美洲银行 vs 花旗银行
张盼 戴莹 胡建飞
美洲银行 vs 花旗银行
一、银行简介
1、历史简介
美洲银行:美国美洲银行(Bank-America Corporation ,全称是美洲国民信托储蓄银行,简称
“美洲银行”)将其在中国大陆注册的中文名“美国美洲银行”正式更改为“美国银行”。它的前身
是 1904 年的意大利银行,初期主要经营太平洋沿岸各州意大利移民的存放款业务,以后逐
渐吸收中下阶层的存款,并对中小企业提供抵押贷款和发放消费信贷,业务迅速发展。20
世纪 20 年代,意大利银行就已成为美国西部最大的银行。1927 年 3 月 1 日,该行以意大利
国民信托储蓄银行名义取得国民银行执照。1929 年与加利福尼亚美洲银行合并,改名美洲
国民信托储蓄银行。截至 1982 年底,美洲银行在国内外的分行有 1204 个,附属机构和联枝
机构约 800 个,此外在国外还有专营公司银行业务的机构和代表处 27 个。海外机构遍及 77
个国家和地区。
花旗银行:花旗银行总部位于美国纽约派克大道 399 号的花旗银行,是华盛顿街最古老的商
业银行之一。1812 年 7 月 16 日,华盛顿政府的第一任财政总监(Commissioner of the .
Treasury )塞缪尔.奥斯古德(Samuel Osgood)上校与纽约的一些商人合伙创办了纽约城市
银行(City bank of New York)——今日花旗集团的前身。当时,该银行还是一家在纽约州
注册的银行。在创建之初,纽约城市银行主要从事一些与拉丁美洲贸易有关的金融业务。1865
年 7 月 17 日,按照美国国民银行法,纽约城市银行取得了国民银行的营业执照,更名为纽
约国民城市银行(National City Bank of New York)。此后,纽约国民城市银行迅速发展成为
全美最大的银行之一。
1929 年和 1930 年,花旗银行先后收购了农民信贷与信托公司和纽约美国国民协会银
行,在此基础上成立了花旗农民信托公司,1959 年花旗农民信托公司改名为第一花旗信托
公司(First National City Trust Co.),两年后合并于第一花旗银行,成为其信托部的一个组成
部分。 1955 年 3 月,花旗银行兼并了纽约第一国民银行,同时更名为第一花旗银行(First
National City Bank of New York)。合并后的第一花旗银行成为仅次于美洲银行和大通曼哈顿
银行的美国第三大银行,1962 年第一花旗银行更名为第一国民城市银行(First National City
Bank)。1967 年花旗银行组建了控股公司——第一花旗公司(First National Corporation),1971
年第一花旗公司改组为多银行持股公司,1974 年 3 月 28 日更名为花旗公司(Citicorp),花
旗银行也同时更名为 Citibank,.。
1998 年 10 月花旗银行的母公司及控股公司“花旗公司”(Citicorp)与“旅行家集团”(Travelers
Group)合并组成花旗集团,此后花旗银行继续保持为花旗集团“红雨伞”旗下的强势品牌。
2005 年 3 月 31 日,花旗集团控股的 12 家美国花旗银行的国内存款总 204,351,066 千美元,
资产总额为 935,236,982 千美元(逾九千亿美元);这些数字并不包括花旗银行的海外机构。
2、网上银行简介
网上银行:网上银行,是银行以现有业务为基础,利用互联网技术为客户提供综合、安全、
实时的金融服务。1996 年,网上银行起源于美国,1998 年,招商银行率先在国内推出了网
上银行业务,之后国内其他银行纷纷推出该项业务,目前国内的 100 多家银行中,有 45 家
组建了网上银行。
网上银行的优点:成本低廉 覆盖面广(基于 internet) 不受时间和地域限制 资金周转方
便。
二、美洲银行的服务特色
美洲银行能在银行林立的美国市场上站稳脚跟并不断发展壮大,与它独特的服务密切相
关。首先,在其他银行只注意以大企业为服务对象时,美洲银行却把普通大众及中小企业看
作最重要的客户,推出最少仅为 25 美元的小额贷款,这是史无前例的。这样,昔日被各银
行拒之门外的人们纷至沓来,以此带动了各项业务蒸蒸日上。美洲银行这种“聚财莫嫌金银
碎”的服务模式直接拉近了与客户的距离,提高了亲和力,也树立了美国银行以客户为中心
的公众形象,从而促进了其银行业务的发展。
同时,面对美国这个移民众多的国家,美洲银行特别注重将外国移民作为它的客户群体,
例如拉丁美洲人、亚洲人、美洲裔非洲人的移民等。美洲银行有长期为移民提供服务的历史,
1928 年就在洛杉矶唐人街开设了网点,甚至配备了会说汉语、朝鲜语、越南语的员工,以
吸引亚裔客户。在过去的十年中,美洲银行 80%的利润增长来自于上述三部分群体。
第三,美洲银行特别重视其客户满意度的情况,并经常对此进行调查。美洲银行用“客
户快乐”调查来衡量顾客的满意度,它是反映客户是否愿意忠于银行、是否愿意向朋友推荐
银行、是否愿意使用银行更多产品的关键指标。美洲银行把这个调查以及客户忠诚度、“关系
客户净收入增长率”与销售额进行对比,以预测企业的未来。
此外,美洲银行还有一项堪称革命性的银行业务: Keep the Change (保存零头)。
2005 年,美洲银行推出了一项被《商业周刊》称为 “范式转移(paradigm shift)”的革命
性银行业务:Keep the Change(保存零头)。这一业务的运作过程是:当客户使用美洲银行
的 VISA 卡进行消费时,银行将支付给客户每次刷卡消费的零头。例如,如果花费 美
元,美洲银行将取整为 24 美元,并将这两个数之间的差额(即 美元)支付到客户的储
蓄账户上。美洲银行对开立该业务前三个月的零头进行全额支付(上限为 120 美元),之后
支付零头总额的 5%。由于这项业务对客户具有很强的诱惑力,所以自推出以来,已有 2500
万客户申请了 Keep the Change,超过 70 万的客户在美洲银行开立了支票账户,并有 1000
万的客户开立了储蓄账户。
对于这项业务,美洲银行看似赔钱,但毫无疑问, Keep the Change 却成功解决了如何
让客户继续开立新的支票账户和储蓄账户、继而获得稳定资金来源这一所有银行都面临的严
峻问题;同时也培养了客户的忠诚度,有了忠诚度,美洲银行以后定会赚得颇丰的收入。
美洲银行能够在零售银行业务方面取得巨大的成功,与它在拓展其规模上有很好的定位
具有很大的关系。在美国这样一个人们总是搬家的国度,它广泛的零售网络使客户即使穿越
整个国家也无需改变他们的开户银行,这无疑为美洲银行赢得了抢占市场的先机;同时,美
洲银行先进的网上银行为互联网时代的人们提供的方便、快捷的金融服务,这也是美洲银行
成功占据零售银行市场的重要原因。归根到底,美洲银行的迅速发展和持续盈利源于它能够
不断满足客户的需求,也正像它所推出的一语双关的产品名称一样,“一直保持着变化”,从
而成为享誉世界的零售银行领航者。
美洲银行的网上银行是在线金融服务的领先者,其网上银行业务获得了全球范围内的认
可。美洲银行拥有世界上最多的在线注册用户,并获得了各顶尖财经杂志所给予的诸多殊荣。
美洲银行网上银行提供的服务栏目相当丰富,每个栏目下的分支栏目也非常详细。网上银行
服务主要包括个人金融服务、小企业金融服务和公司及机构金融服务等。这里仅就个人金融
服务加以阐述。
由于美国各州法律及相应的金融法规有所不同,美洲银行在各州中业务种类也不尽相同,
客户选择该项服务栏目时,首先要选择的是客户所在的州,然后才进入到个人金融服务的栏
目内。
美洲银行网络银行提供的个人金融服务主要包括储蓄(Deposits)、贷款与信用(Loans
and Credit )、 投 资 ( I n v e s t i n g )、 专 业 金 融 服 务 ( Specialized Banking )、 保 险
(Insurance)和信息(Information)6 个主要服务产品。美洲银行的这部分金融产品实质上
是将其传统业务延伸到互联网上,基本包括了个人金融服务的大部分业务。
储 蓄
储蓄业务分为两个部分:
一是储蓄基本业务。包括经常账户、储蓄、大额定期存单、个人退休账户等服务内容。
二是信用卡服务。美美洲银行的网上个人金融业务及服务品种洲银行发行了三种信用卡,
即一般信用卡、金卡、白金卡。
客户可以通过着这两种服务进行如下操作:
查看账户余额、追踪已经挂出来的交易
(查询帐户余额;
快速简单地察看近 12 个月的经常账户、储蓄、个人信用卡帐户的交易;
查看未决交易,包括 ATM 使用,信用卡消费、直接存款账户。
查看信用卡最高使用限额、存款单、个人退休金账户。。。)
用在线账户报告代替纸制账户报告明细
停止纸制账单的发送(减少邮件欺诈和身份盗窃的可能)
制定邮件或手机提醒
美洲银行账户之间转帐
跨行转帐
在先支付账单、查看账单(降低邮件信息盗窃的可能)
通过 Sitekeytm 保护客户的安全
由于美国银行业竞争的激烈, 美洲银行网络银行在主要业务方面与其他商业银行差别
不大。但他们努力开拓新的服务品种,其中最有特色的服务品种是存款目标和自助银行。
存款目标服务主要是帮助客户制定储蓄计划。如为客户提供教育、结婚、购房、度假、
购车、退休等 6 项美国人主要支出的储蓄计划服务。(41 项细分的项目)
自助银行“自助银行”是为客户提供 24 小时自助服务的营业场所。您可以通过自助银行
提供的各种设备,自行办理存款、取款、转账、证券买卖、外汇买卖、自助贷款、自助缴费、
账务查询、补登存折、打印对账单以及修改密码、查询存贷款利率、外汇牌价和招商银行综
合信息。自助银行包括:自动柜员机、自动存款机、自助查询终端、自助服务电话。
贷款与信用
本项服务共设有抵押(Mortgages)、信用卡(Credit Card)和消费信贷(Consumer and
Home Equity Loans)等 3 个服务产品。
1、抵押。美洲银行是美国最大的提供住房按揭贷款的银行之一。本项服务为客户提供
购房助理(P u r c h a s e )和重新筹措资金(Refinance)两项业务。在购房助理业务中,美
洲银行为投资者提供一系列支持性金融服务,如根据客户需要为其选择合适的房子,根据客
户收入情况和支付能力帮助其选择相应的按揭抵押贷款。
由于美国市场利率波动较大, 会使投资者经常遭遇利率风险。当投资者采用抵押方式
取得货币资金后,因利率下降会使投资者利息支出增加,产生利率风险。为了降低风险的损
失,投资者可选择重新筹措资金的方式来降低抵押贷款利率、缩短抵押期限和增加资金流动
性等来减少利息支付。
2、信用卡。美洲银行发行了各种信用卡,如 Visa Classic、 Visa Gold、 Platinum Standard、
Master Card、Gold Master Card 、Platinum(白金) Master Card 、Partner Cards 等。该项
目对以上信用卡进行了系统的描述和介绍。同时对不同种类信用卡的服务条款等内容作了介
绍和分析。
3、消费贷款。因为美国各州的法律制度及规定的不同,美洲银行根据不同州的情况,
提供适合本地区的服务产品。在该银行的消费贷款服务产品中,有汽车贷款、房产抵押贷款、
抵押、个人信用透支和学生贷款等多项业务。一般地,客户当需要申请消费贷款时,需要先
通过电话等方式与美洲银行客户服务中心联系然后就可以操作了。
投 资
美洲银行的个人客户投资服务由美洲银行投资服务公司(Bank Of America Investment
Services Inc.)来操作,它为投资者提供投资管理和理财咨询服务。为了让投资者更快地了
解市场情况,投资服务项目还提供相关的每日经济金融分析。
美洲银行投资服务品种主要有 4 个,即折扣经纪服务(Discount Brokerage Services)、
个人投资咨询服务(Personal Investment Consulting Services)、现金管理账户(Money Manager
Account) 以及共同基金信息(Mutual Fund Information)。
1、折扣经纪服务。本服务产品主要是每天帮助投资者安排与长期投资业务相关的活动。
通过该项服务产品,投资者可以进行在线交易股票、基金和期权,查询个人账户信息,查询
相关种类的共同基金, 获得实时的报价、市场数据,并对客户感兴趣的投资领域进行分析。
费用:
网上资产交易免费;
每半年$50 维护费;如果是美洲银行的会员、私营银行客户、基础银行投资客户、美洲
银行个人经常账户持有者、美国银行投资服务公司会员折扣经济账户余额在$50000 以上的
客户免费。
2、个人投资咨询服务。该服务产品主要为投资者提供各种长短期投资咨询服务。通过
投资专家为投资者提供一对一或点对点的投资咨询服务,帮助投资者制定投资战略,还可以
根据投资者的各种投资需求进行风险分析、回报分析和投资决策咨询。
3、现金管理账户。该账户有多种不同的金融服务产品满足投资者的投资多元化需要。
客户的经常账户的存款可以自动投资到所选择的公有基金,同样,客户的钱也可以在需要的
时候转回经常账户去支付支票、购买支票保证卡等。
4、共同基金信息。该服务项目为投资者提供 30 多个基金管理公司的约 350 种不同的
共同基金。投资者可以通过折扣经纪服务和个人投资咨询服务对这些基金进行交易,并可获
得相应的投资咨询服务。
专业金融服务
专业金融服务是美洲银行网络银行一项最富有特色的业务,该项业务根据客户的不同需
要,设计出满足不同客户需求的服务产品组合,该服务产品提高了客户处理金融业务时的效
率。专业金融服务主要包括 7 项具体的服务品种。(1)个人银行(Private Bank);(2)基
础金融服务(Premier Banking); (3 )学生金融服务( S t u d e n t B a n k i n g );(4 ) 电
子钱包(e - Wallet);(5)军事银行(Military Bank);(6)专业非洲裔美国人银行(Professional
African American Banking Group);(7)美国亚洲理财(U.S.-Asia Banking)。
(1)个人银行。个人银行是美洲银行针对个人业务而设立的相应的金融服务品种。它
以客户为中心,并根据客户的需求,为客户提供金融服务。如投资选择、面向消费者融资、
资产管理、财产转移、不动产管理、股票选择及资产评估等一系列业务的咨询和建议服务。
客户可以通过现代化的通讯手段与美洲银行进行联系,就可以得到相应的金融支持服务。该
服务品种主要包括投资服务(Investment Services)、信用与资产转移服务(Trust & Wealth
Transfer Services )、 金 融 咨 询 服 务 ( Financial Advisory Services )、 面 向 消 费 者 的 信 用
(Customized Credit Solutions)、金融服务(Banking Services)等具体内容。
(2)基础金融服务。基础金融服务产品是美洲银行把原有个人金融部分的投资、信贷
和信用卡等业务进行的重新组合。当客户需要该项服务时可以先提出申请,随后美洲银行就
会委派一名客户经理专门为客户的金融目标提供咨询服务。使用该项服务产品还可以享受费
用减免等多项优惠措施。
(3)学生银行服务。学生银行服务产品的服务对象主要是那些查找学校金融信息和在
线申请的学生及家长,或者是那些为学生及家长管理金融资助的金融资助管理者。借鉴专业
金融服务是美洲银行网络银行一项最富有特色的业务, 该项业务根据客户的不同需要,设
计出满足不同客户需求的服务产品组合,该服务产品提高了客户处理金融业务时的效率。农
村金融研究 4 8 具体内容主要有以下几项:如对申请与退出联邦贷款提供必要的咨询建议;
提供在线申请联邦贷款和私人贷款;帮助客户制定上大学的预算,或借款计划,或为子女将
来教育支出的种种计划;协助客户进行有效的资金管理;根据学生的特点简化银行账户。
(4)电子钱包。这项服务产品是美洲银行专门为网上支付而开设的业务。当客户拥有
自己的电子钱包后,客户在网上进行支付时既方便又快捷。美洲银行电子钱包服务主要包括
以下六个方面:第一,当客户使用一次电子钱包后,其所有结账信息都会被记录下来,下次
不必再重复填写相关表格了。第二, 客户可以把多种信息,如客户的家庭、单位、亲朋好
友的通讯方式等相关资料记录在电子钱包里。第三,客户可以利用电子钱包选择不同的支付
方式,当信用卡即将过期时,电子钱包甚至可以自动提醒客户。第四,客户可以通过任何一
台联网的计算机登录自己的电子钱包,方式非常简单。第五,购物环境便利,客户可以随时
在美洲银行电子钱包的网上商店中购物,实现电子商务。第六,如果客户在电子钱包中设定
一些重要的日期,电子钱包会用 E-mail 的方式主动提醒客户注意。
(5)军事银行。军事银行是美洲银行专门为美国在职或退休的军人、国防部工作人员
和相关的政府工作人员开发的金融服务产品。军事银行产品服务有查账、储蓄与大额可转让
定期存单、退休计划、贷款、抵押、信用卡和借记卡等。
(6)专业非洲裔美国人银行。该产品开始是专门为非洲裔美国人提供金融服务,后来
主要服务对象不是专门针对一般的非洲裔美国人而是年薪在 万美元以上的企业主管或
年毛收入在 1000 万美元以上的企业所有者。该产品服务主要包括储蓄、投资、贷款与信用、
保险和抵押等。
(7)美国亚洲理财。这项业务专门为在美国与香港均有理财需要的客户而开发的业务。
如:客户在美国与香港均有金融资产,或者在香港有商业活动,或者在两地都拥有不动产,
或者有外派雇员在香港工作等,美洲银行借助网上美国亚洲理财中心(U.S.-Asia Banking
Center),使客户不论在美国或香港都可以全天候通过电话与银行联络,享受银行提供的理
财服务,并提供多种语言服务(英语、广州话和普通话等)。在本项业务中,美洲银行提供
的服务品种有储蓄、投资、贷款与信用、抵押等。
保 险
美洲银行的保险业务由美洲银行保险服务公司(Bank of America Insurance Services Inc.)
来运作, 保险服务产品有两项具体的内容即人寿保险(Life Insurance)和汽车保险
(Automobile Insurance)。
1、 人寿保险。该服务项目对人寿保险的作用、意义和相关的基本常识进行了介绍,对
美洲银行保险服务公司提供的几个险种作了说明,还进行了保险收益与风险的计算和分析。
2、 汽车保险。 该服务项目主要是对汽车保险产品进行介绍,给客户提供信息,指导
客户理财。
信 息
该服务项目主要包括个人金融计划工具(Personal Planning Tools)、市场研究与评议
(Market Research & Commentary)和美洲银行内部信息(Inside Bank of America)等 3 个
服务产品。
(l)个人金融计划工具。美洲银行根据客户的不同金融需求提出相应的建议,使客户
能够正确处理不同的金融问题。个人金融计划工具具体包括以下 8 个服务产品:预算( B u d
g e t i n g ) 、投资评估(Investment Assessment)、购房(Home Purchase)、退休计划(Retire
Planning)、教育计划(Education Planning)、贷款求学(Credit Education)、保险计划(Insurance
Planning)和不动产计划(Estate Planning)。
(2)市场研究与评论。在该项目中,美洲银行公开表明其研究的重点,并定期公布其对
市场的某些研究成果,为投资者提供理财参考。
(3) 美洲银行内部信息。
Our Guarantee on Online Banking Security
For Consumers and Sole Proprietors
$0 liability
With our Online Banking service, you can be confident that your Bank of America accounts will be secure and protected.
Our safe Internet banking measures guarantee $0 liability for any unauthorized activity originating (发源于)from
Online Banking, including Bill Payment. Read Your Responsibilities for information about reporting unauthorized
transactions to preserve(保护) your rights under this guarantee.
Information security
Safeguarding (保护)your information is a priority(优势) for Bank of America. Whenever personal information is
requested or displayed on our Web site we use encryption (加密技术)technology, such as Secure Socket Layer (SSL),
to prevent unauthorized access to data. See Information Security for details.
Safeguarding your privacy
At Bank of America Online Banking security, your privacy is our priority. Keeping financial information secure and
confidential is one of our most important responsibilities. Our Privacy Policy for Consumers gives you important
information on how Bank of America treats your financial information.
On time payments
Bank of America processes payments to your designated(指定的) payees on the dates and for the dollar amounts you
specify. If we fail to process a payment in accordance with(依照) your properly completed instructions we will
reimburse(偿还) you any late-payment-related charges. See the Service Agreement for details.
Contact us
If you notice any unauthorized activity in your account, or need to report lost or stolen information, please contact us
immediately by calling .
Your responsibilities
Reviewing your account statement regularly and reporting any unauthorized activity promptly. Bank of
America promises you will not be responsible for any unauthorized activity originating from your Online Banking
relationship. We will reimburse you for funds transferred from your accounts up to the amount of your loss when
you notify(通报) the bank within 60 days of the transaction first appearing on your statement. If you do not
notify us within these 60 days, you may not be reimbursed for subsequent( 并发的) transactions. Additionally, we
will reverse(颠倒) or reimburse you for any bank or payee fees resulting from your loss. See the Service
Agreement for details.
Protecting your Online ID and Passcode. You should always guard your Online ID and Passcode from
unauthorized use. If you share this information with someone, all transactions they initiate with the information are
considered as authorized by you, even for transactions you did not intend for them to make.
Not leaving your computer unattended during an Online Banking session. It's easy to protect your information
by signing off from Online Banking when you are finished with each session. To ensure cached copies of your
Online Banking Web pages are cleared, always close your browser after signing off.
三、花旗银行
概况
花旗银行是美国最古老的商业银行之一。1812 年 7 月 16 日,华盛顿政府的第一任财政
总监(Commissioner of the . Treasury )塞缪尔.奥斯古德(Samuel Osgood)上校与纽约
的一些商人合伙创办了纽约城市银行(City bank of New York)——这就是今日花旗集团的
前身。当时,该银行还是一家在纽约州注册的银行。在创建之初,纽约城市银行主要从事一
些与拉丁美洲贸易有关的金融业务。
1865 年 7 月 17 日,按照美国国民银行法,纽约城市银行取得了国民银行的营业执
照,更名为纽约国民城市银行(National City Bank of New York)。此后,纽约国民城市银行
迅速发展成为全美最大的银行之一。
20 世纪初,纽约国民银行开始积极发展海外业务,1902 年,该行在伦敦开设了它的
第一家国外分行,到 1915 年持有万国宝通银行之前,纽约国民城市银行已在拉美、远东及
欧洲建立了 37 家分支机构(Muro,1984,)。万国宝通银行成立于 1901 年,当时主要
是为了发展对中国及菲律宾的贸易,次年它在上海成立了美国在华的第一家银行分行,不久
又相继在远东其他地区设立海外分行 32 家。通过兼并万国宝通银行,纽约城市银行的海外
分支网络扩大了近一倍。到 1939 年,花旗银行(1927 年以后,纽约城市国民银行的中文行
名改为花旗银行)在海外的分支机构已达到 100 家。
20 世纪 20 年代花旗银行开始开拓零售银行业务。1921 年成立了第一家专对个人服
务的分行,1928 年成为首家提供个人贷款的商业银行,70 年代花旗银行的零售银行业务又
获得了新的发展,它成为美国 VISA 卡与万事达卡的最主要发行者之一。1977 年,花旗银
行率先大规模将 ATM 机引入银行系统,目前,花旗银行已是美国最大的信用卡发行者。为
把零售金融业务推向全球化同时扩展分销渠道,花旗集团于 2000 年 11 月收购 Associates
First Capital 设于 15 个国家的共 2,600 家分行,成为全球首屈一指的零售金融企业。
花旗银行是在中国开办业务的第一家美国银行。1902 年 5 月 15 日,花旗银行的前身
之一“国际银行公司”(International Banking Corporation)在上海开设分行,这也是花旗银行
在亚洲的第一家机构。 1964 年 8 月 3 日,花旗银行在台北开设分行。花旗银行在澳门的业
务则开始于 1983 年 5 月 27 日。1995 年,在离开 45 年后,花旗银行重新在中国大陆常规办
理业务,已在北京、 广州、上海、深圳、天津、成都开设了分行。 在中国大陆和台湾,Citibank
均译作“花旗银行”,在香港与纽约的华人社区则使用“万国宝通银行”(可能源自花旗曾用的
International Banking 的名字);2001 年年底,香港使用的中文名改为与大陆及台湾相通的“花
旗银行”。
由于不断地拓展业务和开拓市场,并且不断地寻求效率的提升和为客户的便利着想,
网上银行,作为实体银行在互联网上设立的虚拟银行柜台,是有必要与实体银行相对应的。
因此,花旗银行网上银行,除了美国总部的网站外,还根据实体银行的分布,建立了超过 46
个国家和地区的网上银行分站。如中国,香港,台湾,澳大利亚,日本,韩国,法国,德国,
希腊,阿根廷,巴西。
主要版块
1, Banking 比重较美洲银行更大,更全面更细致,很
多新型的业务与传统业务有重叠部分
即普通的银行的业务,(传统业务)是花旗银行网上银行最基本的业务。也被
放在网上银行最明显的位置。网上银行的主页里有关于各项业务的具体介绍,
而客户则可以通过身份验证登陆网上银行的操作界面来进行实际业务的操作。
这一类的普通业务主要包括:
经常账户/活期(checking) (活期有支票存款)
Citibank EZ checking
Convenient and flexible, this checking account comes with all the bells and whistles
you need.
FREE of monthly fees if you use direct deposit OR make two monthly bill payments OR maintain
a $1,500 combined average balance(综合平均余额)1
Citigold
Premier treatment 顶级服务(工行理财金) all around. Enjoy priority service 享受
优先服务, preferred rates 优选利率, and exclusive savings and rewards.独有的储蓄和红利
Premier account relationship $100,000 优先级客户关系 combined average balance1
Citibank everything account
Link all your Citi accounts and make everything count towards more services and
rewards.
FREE of monthly fees if you maintain a $10,000 combined average balance1
Includes Interest Checking 付息帐户
Basic checking
Take advantage of all the basic services for a low, fixed monthly fee.费用低廉
Low fixed monthly fee
No minimum balance 无最低限额
储蓄(savings)
不同种类的储蓄,有不同的优惠条件和利率,可以自己随意选择
1,Ultimate Money Account(最终现金账户)
This savings account gives you a higher rate just for paying bills online from your Citibank
checking
%APY*(年利率)
Internet & Phone Exclusive No minimum balance
No monthly maintenance fee 无月费 for new customers who open a free EZ Checking account
with their Ultimate Money Account2
2,Ultimate Savings Account
This savings account is best if you just want a high-yield(收益) account, plain and
%APY*
Internet & Phone Exclusive(网上和电话交易) No minimum balance
No monthly fee4
存单(Certificates of Deposit (CD)) 和定期相类似,
What you get
Competitive rates
Term Annual Percentage Yield1 Interest rate
3-month % %
6-month % %
9-month % %
1-year % %
2-year % %
3-year % %
4-year % %
5-year % %
FDIC 联邦存款保险公司 insurance up to(多达) $100,000
A Citibank® Banking Card so you can access 查询 your account information online, by phone
and at ATMs.
个人退休账户(IRA)
Traditional IRAs
Traditional IRAs defer taxes until you start withdrawing your money.在开始取钱之前是免税的
All or part of your contribution may be tax deductible.应税可扣除的
Taxes deferred until you withdraw money
No annual IRA fee
Roth IRAs
With Roth IRAs your contributions are never tax-deductible. However, your withdrawals may be
free of federal income tax.(提款可免除联邦所得税美国的个人所得税主要分两种,联邦政府
个人所得税 (federal income tax) 和州政府个人所得税 (state income tax ) 。雇主从员工的薪
水 (周薪或双州薪)中扣除个人所得税定期上缴给联邦税务局 (Internal Revenue Service)和州
税务局)State Department of Revenue) 。)
Potential savings on federal income tax
No annual IRA fee
Rollover IRAs(可转移的)
If you leave your job, you can take your 401(k) with you. Simply transfer it directly into a
Rollover IRA.
从您的工资中扣除一部分作为将来使用的退休金计划。(企业年金)英文中被称为“401 (K)
salary reduction plan”,401(K)这一名称是来自于联邦税务局的税务条款,因此,这种退休
计划被简称为“401(K)计划”即是由盈利的公司设立的一种“合格的退休计划”。
比起 IRA 而言,401(K)计划要优越得多,首先,您可以多存入一些退休金。它允许您每
年从工资中存入的最高额。这一大笔钱可以享受联邦政府抵税 tax-deductible 和延税 defer tax
的税务优惠。
其次,您存入的退休金是从工资里自动扣除的,非常方便,使您不至于轻易中断储蓄,可以
半强制性地为您的退休而奠定坚实的基础。
Transfer funds from one employer to another
No annual IRA fee
健康储蓄账户(health saving accout)
A Health Savings Account (HSA) is a tax-advantaged,(税收优惠)
interest-bearing checking account that you can use to pay for qualified medical expenses.
The benefits?
It's triple tax-advantaged.
Your contributions may be tax 免税
Any interest that you earn is tax-exempt. 免利息税
Funds used to pay for qualified medical expenses are also tax-exempt.付医药费
的款项也免税
If you don't use it, you don't lose it. Unlike a Health Care Spending Account (HCSA), if
you don't use all the money in your HSA during the year, you won't lose it. Instead, your
balance is rolled over to the next year. And the next. You never lose your contributions.
It goes where you go. Your HSA belongs to you. All contributions, including those made
by your employer, are yours to keep. If you change jobs, you can keep your HSA; transfer
it to another employer's HSA; or rollover your funds to another qualifying account —
such as a Citibank HSA — within 60 days.
Account Holder Costs2
$10 online enrollment 网络注册费 fee, $15 if you apply by mailing in a paper application
$ monthly maintenance fee
2,credit card
Citi CashReturnsSM Card
Earn a full 1% back on every purchase 每消费一笔,有 1%返还。在用信用卡购物的时
候,根据购物的金额大小,由信用卡银行为你支付部分费用(即返现,1%~6%的单
次消费金额)。
Get a 20% bonus on the cash back earned on all purchases for the first 12 months 第一年
所有消费的现金返还的数额的 20%的红利
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No Limit and No Expiration 终止 on the amount of cash back you can earn
Checks will be sent automatically every time you earn $50 no calling necessary
Average 5% additional cash back when shopping through the Citi Bonus Cash Center
with over 400 leading retailers 在特约商户购物有额外的返还
0% APR(年利率 annual percentage rate) on balance transfers(结余转帐) for up to
12 months, based on you application and credit history †
Purchase APR as low as a variable %, based on your application and credit history†
No annual fee†
Apply NowGet Details
Intro APR
Intro
APR
Period
Standard
Purchase
APR
Annual
Fee
Balance
Transfers
0% on balance transfers†
12
Months†
as low as
% †
None† Yes†
共七种
Citi® mtvU™ Platinum Select® Visa® Card for
College Students
Get ThankYou® Points for the things you do
every day as a student
0% on purchases, cash advances(预付现金)
and balance transfers for 6 months†
No annual fee and no cosigner required
Intro
APR
Intro
APR
Period
Standard
Purchase
APR
Annual
Fee
Balance
Transfers
0%†
6 Months
†
%† None† Yes†
†View Terms & Conditions
3,lines&loans
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1,Home Equity Lines&loans
Put your equity to work
You've put a lot of time and money into your home. Isn't it time your home did something for
you? With a home equity line or loan, it can. And you can use the funds for almost anything.
Citibank Home Equity Line of Credit(信用额度)——房屋净值信用额度
Use the equity in your home to secure a variable rate home equity line, and withdraw funds only
when you need to use them.
Variable rate as low as Prime minus % (currently % variable APR)1.
No application fees, points or closing costs2
Interest is potentially 100% tax deductible3
Home Equity Loan 房屋净值贷款
Use the equity in your home to secure a fixed rate home equity loan, which you get in one lump
sum.
Fixed rate as low as % APR. In IL the APR can be as low as % APR and in NY
the APR can be as low as %.4
No application fees, points or closing costs2
Interest is potentially 100% tax deductible3
2, Mortgage
Like life, they should be on your terms.
Citi gives you a wide range of mortgages to choose from. You also get competitive rates and
personal assistance each step of the way, from the day you apply to the day you close.
Fixed Rate and Adjustable Rate Mortgages.
Conventional, Jumbo and Super Jumbo Loans
FHA/VA Mortgages
Construction & Renovation Lending Programs
Eg:Adjustable Rate Loans/Mortgages
Pay Less Now /Get More Now
An Adjustable Rate Loan or Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM) can be your ticket to getting more
"house" than you thought you could afford. Thanks to an initially low rate, the lower monthly
payment amounts may allow you to borrow more money.
With an ARM, you enjoy a lower, fixed interest rate for a set period of time then the rate adjusts
based on financial markets for the remainder of the loan term. So, your monthly payments are
lower at first, but then down the road may increase if interest rates go up.
CitiMortgage has a choice of ARMs with initial fixed rate periods of 10, 7, 5, 3 and 1 year terms
and a 6 month term. In addition, CitiMortgage also offers an interest-only ARM where you only
pay the interest on your loan plus any applicable taxes and insurance.
Eg:Fixed Rate Loans
An Interest Rate That Never Changes
With a fixed rate loan, you never worry about your interest rate going up and raising your
mortgage payment. That means you’re able to budget better.
With a CitiMortgage Fixed Rate loan you can choose from 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40-year terms and
enjoy a set interest rate for the life of your loan. Use the chart below to compare fixed loan rates.
3, personal line&loan
Personal Line
Checking Plus® (variable rate)
This revolving line of credit1 also provides overdraft
Apply online and find out in minutes if you qualify
To apply online, you need a checking account—you can open one at the same time you
apply for Checking Plus
Variable monthly payments
Flexible repayment terms
No application fee
Request up to $10,000 when you apply online (apply by phone or in a Financial Center,
and you can request up to $25,000
Personal Loan
This unsecured loan offers fixed rates from as low as %
Apply online and find out in minutes if you qualify
To apply online, you need a checking account—you can open one at the same time you
apply for your Personal Loan4
To apply online, you need a checking or savings account4.
Fixed monthly payments
Flexible repayment terms
No application fee
Request up to $10,000 when you apply online (apply by phone or in a Financial Center,
and you can request up to $50,000)
4, student loan
Eg1 There are two types of Federal Stafford Loans:
Subsidized 有补助的- The federal government pays the interest on your loans while
you're in school, during your grace period 宽限期 and during any authorized deferment
延后的 periods.
Unsubsidized 没有补助的- You're responsible for the interest on your loans while you're
in school and during your grace period. However, you have the option to defer the interest
until repayment 偿还借款. 4
To apply for either type of Stafford Loan, you must be a full- or half-time undergraduate, graduate
or professional student; a . citizen, national, or eligible non-citizen; and you must submit a
FAFSA.
Competitive rates
Fixed federal interest rate of %1. No worrying about the impact of rising interest
rates on your monthly payment.
Automatic % interest rate reduction when you enter repayment3.
An additional % interest rate reduction when you enroll in our auto-debit payment
program3.
Eg2 CitiAssist® Undergraduate & Graduate Loans
You must be enrolled or planning to attend an undergraduate or graduate program at least
part-time at an accredited college or university in the .
International students must be at least 18 years of age and apply with a creditworthy co-signer
who is a Citizen or permanent resident.
Flexible credit guidelines are designed to accommodate a wide range of credit histories.
Interest rates as low as Prime minus % based on your credit (See APR examples).
Additional interest rate reductions of up to % in repayment.
No origination, guarantee or repayment fees. Use the full amount of your loan to pay your
education expenses.
4,Investment
Come to Smith Barney. Where Wealth
At Smith Barney, your Financial Advisors think about wealth in a whole different way—as part of
a bigger picture: your life. And so everything you're offered is designed with your bigger picture
in mind
Eg1 IRA&Rollover(belongs to banking)
Eg2 Citigold(belongs to checking to banking)
What is Citigold®?
Citigold, our premium banking relationship, is designed to give you—and your finances—the
special attention you deserve. Conveniently manage your banking, credit, investments, insurance
and retirement information in one place with a Citigold account. And by linking it to a Smith
Barney investments account, you have the resources to see a more complete financial
picture—and develop a more comprehensive financial strategy.
What you get
What you get
Highest level of service
An exclusive 24/7 toll-free customer service number.
Priority processing on first mortgage and home equity applications.
Citigold Global Access1 provides banking, business and hospitality services at Citigold
Centers worldwide.
Consolidated monthly statement.
Unparalleled protection with Citi® Identity Theft Solutions.
Exclusive savings & rewards
Preferred interest rates on selected deposit products, including your checking account2
and a high-yield transaction account available for your Citibank IRA.
Waived fees:
For various banking services
For a choice of credit or debit cards
Additional savings for accounts with $500,000 or more in balances
Discounts on online outgoing wire transfers, foreign currency transactions and safe
deposit box.
Preferred mortgage pricing that gives you $500 towards closing costs.
Preferred pricing for both home equity line of credit and Checking Plus® (variable rate)
overdraft protection3.
Advice & guidance
A team of financial professionals with expertise in banking, borrowing, insurance
products and investing.
Smith Barney Financial Advisors with tools and training to help you create a diversified
portfolio.
Access to comprehensive investment research.
Complimentary membership to Women & Co.® — a Citi program8 that offers access to
education, financial tools and a resource network.
How it works
The Citigold Relationship
A $500 initial deposit opens your Citigold account. Within six months, the combined average
balance of your linked eligible accounts has to be:
$100,000 or more across all your linked Citi accounts
OR
$250,000 or more if your Citibank first mortgage is included in the total relationship.
If you maintain the balances shown above, we'll waive the $25 monthly service fee.
Upgrading is easy
It takes only a few minutes to submit your upgrade request online. You'll get the option to order
new checks (which are free) and a choice of ATM/Debit cards:
javascript:launchPopup(%22
Gold Citibank® MasterCard® Debit Card with ThankYou® Network9
Premium Citibank®/AAdvantage® Debit Card
Gold Citibank® MasterCard® Debit Card
Within 2 business days, you'll see your checking, Checking Plus® 10 and brokerage accounts
upgraded to Citigold status — but your account numbers will remain the same. We'll also mail
you a new card and checks as you requested.
5,Planning
Eg1 Education Planning
Face your future head on.
We know it's exciting to start college, make friends and experience new opportunities. Besides a
social life and keeping up your grades, you need to keep up with your tuition payments too.
很多 strategies
The College-Savings Superpage The College-Savings Superpage, Part 2
How Much Should You Save? Free Money
Private-School Tuition, for Cheap College Savings Without the Tax Bite
The 529 Basics College-Savings Plans
Prepaid-Tuition Plans Grade Your 529 Plan
The College Tax Breaks Explained The 529 College-Savings-Plan Estimator
The Cost of a College Education
Eg: College-savings plans are a little bit like a very restricted 401(k). (Although with a
college-savings plan you are contributing after-tax dollars, while with a 401(k) contributions are
generally pretax.) In other words, you contribute money to the plan, which is then invested in
some sort of savings vehicle — typically mutual funds. Many of these plans offer stock funds
when a child is quite young, which will then be transferred to more conservative investments, like
bond funds, as the child gets closer to college age. Of course, unlike the prepaid tuition plans,
there are no guarantees that your money will grow large enough to cover your tuition bills. But
should you invest in a good plan, the returns (combined with the tax-free withdrawals) certainly
give you a fighting chance. Also, these plans aren't strictly geared toward in-state schools, but are
meant to be applied toward whichever school your child chooses to attend.
For stay-at-home mom Becky Harvey of Oxford, Mass., investing in a college-savings plan was a
much wiser choice than a prepaid tuition plan. When her five- and six-year-old sons were first
born, Harvey and her husband Greg began investing on their behalf. They initially used a prepaid
plan sponsored by the state of Massachusetts, but they've since begun contributing instead to the
U. Investing Plan, Massachusetts' college-savings plan, which is run by Fidelity. "Since our kids
are so young, I figure with our long investment horizon that we'll do better in this type of plan,"
says Harvey. "Sure, you lose some stability, but the way I see it, the money we are contributing
today will help us buy low and sell high."
These days it seems pretty much every major fund family, including T. Rowe Price, Strong,
Alliance, Wadell & Reed and TIAA-CREF, has partnered up with at least one state. And since
most college-savings plans allow you to invest across state lines, this means that if you don't like
the plan in your home state, you can look elsewhere and most likely go with a fund family that
you already trust. (You could, however, lose out on some state-tax benefits.)
Keep in mind, investing in a college-savings plan could also affect your financial-aid eligibility,
although in a different way than a prepaid tuition plan. College-savings plans are typically viewed
as a parental asset, rather than a child's. And that means that a financial-aid officer would count a
maximum of % of those assets toward your financial-aid eligibility, says CPA Rick Darvis of
College Planning, Inc.
Of course, once you start withdrawing funds from your account, then the earnings will most likely
be treated as income for your child, which could hamper your financial aid further. This could
change, however, now that distributions are tax free, although that is far from certain. "I don't
think anyone can predict with certainty how this income will be treated by financial-aid offices
even one year from now," says CPA Joe Hurley, who runs the Web site .
No matter what, don't let the fear of hurting your child's eligibility for financial aid paralyze you
from developing a sound savings strategy. Remember, a lot of financial aid comes in the form of
student loans, which means you'll save youself (or your child) some money by planning ahead.
Eg 2 Buying a home
Set your sights on a new castle.
Bungalow or back split? Either way, it's one of the longest financial commitments you'll make in
life. So before you drop down the cash, pick up the latest research on buying a home.提供建议如
下
1,Home purchase basics
How Much House Can You Afford?
Mortgage Calculator
Fixed or Adjustable?
Points or No-Points?
Should You Prepay?
Should You Refinance?
To Rent or to Buy
7 Questions You Must Ask Before Buying a Condo
The Roof Over Your Head
Can You Buy?
The Cost of a Mortgage
Refinancing
Insuring Your Home
2,moving 10 Things Your Mover Won't Tell You
Writing Off Moving Expenses
3,selling
Taxes When You Sell Your Home
A Seller's Checklist
Choosing a Broker Wisely
Selling Your Home Without an Agent
Eg3 tax planning
Managing this year’s taxes
Understanding the basics could help save you money.
What's Your Filing Status?
Even if you think you know, it's worth a look.
When to File Gift Tax Forms
What the IRS calls "taxable gifts" may not cost you anything.
Tax Data For Joint Filers
The tax numbers that couples need to know when filing.
Tax Data for Single Filers
You may be single, but you're not on your own.
The Alternative Minimum Tax
Gross income above $75,000? Find out if you owe AMT.
Filing Your Tax Returns Online
Electronic filing is simple - and it can speed up your refund.
SAVING ON FUTURE TAXES
It's never too soon to start making changes that may cut next year's tax bill.
Year-End Tax Planning (That Works Year-Round)
A few simple steps can lower your future taxes.
Tax-Free Retirement Accounts for the Self-Employed
Establishing a plan will slash taxes now and pay off later.
DEALING WITH SPECIAL SITUATIONS
Sometimes a little knowledge can make a big difference in your taxes.
Gift, Loan and Inheritance
• Loans to Family Members
Take care to avoid trouble with your relatives - or the IRS.
• Inheriting an IRA
The rules are complex, but this article makes them (reasonably) simple.
• Taxes on Stock Received as a Gift or Inheritance
Inherited stock is usually easy to value, but gifts can be tricky.
House and Home
• Home Office Deductions
If you qualify, don't be afraid to take the deductions.
• Writing Off Moving Expenses
Did you move more than 50 miles for a new job?
• Taxes When You Sell Your Home
You could lock in up to $500,000 in tax-free gains.
• Taxes on Vacation Homes
Taxes depend on how often you use or rent the place.
Career and Investment
• Taxes on Stock Options - Puts and Calls
Publicly traded stock options have unique tax rules.
• Writing Off Your Investment Costs
They may be deductible, even if you're not a pro.
四、网络银行的安全管理
网上银行安全管理的三个方面:
1.用户和银行关系确认 (防止网上银行交易系统被入侵 )
2.银行交易系统被入侵 (数字证书 Ikey 产品 )
3 信息传播时被窃取(数据传输过程中的数字加密 )
(具体见《跨国银行风险管理》)
防止网上银行被入侵:
花旗银行:花旗银行除了应用防火墙等技术保护系统安全,还利用 Entrust 公司为其提供
TransactionGuard 安全方案防范银行交易系统风险。TransactionGuard 是一个拥有后台监察、
监听、警报功能的服务器,以全球最先进的防欺诈逻辑监听网上行为。随时检测修正系统可
能出现的漏洞,通过成熟的监控设备实施入侵检测,对网上银行实施全天候的监控和扫描。
美洲银行:
Computer anti-virus protection 用于防止病毒侵入银行内部电脑系统,保护客户资料和银行
信息安全。
Firewalls 保护银行系统不被黑客攻击美洲银行设置了多重防火墙
技术
Advances in security technology 不断地由我们的专家进行评估以确保把最好的服务提供给客
户。并对系统进行 24 小时的监控和管理,以防止病毒和黑客的侵犯
用户和银行身份确认:
数字证书
美洲银行和花旗银行采用数字证书来实现银行和用户之间的身份确认。数字证书是交易双
方的“网上数字身份证”,能够保证用户网上传送信息的安全,防止其他人对信息的窃取或篡
改;它还能对网上的交易进行电子签名,实现用户的“网络亲笔签名”。数字证书既可实现对
用户身份的认证和交易的签名,又可保障数字证书和私钥无法被黑客复制等优点。(数字证
书详解请见《商业银行风险管理通论》)
IKEY
Ikey 是用户的数字证书和私钥的存放场所。是一个可以去计算机 usb 接口直接相连的身份
认证设备。花旗和美洲银行都采用这种产品
工作原理:ikey 产品内置有算法芯片,以特有的挑战—响应方法来实现网络身份认证。他的
实现原理如下图,参与运算的数有两个:一个可以是随机数,另一个是事先预设的算法因子
(分别存放在服务器的数据库和 ikey)MD5—HASH 算法可以保证两个运算数一个发生改
变就能得出不一样的结果,因为两个运算数中一个运算数是随机量,所以运算结果也是随机
变化的。
服务器或客户端取得随机数,并将之发给对方。
2.取出各自存储的算法因子。
3.对这两个数进行运算。
4.看运算结果是否一致。 如果一致,说明两端的算法因子是一致的(因为随机数是共用的,
影响结果的只能是算法因子)。进而推出客户端的算法因子是约定的数---客户是合法的用户
数据传输过程中的加密
为了防止网上银行交易信息在传输中被窃取或篡改,就要采用信息加密技术。美洲银行和花
旗银行都采用 SSL 协议,提供全程的数据加密功能。以确保资料在传送过程中的完整性和
隐密性,不会被中途截留和破解。SSL 协议是由 Netscape 公司研制的安全协议,该协议向基
于 TCP/IP 客户/服务器应用程序提供了客户端和服务器的鉴别、数据完整性及信息保密性等
安全措施。
SSL (Secure Socket Layer)为 Netscape 所研发,用以保障在 Internet 上数据传输之安全,利用
数据加密(Encryption)技术,可确保数据在网络
上之传输过程中不会被截取及窃听。目前一般通用之规格为 40 bit 之安全标准,美国则已推
出 128 bit 之更高安全
标准,但限制出境。只要 版本以上之 .或 Netscape 浏览器即可支持 SSL。
当前版本为 。它已被广泛地用于 Web 浏览器与服务器之间的身份认证和加密数据传输。
SSL 协议位于 TCP/IP 协议与各种应用层协议之间,为数据通讯提供安全支持。SSL 协议可
分为两层: SSL 记录协议(SSL Record Protocol):它建立在可靠的传输协议(如 TCP)
之上,为高层协议提供数据封装、压缩、加密等基本功能的支持。 SSL 握手协议(SSL
Handshake Protocol):它建立在 SSL 记录协议之上,用于在实际的数据传输开始前,通讯
双方进行身份认证、协商加密算法、交换加密密钥等。
特色安全服务
美洲银行
1.安全令牌 与智能卡一起组成了美洲银行的双因子类型认证机制 (跨国银行风险管理)
是美洲银行为了防止“钓鱼”网站而采取的安全措施。每次在用户输入
password 前 sitekey 都会要求用户随机回答一个问题。这个问题是从以前由用户提供的三个
回答中随机抽取的。这既有利于用户区别“spoof site”,也有利于鉴别用户身份。
每次在线购物的时候都会产生一个临时的帐号,这个帐号跟自己的信用卡直接关
联,但又能保证自己信用卡的安全
花旗银行
动态帐号 美国花期银行于 2006 年推出了一种具有新的安全功能的技术,使其信用卡号码
不再通过互联网传送。软件下载之后,用户提供用户名和密码,在购物时该软件便自动启动
安全功能,每次在线购物时,都会产生随机号码代替信用卡号码,形成“虚拟账号”,花旗银
行的信用卡用户可免费使用该虚拟账号。大致与美洲银行的 shopsafe 计划相同
花旗移动