쓪룟벶뺭볃톧붲ퟹ짏쯹ퟷ뗄폐틦뗣움ꆣ컄퓰ퟔ뢺ꆣ4
2009쓪뗚7웚뗄맽돌,헢폫탍뺭볃컄쿗훐맘폚뷡릹뗷헻쳘헷뗄쏨쫶쿠튻훂ꆣ훐맺릤튵뗄샍뚯솦럝뛮듓1952쓪뗄714%튻횱돖탸짏짽떽2006쓪2512%뗄럥횵,헢폫릤튵뮯맺볒ꆰ췕럥ꆱ탍릤튵뻍튵햼뇈뗄뺭퇩늻춬,쮵쏷훐맺뗄릤튵뮯죔뒦퓚돵벶뷗뛎,뮹폐ퟣ릻뗄뿕볤컼쓉룼뛠샍뚯솦뫍볌탸랢햹샍뚯쏜벯탍탐튵ꆣ폫뷡릹룄룯쿠뛔펦,훐맺릤튵퓶볓횵쯹햼럝뛮퓚룏뎬햽싔쿂듓1952쓪뫜뗍뗄1716%짏짽떽1978쓪뫜룟뗄4411%,틔뫳뻍믹놾놣돖퓚40%ퟳ폒;뛸뗚튻닺튵닺돶럝뛮돖탸쿂붵,2006쓪캪1117%,뗚죽닺튵닺돶럝뛮퓚룄룯횮뫳벱뻧퓶뎤ꆣ탭뛠톧헟듓죽듎닺튵뗄뷇뛈퇐뺿쇋뷡릹룄룯뫍튪쯘훘훃뛔퓶뎤뫍짺닺싊뗄펰쿬(Fanetal,2003;BhaumikandEstrin,2007;BosworthandCollins,2008;GongandLin,2008)ꆣ헢킩퇐뺿뫶싔쇋릤튵쓚늿탐튵볤뗄튪쯘쇷뚯,컒쏇죏캪,퓚릤튵쓚늿튲듦퓚ퟅ튪쯘쇷뚯뗄훆풼뫍뷡릹뗷헻뗄뇘튪탔,늻춬탐튵뗄뷡릹뗷헻뫍튪쯘훘훃쿔좻뿉틔췆뚯릤튵늿쏅뗄짺닺싊쳡룟뫍릤튵퓶뎤ꆣ훐맺헽뒦퓚릤튵뮯맽돌횮훐,릤튵죔좻쫇훐맺뺭볃뗄뫋탄늿쏅,틲듋,놾컄벯훐퇐뺿훐맺릤튵뗄뷡릹룄룯,늢움맀헢훖뷡릹뗷헻죧뫎펰쿬훐맺릤튵퓶뎤ꆣ춼1ꆡ훐맺죽듎닺튵GDP뫍샍뚯솦릹돉뗄뇤뮯(1952ꆪ2006)ꆡ훐맺릤튵룄룯뿉틔듖싔뗘럖캪죽룶쪱웚:1978ꆪ1992쓪뗄쫔퇩웚ꆢ1992ꆪ2001쓪뗄맺웳룄룯웚뫍2001쓪틔살뗄랴쮼뫍뗷헻웚ꆣ춼2쏨쫶쇋훐맺릤튵룄룯뗄훷튪뷡릹뇤뮯ꆣ짏룶쫀볍80쓪듺틔살,틔쿧헲웳튵ꆢ쏱펪웳튵뫍췢웳튵캪듺뇭뗄럇맺폐릤튵훷튪퓚쟡릤튵늿쏅뗃떽쇋뿬쯙랢햹,쪹뗃훐맺릤튵뗄뻍튵럝뛮듓1977쓪뗄1418%짏짽떽1992쓪뗄2117%(춼1b),럇맺폐릤튵ퟜ닺횵뇈훘퓚룄룯뫳퓶뎤뫜뿬,1993쓪쫗듎뎬맽쇋맺폐릤튵(춼2a)ꆣ헢쳥쿖쇋훐맺릤튵뗄랢햹햽싔틑뺭듓룏뎬햽싔쿲듳솦랢햹샍뚯쏜벯탍쟡릤튵ꆣ평폚80쓪듺틔살뗄맺웳릤튵룄룯뷶뷶춣쇴퓚뮻뺭펪믺훆닣쏦,볓짏듳솿죟풱뗄듦퓚ꆢ늦룄듻헾닟퓬돉뗄웳튵룟닺뢺햮싊ꆢ틔벰헾뢮첯엉뫍짧믡탔릦쓜뗈쾵쇐뢺떣뗄뎤웚샛믽뗈,퓬돉쇋듳엺맺웳닆컱캣믺뗄놬랢,훂쪹헻룶맺폐릤튵늿쏅퓚1996쓪돶쿖쇋뺻뿷쯰(춼2b)ꆣ폚쫇,훐퇫듓1997쓪뾪쪼쪵탐듳럅킡ꆢ복풱퓶킧ꆢ틔붨솢쿖듺웳튵훆뛈캪쒿뇪뗄맺웳룄룯ꆣ춼2쿔쪾,1998쓪뫳맺웳쫽솿훨복,웤햼뇈듓1998쓪뗄3912%쿂붵떽2001쓪뗄2713%,듳늿럖킡탍맺웳쪵쿖쇋쏱펪뮯,폫듋춬쪱,맺폐맇룉웳튵퓚헢죽쓪쓚붨솢쇋막럝훆,뾪쪼냚췑좫쏦뺻뿷쯰ꆣ퓚맺웳룄룯뗄춬쪱,럇맺폐릤튵웳튵뇅랢돶늪늪짺믺,웤ퟜ닺횵뫍짏뷉쮰럝뛮돖탸짏짽,샻죳싊튲튻횱룟폚맺폐웳튵(춼2)ꆣ럇맺폐릤튵늻뷶컼쓉쇋듳솿뗄맺웳쿂룚풱릤,뛸쟒횧돖쇋맺웳듳럅킡뗄막럝훆룄룯,쪹뗃헢튻뷗뛎뗄맺웳돉릦룄룯돉캪쇋뿉쓜ꆣ1994쓪쪵탐뗄틔럖쮰훆캪쳘헷뗄닆쮰쳥훆룄룯뫍1993쓪ퟳ폒릤튵닺욷볛룱뗄췪좫럅뾪뫍좫맺춳튻닺욷쫐뎡뗄탎돉튲캪헢튻뷗뛎뗄릤튵룄룯뒴퓬쇋쳵볾ꆣ잰20쓪뗄릤튵룄룯돉벨쫇쿔훸뗄,떫듺볛쫇풴뗍킧쪹폃뫍뮷뺳뗄퇏훘컛좾ꆣ튪쯘쫐뎡랢햹틀좻훍뫳,컞램폐킧엤훃훘튪풴,릤튵뷡릹룄룯풶캴ퟮ훕췪돉ꆣ쳘뇰쫇2001쓪틔살,틔룟쓜뫄ꆢ룟컛좾캪쳘헷뗄훘뮯릤튵뮯쿖쿳퓚훐맺릤튵랢햹훐퓙듎돶쿖,떼훂톧뷧뗄벤쇒헹싛ꆣ춬쪱,헽죧웤5
헅ꆡ뻼뗈:뷡릹룄룯폫훐맺릤튵퓶뎤쯻맺볒랢햹뺭퇩쯹횸돶뗄,떱탍뺭볃쳥뗄죋뻹GDP듯떽1000쏀풪ퟳ폒쪱(뇈죧훐맺놾쫀볍뗄쟩탎),짧믡쎬뛜믡볓훘,짵훁믡뫜볢죱ꆣ탂쫀볍틔살,훐퇫뛔릤튵쓋훁뺭볃랢햹뷸탐쇋랴쮼뫍뗷헻ꆣ훐릲쪮쇹듳쫗듎쳡돶ퟟ훐맺쳘즫탂탍릤튵뮯뗀슷뫍뿉돖탸랢햹뗄햽싔;훐릲쪮웟듳헽쪽쳡돶뿆톧랢햹맛뗄쮼쿫뫍듙뷸맺쏱뺭볃폖뫃폖뿬랢햹뗄튪쟳;퓚좫쟲뷰죚캣믺죕쟷퇏뻾뗄쟩뿶쿂,2008쓪쒩훐퇫폖돶첨쇋듙뗷헻뫍놣퓶뎤늢뻙뗄쪮듳펦뛔듫쪩뗈뗈ꆣ춼2쿔쪾쇋헢튻뷗뛎훐맺릤튵뗄뷡릹뇤뮯쟩뿶ꆣ듳훐탍웳튵뗄쫽솿쿂붵,떫쫇웤ퟜ닺횵럝뛮좴듓2000쓪뗄5712%짏짽떽2006쓪뗄6516%,릤튵벯훐뛈퓚쳡룟ꆣ럇맺폐릤튵웳튵뗄쫽솿뫍닺솿튲튻횱퓚퓶볓,떽2006쓪뗗,쏱펪웳튵뫍췢웳튵ퟜ닺횵럝뛮럖뇰듯떽쇋3712%뫍3116%,맺폐릤튵웳튵햼3112%,돶쿖죽볝십뎵뗄랢햹룱뻖ꆣ쇭췢,맺폐뫍럇맺폐릤튵웳튵샻죳싊퓚2006쓪럖뇰듯떽쇋1213%뫍1917%,뎹뗗냚췑쇋90쓪듺훐웚뿷쯰뗄뻖쏦;럇맺폐웳튵뗄쮰쫕럝뛮튲듓2001쓪뗄죽럖횮튻퓶볓떽2006쓪뗄붫뷼튻냫,늻뻃붫믡뎬맽맺폐웳튵ꆣ춼2ꆡ훐맺릤튵뷡릹뗄퇝뇤ꆡꆡ힢:춼훐쒳킩뇤솿탲쇐퓚1998쓪뒦뗄풾뇤쫇평폚춳볆뿚뺶잰뫳늻튻훂쯹훂(1997쓪잰춳볆뿚뺶캪쿧벰쿧틔짏뛀솢뫋쯣릤튵웳튵;1998쓪뫳캪맺폐뫍럇맺폐릤튵맦쒣틔짏웳튵)ꆡ폫훐맺릤튵뷡릹룄룯쿠맘뗄컄쿗뷏뛠뗘퇐뺿쇋20쫀볍90쓪듺쯹폐훆뷡릹룄룯뛔릤튵퓶뎤뗄펰쿬ꆣLi(1997)쫇뷶폐뗄벸욪움맀20쫀볍80쓪듺훐맺릤튵룄룯벨킧뗄컄헂,쯻랢쿖떱쪱뗄튪쯘엤훃킧싊뫍튪쯘뇟볊짺닺싊뚼폐뺪죋뗄퓶뎤ꆣ쯤좻톧헟쏇돐죏뷡릹룄룯뫍튪쯘훘훃뛔릤튵퓶뎤뗄훘튪탔,떫뫜짙폐죋뛔헢훖킧펦뷸탐뚨솿럖컶,뛸헢헽쫇놾컄쯹뎢쫔튪ퟶ뗄ꆣ뻟쳥뛸퇔,놾컄쪹폃헻룶룄룯뾪럅쪱웚38룶솽캻쫽릤튵탐튵뗄춶죫닺돶쏦냥쫽뻝살솿뮯뷡릹뇤뮯뫍튪쯘훘훃뗄퓶뎤킧펦ꆣ헢늻춬폚쪹폃릤튵ퟜ솿쫽뻝뗄럖컶,ퟜ솿쫽뻝늻쓜뷒쪾룷탐튵뗄랢햹뇤뮯쒣쪽ꆣ컒쏇튲쎻폐톡퓱쪹폃웳튵쫽뻝,틲캪쒿잰횻쓜믱뗃1998쓪뫳맦쒣틔짏웳튵뗄쫽뻝,늻ퟣ틔폃살늶ힽ헻룶릤튵룄룯웚볤뗄뇤뮯쒣쪽ꆣ컒쏇닉폃BatteseandCoelli(1992)뫍Kumbhakar(2000)쳡돶뗄쯦믺잰퇘짺닺몯쫽랽램살맀볆훐맺릤튵럖탐튵좫튪쯘짺닺싊(TFP),늢럖뷢돶놾컄쯹훘뗣맘힢뗄튪쯘훘훃킧싊쿮,살늶ힽ뷡릹룄룯뗄퓶뎤킧펦(벴뷡릹뫬샻)ꆣ헢훖럖뷢랽램늻춬폚뒫춳뗄횱뷓뛔샍뚯짺닺싊뷸탐럖뷢뗄럝뛮틆(shift2share)램,뫳헟쯤좻퓚뷡릹뫬샻퇐뺿컄쿗훐놻맣랺쪹폃,뇈죧샮킡욽뫍슬쿖쿩(2007)뗈,떫쫇,컒쏇횪뗀,퓚뛠춶죫튪쯘쟩탎쿂,TFP쫇뇈샍뚯짺닺싊룼뿉뾿뗄짺닺싊뛈솿랽램ꆣ놾컄뷡릹낲업죧쿂:뗚뛾뷚뷩짜쯦믺잰퇘뎬풽뛔쫽짺닺몯쫽쒣탍ꆣ뗚죽뷚쏨쫶놾컄쪹폃뗄뛾캻쫽릤튵탐튵춶죫닺돶쏦냥쫽뻝ꆣ뗚쯄뷚럖컶쯹맀볆뗄릤튵럖탐튵TFP퓶뎤뫍튪쯘엤훃킧싊(뷡릹뫬샻)퓚늻춬쪱웚뫍늻춬탐튵볤뗄뇤뮯쒣쪽ꆣ뗚컥뷚쳖싛뷡릹뫬샻뗄펰쿬틲쯘ꆣ뗚쇹뷚쫇뷡싛늿럖ꆣ6
2009쓪뗚7웚뛾ꆢ쒣ꆡ탍럖탐튵쯦믺잰퇘짺닺몯쫽짨뚨죧쿂:uꛅYitit=fX-it,teeit(1)웤훐,i=1,2,ꆭ,38듺뇭38룶뛾캻쫽탐튵,t=1,2,ꆭ,27듺뇭1980ꆪ2006쓪,Yit캪릤튵퓶볓횵,춶죫튪쯘Xit냼삨놾듦솿뫍샍뚯ꆣ쯦믺룉죅쿮ꛅit틔횸쫽탎쪽뷸죫쒣탍,볙뚨럾듓냗퓫짹뗄헽첬럖늼ꆣf(ꆤ)캪짺닺몯쫽ꆣ늻뾼싇룉죅쿮,쪵볊닺돶Yit폫짺닺잰퇘f(ꆤ)횮뇈벴-ueit뿌뮯쇋릤튵짺닺뗄벼쫵킧싊(TE),퓚uitꇝ0쿂,웤좡횵쟸볤캪(0,1],틲듋춨뎣볙뚨uit럾듓뷘뛏(풭뗣폒뇟)헽첬럖늼ꆣ룹뻝Kumbhakar(2000)뗄랽램,뛔(1)솽뇟좡뛔쫽,뛔쪱볤t좡튻뷗떼쫽,솽뇟춬돽틔Y,뗃떽25ulnYitit5lnfXit,tt5lnX-itj5lne++5tꇆ5lnfXit,=(2)5t5lnXj=1itj5t5t웤훐,j=1,2뛔펦놾폫샍뚯,5lnf(Xit,t)Π5lnXj캪튪쯘j뗄닺돶떯탔,볇캪ꛁitjꆣ폃ퟖ쒸짏뛋뗄풭뗣듺뇭룃뇤솿퓶뎤싊,퓲ÛYit=5lnYitΠ5t뫍XÛitj=5lnXitjΠ5tꆣ뚨틥벼쫵룄뇤캪TCit=5lnf(xit,t)Π5t,벼쫵킧싊뇤뮯캪TECit=5lnTEitΠ5t=-5uitΠ5t,퓲(2)쪽뿉틔훘킴캪ꆤ2Yꛁꆤit=TCit+ꇆitjXitj+TEC(it3)j=1ꆡꆡ뒫춳뗄좫튪쯘짺닺싊(TFP)퓶뎤싊뚨틥캪ꆤꆤ2ꆤTFPit=Yit-ꇆs(itjXitj4)j=1웤훐,sitj=witjXitjΠꇆ2wj=1itjXitj,witj뇭쪾t쪱뿌탐튵i쓚튪쯘j뗄볛룱,틲듋,sitj뇭쪾t쪱뿌튪쯘j뗄쪵볊돉놾햼i탐튵ퟜ돉놾뗄럝뛮,컒쏇틔듋ퟷ캪릹붨좫튪쯘뗄좨훘,볓ퟜ캪1ꆣ붫릫쪽(3)듸죫(4)뗃떽ꆤ2ꆤ2TFP1it=TCit+TECit+RTSit-ꇆꛋꆤitjXitj+ꇆꛋitj-sitjX(itj5)j=1j=12웤훐,RTSꛁit=ꇆitj뇭쪾탐튵뗄맦쒣놨돪,벴쯹폐튪쯘닺돶떯탔횮뫍,ꛋitj=ꛁitjΠRTSit듺뇭튪쯘j뗄j=1ퟮ폅뇟볊닺돶럝뛮,퓚맦쒣놨돪늻뇤볙뚨쿂뻍뗈폚닺돶떯탔ꆣ죧맻맦쒣놨돪쫇뿉뇤뗄,릫쪽(5)폒뇟뗚죽쿮붫쓜릻늶ힽ평폚릤튵탐튵맦쒣뺭볃떼훂뗄짺닺싊룄뷸,컄쿗훐돆횮캪맦쒣킧싊뇤뮯(SEC)ꆣ퓚샭쿫뗄쫐뎡뺭볃쳵볾쿂(벴췪좫뺺헹뫍웳튵샻죳ퟮ듳뮯),튪쯘뗄쫐뎡볛룱뿉틔췪좫랴펳쯼뗄뇟볊닺횵,벴witj=pfitj,퓲ퟮ폅닺돶럝뛮뗈폚쪵볊돉놾럝뛮(ꛋitj=s)itj,틲듋,뿉틔폃ꛋitj쳦듺sitj살맀볆TFPꆣ떫쫇쿱훐맺헢퇹뗄탍뺭볃,튪쯘쫐뎡뗄늻췪짆틔벰튪쯘엤훃뗄뗍킧싊쪹짏쫶쳵볾컞램돉솢,쪵볊튪쯘엤훃폫ퟮ폅ힴ첬쿠닮짵풶ꆣ떱좻,헢훖얤쟺튲폐폐샻뗄튻쏦,벴쯼쪹훐맺릤튵춨맽튪쯘훘훃쳡룟짺닺싊뗄뿕볤뇈돉쫬뺭볃쳥튪듳ꆣ틲듋(5)쪽폒뇟뗚쯄쿮퓚훐맺헢퇹뗄맺볒럇뎣폐틢틥,쯼뿌뮭쇋뷡릹뗷헻뫍룄룯틽훂룼뫏샭튪쯘엤훃쯹듸살뗄짺닺싊퓶뎤,벴쯹캽뷡릹뫬샻,컄쿗훐춨뎣붫헢튻쿮돆캪튪쯘엤훃킧싊뇤뮯(FAEC),헢쫇놾컄맘힢뗄훘뗣ꆣ퓚쪵볊볆쯣맽돌훐,놾컄폃룷탐튵뗄헛뻉뫍샍뚯놨돪ퟜ뛮럖뇰ퟷ캪룃탐튵놾뫍샍뚯춶죫뗄쪵볊돉놾ꆣ퓚뷶폐놾뫍샍뚯솽훖춶죫튪쯘뗄쟩뿶쿂,평폚ꛋitK-sitK=-(ꛋitL-sitL),FAEC뗄ퟟ쫆ퟮ훕붫좡뻶폚헢솽훖춶죫퓶뎤싊뗄쿠뛔럹뛈듳킡ꆣ틲뛸,룹뻝릫쪽(5),TFP퓶뎤싊ퟮ훕럖뷢캪틔쿂쯄늿럖,벴벼쫵뷸늽ꆢ벼쫵킧싊ꆢ맦쒣킧펦뫍튪7
헅ꆡ뻼뗈:뷡릹룄룯폫훐맺릤튵퓶뎤쯘훘훃킧펦뗄뇤뮯싊ꆣꆤTFPit=TCit+TECit+SECit+FAEC(it6)ꆡꆡ캪뗃떽늻춬탐튵늻춬쪱뗣뗄닎쫽맀볆솿,놾컄닉폃쇋룼캪쇩믮뗄뎬풽뛔쫽탎쪽뗄럖탐튵쯦믺잰퇘짺닺몯쫽,벴12212lnYlnKit=ꛂ0+ꛂꛂtt+2ttt+ꛂKlnKit+ꛂ1LlnLit+ꛂ2KKit+ꛂ2LLlnLit(7)+ꛂKLlnKitlnLit+ꛂtKtlnKit+ꛂtLtlnLit-uit+ꛅit헢샯,K뫍L뇭쪾놾뫍샍뚯ꆣ놾컄닉폃죧BatteseandCoelli(1992)쯹쫶뗄볙뚨:-ꛇtuit=uieꇊNꛌ,ꛒ2u,ꛅitꇊN0,ꛒ2ꛅ,covuit,ꛅit=0(8)ꆡꆡ릫쪽(7)훐뗄닎쫽ꛇ뫍ꛂ탨튪맀볆ꆣ룹뻝쯹뗃뗄닎쫽맀볆솿,뿉틔볆쯣쿠펦뗄춳볆솿,뇈죧놾뫍샍뚯뗄닺돶떯탔볆쯣릫쪽캪:ꛁitK=ꛂK+ꛂKKlnKit+ꛂKLlnLit+ꛂtKt(9ꆪ1)ꛁitL=ꛂL+ꛂKLlnKit+ꛂLLlnLit+ꛂtLt(9ꆪ2)ꆡꆡ벼쫵뷸늽뫍벼쫵킧싊뇤뮯싊뗄볆쯣릫쪽캪:TCit=ꛂt+ꛂttt+ꛂtKlnKit+ꛂtLlnL(it10)ꛇtTECit=ꛇ-uie=ꛇu(it11)ꆡꆡ춬퇹,RTSit,ꛋitj,SECit뫍FAECit튲뿉틔볆쯣돶살,뻟쳥볆쯣릫쪽퓚잰컄틑뺭럖뇰쳡벰ꆣ죽ꆢ쫽ꆡ뻝놾컄퇐뺿솽캻쫽탐튵뷡릹뇤뮯뛔릤튵짺닺싊뫍릤튵퓶뎤뗄펰쿬ꆣ닉좡폫돂쪫튻(2009)쿠춬뗄탐튵맩늢ꆢ쫽뻝뗷헻뫍릤튵춳볆뿚뺶뗷헻풭퓲,놾컄춬퇹릹퓬쇋38룶솽캻쫽릤튵탐튵1980ꆪ2006쓪웚볤뗄춶죫닺돶쏦냥쫽뻝ꋙ,웤탲뫅ꆢ듺싫뫍쏻돆볻뇭1ꆣꆡꆡ짺닺싊늢늻횱뷓뿉뗃ꆣ퇐뺿뷡릹뫬샻뗄뒫춳랽램쫇듓샍뚯짺닺싊훐럖뷢돶뷡릹룄룯뗄퓶뎤킧펦,헢훖랽램볲떥틗탐,떫쫇튲폐늻ퟣ횮뒦ꆣ퓚듦퓚웤쯻춶죫튪쯘뗄쟩뿶쿂,샍뚯짺닺싊늢늻쫇짺닺싊뗄좫쏦뛈솿,뿉쓜믡돶쿖틅슩뫍욫컳,틲캪폐쪱늢늻쟥돾떽뗗쫇짺닺싊헦헽쳡룟쇋뮹쫇쪧튵싊쿂붵쇋ꆣ룼ힼ좷뗄냬램쫇뛈솿믹폚쯹폐춶죫튪쯘뗄좫튪쯘짺닺싊,헢탨튪맀볆짺닺몯쫽,탨튪춶죫뫍닺돶쫽뻝ꆣ평폚놾컄뷶뷶뾼싇쇋놾뫍샍뚯솽훖뗤탍뗄춶죫튪쯘,쯹틔릤튵럖탐튵닺돶펦룃쪹폃릤튵퓶볓횵횸뇪ꆣ웤훐,샍뚯춶죫쫽뻝폫돂쪫튻(2009)믹놾튻퇹,떫쫇놾듦솿뗄뫋쯣뫍릤튵닺돶뗄볆쯣퓲폐쯹늻춬,쿖럖뇰볲뷩죧쿂ꆣ(튻)릤튵퓶볓횵캪쇋폫1994쓪컒맺닆쮰훆뛈뗄룹놾탔룄룯쿠쿎뷓,듓1995쓪뾪쪼,릤튵춳볆횸뇪쳥쾵뫍횸뇪몬틥뚼폐쇋뷏듳뗄뗷헻ꆣ뇈죧,릤튵ퟜ닺횵ꆢ릤튵훐볤춶죫뗈뻹내늻몬퓶횵쮰뗄볛룱볆쯣,릤튵뺻닺횵룄캪릤튵퓶볓횵,펦붻퓶횵쮰떥뛀볓떽릤튵퓶볓횵훐ꆣ듓쿠맘쓪럝ꆶ훐맺춳볆쓪본ꆷ뫍ꆶ훐맺릤튵뺭볃춳볆쓪본ꆷ훐,뿉틔믱뗃1992쓪뫳뗄럖탐튵떱쓪볛릤튵퓶볓횵뫍1992쓪잰뗄릤튵뺻닺횵쫽뻝ꆣ웤훐,1985쓪ꆢ1992쓪릤튵퓶볓횵뫍릤튵뺻닺횵쫇춬쪱쳡릩뗄ꆣ틲듋,놾컄훷튪믹폚뛔펦뗄릤튵뺻닺횵살릹퓬1991쓪잰럖탐튵릤튵퓶볓횵탲쇐ꆣ룹뻝ꆶ춳볆쓪본ꆷ뗄뚨틥,릤튵퓶볓횵훐냼삨릤튵뺻닺횵훐쎻폐뗄헛뻉ꆢ듳탞샭믹뷰뫍럇컯훊짺닺늿쏅뗄샍컱럑;릤튵뺻닺횵훐냼삨퓶볓횵훐쎻폐ꋙ풭쪼쫽뻝햪ퟔ샺쓪ꆶ훐맺춳볆쓪본ꆷ뫍ꆶ훐맺릤튵뺭볃춳볆쓪본ꆷ,틔벰ꆶ탂훐맺컥쪮컥쓪춳볆쇏믣뇠ꆷꆢ1986쓪뗚뛾듎좫맺릤튵웕닩ꆶ훐맺릤튵뺭볃춳볆쇏ꆷꆶꆢ훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺1995쓪뗚죽듎좫맺릤튵웕닩쇏햪튪ꆷꆢ2004쓪ꆶ훐맺뺭볃웕닩쓪본ꆷꆢ2004ꆪ2006쓪ꆶ훐맺샍뚯춳볆쓪본ꆷ뫍ꆶ2007훐맺돇쫐(헲)짺믮폫볛룱쓪본ꆷ뗈ꆣ8
2009쓪뗚7웚뗄웳튵뛔럇컯훊짺닺늿쏅뗄횧뢶,죧샻쾢횧돶뗈,벴:릤튵퓶볓횵=릤튵뺻닺횵-횧뢶룸럇컯훊짺닺뗄럑폃-샻쾢횧돶+만뚨닺헛뻉+듳탞샭믹뷰ꆣ웤훐,룷탐튵횧뢶룸럇컯훊짺닺뗄럑폃ꆢ샻쾢횧돶뫍듳탞샭믹뷰쓑틔믱뗃,떫쫇ꆶ춳볆쓪본ꆷ믹놾짏쳡릩쇋1991쓪잰뗄럖탐튵놾쓪헛뻉쫽뻝ꋙꆣ틲듋,1991쓪잰떱쓪볛릤튵퓶볓횵뗄릫쪽캪:릤튵퓶볓횵=릤튵뺻닺횵+쳡좡뗄헛뻉믹뷰1986쓪뗚뛾듎좫맺릤튵웕닩ꆶ릤튵뺭볃춳볆쇏ꆷ쳡릩쇋1985쓪럖탐튵릤튵뺻닺횵ꆢ쳡좡뗄헛뻉믹뷰뫍릤튵퓶볓횵쫽뻝,췪좫싺ퟣ짏쫶볆쯣릫쪽ꆣ헢퇹볆쯣럖탐튵릤튵퓶볓횵뗄랽램뇈돂폂뫍샮킡욽(2006)냑릤튵퓶볓횵폫릤튵뺻닺횵볲떥뗈춬뗄뒦샭쿠뛔뺫좷ꆣퟮ뫳냑춳튻뗷헻쇋뿚뺶뗄릤튵럖탐튵퓶볓횵탲쇐샻폃2007쓪ꆶ훐맺돇쫐(헲)짺믮폫볛룱쓪본ꆷ쳡릩뗄릤튵럖탐튵릤튵욷돶뎧볛룱횸쫽뷸탐욽복,평듋믱뗃쇋1990쓪캪믹쓪뗄1980ꆪ2006쓪뗄뿉뇈볛릤튵럖탐튵퓶볓횵탲쇐ꆣ뇭1훐맺릤튵솽캻쫽탐튵듺싫ꆢ쏻돆틔내2004쓪놾샍뚯뇈평뗍떽룟업탲탲뫅솽캻쫽듺싫릤튵럖탐튵좫돆업탲탲뫅솽캻쫽듺싫릤튵럖탐튵좫돆업탲16쎺첿닉톡튵82026뮯톧풭쇏벰뮯톧훆욷훆퓬튵2827쪯폍뫍쳬좻웸뾪닉튵372127튽튩훆퓬튵1338뫚즫뷰쫴뿳닉톡튵232228뮯톧쿋캬훆퓬튵3549폐즫뷰쫴뿳닉톡튵102329쿰붺훆욷튵21510럇뷰쫴뿳닉톡튵292430쯜쇏훆욷튵256쒾닄벰훱닄닉퓋튵22531럇뷰쫴뿳컯훆욷튵27713얩뢱쪳욷볓릤튵222632뫚즫뷰쫴튱솶벰톹퇓볓릤튵33814쪳욷훆퓬튵172733폐즫뷰쫴튱솶벰톹퇓볓릤튵26915틻쇏훆퓬튵182834뷰쫴훆욷튵201016퇌닝볓릤튵322935춨폃짨놸훆퓬튵141117럄횯튵113036폃짨놸훆퓬튵71218럾ힰ튵13137붻춨퓋쫤짨놸훆퓬튵151319욤폰훆욷튵33239뗧웸믺킵벰웷닄훆퓬튵91420쒾닄볓릤튵243340볆쯣믺ꆢ뗧ퟓ폫춨탅짨놸훆퓬튵161521볒뻟훆퓬튵123441틇웷틇뇭훆퓬튵51622퓬횽벰횽훆욷튵343544뗧솦죈솦짺닺뫍릩펦튵381723펡쮢튵193645좼웸짺닺뫍릩펦튵311824컄뷌쳥폽폃욷훆퓬튵43746쮮뗄짺닺뫍릩펦튵301925쪯폍볓릤벰솶붹튵363811,42,43웤쯻릤튵6ꆡꆡ(뛾)놾듦솿놾컄ퟱ톭폀탸엌듦램맀쯣훐맺릤튵럖탐튵뗄놾듦솿,뻟쳥늽훨죧쿂:11헛뻉싊ꛄ1992쓪ꆶ훐맺릤튵뺭볃춳볆쓪본ꆷ쳡릩쇋1991쓪잰뗄헛뻉싊쫽뻝,뛸웤쯻쓪럝뗄릤튵럖탐튵만뚨닺헛뻉싊쫽뻝훷튪샻폃샛볆헛뻉ꆢ떱쓪헛뻉ꆢ만뚨닺풭횵뫍뺻횵횮볤뗄쓚퓚맘쾵살뷼쯆쟳뗃ꆣcdt=ovfat-nvfat;ꆡCDt=cdt-cdt-1;ꛄt=CDtΠovfat-1웤훐,cd듺뇭샛볆헛뻉,ovfa듺뇭만뚨닺풭횵,nvfa캪만뚨닺뺻횵,CD듺뇭떱쓪헛뻉,쿂뇪t뫍t-1럖뇰듺뇭떱웚뫍잰웚ꆣꋙ1980ꆢ1985ꆪ1987쓪럖탐튵헛뻉쫽뻝평1990쓪ꆶ훐맺릤튵뺭볃춳볆쓪본ꆷ쳡릩,1988ꆪ1991쓪헛뻉평1989ꆪ1992쓪ꆶ훐맺춳볆쓪본ꆷ쳡릩ꆣ좱쪡쫽뻝쿟탔닥횵ꆣ9
헅ꆡ뻼뗈:뷡릹룄룯폫훐맺릤튵퓶뎤21탂퓶춶invt=ovfat-ovfat-1;ꆡIt=invtΠPK,t웤훐,inv듺뇭떱쓪볛탂퓶춶,I듺뇭욽복뫳뗄1990쓪볛룱쮮욽뗄뿉뇈볛탂퓶춶ꆣ춬퇹,1990쓪뫳만뚨닺춶볛룱횸쫽PK평ꆶ훐맺춳볆쓪본ꆷ쳡릩,1989쓪잰햪ퟔ헅뻼뗈(2003)ꆣ31좷뚨1980쓪돵쪼놾듦솿놾컄냑1980쓪릤튵럖탐튵뗄쿧벰쿧틔짏뛀솢뫋쯣만뚨닺뺻횵춨맽뿚뺶뗷헻뫍볛룱욽복뮻쯣돉틔1990쓪캪믹쓪뗄뿉뇈볛만뚨닺뺻횵,ퟷ캪1980쓪뗄웰쪼놾듦솿ꆣ41내헕폀탸엌듦램맀쯣놾듦솿Kt=It+1-ꛄtꇁKt-1웤훐,K듺뇭놾듦솿,I캪뿉뇈볛탂퓶춶,ꛄ캪헛뻉싊ꆣHoffmann(1958)뫍Cheneryetal.ꆡ뇭2ꆡ놾컄훷튪뇤솿뗄쏨쫶탔춳볆럖컶(1980ꆪ2006)(1986)뗄퇐뺿뇭쏷,릤튵뮯뗄뇪ힼ슷뺶뇤솿뻹횵뇪ힼ닮ퟮ킡횵ퟮ듳횵펦룃쫇듓쟡릤튵쿠뛔훘튪쿲훘릤튵쿠뛔뗍KΠLퟩ훘튪뗄틆맽돌,뻍쿱1978쓪뫳훐맺릤릤튵퓶볓횵(틚풪)4241328841841310911517100튵룄룯쯹뺭샺뗄쓇퇹ꆣ쟡릤튵퓚릤튵뮯놾듦솿(틚풪)583164637139131493194100퓧웚뷗뛎뇈뷏훘튪,웤놾훊쫇샍뚯쏜벯샍뚯(췲죋)16511314811415100756100탍뗄,뻟폐뷏뗍뗄놾샍뚯뇈(KΠL);뛸룟KΠLퟩ훘릤튵뗄랢햹훷튪퓚릤튵뮯뗄훐뫳웚,릤튵퓶볓횵(틚풪)32713039716061712835170쯼쫇놾쏜벯탍뗄,뻟폐뷏룟뗄놾샍놾듦솿(틚풪)100118016161901215215607100뚯뇈ꆣ틲듋,컒쏇룹뻝2004쓪릤튵룷탐샍뚯(췲죋)106121981667100456110튵놾샍뚯뇈듓뗍췹룟뗄업탲(볻뇭1),붫38룶탐튵럖캪쟡훘릤튵솽ퟩ,벴잰튻냫뷏뗍KΠL횵뗄탐튵릹돉쟡릤튵ퟩ,뫳튻냫뷏룟KΠL횵뗄탐튵캪훘릤튵ퟩꆣ헢퇹럖ퟩ뗄쒿뗄퓚폚쿫쇋뷢튪쯘훘훃뛔릤튵퓶뎤뗄펰쿬쫇럱퓚쟡훘릤튵ퟩ훐폐쯹늻춬,평폚룷탐튵뷡릹킧펦쿠닮뫜듳,럅퓚튻웰늻첫죝틗뾴쟥뷡릹뫬샻뗄ퟜ쳥쳘헷ꆣ뇭2쇐쪾쇋내쟡훘릤튵럖ퟩ뗄뇤솿뗄쏨쫶탔춳볆솿,듓훐뿉틔듳훂뾴돶헢솽ퟩ볤뗄쟸뇰ꆣ룃뇭뒫듯뗄탅쾢쫇룟KΠLퟩ뗄놾듦솿뻹횵듳훂쫇뗍KΠLퟩ뗄솽놶,떫룟KΠLퟩ뗄릤튵퓶볓횵뫍샍뚯좴뇈뗍KΠLퟩ튪뗍ꆣ펵폐ퟮ룟릤튵퓶볓횵뗄탐튵늢늻퓚룟KΠLퟩ,뛸쫇쟡릤튵ퟩ훐뗄볆쯣믺ꆢ뗧ퟓ폫춨탅짨놸훆퓬튵,쯼퓚2006쓪뗄퓶볓횵듯떽11517틚풪,룃탐튵퓚헻룶룄룯뷗뛎퓶볓횵뗄쓪뻹퓶뎤튲ퟮ룟,듯27%ꆣ룟KΠLퟩ뗄뗧솦ꆢ죈솦짺닺뫍릩펦튵펵폐ퟮ룟뗄놾듦솿(2006쓪캪15607틚풪)ꆣ룹뻝뇪ힼ닮춳볆솿,룟KΠLퟩ놾듦솿뗄뇤뮯뷏듳,뛸샍뚯뫍닺돶뗄뇤뮯뷏킡ꆣ헢킩춳볆탅쾢쿔쪾훘릤튵ퟩ뗄짺닺싊펦룃뇈쟡릤튵ퟩ뗄뗍ꆣ쯄ꆢ뷡릹뫬샻뗄듦퓚탔뫍훘튪탔뇭3놨룦쇋훐맺릤튵럖탐튵쯦믺잰퇘뎬풽뛔쫽짺닺몯쫽뗄ퟮ듳쯆좻맀볆뷡맻ꆣ10룶훷튪닎쫽훐횻폐3룶닎쫽(쎻폐볓듖)퓚10%뗄쮮욽짏늻쿔훸ꆣWald춳볆솿듯떽1462196,쮵쏷쒣탍퓚ퟜ쳥짏쫇쿔훸뗄ꆣꛃ횵룟듯019103,쿔쪾탐튵닮틬뿉틔뷢쫍릤튵퓶뎤뇤뮯뗄뻸듳늿럖ꆣ퓚볆쯣쿠맘춳볆솿쪱,컒쏇냑늻쿔훸뗄닎쫽ꛂtꆢꛂKLꆢꛂKK짨뚨캪0ꆣ뇭4놨룦쇋릤튵룄룯죽룶ퟓ뷗뛎뫍헻룶웚볤퓶뎤뫋쯣믹폚쯹폐탐튵뗄욽뻹뷡맻,냼삨릤튵퓶볓횵ꆢ놾듦솿ꆢ샍뚯ꆢTFP벰쯄룶럖뷢늿럖뗄퓶뎤싊틔벰룷ퟔ뗄릱쿗럝뛮ꆣ춼3뫍춼4믦훆쇋헻룶룄룯뾪럅웚볤쟡훘릤튵ퟩ뫍릤튵좫탐튵닣듎쯹맀볆뗄TFP퓶뎤싊ꆢ샛볆TFP쮮욽뫍TFP쯄룶럖뷢돉럖뗄뇤뮯쟷쫆ꆣ10
2009쓪뗚7웚ꆡ뇭3ꆡ럖탐튵쯦믺잰퇘뎬풽뛔쫽짺닺몯쫽맀볆뷡맻뷢쫍뇤솿쾵쫽뇪ힼ닮Z춳볆솿P횵뎣쫽쿮21941601456561401000t010096010241014001691(1Π2)3t^20100950100091019101000lnK018061012104318301000lnL-016260012019-311001002lnK3lnL-010177010605-012901770(1Π2)3(lnK)2^-010039010716-010601956(1Π2)3(lnL)2^011405010752118701062t3lnK-010214010064-313401001t3lnL010181010058311201002mu116810013058515001000eta-010283010031-910401000sigma-u2019087013107219201003sigma-epsilon20108950100402212201000gamma0191030102823212701000ퟜ쳥쿔훸탔볬퇩Waldꋡ=1462196010000ퟮ듳쯆좻맀볆뗄뛔쫽쯆좻몯쫽횵:-30813179뇭4훐맺릤튵퓶뎤뫋쯣뫍좫튪쯘짺닺싊럖뷢TFP퓶뎤럖뷢쪱웚닺돶퓶뎤놾샍뚯TFP퓶뎤TCTECSECFAEC01090104010301020103-0103-010301041981ꆪ199110051301940-33-304201120103-010301090111-0104-010101031992ꆪ200010026-227588-30-72301170103010001100116-0105-0101-01012001ꆪ20061002026097-27-6-3011201040101ꆪ001060109-0104-0102010219820061003225376-30-1320ꆡꆡ힢:쎿룶쪱웚뗚튻탐듺뇭룷ퟔ퓶뎤싊,뗚뛾탐듺뇭룷ퟔ뗄릱쿗럝뛮(떥캻:%)ꆣ웤훐,TFP퓶뎤뗈폚웤쯄룶럖뷢돉럖뗄쫽횵볓ퟜ,뛸놾ꆢ샍뚯뫍TFP퓶뎤뗄볓ퟜ늻뗈폚닺돶퓶뎤,헢쫇틲캪헢샯뗄TFP퓶뎤쫇평웤쯄룶럖뷢돉럖볓ퟜ뛸뗃,뛸늻쫇룹뻝뒫춳쯷싞닐닮살볆쯣ꆣ뫜쿔좻,듳맦쒣뗄릤튵뷡릹룄룯틑뺭돉릦쪵쿖쇋릤튵뗄돖탸룟쯙퓶뎤뫍짺닺싊뗄좫쏦쳡룟ꆣ헻룶룄룯뷗뛎릤튵좫탐튵뗄퓶볓횵뫍쯹맀볆뗄TFP쓪뻹퓶뎤싊럖뇰듯떽쇋12%뫍6%ꆣ1981쓪훁1991쓪뗚튻룶룄룯뷗뛎,TFP퓶뎤싊캪쎿쓪2%,뛔닺돶퓶뎤뗄릱쿗싊캪19%(춬웚닺돶쓪뻹퓶뎤캪9%)ꆣ웤폠81%뗄릤튵퓶뎤쫇평튪쯘춶죫릱쿗뗄,웤훐,놾뫍샍뚯룷햼51%뫍30%ꆣ짺닺싊퓶뎤실뫳폚춶죫퓶뎤뗄쫂쪵뇭쏷,훐맺릤튵퓚룄룯퓧웚죔뒦퓚듖럅탍퓶뎤뷗뛎,헢폫20쫀볍60쓪듺떽70쓪듺뚫퇇웤쯻맺볒뗄랢햹뺭퇩쿠튻훂,벴춶죫믽샛뇈짺닺싊퓶뎤퓚뺭볃웰량뷗뛎룼볓훘튪(Lucas,1993;Young,1995;Berthelemy,2001)ꆣ뫳솽룶룄룯뷗뛎훐,훐맺릤튵뗄욽뻹짺닺싊퓶뎤룟듯9ꆪ10%,뎬맽쇋튪쯘춶죫훐퓶뎤ퟮ뿬뗄놾믽샛(3%),떫쫇짺닺싊뛔릤튵퓶뎤뗄릱쿗럝뛮듓뗚뛾뷗뛎ퟮ룟뗄75%쿂붵떽놾쫀볍틔살뗄60%ퟳ폒,헢쮵쏷짺닺싊뛔릤튵퓶뎤쯹웰뗄ퟷ폃죔늻첫컈뚨ꆣTFP퓶뎤럖뷢캪쯄늿럖,벴벼쫵뷸늽퓶뎤(TC)ꆢ벼쫵킧싊뇤뮯(TEC)ꆢ맦쒣킧싊뇤뮯(SEC)뫍11
헅ꆡ뻼뗈:뷡릹룄룯폫훐맺릤튵퓶뎤튪쯘엤훃킧싊뇤뮯(FAEC)ꆣ죧뇭4쯹쪾,퓚룄룯퓧웚,튪쯘엤훃킧싊뇤뮯(FAEC)뛔TFP퓶뎤웰훷떼ퟷ폃,웤뛔릤튵퓶뎤뗄릱쿗럝뛮듯떽42%ꆣ1992쓪틔뫳,튪쯘엤훃킧싊(FAEC)뛔TFP퓶뎤뗄릱쿗쿂붵,떫죔튻횱뒦폚뗚뛾캻,뷶듎폚벼쫵뷸늽퓶뎤(TC)ꆣ헻룶룄룯뷗뛎,듓뗍짺닺싊탐튵쿲룟짺닺싊탐튵쇷뚯뗄튪쯘훘훃듸살쇋쓪뻹2%뗄닺돶퓶뎤,뛔닺돶퓶뎤뫍TFP퓶뎤뗄욽뻹릱쿗싊럖뇰캪20%뫍38%ꆣ뿉볻,쿔훸뗄튪쯘엤훃킧펦(벴쯹캽뷡릹뫬샻)퓚훐맺릤튵뷡릹룄룯훐쫇듦퓚뗄,헢쫇놾퇐뺿뗄훷튪랢쿖ꆣ믹폚38룶탐튵뗄퓶뎤뫋쯣뷡맻ꋙ튲쿔쪾돶쟡릤튵뗄훘튪탔,뇈죧럾ힰ튵ꆢ볒뻟훆퓬튵ꆢ컄뷌쳥폽폃욷훆퓬튵뫍룟탂벼쫵탐튵(죧볆쯣믺ꆢ뗧ퟓ벰춨탅짨놸훆퓬튵ꆢ붻춨퓋쫤짨놸훆퓬튵뫍튽튩훆퓬튵),쯼쏇뗄닺돶ꆢ짺닺싊뫍튪쯘엤훃킧싊뚼퓶뎤뷏뿬ꆣ퓶뎤뷏싽뗄탐튵벸뫵뚼벯훐퓚훘릤튵ퟩ,죧쪯폍뫍쳬좻웸뾪닉튵ꆢ쪯폍볓릤벰솶붹튵ꆢ쮮뫍뗧솦ꆢ죈솦뗄짺닺뫍릩펦튵뗈,헢킩탐튵닺돶퓶뎤뗍폚욽뻹쮮욽,TFP퓶뎤뫍튪쯘엤훃킧싊퓶뎤뮺싽짵훁캪뢺횵ꆣ짺닺싊벰웤럖뷢뗄늻춬탐튵쳘헷뿉틔얨쯵캪뗍뫍룟KΠL솽ퟩ뗄쳘헷,늢퓚춼3뫍춼4훐럖뇰뇭쪾돶살ꆣ컒쏇랢쿖,뻟폐뷏뗍KΠL횵뗄쟡릤튵ퟩ뇰쿠뛔폚훘뮯릤튵ퟩ뇰펵폐룼룟뗄짺닺싊퓶뎤뫍샛볆쮮욽ꆢ벼쫵뷸늽퓶뎤ꆢ벼쫵킧싊뇤뮯뫍튪쯘엤훃킧싊퓶뎤ꆣ틲듋,훐맺릤튵룄룯맽돌훐듦퓚ퟅ죧Harberger(1998)쯹쫶뗄쒢립킧펦,벴뻟쳥탐튵킧펦쏷쿔ꆣ헻룶릤튵퓶뎤뗄뷍쒸킧펦튲퓚춼탎훐쿔쿖돶살,벴쟡훘릤튵솽ퟩ쯤좻폐쯹닮틬,떫뚼폫릤튵좫탐튵쿔쪾돶쿠쯆뗄랢햹맬벣ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵,돽쇋탐튵뗄틬훊탔췢,튻킩뺭볃믹놾쏦틲쯘(죧뫪맛헾닟뫍췢늿뺭볃뮷뺳)춬쪱펰쿬ퟅ쯹폐뛸늻쫇튻늿럖릤튵탐튵,틲듋,듙돉쇋쯹폐탐튵뗄짺닺싊뷸늽ꆣ뛸쟒,헽쿱NelsonandPack(1999)퓚뚫퇇뺭볃퇐뺿훐랢쿖뗄튻퇹,훐맺릤튵좫탐튵뗄짺닺싊벰웤럖뷢(춼3뫍4뗄탩쿟뇭쪾)쯆뫵룼뛠뗘쫜떽쇋쟡릤튵ퟩ탐튵뗄펰쿬ꆣ춼3ꆡ훐맺릤튵TFP퓶뎤싊뫍샛믽TFP쮮욽(1980ꆪ2006)ꆡ폫릤튵뷡릹룄룯뗄늻춬뷗뛎쿠뛔펦,훐맺릤튵TFP뗄퓶뎤퓚1981쓪떽2000쓪볤늨뚯럇뎣듳,뷸죫탂쫀볍뫳뇤뗃뇈뷏욽컈ꆣ헢폫Li(1997)뷒쪾뗄훐맺릤튵웳튵짏쫀볍80쓪듺뗄쳘헷ꆢSunandTong(2003)ꆢYusufetal1(2005)ꆢJeffersonandSu(2006)뫍횣뺩몣뗈(2008)쏨쫶뗄짏쫀볍90쓪듺쳘헷틔벰Baietal1(2008)퇐뺿뗄1998ꆪ2005쓪볤뗄쳘헷쿠럻ꆣ죧춼4쯹쪾,벼쫵뷸늽(TC)쫇캨튻뛔TFP퓶뎤뗄릱쿗늻뛏짏짽쟒욽뻹릱쿗뎬맽튪쯘엤훃킧싊(FAEC)뗄돉럖ꆣMukherjeeandZhang(2007)붫듋돆캪ퟔ쫊펦뒴탂쒣쪽,벴춨맽맣랺컼쓉FDI뫍붨솢췢웳튵,훐맺듓랢듯맺볒틽뷸쇋쿈뷸벼쫵뫍횪쪶,헢쫇훐맺릤튵룄룯돉릦뗄맘볼ꆣFisher2VandenandJefferson(2008)튲횸돶,맽좥25쓪훐맺뗄뿆벼뒴탂벤샸틑뺭평맺볒훷떼쿂럅떽웳튵ꆢ퇐뺿믺릹뫍듳톧훷떼,벼쫵쫐뎡튲퓚톸쯙랢햹,떫쫇벼쫵킧싊뫍맦쒣킧싊뗄뢺퓶뎤폖튻뚨돌뛈짏뗖쿻쇋TC뫍FAEC뛔TFP퓶뎤뗄릱쿗,뫃퓚ꋙ캪뷚쪡욪럹,늻놨룦룃퓶뎤뫋쯣뇭ꆣ12
2009쓪뗚7웚춼4ꆡ훐맺릤튵TFP퓶뎤럖뷢(1980ꆪ2006)ꆡꆡꆡꆡ힢:d춼캪튪쯘엤훃킧싊,벴뷡릹뫬샻ꆣꆡ쯼쏇뗄뻸뛔횵뇈뷏킡ꆣ컒쏇뮹랢쿖,2000쓪뫳,훘릤튵ퟩ뇰뗄벼쫵킧싊늻뛏뛱뮯,떫쫇맦쒣킧싊뗄룄짆뎬맽쇋쟡릤튵ퟩꆣퟜ쳥살뾴,헻룶룄룯웚볤훐맺릤튵뗄맦쒣놨돪쫇뗝복뗄,춼4c훐1998쓪떽2002쓪퓝쪱돶쿖뗄헽킧펦쫇평폚춬웚샍뚯솦뗄뢺퓶뎤,뛸늻쫇뗝퓶뗄맦쒣놨돪퓬돉뗄ꆣ춿헽룯뫍키릢(2005)ꆢ샮쪤컄뫍샮듳쪤(2008)춬퇹랢쿖쇋맦쒣놨돪뗝복뗄쿖쿳,헢튲탭뿉틔평훐맺릤튵짺닺맽돌훐튪쯘ퟔ평엤훃쫜ퟨ뫍컞램듯떽ퟮ폅춶죫ퟩ뫏(죧쟡릤튵훐놾늻ퟣꆢ훘릤튵훐쫬솷릤쾡좱)살뷢쫍ꆣ쿔좻,쎻폐튪쯘뗄듳럹뛈훘훃,TFP퓶뎤쫇늻뿉돖탸뗄,훐맺릤튵룄룯맽돌훐좷쪵듦퓚ퟅ뷡릹뫬샻뛸쟒훁맘훘튪,헢뿉평춼4d쯹믦훆뗄엤훃킧싊(FAEC)퓚헻룶룄룯쟸볤뗄뇤뮯쟷쫆살쮵쏷,쯼쏇쪵볊짏뻍쫇평폚뷡릹룄룯뫍튪쯘훘훃쯹듸살뗄쓇늿럖릤튵짺닺싊퓶뎤ꆣ퓚1981쓪떽1991쓪볤,탂뗄룄룯뾪럅헾닟뫍뛔샍뚯맜훆뗄춻좻럅쯉(뇈죧얩튵샍뚯솦훁짙뿉틔틆떽쿧헲웳튵훐),쪹뗃쫜훆풼뗄짺닺튪쯘쫍럅돶뻞듳뗄짺닺쓜솿,떼훂쇋럇뎣쿔훸뗄튪쯘엤훃킧싊(FAEC)뗄쳡룟,웤쓪뻹퓶럹듯4%,뛔릤튵닺돶퓶뎤뗄릱쿗럝뛮튲룟듯42%,헢뿋럾쇋릤튵룄룯돵웚벼쫵뷸늽퓶뎤벫뗍ꆢTEC뫍SEC캪뢺뗄늻샻뻖쏦,폐솦뗘췆뚯쇋릤튵룄룯돵웚뗄TFP퓶뎤ꆣ퓚릤튵룄룯뗚뛾뷗뛎,평폚릤튵닺욷볛룱뗄췪좫럅뾪ꆢ듳맦쒣뗄맺폐웳튵쏱펪뮯틔벰돶뿚떼쿲탍랢햹햽싔뗄쪵쪩,평뷡릹룄룯뫍튪쯘훘훃쯹듸살뗄뷡릹뫬샻(FAEC)쯤좻뇤킡쇋,떫쓪뻹퓶럹죔좻듯떽3%,뛔짺닺싊퓶뎤뫍릤튵퓶뎤뗄릱쿗죔좻캪헽ꆣ듓2001쓪뾪쪼,튪쯘쫐뎡랢햹뗄훍뫳뫍쒳킩닺튵헾닟뗄뇗뛋훰붥놩슶돶살ꆣ닺튵뗷헻쟣쿲폚룟뢽볓횵탐튵ꆢ훘뮯릤튵뮯훘탂첧춷ꆢ닺튵뗄뛠퇹뮯뗈쪹뗃췆뚯랢햹뻟폐뇈뷏폅쫆뗄샍뚯쏜벯탍훆퓬튵(죧럄횯튵)뗄얬솦폐쯹복죵,뛸맄샸튪쯘쇷쿲룟튵벨ꆢ룟샻죳뗄탐튵(쿱뗧ퟓ뫍뗧웷훆퓬튵ꆢ닉뿳튵뫍럇뷰쫴훆퓬튵),짵훁듓릤튵쇷쿲럾컱튵(죧춼1쯹쪾)ꆣ평듋,탐튵뷡릹룄룯뫍뻍튵횮볤뗄쎬뛜죕틦볓뻧,틲캪룟뿆벼탐튵뫍훘릤튵늢쎻폐냬램컼쫕룼뛠뗄샍뚯솦ꆣ뛸퓸뺭컼쫕듳솿샍뚯13
헅ꆡ뻼뗈:뷡릹룄룯폫훐맺릤튵퓶뎤솦뗄샍뚯쏜벯탍탐튵좴쎿뿶폺쿂,뛸쟒쏦쇙ퟅ랢햹뗄솽쓑뻖쏦,뎤웚틔살뛱쇓뗄짺닺뮷뺳쪹뗃헢킩탐튵늻죝틗헐쫕떽ퟣ릻뗄릤죋,돶쿖쇋쏱릤믄;뛸죧맻쳡룟릤믲룄짆릤ퟷ뮷뺳,헢킩탐튵솢벴믡즥쪧샍뚯솦돉놾뗍솮뗄뇈뷏폅쫆,샍뚯맦훆뗄볓잿튲늿럖볓훘쇋헢훖쎬뛜,쪹뗃탭뛠킡뎧떹뇕,릤죋쪧튵ꆣ쯹폐헢킩틲쯘퓬돉쇋뢺뗄엤훃킧싊뇤뮯(룃웚볤쓪뻹뇤뮯싊캪-1%),ퟨ훍쇋튻횱뒦폚짏짽쟷쫆뗄훐맺릤튵짺닺싊뗄퓶뎤벰웤뛔닺돶퓶뎤뗄릱쿗ꆣ쿈잰뗄퇐뺿춨뎣잿뗷튪쯘쇷뚯뛔짺닺싊퓶뎤뗄헽뗄ퟷ폃,벴뷡릹뫬샻킧펦,뛸놾컄ퟮ듳뗄랢쿖좴쫇2001쓪틔뫳헢훖뷡릹뫬샻뗄쓦ꆣ늻짙컄쿗튲랢쿖쇋헢훖뷡릹뗷헻뫍튪쯘훘훃뛔TFP퓶뎤뗄릱쿗싊쯦쪱볤뛸쿂붵뗄쟷쫆ꆣ뇈죧,DowrickandGemmel(1991)랢쿖샍뚯훘훃뗄쫕틦믡쯦ퟅ뺭볃랢햹쮮욽뗄퓶볓뛸쿂붵,탭뛠랢햹훐맺볒퓚짏룶쫀볍90쓪듺평샍뚯훘훃틽웰뗄짺닺싊퓶뎤죔좻룟폚랢듯맺볒ꆣBerthelemy(2001)횸돶튻룶맺볒춨맽쪵쪩헽좷뗄뷡릹뗷헻헾닟뛸듸살뗄짺닺싊룄짆믡쯦ퟅ뺭볃쟷폚폐킧뗄뫪맛맜샭뻹뫢뗣뛸쿻쪧ꆣFanetal1(2003)튲횸돶튻떩뺭볃뷡릹(뇈죧얩튵ꆢ릤튵뫍럾컱튵뗄럝뛮)듯떽탂뗄뻹뫢틔뫳,탐튵뗷헻뛔뺭볃퓶뎤뗄뻞듳펰쿬붫믡늻뿉뇜쏢뗘돶쿖쿂붵ꆣ컥ꆢ펰쿬뷡릹뫬샻킧펦뗄틲쯘룹뻝릫쪽(5)폒뛋뗚쯄쿮뗄FAEC뗄뚨틥,컒쏇쫗쿈폃춼5살듳룅뗘쮵쏷춼4d훐쯹쿔쪾뗄뷡릹뫬샻뗄뇤뮯쒣쪽ꆣ맀볆뷡맻쿔쪾샍뚯뗄ퟮ폅뇟볊닺횵뗄욽뻹럝뛮ꛋL퓚퇹놾쟸볤돖탸퓶뎤,뛸놾뗄룃럝뛮ꛋK좴뛔돆뗘쿂붵,헢뇭쏷훐맺릤튵듦퓚ퟅ놾뗄맽뛈춶뫍샍뚯뗄춶죫늻ퟣꆣ뛸룄룯잰웚쪵볊샍뚯돉놾럝뛮SL뷏룟쟒뮺싽퓶뎤(듓1981쓪뗄55%뮺싽퓶볓떽2000쓪뗄65%),폫듋뛔펦,놾돉놾럝뛮SK퓚듋쟸볤훐뷏뗍쟒뮺싽쿂붵,헢뇭쏷쇋룃쪱웚탐튵볤뗄쪵볊쿻뎤뇤뮯,벴듓놾쏜벯탍탐튵쿲샍뚯쏜벯탍탐튵뗄뮯,헢쫇럻뫏훐맺뇈뷏폅쫆뗄뗷헻ꆣ죧춼5쯹쪾,춶죫튪쯘뗄ퟮ폅닺돶럝뛮뫍쪵볊돉놾럝뛮뗄닮틬랴펳쇋샍뚯뫍놾튪쯘뗄엤훃얤쟺돌뛈;떫쫇,죧짏쯹쫶,헢솽훖럝뛮뗄늻춬뗄쿠뛔뇤뮯쯙뛈떼훂쇋헢훖엤훃얤쟺퓚룄룯뗄잰솽룶뷗뛎쪵볊짏쫇늻뛏죵뮯뫍쫕솲뗄ꆣ떫쫇,2001쓪뫳쟩뿶뻍늻춬쇋,샍뚯돉놾럝뛮뾪쪼쿂붵,2006쓪틑뺭쿂붵떽48%,뛸놾돉놾럝뛮뾪쪼짏짽,횱떽2006쓪뗄52%,헢훖쪵볊춶죫폫ퟮ폅닺돶볤뗄욫샫떼훂튪쯘엤훃쿲췪좫쿠랴뗄랽쿲얤쟺ꆣ룹뻝릫쪽(5)훐FAEC뗄뚨틥,평폚샍뚯뫍놾뗄얤쟺럹뛈쿠춬쟒랽쿲쿠랴,틲듋,튪쯘엤훃킧싊뗄쒣쪽ퟮ훕쪵볊짏쫇평욽뻹뎬맽샍뚯퓶뎤뗄놾퓶뎤쯹뻶뚨뗄(춬퇹뿉볻춼5)ꆣQinandSong(2008)랢쿖볆뮮뺭볃냩쯦뗄놾맽뛈춶(벴쯹캽뗄춶벢뿊)퓚떱뷱훐맺죔좻듦퓚ꆣZhang(2003)튲횸돶,쿠뛔폚샍뚯살쮵,훐맺만뚨닺ퟜ춶퓶뎤맽뿬ꆣ퓙뾼달춼5뗄샍뚯퓶뎤,짏룶쫀볍90쓪듺훐뫳웚뾪쪼,듳럅킡뫍복풱퓶킧뗄맺웳룄룯떼훂훐맺릤튵뗄샍뚯퓶뎤듳럹쿂붵ꆣFrazier(2006)퇐뺿쿔쪾,맺폐릤튵웳튵횰릤죋쫽듓1995쓪뗄4400췲죋쿂붵떽2002쓪쒩뗄1550췲죋,붵럹듯65%ꆣ벯쳥쯹폐훆웳튵뺭샺쇋쿠쯆뗄쿂붵,듓1995쓪뗄1490췲죋쿂붵떽2002쓪뗄380췲죋ꆣ뛸춬웚쏱펪뫍췢웳튵탂컼쓉1380췲횰릤,풶풶늻쓜뷢뻶맺폐뫍벯쳥웳튵3960췲쪧튵헟뗄컊쳢ꆣ뛸샍뚯맦훆뗄볓잿뫍뷰죚캣믺폖퓬돉쇋탂튻싖뗄쪧튵뎱ꆣDessusetal1(1995)뫍Akkemik(2005)뗄퇐뺿퓸뺭횸돶,퓚첨췥뗘쟸뫍탂볓웂,샍뚯뗄훘훃킧펦튪룟폚놾뗄훘훃킧펦,틲캪뛔폚쯼쏇살쮵,샍뚯쿠뛔쾡좱룼캪훘튪ꆣ뛸놾컄뗄퇐뺿쿔쪾,훐맺뗄쟩뿶헽뫃쿠랴ꆣꋙ컒쏇늢늻뺪퇈듓2001쓪잰뗄훰붥죵뮯뗄쪧뫢쿲2001쓪뫳뗄쇭튻룶쪧뫢쯹퓬돉뗄튪쯘엤훃ꋙ퓚훐맺,샍뚯솦쫇쿠뛔뢻풣뗄ꆣ쇭췢,샍뚯맦훆뗄퓶잿튻랽쏦믡퓶볓샍뚯튪쯘뗄쪵볊춶죫돉놾,쇭튻랽쏦폖믡붵뗍샍뚯뻍튵싊ꆣ잰헟폐샻폚킣헽샍뚯얤쟺,쳡룟샍뚯엤훃킧싊,룄짆TFP;뫳헟퓲믡붵뗍샍뚯훘훃뛔FAEC뫍TFP퓶뎤뗄릱쿗싊ꆣ14
2009쓪뗚7웚춼5ꆡ훐맺릤튵좫탐튵쮮욽뗄튪쯘엤훃얤쟺럖컶(1980ꆪ2006)ꆡ킧펦평헽쿲뢺뗄뇤,틲캪ퟜ쳥짏살뾴,샍뚯돉놾럝뛮쿂붵,놾돉놾럝뛮짏짽,헢놳샫쇋ퟮ폅뗄춶죫랽쿲ꆣ뻍쟡훘릤튵ퟩ뇰살뾴,폫쟡릤튵ퟩ췪좫쿠랴뗄쫇,훘릤튵ퟩ뗄샍뚯럝뛮듓1999쓪뗄43%쿂붵떽2006쓪뗄39%,뛸놾럝뛮듓1980쓪뗄56%짏짽떽2006쓪뗄67%,헢훖튪쯘쪹폃폫뇈뷏폅쫆(평ꛋL뫍ꛋK듺뇭)뗄퇏훘놳샫,떼훂훘릤튵ퟩ뗄튪쯘엤훃킧싊뇈쟡릤튵ퟩ룼볓뛱뮯,헢뻍뷢쫍쇋뗚죽룶뷗뛎훘릤튵ퟩ뗄FAEC캪쪲쎴뇈쟡릤튵ퟩ룼뗍ꆣ뇭5튪쯘훘훃킧싊(FAEC)뗄뻶뚨틲쯘럖컶펰쿬틲쯘쒣탍1(1981ꆪ2006)쒣탍2(1995ꆪ2006)쾵쫽뇪ힼ닮P횵쾵쫽뇪ힼ닮P횵뎣쫽쿮5148300187800100061049601756301000탐튵쳘헷YLC-01022601006101000-01007001005701223lnE-01916601121101000-01856301102901000PTRV01026501012901041-01007301012401554뷡릹뇤솿KLC0133940101200100001139001011501000D13KLC-01346001033201000-01219701021501000D23KLC0100340101490182101026401015001078D13D23KLC0107750105070112701078701031601013SOYC-01032601009401001D23SOYC01024901011701033LMYC01023301008001003D23LMYC-01029001008901001FAC01001201004801797D33FAC01001601004901746ퟜ쳥쿔훸탔볬퇩Wald(7)=1863010000Wald(3)=584010000뫀쮹싼볬퇩Wald(7)=7198013343Wald(13)=15133012871퇹놾죝솿98845615
헅ꆡ뻼뗈:뷡릹룄룯폫훐맺릤튵퓶뎤볈좻튪쯘엤훃킧싊퓚훐맺릤튵퓶뎤뫍짺닺싊쳡룟훐냧퇝ퟅ죧듋훘튪뗄뷇즫,춬쪱듦퓚ퟅ죧듋쏷쿔뫍훘튪뗄뷡릹뫬샻,컒쏇탨튪뷸튻늽퇐뺿뷡릹룄룯뫍릤튵퓶뎤뗄쟅솺뇤솿-FAECꆣ죧뫎춨맽튪쯘훘훃뫍뷡릹뗷헻살뷢쫍뷡릹뫬샻뗄뷍쒸킧펦?쪲쎴틲쯘떼훂쇋늻춬탐튵(믲헟쟡훘릤튵)볤뷡릹뫬샻뗄쒢립킧펦?헽죧춼4d쯹쪾,쟡릤튵ퟩ뗄튪쯘엤훃킧싊ퟜ쫇뇈훘릤튵ퟩ뗄튪룟,ퟝ쪹솽ퟩ엤훃킧싊뇤뮯쟷쫆쿠쯆ꆣ컒쏇탨튪헒돶떼훂헢훖릤튵헻쳥뷡릹뗷헻킧펦뫍늻춬탐튵뷡릹킧펦뗄펰쿬틲쯘ꆣ뇭5놨룦쇋튪쯘엤훃킧싊(벴뷡릹뫬샻)FAEC뛔웤뻶뚨틲쯘뗄믘맩럖컶뷡맻,컒쏇믹폚뫀쮹싼볬퇩톡퓱쪹폃쯦믺킧펦쏦냥쒣탍살뷸탐맀볆ꆣ룹뻝쫽뻝뗄뿉뗃탔,믘맩럖솽룶쪱볤뛎뷸탐,벴1981ꆪ2006쓪(쒣탍1)뫍1995ꆪ2006쓪(쒣탍2)ꆣ놻뷢쫍뇤솿캪FAEC(냙럖뇈탎쪽)ꆣ뷢쫍뇤솿냼삨죧쿂:놾샍뚯뇈뇤뮯(KLC)듺뇭튪쯘쫐뎡훐춶폫샍뚯솦뷡릹뗄룄룯뫍뗷헻,쯼쫇뷢쫍솽룶쒣탍훐뷡릹뫬샻뗄훘튪뷡릹뇤솿,춬쪱튲쫇룶쳥쳘헷뇤솿,뿉틔랴펳탐튵뗄튪쯘풴?뢳ꆣ쪱볤탩쓢뇤솿D1(2001ꆪ2006쓪쟸볤짨캪1,웤쯻쪱뛎캪0)벰웤폫뷡릹뇤솿뗄붻뮥쿮횼퓚늶ힽ뷡릹뫬샻뗄쪱볤뇤뮯쒣쪽ꆣ퓚쒣탍2훐,돽쇋KLC췢,컒쏇뮹틽죫쇋쇭췢죽룶뷡릹룄룯뇤솿ꆪꆪꆪ쯹폐훆뷡릹(맺폐릤튵ퟜ닺횵퓶뎤싊SOYC)ꆢ맦쒣뷡릹(듳훐탍웳튵릤튵ퟜ닺횵퓶뎤싊LMYC)뫍췢뷡릹(췢닺뇤뮯싊FAC)ꆪꆪꆪ살쏨쫶헢죽훖샠탍뗄뷡릹룄룯쯹틽웰뗄튪쯘훘훃뛔짺닺싊퓶뎤뗄펰쿬ꆣ캪믱뗃컈붡뗄맀볆,컒쏇뿘훆쇋튻킩탐튵쳘헷뇤솿ꆣ볈좻훐맺릤튵춨뎣쏨쫶캪룟퓶뎤ꆢ룟춶ꆢ룟쓜풴쿻뫄뫍뗍킧틦,컒쏇톡퓱죋뻹닺돶퓶뎤싊(YLC)ꆢ쓜풴쿻뫄뗄ퟔ좻뛔쫽(lnE)뫍릤튵ퟜ닺횵샻쮰싊(PTRV)ퟷ캪뿘훆뇤솿ꆣ쇭췢솽룶탩쓢뇤솿,D2(뗍KΠLퟩ캪1,룟KΠLퟩ캪0)뫍D3(뗍벼쫵킧싊ퟩ캪1,웤쯻캪0),틔벰쯼쏇뫍KLCꆢSOYCꆢLMYC뫍FAC뗄붻뮥쿮놻폃살늶ힽ뷡릹뫬샻뗄탐튵틬훊쒢립킧펦ꆣ돽쇋탩쓢뇤솿뫍lnE췢,쯹폐뷢쫍뇤솿뗄떥캻뚼쫇냙럖쫽ꆣ뇭5쿔쪾,뻸듳뛠쫽뇤솿훁짙퓚10%쮮욽쿂쫇쿔훸뗄(폃듖쳥ퟖ뇪돶)ꆣWald춳볆솿튲쿔쪾솽룶쒣탍퓚ퟜ쳥짏뚼쫇쿔훸뗄ꆣKumarandRussell(2002)볬퇩쇋죋뻹닺돶뛔짺닺싊뗄펰쿬,쫜횮웴랢,컒쏇럖컶죋뻹닺돶뇤뮯(YLC)뛔평튪쯘훘훃쯹틽훂뗄짺닺싊뇤뮯FAEC뗄펰쿬ꆣ솽룶쒣탍뗄쾵쫽뚼캪뢺,웤훐쒣탍1뗄쾵쫽쫇쿔훸뗄,헢틢캶ퟅ쯦ퟅ릤튵랢햹쮮욽뗄퓶볓,튪쯘엤훃킧싊듓춳볆짏뾴좷쪵쫇늻뛏쿂붵뗄,헢폫DowrickandGemmel(1991)ꆢBerthelemy(2001)뗈뗄뷡싛쿠쯆ꆣ틔짏뷡맻튲폫뺭볃쫕솲샭싛튻훂,룃샭싛죏캪쯦ퟅ뺭볃랢햹쮮욽뗄쳡룟,춨맽뷡릹룄룯살췆뚯뺭볃퓶뎤뗄뿕볤믡풽살풽킡(Kumar,2006)ꆣ룟쓜뫄쿔훸뗘붵뗍쇋튪쯘엤훃킧싊ꆪꆪꆪ쓜풴쿻뫄쎿퓶뎤1룶냙럖뗣,FAEC붫쿂붵010086ꆪ010092룶냙럖뗣ꆣ훐맺놾쏜벯탍뗄훘릤튵춨뎣쓜풴쿻뫄뷏룟,평듋떼훂웤튪쯘엤훃킧싊뗍폚쟡릤튵ퟩ,헢폫춼4d뗄랢쿖쫇튻훂뗄ꆣ쒣탍1훐쿔훸캪헽뗄PTRV쾵쫽뇭쏷룟샻죳탐튵(죧럇맺폐릤튵)좷쪵뻟폐풤웚뗄뷏룟뗄튪쯘엤훃킧싊,쒣탍2훐뗄룃쾵쫽캪뢺떫늻쿔훸ꆣ뿘훆쇋헢킩탐튵쳘헷횮뫳,컒쏇랢쿖퓚훘릤튵ퟩ훐,놾샍뚯뇈뇤뮯싊(KLC)(솽쒣탍릲춬뗄뷡릹뇤솿)1룶냙럖뇈뗄퓶볓붫럖뇰틽웰쒣탍1뫍쒣탍2훐튪쯘엤훃킧싊0134뫍0114룶냙럖뗣뗄쿔훸퓶뎤,뫳헟쫽횵뷏뗍뿉쓜쫇틲캪쒣탍2훐냼몬쇋룼뛠뗄뷡릹뇤솿틲뛸럖첯쇋뷡릹뫬샻뗄풭틲ꆣ2001쓪뫳,쒣탍1뫍2훐훘릤튵ퟩ뗄뷡릹킧펦뚼쿂붵캪뢺횵,럖뇰캪-010066(013394ꆪ013460)뫍-01081(011390ꆪ012197)룶냙럖뗣ꆣ쟡릤튵ퟩ훐,평KΠL뇤뮯틽웰뗄뷡릹뫬샻퓚1995ꆪ2000쓪뫍1981ꆪ2000쓪볤럖뇰뇈훘릤튵ퟩ룟010264%뫍010034%,틾몬쮵쏷쇋쟡릤튵ퟩ쿠뛔폚훘릤튵ퟩ뗄뷡릹뫬샻폅쫆퓚룄룯뗚튻뷗뛎킡폚뗚뛾뷗뛎,헢평춼4d훐쟡훘릤튵ퟩ뇰FAEC쟺쿟퓚뗚튻룶뷗뛎뾿뗃룼뷼튲뿉틔뾴돶살ꆣ2001쓪뫳,쒣탍1뷒쪾쟡릤튵ퟩKLC뛔FAEC뗄펰쿬뇈훘릤튵ퟩ룟010775%,쒣탍2훐헢튻뇈싊캪010787%ꆣ헢듓춳볆짏횤쏷쇋,퓚헻룶룄룯뾪럅웚볤쯹폐탐튵뗄튪쯘엤훃킧싊뚼쯦ퟅ놾짮뮯뛸쿂붵뗄뷍쒸킧펦뫍늻춬탐튵볤평폚놾뫍샍뚯뗄훘탂엤훃뛸떼훂뗄쒢립킧펦뗄듦퓚ꆣ16
2009쓪뗚7웚놾샍뚯뇈뗄뇤뮯싊퓚듋놻폃ퟷ훐맺릤튵춶폫샍뚯솦뷡릹쪧뫢뫍뗷헻뗄듺샭뇤솿,틲캪춶뫍샍뚯솦뷡릹뗄쪧뫢헽쫇튪쯘쫐뎡랢햹훍뫳뗄뗤탍쳘헷ꆣ죋뻹놾뗄뿬쯙퓶뎤뛸럇놣돖뫣뎣뇈샽,쪹뗃샍뚯짺닺싊뗄퓶뎤늢늻쓜떼훂좫튪쯘짺닺싊뗄춬늽퓶뎤,헽죧믘맩훐뢺뗄YLC쾵쫽쯹뷒쪾뗄쓇퇹ꆣFisher2VandenandJefferson(2008)랢쿖릤튵놾짺닺싊뺭맽뎤웚뗄쿂붵뫳퓚짏룶쫀볍90쓪듺뫳웚돊쿖짏짽쟷쫆,떫헢쯆뫵늢늻쓜훎뫃춶벢뿊횢,쿠랴,헢훖훁뷱뮹듦퓚뗄맽뛈춶쟷쫆뷸튻늽뛱뮯쇋튪쯘엤훃킧싊ꆣQinandSong(2008)붫헢훖튪쯘엤훃킧싊뗄뛱뮯맩뻌폚늻췪짆뗄놾쫐뎡ꆢ늻욽뫢뗄춶뷡릹뫍뷡릹뗷헻룕탔뗈뗈ꆣ쯻쏇죏캪헾닟떼쿲뗄춶돥뚯탐캪죔좻웕뇩듦퓚,웳튵죔쓜듓틸탐쾵춳믱뗃ꆰ죭듻뿮ꆱ,늻췪짆뗄놾쫐뎡죔좻뿉쓜떼훂뷰죚풴뗄늻뫏샭엤훃(뇈죧춶뷡릹퇏훘쟣킱폚맺폐늿쏅)ꆣGongandLin(2008)횸돶,쿠뛔폚듳늿럖뗄OECD맺볒,훐맺춶뗄훷튪죚쟾뗀뮹쫇듻뿮ꆣ헾뢮춨맽맺폐틸탐쾵춳랢럅솮볛틗뗃뗄듻뿮쫇훐맺맬뺭볃뗄훘튪쳘헷ꆣ쯼랴펳돶헾뢮돽쇋탨쟳맜샭틔췢,폃믵뇒헾닟듌벤뺭볃퓶뎤뗄잿쇒틢춼ꆣLiandXia(2008)횸돶훐맺뗄맺폐튪쯘엤훃쳥쾵죔좻뿘훆쇋럇뎣맣랺뗄튪쯘풴(죧틸탐듻뿮탎쪽뗄놾ꆢ늹쳹뫍췁뗘뗈)ꆣ훐맺틸탐쫂쪵짏튻횱냧퇝ퟅ캪맺폐웳튵쳡릩듻뿮뗄뷇즫ꆣ평폚좱랦럇맺폐뷰죚믺릹뗄폐킧뺺헹,맺볒슢뛏뗄뷰죚탐튵쫆뇘뛔맺폐웳튵룼볓쟣킱,퓶볓튵틑듦퓚뗄뷰죚풴엤훃뗄늻욽뗈ꆣFungetal1(2006)횸돶,1998쓪떽2002쓪웚볤,뎬맽튻냫뗄놾춶쿲쇋맺폐릤튵웳튵,떫쫇맺폐웳튵늢쎻폐좡뗃폫웤춶쿠욥엤뗄닺돶ꆣ쯹폐훆뷡릹뇤솿SOYC뗄맀볆쾵쫽튲쫇쿔훸뗄ꆣ훘릤튵ퟩ훐뗄맺웳ퟜ닺횵1룶냙럖뗣뗄퓶뎤믡붵뗍튪쯘엤훃킧싊01033룶냙럖뗣,떫쟡릤튵ퟩ훐뗄맺웳ퟜ닺횵1룶냙럖뗣뗄퓶뎤뷶붵뗍FAEC횵010077(=-010326+010249)룶냙럖뗣,틲듋,20쫀볍90쓪듺훐뫳웚듳럅킡뗄맺웳쏱펪뮯룄룯좷쪵폐훺폚튪쯘엤훃킧싊뗄룄짆ꆣ틔짏랢쿖퓚Li(1997)ꆢSunandTong(2003)ꆢJeffersonandSu(2006)ꆢBaietal1(2008)뗈뗄퇐뺿훐뚼폐쯹쳡벰,쯻쏇횸돶훐맺뗄쯹폐훆룄룯쳡룟쇋(샍뚯)짺닺싊ꆣ퓚늻춬뗄릤튵ퟩ뇰횮볤,훘릤튵ퟩ뗄맺폐웳튵닺돶럝뛮듓1994ꆪ2003쓪웚볤뗄60%퓶볓떽2006쓪뗄70%,헢떼훂쇋죧뷱훘릤튵ퟩ튪쯘엤훃킧싊뗄뛱뮯ꆣ틲캪훘뮯릤튵ퟩ훐럇맺폐웳튵랢햹쿠뛔실뫳,좱랦ퟣ릻뗄뺺헹,튪쯘뗄훘훃맽돌늻쫇췪좫폐킧뗄,캪좷놣뎤웚뿉돖탸뗄룟쯙릤튵퓶뎤,훘릤튵ퟩ훐듳탍맺폐릤튵웳튵뗄훘ퟩ붫쫇쿂튻싖룄룯뗄훘탄ꆣ뛸2001쓪뫳쟡릤튵ퟩ맺웳닺돶쫇쿂붵뗄,헢쳡룟쇋FAECꆣ쟡훘릤튵솽ퟩ맺웳닺돶럝뛮뗄튻붵튻짽잡뫃쮵쏷쇋솽ퟩ튪쯘엤훃킧싊뗄튻룟튻뗍ꆣ닺튵벯뻛쫇닺튵ퟩ횯샭싛뗄뫋탄,듳훐탍웳튵뗄랢햹붫폐훺폚쳡룟닺튵벯훐뛈ꆣ훘릤튵ퟩ훐LMYC쿔훸헽뗄쾵쫽뇭쏷놾쏜벯탍ퟩ뗄닺튵벯훐뛈쳡룟뿉틔복쟡떼훂맦쒣놨돪뗝복뗄튪쯘ퟔ평쇷뚯쿞훆,듓뛸쳡룟튪쯘엤훃킧싊ꆣTimmerandSzirmai(2000)횸돶,짙쫽뿬쯙랢햹ꆢ폐벼쫵믮솦뗄탐튵뗄늻뛏튵뮯뿉틔쪹짺닺싊쳡룟,헢횧돖쇋뷡릹뫬샻볙쮵ꆣ쟡릤튵ퟩLMYC뗄1룶냙럖뗣뗄퓶뎤믡복짙010057(010233ꆪ010290)룶냙럖뗣뗄튪쯘엤훃킧싊,헢틢캶ퟅ샍뚯쏜벯탐튵ퟩ뗄닺튵벯훐늢늻쓜뿋럾튪쯘엤훃뗄뻖쿞,쿠랴훐킡웳튵볤뗄돤럖뺺헹튲탭닅쫇놣헏튪쯘폐킧엤훃뗄헽좷쟾뗀ꆣTimmerandSzirmai(2000)붫뺭볃뗄ퟔ평뮯ퟷ캪쇭췢튻룶횧돖뷡릹뫬샻볙쮵뗄샭평ꆣ돽쇋쏱펪웳튵췢,췢벰룛냄첨춶웳튵튲퓚훐맺룄룯뾪럅틔뫳믱뗃쇋뻞듳뗄랢햹ꆣ쯤좻늢늻쿔훸,떫췢닺뇤뮯(FAC)쾵쫽럻뫅뇭쏷뷸죫룟킧싊탐튵ퟩ뇰뗄췢뛔쳡룟튪쯘엤훃킧싊폐샻,뛸뷸죫뗍킧싊탐튵ퟩ뇰뗄췢뇭쿖쿠랴ꆣ헽죧Yusufetal.(2005)횸돶뗄,훮죧쯹폐훆ꆢ맦쒣뫍삩듳췢뗄탐튵뷡릹뗷헻뫍룄룯볓뿬쇋탐튵볤튪쯘뗄뫏샭엤훃,평듋듸살쇋쿠펦뗄짺닺싊쳡룟늢떼훂탐튵볤짺닺싊퓶뎤뗄닮틬탔ꆣ틔짏뻶뚨틲쯘뗄믘맩뷡맻듓춳볆짏횤쏷쇋놾컄뗚4뷚쯹랢쿖뗄뷡릹뫬샻(뷍쒸뫍쒢립킧펦)뗄뇤뮯쒣쪽ꆣ17
헅ꆡ뻼뗈:뷡릹룄룯폫훐맺릤튵퓶뎤쇹ꆢ뷡싛놾컄퓋폃헻룶룄룯뾪럅웚볤(1980ꆪ2006쓪)38룶솽캻쫽릤튵탐튵쏦냥쫽뻝볬퇩쇋뷡릹룄룯뛔폚훐맺릤튵퓶뎤뗄펰쿬ꆣ컒쏇퓋폃쯦믺잰퇘짺닺몯쫽쒣탍벰웤럖뷢랽램뛈솿쇋훐맺릤튵럖탐튵뗄좫튪쯘짺닺싊퓶뎤뫍튪쯘엤훃킧싊(벴뷡릹뫬샻)뗄뇤뮯ꆣ컒쏇춬쪱퓋폃쯦믺킧펦쏦냥쫽뻝쒣탍럖컶쇋튪쯘엤훃킧싊뗄뻶뚨틲쯘ꆣ뗃떽뗄믹놾뷡싛죧쿂:111978쓪룄룯뾪럅뫳,훐맺릤튵랢햹햽싔평듋잰뗄훘릤튵폅쿈쿲샍뚯쏜벯탍쟡릤튵,헢듸살쇋훐맺릤튵뗄룟쯙퓶뎤뫍짺닺싊뗄늻뛏쳡룟ꆣ1992쓪뫳TFP뗄퓶뎤뎬맽쇋춶죫튪쯘뗄퓶뎤,헢쯆뫵틢캶ퟅ훐맺릤튵뗄퓶뎤쒣쪽평룄룯뗚튻뷗뛎뗄듖럅탍퓶뎤쿲ퟅ벯풼탍퓶뎤쒣쪽뇤;떫쫇헢훖퓶뎤랽쪽뗄뇤뮹늻쫇컈뚨뗄,믲헟쮵쫇늻뿉돖탸뗄,틲캪컒쏇랢쿖훷튪평폚튪쯘엤훃킧싊뗄뛱뮯,짺닺싊뛔릤튵퓶뎤뗄릱쿗퓚놾쫀볍틔살랴뛸쿂붵쇋ꆣ21춶죫튪쯘듓횱뷓뫍볤뷓솽룶쟾뗀펰쿬릤튵퓶뎤ꆣ횱뷓쟾뗀횸춨맽쫽솿킧펦(죧놾믽샛)뛔닺돶퓬돉펰쿬;볤뷓쟾뗀퓲쫇춨맽뷡릹룄룯뫍뗷헻,쪹뗃튪쯘듓뗍짺닺싊탐튵쿲룟짺닺싊탐튵쇷뚯,춨맽헢훖튪쯘엤훃킧싊뗄쳡룟살췆뚯짺닺싊쳡룟뫍릤튵퓶뎤,쫇튻훖킧싊킧펦ꆣ퓶뎤뫋쯣쿔쪾,헢훖볤뷓뗄튪쯘엤훃킧싊킧펦뛔훐맺릤튵퓶뎤웰떽쇋쪵쪵퓚퓚뗄췆뚯ퟷ폃,떫쫇헢훖뷡릹뗷헻킧펦쯦쪱볤뛸쿂붵,2001쓪틔뫳짵훁캪뢺ꆣ욽뻹살뾴,벼쫵뷸늽뫍놾믽샛뛔릤튵퓶뎤뗄릱쿗뇈튪쯘엤훃킧싊튪듳,뛸샍뚯춶죫ꆢ벼쫵킧싊뫍맦쒣킧펦뗄퓶뎤릱쿗퓲킡폚튪쯘엤훃킧싊ꆣ31튪쯘엤훃킧싊뗄뇤뮯뿉틔춨맽1978쓪룄룯뾪럅뫳뗄릤튵뷡릹룄룯살쮵쏷,컄쿗훐붫헢훖헽뗄튪쯘엤훃킧싊뇤뮯돆캪뷡릹뫬샻ꆣퟛ짏쯹쫶,뷡릹뫬샻퓚훐맺릤튵룄룯훐좷쪵듦퓚,볈쳥쿖돶평룟떽뗍(짵훁캪뢺)쯦쪱볤뛸쿂붵뗄릲춬쟷쫆,튲뇭쿖돶쟡릤튵ퟩ폅폚훘릤튵ퟩ뗄탐튵룶쳥쳘헷닮틬(벴뷍쒸뫍쒢립킧펦)ꆣ쯦믺킧펦쏦냥쒣탍믘맩뷡맻뷒쪾춶뫍샍뚯솦뷡릹ꆢ쯹폐훆뷡릹ꆢ맦쒣뷡릹뫍췢뷡릹뗈릤튵뷡릹룄룯뛔잰솽룶뷗뛎뗄뷡릹뫬샻쒣쪽뚼폐쿔훸뗄뷢쫍솦,튲뫜뫃뗘쮵쏷쇋2001쓪뫳튪쯘엤훃킧싊뗄뛱뮯ꆣ닎뾼컄쿗돂쪫튻,2009ꆶ:쓜풴쿻뫄ꆢ뛾퇵뮯첼업럅폫훐맺릤튵뗄뿉돖탸랢햹ꆷꆶ,뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ뗚4웚ꆣ돂폂ꆢ샮킡욽,2006ꆶ:훐맺릤튵탐튵뗄쏦냥쫽뻝릹퓬벰놾짮뮯움맀:1985ꆪ2003ꆷꆶ,쫽솿뺭볃벼쫵뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ뗚10웚ꆣ샮쪤컄ꆢ샮듳쪤,2008ꆶ:훐맺릤튵좫튪쯘짺닺싊뗄늨뚯1986ꆪ2005ꆪꆪꆪ믹폚쾸럖탐튵뗄죽춶죫쯦믺잰퇘짺닺몯쫽럖컶ꆷꆶ,쫽솿뺭볃벼쫵뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ뗚5웚ꆣ샮킡욽ꆢ슬쿖쿩,2007ꆶ:훐맺훆퓬튵뗄뷡릹뇤뚯뫍짺닺싊퓶뎤ꆷꆶ,쫀뷧뺭볃ꆷ뗚5웚ꆣ춿헽룯ꆢ키릢,2005ꆶ:훐맺뗄릤튵짺닺솦룯쏼ꆪ폃쯦믺잰퇘짺닺쒣탍뛔훐맺듳훐탍릤튵웳튵좫튪쯘짺닺싊퓶뎤뗄럖뷢벰럖컶ꆷꆶ,뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ뗚3웚ꆣ헅뻼ꆢ쪩짙뮪ꆢ돂쪫튻,2003ꆶ:훐맺뗄릤튵룄룯폫킧싊뇤뮯-랽램ꆢ쫽뻝ꆢ컄쿗뫍쿖폐뗄뷡맻ꆷꆶ,뺭볃톧(벾뾯)ꆷ뗚3뻭뗚1웚ꆣ횣뺩몣ꆢ뫺낰룖ꆢArneBigsten,2008ꆶ:훐맺뗄뺭볃퓶뎤쓜럱돖탸?ꆪꆪꆪ튻룶짺닺쫓뷇ꆷꆶ,뺭볃톧(벾뾯)ꆷ뗚7뻭뗚3웚ꆣ,2005,ꆰLaborProductivityandInter2SectoralReallocationofLaborinSingapore(1965ꆪ2002)ꆱ,ForumofInternationalDevelopmentStudies,,JiangyongLuandZhigangTao,2008,ꆰHowDoesPrivatizationWorkinChina?ꆱJournalofComparativeEconomics,,1992,ꆰFrontierProductionFunctions,TechnicalEfficiencyandPanelData:WithApplicationtoPaddyFarmersinIndiaꆱ,JournalofProductivityAnalysis,3,153ꆪ,2001,ꆰTheRoleofCapitalAccumulation,AdjustmentandStructuralChangeforEconomicTake2OffEmpiricalEvidencefromAfricanGrowthEpisodesꆱ,WorldDevelopment,29,323ꆪ,2007,ꆰHowTransitionPathsDiffer:EnterprisePerformanceinRussiaandChinaꆱ,Journalof18
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