ྏ॓࿐ࣉᅚ 2011, Vol. 19, No. 7, 1054–1060 Advances in Psychological Science DOI: *自我服务偏向研究现状与展望 ݒ ប ੧ިӑ ߛ༐๖ ӧཬ࣡ ༆ଲն࿐ྏ࿐ჽ
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ᅋ ေ 人们常将满意的结果归因于自己的能力或努力, 将不满意的结果归因为他人或环境, 这种接受成功的荣誉而否认失败责任的倾向称为自我服务偏向。目前, 对该偏向的理论解释并未达成统一的结论, 争论主要集中在其产生是由认知驱动或动机驱动, 抑或两者兼有。大量研究表明, 自我服务偏向普遍存在于日常生活中, 并受年龄、性别、文化、精神机能障碍等因素的影响, 但对其脑机制的研究相对较少。未来研究中, 应拓宽对非抑郁症精神机能障碍患者的自我服务偏向研究以及不同群体自我服务偏向特点的研究; 自我服务偏向的脑机制研究、跨文化研究以及国外已有研究成果在我国的适用性也将成为未来研究的关注点。 ܱՍ 归因; 自我服务偏向; 自我增强; 自我表现 ٳোݼ B849: C91 1 引言 ڛༀொཟ֥ۀଽݤĤሱڛༀொཟႮહჰၹႄఏĤ൳ଧུၹ֥႕ཙĤӁളھொཟ֥ଷࠏᇅದૌ๙ӈؓሱ࠭ࠇದ֥ྛູࣉྛ݂ၹ, ೂޅĤЧ໓ࠎႿݓଽຓႵܱሱڛༀொཟ֥࣮, ൞ؓࠒࠞ(ೂ, Ӯۿ)ބཨࠞ(ೂ, ാϧ)ྛູࢲݔ֥ؓഈඍ໙ีࣉྛඍ, ၛ௹ູݓଽሱڛༀொཟ݂ၹ൞҂֥b২ೂ, ႵུඳࠏϜ൙ܣ݂ၹູຓ࣮ิ܂නਫ਼ބఓൕb ҆ၹ(ೂ, ฿గaӚঃ֩), ႵུඳࠏᄵϜࣙགֹхष൙ܣ݂ၹູଽ҆ၹ(ೂ, ࠏૹaۚӑ֥ࡐ2 概念界定 ି֩) (Stewart, 2005)b࣮іૼ(Murdock & ෛሢሱڛༀொཟ࣮֥҂؎ധೆ, ࣮ᆀEdwards, 2010), ֒ট٠ᆀิభࢲඏྏሦ࿘ൈ, Ֆ҂࢘؇ؓሱڛༀொཟࣉྛਔӂඍބࢸקbྏሦ࿘ഽ๙ӈϜჰၹູ݂ট٠ᆀ(ೂ, ট٠ᆀಪAllport (1937)Ϝದোಪᆩᇏթᄝ֥ࠒࠞྟฐ෬ӫູሱ࠭ၘूگ), ط҂჻ၩ݂ၹႿሱ࠭ࠇҐႨ֥ਏູ“Чྟ֥ቋܞمᄵ(nature’s eldest law)”—— ممಞট٠ᆀડၩ, ѩၛՎົӻሱ࠭ࢠۚඣ۱ุЌգ֥ሱ૧൳གྷൌյࠌ֥ٚمbMiller֥ሱቍbᆃᇕࡼࠒ֥ࠞࠇડၩ֥ࢲݔࣉྛଽ݂҆ބRoss (1975)ϜᆃᇕࡼӮۿ݂ၹູሱၹ, Ϝၹ, ࡼཨ֥ࠞࠇ҂ડၩ֥ࢲݔࣉྛຓ݂҆ၹ֥གྷാϧ݂ၹູຓ҆ၹ֥ౠཟӫቔሱڛༀொཟbའӫູሱڛༀொཟ(self-serving bias) (Miller & ުট, Bradley (1978)ᄝՎࠎԤഈؓᆃᇕ݂ၹொཟRoss, 1975)bھொཟᄝರӈളࠃᇏ௴ђթᄝ(Roese ֥༢ӂඍࣉྛਔঔᅚ, ಪູሱڛༀ݂ၹ҂ࣇ& Olson, 2007), ֒ದૌ૫ؓཨࠞࢲݔൈႭູԛؓ۱ದྙའ֥ิശఏቔႨ, ߎॖၛิۚބົӻ(Malle, 2006)b ದؓሱ֥࠭ಪ്b္ࣼ൞ඪ, ᆃᇕொཟॖၛ๙ݖݓຓؓሱڛༀொཟ֥࣮бݓଽఏ҄ᄪ, ົӻބิۚ۱ุ֥܄ᇙྙའ(public image), ղ֞ؓھંࣉྛਔ༢ฐษbପહ, ೂޅࢳሱЌބิശ۱ุሱቍ֥ଢ֥bᆃࣼࢳਔູહದૌႵൈ۷؟ֹϜാϧط҂൞Ӯۿ݂ࣻႿሱ࠭, ၹູೂݔغӵಪط٤ڎקാϧ֥ᄳ, ॖି߶൬۠ರ௹:2010-11-01 ֤֞ದ۷؟֥༟ιbMiller (1978)ड़קਔ* ಆݓ࢝ტ॓࿐o၂pܿ߃࢝ტ҆ౝ୍ህཛज़ีBradley (1978)ؓሱڛༀொཟࢸק֥܊ང, ѩҀ(EIA100409)aᇗ౩൧࢝ტ॓࿐ܿ߃ཛଢ(10-GJ-0236)aݓࡅഠ߶॓࿐ࠎࣁཛଢ(06CZX024)ሧᇹb ԉಪູ, ؓࠒࠞࢲݔބཨࠞࢲݔ֥݂ၹ҂൞ؓၹ๙ቔᆀ:੧ިӑ, E-mail: houchao928@ ݔܱ༢ಪᆩ֥౷ࢳࣼ൞ؓၹݔܱ༢૭ඍ1054
ֻ7௹ ݒ ប֩: ሱڛༀொཟ࣮གྷሑაᅚຬ 1055 (description)֥౷ࢳbGibbs (2003)ࡼᆃᇕሱڛༀऎุіགྷູ҂֥௹ຬ߶ႄఏ҂֥݂ၹb֒۱֥ಪᆩ౷ࢳ(distortion)ࣉ၂҄ٳູჰؿྟุႵࠒࠞ௹ຬൈ, іགྷԛؓӮۿࣉྛଽ݂҆ၹ, (primary)֥ބؿྟ֥(secondary)bૌಪູჰؿؓാϧࣉྛຓ݂҆ၹ఼֥ਛౠཟbཌྷّ, ֒۱ุྟ౷ࢳ൞ᆷሱᇏྏ֥؇ބྐğሱ֥ܴ࠭ׄaႵཨࠞ௹ຬൈ, іགྷԛሱڛༀொཟ֥ౠཟࢠ, ௹ຬaླေaಃ০a֒భ֥ۋ൳ބრຬ٤ӈᇗေ, ࠇіགྷԛཌྷّ֥ொཟb္Ⴕ࣮ิԛ(Shepperd et طପུކ֥ܴׄa௹ຬ֩ॖၛ҂Фॉ੮ࠇປಆal., 2008), бఏཨ֥ࠞࢲݔ, ದૌؓࠒࠞࢲݔӵޭ; ؿྟ౷ࢳ൞ᆷ၂ᇕٕቌު֥ކ߄ğք۷؟֥ᄳߎॖି൞ࠒࠞࢲݔაሱܴਅྏaమᄝ֥౦ྏၛࠣଽࣽۋ֩ೞാ, ᆃဢᄝ(self-view)ཌྷ၂ᇁ, طཨ֥ࠞࢲݔაః҂၂ᇁbၹ۱ุԛགྷّഠ߶ྛູު҂߶߮ߊሱྙའՎ, ֒ࠒࠞࢲݔؿളൈದૌॖିಪູሱ࠭൞ࠒࠞ(Barriga, Gibbs, Potter, & Liau, 2001)b၂Ϯط, ުݔ֥ჰၹ, طཨࠞࢲݔॖିႄఏਆᇕࢲݔğཨሱڛༀொཟ൞ᆷࢤ൳Ӯۿ֥უطڎಪാϧᄳࠞࢲݔ൞Ⴎଽ҆ჰၹႄఏ֥, طࠒ֥ࠞሱൔ֥ౠཟ(Eysenck, 2010)b (self-schema)൞հ༂֥; ࠇཨࠞࢲݔ൞ຓ҆ჰၹᄯӮ֥, طࠒ֥ࠞሱൔಯಖ൞ᆞಒ֥bೂݔ3 自我服务偏向的理论解释 ᄝཨࠞࢲݔ֥ᄳ݂ၹႿଽ҆طڎಪሱൔބದૌႵࠒࠞಪ്ሱ֥࠭ླေb২ೂ, ࿐ളཨࠞࢲݔႮຓ҆ჰၹႄఏѩົӻჰট֥ሱൔϜ๙ݖޓ֥ॉ൫݂ۿႿሱ࠭, طϜॉ൫ാϧ݂ᆭࡗ࿊ᄴ, ದૌ߶࿊ᄴົӻሱ֥࠭ሱൔbླࣻႿ൫जࠇ࢝࿐ᇉਈ(Serenko, 2007)b۱ุູေᇿၩ֥൞, ӻཨࠞሱܴ֥ದбӻࠒࠞሱܴહ߶ࢤ൳Ӯۿࢲݔջট֥უ, ѩಪູႮଽ֥҆ದіགྷԛ֥ሱڛༀொཟေഒbھࢲݔॖၛႨჰၹႄఏ֥, طڎಪാϧࢲݔ֥ᄳ, ѩϜ݂ொཟྟࡌഡဒ(biased hypothesis testing)ބ҂ࣻႿ౦ࠇದĤؓᆃ၂໙ี֥ᆚંᇶေࠢᇏᆣऌѓሙ(different standards of proof)ࣉྛࢳbᄝሱڛༀொཟّႋਔࠏݖӱߎ൞ࣇࣇّႋਔ൮༵, ӻཨ֥ࠞሱܴ߶ႄఏ۱ุӁളѩဒ҂ࡆ۽ྐ༏ބቓԛ؎֥ٚൔഈ(Park, Bauer, & ݺ֥ࡌഡ(ჃՃગĤ)ط٤ݺ֥ࡌഡ(ՒૼArbuckle, 2009; Shepperd, Malone, & Sweeny, ગĤ)bఃՑ, ႮႿӻཨࠞሱܴ֥ದॖିൌ࠽ഈ2008)b ؓࢤ൳ܱႿሱ֥࠭ཨࠞࢲંഡᇂਔࢠ֥֮ѓሙ, 自我服务偏向的认知性解释 طؓႿࢤ൳ܱႿሱ֥࠭ࠒࠞࢲંഡᇂਔࢠ֥ۚѓᄪ௹࣮ᆀႨ҂ປᆜྐ༏ࡆ۽Ҧ(২ೂ, ሙ, ၹՎ, ૌ۷ಸၞ֤֞ཨ֥ࠞሱྐ༏ط٤࿊ᄴྟᇿၩaྐ༏֥Ⴕིྟa࠺ၫ֥ॖղྟ)টࢳࠒ֥ࠞሱྐ༏b ҂ޙ݂ၹ(Miller & Ross, 1975), ಪູದૌᄝ 自我服务偏向的动机性解释 ݂ၹൈ๙ӈ߶ؓགྷႵ൙ൌࣉྛޙਈѩฐ෬۷Ⴕࣩ 自我增强 ᆚ৯֥ࢳb൞, ബ൪ᆣऌ֥ݖӱສສ߶֝ᇁሱᄹ఼൞ᆷົӻࠇิശ۱ุሱࡎᆴۋ֥ᄝ݂ၹᇏԛགྷग़ܴྟհत(illusion of objectivity), ࠏ(Snyder, Stephan, & Rosenfield, 1976)bቔູطቓ҂֞ᆇᆞ֥ग़ܴbཌྷّ, ҂ಀബ൪ؓࢲݔ֥ड़קሱ֥౺৯aົӻሱቍ֥ࣥa࿙ሱ෮Ⴕॖି֥ࢳ, طࢤ൳նଷᇏམֻ֥֞၂۱આࡎ֥ࠏ, ֥ނྏࡌקᄝႿದૌႵ၂ᇕᄹ఼ሱࠠࢳ۷ದડၩ, ѩླေڱԛ֥୭৯ቋഒቍaิۚ۱ದࡎᆴۋa࿙ࠒࠞሱಪ്aх૧(Shepperd et al., 2008)bھࢳ఼טϜؓྐ༏ࡆ۽ཨّࠞঌࡎ֥ླေ(ਾᖳ, ৫, 2006)b۴֥҂๙֡ቔູሱڛༀொཟ֥ᇶေჰၹ, ಪູऌሱᄹ఼֥ࢳ, ದૌ߶ؓᇗေ֥ࢲݔіགྷԛ۱ุіགྷԛሱڛༀொཟ൞ၹູॖࠆ֤ྐ༏֥ᇿሱڛༀொཟb֒ದૌಪູሱ࠭൞ႄఏડၩࢲݔၩ൳֞ਔཋᇅ, ҂ିಪ്֞གྷႵྐ༏֥҂ປᆜྟ, ֥ჰၹൈ, ߶ᄹ఼ሱࡎᆴۋ, طಪູሱ࠭൞ႄط٤۱ุႵଢֹ֥Ќࠇิശሱ࠭b္ࣼ൞ඪሱఏ҂ડၩࢲݔ֥ჰၹൈሱࡎᆴۋࢆ֮bၹՎ, ڛༀொཟ൞҂ປᆜᇿၩ֥ࢲݔ, ط٤ࠏ֥ࢲݔb ದૌႨሱڛༀொཟ֥ଢ֥൞ิۚሱࡎᆴbՎຓ, ߎթᄝՖಪᆩ֥ః࢘؇ؓሱڛༀ၂ུ࣮ิ܂֥ᆣऌაሱᄹ఼֥ࢳ၂ᇁb২ொཟቓԛ֥ࢳb২ೂ, CampbellބSedikides ೂ, ᄝ၂ཛ࣮ᇏ(von Hippel, Lakin, & Shakarchi, (1999)ಪູ௹ຬᄝሱڛༀொཟᇏఏथקྟቔႨ, 2005), ఼֒טҩဒༀ٤ӈᇗေൈ, Ф൫іགྷԛ
1056 ྏ ॓ ࿐ ࣉ ᅚ ֻ19ज ۷؟֥ሱڛༀொཟbᄜбೂ, ༆ٚದಪູಪet al., 2004)bᆃіૼ๙ݖሱ॥ᇅॖၛࡨࠇࡆ(identity)ބሱቍა۱ุ֥Ӯࠛࣅૡཌྷܱ(Marsh & ᇗሱᄹ఼ౠཟ(Fischer, Greitemeyer, & Frey, Young, 1997)bؓႿᆃུটሱ༆ٚ໓߄֥۱ุ, Ӯ2007)bၹՎ, ֆՂՖಪᆩ࢘؇ࠇࠏ࢘؇টࢳۿၩሢሱࡎᆴ֥ᄹࡆ, طാϧၩሢሱࡎሱڛༀொཟ൞҂ಆ૫֥b ᆴ֥ࢆ֮(Heine & Hamamura, 2007)bၹՎ, ૌ4 自我服务偏向的影响因素 ԛႿड़קሱaົӻሱቍaх૧ཨّࠞঌa࿙ࠒࠞሱಪ്֥ླေ(ࠧሱᄹ఼ࠏ)ࡼડၩ֥ 年龄 Ӯ݂ࠛၹႿሱطࡼ҂ડၩ֥Ӯ݂ࠛၹႿຓࢸb ሱڛༀொཟᄝ۲۱୍ਭ؍(8ෟၛഈ)թ 自我表现 ᄝ, ᆺ൞ᄝ҂୍֥ਭࢨ؍ӱ؇߶Ⴕ෮҂,ሹุሱіགྷ(self presentation)ࠏ൞ᆷದૌ൫ഈ, ᆃᇕொཟᄝظ(8~11ෟ)ބ୍Ӊ֥Ӯದ(55ෟཟљದԮ־Ⴕܱሱ࠭ࠇሱ࠭ྙའྐ༏֥ࠏၛഈ)ᇏቋཁᇷ, ᄝౝԽ௹(12~18)ބӮ୍௹(Baumeister, 1998)bطႆའܵ๙ݖ॥ᇅࠇܵ(25~55ෟ)ቋ҂ཁᇷ(Mezulis et al., 2004)bᆃॖିᆃᇕྐ༏ট႕ཙದೂޅुրሱ࠭, ሱ࠭ᄝ൞ၹູሱࡎି৯a഻ି৯aሱቍބؓໃটದྏᇏႵݺ֥ႆའ, ѩ֤֞ݺ֥ࡎބؓրbӮۿ֥௹ຬᄝ୍ᄪ௹ޓۚ, ൞ෛሢ୍ਭ֥ᄹູՎ, ದૌ๙ӈ߶ӯགྷაሱ࠭མྙའཌྷژ֥ྐࡆႵ෮༯ࢆ(Jacobs, Lanza, Osgood, Eccles, & ༏, طႅҟაః҂ژ֥ྐ༏(ࣁᡀ, ਟູ, ۚഉಥ, Wigfield, 2002)b֞ਔౝԽ௹, ౝഒ୍ၝკބࢊ੮2008)bԛႿᆃᇕሱྙའЌࠏ, ದૌ۷؟ൈ֥ࠫੱิۚ(અڙള, ഫօ, ᅦೳૼ, 2009), ሱቍީ൞ࡼሱ֥࠭հ༂݂ࣻႿದ(Fast & Tiedens, ࢆ֮(ᅦৡ, ᅦ෬ਪ, ޥ໓ឝ, 2009)bෛሢ۱ุ2010)bၹູૌླေӮۿ֥უط٤ാϧ֥ᄳ୍ਭ֥ࣉ၂҄ᄹӉ, ॖିࠒᄀটᄀ؟֥ཨࠞ൙ಀ႕ཙљದೂޅुրሱ࠭b෮ၛ, ᄝᆃᇕࠏ֥ࡱ, ѩିܔᇿၩ֞ሱ࠭ྟ۬ٚ૫აཨࠞުݔᆭ౺༯, ๙ݖሱڛༀொཟԮ־۳ದ၂ᇕਅݺࡗ֥༢ܱ༢bMezuils֩(2004)ٳ༅ਔটሱഠ֥ྙའ൞၂۱ె֥ႆའܵٚمb࣐ܵࢤ൳Ӯქ෮(community-dwelling)֥ӮದဢЧ, ؓሱڛۿ֥უॖିิۚ۱ุྙའ, ൞, ݖٳӵಪؓༀொཟᄝӮ୍ພ௹ᄹ఼ิԛ֥၂ᇕࢳ൞, აପӮۿ֥܊ང߶۳ದԸྵ֥ႆའ, ֝ᇁದ֥҂༟ུളѨaᇾჽമᇀඵວ֥ਭದཌྷб, ૌؓሱߋ, ၹՎ, টሱתٚ໓߄֥۱ุ, ᄝ֒ᇙቓԛ݂֥࠭ߌАႵ۷ࠒ֥ܴࠞׄ, Վຓ, ھொཟაದၹൈб༯݂ၹіགྷԛ۷ഒ֥ሱڛༀொཟ֞ພ୍ު“ྜྷڞᙣં(paradox of happiness)”ބ“҂(Shepperd et al., 2008)b ၞݝ֥ሱ(invulnerable self)”֥หׄႵܱb္൞, Ϝሱڛༀொཟ֥ಪᆩྟࢳބࠏࣼ൞ඪޓ؟୍Ӊ֥Ӯ୍ದෛሢ୍ਭ֥ᄹࡆ, ദุྟࢳؓ৫ఏট൞ᆴ֤അ֥b൙ൌഈ, ࠏྟࠏିෙಖᇯࡶೞാࠇࡨ, ൞ૌБۡऎႵჰၹބಪᆩྟჰၹ൞ཌྷࢌᆮ֥b২ೂ, ظ֥ࢠ֥ۚളࠃડၩ؇ބྜྷڞۋ(Carstensen, 2007)b ሱڛༀொཟ఼൞ၹູૌऎႵޓ఼֥ົӻሱ 性别 ࡎᆴ֥ླေ, ෛሢظ୍ਭ֥ᄹӉ, ᆃᇕࠒ݂ࠞၹٚൔ൞ڎթᄝྟљҵၳၘӮູնਈ࣮ྟொཟႵૼཁ༯ࢆ֥൝, ᆃॖି൞ႮႿಪᆩ֥֥၂۱ᇶีb২ೂ, ࣮ᆀᆷԛ(Campbell & ؿᅚ—— Ֆ჻ຬනົ(wishful thinking)ࠇٳя჻Sedikides, 1999), ᄝࢲݔཌྷ၇ঠ֥ༀᇏ, ଳຬބགྷൌ֥ି৯ؿᅚ֞ᇯࡶᄹӉ֥ؓൌ࠽౦ঃ֥ྟб୯ྟ֥ሱڛༀொཟ۷఼ਛbᆃ൞ၹູଳྟॉ੮ၛࠣژކӮದႨ֥ྐ༏ࡆ۽ܿᄵ֥ಪᆩࡆб୯ྟႚႵ۷֥ۚӮۿ௹ຬ(Shepperd et al., ۽ٚൔ(Mezulis, Abramson, Hyde, & Hankin, 2008)bᄝ၂ཛႵܱሱڛༀொཟ֥ჭٳ༅ᇏᆷԛ2004)bਸ਼ຓ, ಪᆩބࠏЧദ္൞ཌྷ৳༢֥b(Mezulis et al., 2004), ೂݔༀऎႵྟљหᆘ, ২ೂ, ٤ሱڛༀொཟࡆ۽აభحᇉᇏ҆ଳྟބ୯ྟ߶іགྷԛ҂ӱ؇֥ሱڛༀொཟb(medial prefrontal cortex, mPFC; ᆃ၂ଷᆦӻಪ൞, ֆՂษંሱڛༀொཟაྟљ֥ܱ༢රެᆩ॥ᇅࡆ۽)֥പࣜࠗࠃᄹ఼Ⴕܱ, ᆃაࣉྛ٤ሱݖႿࡥֆb২ೂ, ᄝౝԽ௹ᄪ௹, ଳྟሱڛༀொڛༀ݂ၹླေᄹ఼֥ಪᆩ॥ᇅཌྷ၂ᇁ(Ochsner, ཟӯགྷັ֥ࡨ, ֞ਔౝԽ௹ພ௹ᇯࡶ߭ശ, Knierim, Ludlow, Hanelin, Ramachandran, Glover ѩᄝӮ୍௹Ⴕ෮ᄹ఼bؓႿ୯ྟ, ᄝౝԽ௹ᄪ௹
ֻ7௹ ݒ ប֩: ሱڛༀொཟ࣮གྷሑაᅚຬ 1057 ᆃᇕࠒࠞྟொཟ֥ࡨбଳྟཁᇷ, ఃᄝᆜ۱Jolley֩(2006)္ิԛোර֥ܴׄ, ಪູၝკӮ୍௹ಯಖႿଳྟ(Mezulis et al., 2004)bၹՎ, ᆡߑᆀіགྷԛཌྷّ֥ሱڛༀொཟbૌ๙ӈؓྟљᄝ႕ཙሱڛༀொཟൈॖିა୍ਭaༀྟႿാϧ൙ࡱ۷ౠཟႿࣉྛଽ҆a໗קa௴ђ֥݂ᇉ֩ఃэਈթᄝࢌቔႨb ၹ, ࠧ۷ౠཟႿϜാϧ֥ᄳ݂ࣻႿሱ࠭, ط҂ 文化 ൞ၹӮۿطड़קሱ࠭bପહ, ሱڛༀொཟ֥ࢆؓሱڛༀொཟ֥ॴ໓߄࣮ᇶေܱᇿ۱ุ֮აܼ֥ٗࣚപࠏିᅰθႵܱĤߎ൞ᆺაၝკᆡᇶၬ໓߄ބุࠢᇶၬ໓߄֥ҵၳbᄝ۱ุᇶၬ໓ႵܱĤ၂ུ࣮ᆀิԛ(Shepperd et al., 2008), ᆃ߄ᇏ, ದૌႪ༵ॉ੮۱ದଢѓބಪ(Marsh & ᇕࠒࠞྟொཟ֥ࡨॖି҂ᆺაၝკᆡႵܱ, ߎYoung, 1997), ࢳ۷఼ט۱ุ൞ࢲݔ֥۴ჷbၹაׅіགྷູሱᄳބ(ࠇ)ಌكሱቍ֥ఃো֥Վ, ༆ٚದႨหᇉ(dispositional)ط٤౦টࢳࣚപࠏିᅰθႵܱ, ೂࢊ੮ᆡb ྛູ(Mezulis et al., 2004)bᄝุࠢᇶၬ໓߄ᇏ, ದਸ਼ຓ, ॱն֥ሱڛༀொཟ൞ڎ൞ྏࡲूૌ๙ӈಪູྛູޓնӱ؇ഈ൳ߌބഠ߶ࢌສ֥ಌك֥၂ᇕіགྷĤ২ೂ, ၂ུؓߑࣚപѨ(ೂࣚപ႕ཙ(Choi, Nisbett, & Norenzayan, 1999)bၹՎ, ٳਚᆡaொᆳࣚപᅰθa؟ᆡ)۱ุ֥ሱڛሱڛༀொཟᄝ۱ุᇶၬ໓߄ᇏбᄝุࠢᇶၬ໓ༀொཟ֥ჭٳ༅іૼ, ᆃུ۱ุؓགྷൌࢳࢠູ߄ᇏ۷఼ਛ(Heine & Hamamura, 2007)bMezulis ଆѩॱնሱ࠭҂൳ഄݝ֥ି৯(Mezulis et al., ֩(2004)ؓᇉ֥໓߄ุ(subgrouping) (Їও2004)bߎႵ၂ུ࣮ؿགྷ(Hoza, Waschbusch, 16۱หק໓߄ಕุ)֥ሱڛༀொཟࣉྛਔ࣮bPelham, Molina, & Milich, 2000), ؟ᆡაݖ؇ুࢲݔіૼ, ᄝটሱૅݓ֥ሹุဢЧᇏ, ሱڛༀܴ֥ሱᆩतႵܱbၹՎ, ሱڛༀொཟݖۚࠇݖொཟࢠ఼ਛ; টሱૅݓ۲ุ(٤ၨૅݓದa֮(֥ӱ؇)ॖିაྏࡲू൳(֥ӱ؇)Ⴕܱb ၨૅݓದa༆ϫࠇ௮ฤၨૅݓದaЧૅݓ5 自我服务偏向的脑机制研究：少量ದ)ဢЧ֥ሱڛༀொཟაૅࠡϢᇕದaࠁކဢЧERP/fMRI证据 ࠇໃБۡቂ֥ဢЧ҂թᄝཁᇷҵၳb൞, ૌؓᇝ໓߄ᇏ၂ุུ֥ሱڛༀொཟ࣮DrakeބSeligman (1989)֥࣮іૼ, ๙ݖіૼ, ರЧaလ֛ၛࠣႆ؇֥ဢЧॖିಌكྛູم(behavioral method) (ೂ, Ϝᇿၩࠢᇏ֞Ⴗሱڛༀொཟ, ఃӱ؇აૅݓФ൫ཌྷбૼཁࡨҧॢࡗ)ࠗࠃቐ϶౯ॖၛФ൫֥ሱڛༀ݂ၹbᆺႵᇏݓބӔ༷ဢЧ֥ሱڛༀொཟაૅݓொཟᄹ఼bDavidson, Abramson, TomarkenބဢЧіགྷԛ֥ӱ؇ཌྷ֒b Wheeler (1991)ࣉ၂҄ؿགྷ, აၝკ݂ၹڄ֥۬۱ 精神机能障碍 ุཌྷб, ٤ၝკ݂ၹڄ۬(২ೂ, ๙ӈϜཨࠞ൙ࡱሱڛༀொཟॖၛࡨ۱ุՖཨࠞ൙ࡱᇏࠆ݂ၹႿຓ֥҆a҂໗ק֥ބหק֥ჰၹ)۱ุ֥ቐ֤֥ཨࠞྏުݔ, ູྏࡲूิ܂၂ᇕൡႋྟҧభ϶౯֥ࠗࠃӱ؇ཌྷؓ۷նb ۿି; ൈ, ߎႵᇹႿົӻބิശࠒ֥ࠞሱྙBlackwood֩(2003)๙ݖྏଆ൙ࡱمའ, ᆃؓႿົӻࡲूྏ൞сေ֥(Taylor & (mentally simulating events)ෛࠏཟФ൫ӯགྷࠒࠞBrown, 1988)bೂݔሱڛༀொཟაྏࡲूႵܱ, ൙ࡱࠇཨࠞ൙ࡱ, ಞૌམའؿളᄝሱ࠭ദഈ, ପહ, ᆃᇕࠒࠞಪᆩொཟ֥ߊࠇಌكॖିაᆞѩනॉჰၹbႵ۱࿊ཛ(݂ၹູଽ҆, ݂ၹູӈۿିߊࠣࣚപࠏିᅰθ(psychopathology)Ⴕದ, ݂ၹູຓ҆౦)܂ૌ࿊ᄴbᄝൌဒݖӱᇏ, ܱ(Fraguas, Mena, Franco, Martín-Blas, Nugent, & ࠺ૄ۱Ф൫֥fMRIඔऌbࢲݔіૼ, ݂ၹ֥ሱRodríguez-Solano, 2008)b২ೂ, Ⴕ࣮ᆀᆷԛ(ݒڛༀொཟაචҧແሑނ(bilateral caudate)֥࿓໓ќ, ိඎూ, ၖࣁဧ, மՂሰ, ဗеྮ, 2003), သݣਈ(BOLD)ྐݼᄹ఼Ⴕܱ; ط݂ၹ֥٤ሱڛၝკᆡߑᆀᄝᇍਏభౠཟႿࡼཨࠞ൙ࡱ݂ၹູᆜༀொཟა࢘߭(angular gyrus)aᯪᇏ߭(middle ุ֥aӻࣲ֥, طࡼࠒࠞ൙ࡱ݂ၹູຓᄝ֥aअtemporal gyrus)ބငభحᇉ(orbitofrontal ֥҆aᄠൈ֥; ᇍਏުૌ۷؟ֹࡼཨࠞ൙ࡱ݂cortex)֥BOLDྐݼᄹ఼Ⴕܱb൞, Krusemark, ၹູᄠൈ֥aअ֥҆aሹุᆷѓഈູຓᄝ֥, طCampbellބClementz (2008)ಪູᆃᇕٚمؓႿؓࠒࠞ൙ࡱ۷؟ֹ݂ၹູଽᄝ֥b ࣮ሱڛༀொཟ҂൞ቋࡄ֥, ૌҐႨਔ۷ൡކ
1058 ྏ ॓ ࿐ ࣉ ᅚ ֻ19ज ֥ٚم——ಞФ൫ປӮ૫।۽ቔ࠺ၫ(facial ఃՑ, ؓሱڛༀொཟଷࠏᇅ֥ฐษཌྷؓࢠworking memory)ༀ, ಖުؓૄՑҩဒࢲݔّ֥ഒb၂ུ࣮ᆀᆷԛ(Abramson, Alloy, Hankin, ঌ(ᆞಒࠇհ༂)ࣉྛ݂ၹ࿊ᄴ(Ⴕܱଽ֥҆ࠇຓ҆Haeffel, Gibb, & MacCoon, 2002), ሱڛༀொཟ֥݂ၹ)bᆃᇕٚمᄝׅ֥ࣜၩ്ބ॥ᇅࡆ۽აቐభҪ(left frontal cortex)֥ࠗࠃႵܱ, ჰၹં֥ࠎԤഈ, ࡌഡሱڛༀொཟّႋਔၩ്ࡆᄝႿᆃᇕொཟॖି൞၂ᇕᇗေ֥ᆜކྛູཟ༢۽(ؿള)طࢠഒ֥݂ၹொཟླေ۷؟֥॥ᇅ(behavioral approach system)֥ಪᆩି৯b٤ሱࡆ۽(ۚ؇୭৯֥ᇿၩ), ପહ, ݂ၹ֥٤ሱڛڛༀொཟაmPFC֥പࣜࠗࠃᄹ఼Ⴕܱ, طھༀொཟбሱڛༀொཟ߶ႄؿაಪᆩႵܱ֥ཌྷؓთ֥ࠗࠃაಪᆩ॥ᇅႵܱ(Krusemark et al, ۷ۚඣ֥പࣜ༢֥ࠗࠃbھൌဒႨERPؿ2008)b္Ⴕ࣮ᆀᆷԛ(Blackwood et al, 2003), གྷ, ᄝ݂ၹ࿊ᄴӯགྷު֥140 ms, 220 msބ320 ದૌᄝࣉྛሱڛༀொཟ݂ၹൈ߶ࠗࠃචҧແሑmsԛགྷਔERPѯڂ, ᄝ140msa220msѯڂࠣނ, ھთაࠏ॥ᇅྛູႵܱbॖ, ؓሱѯڂమڙ௹ሱބ٤ሱڛༀொཟ҂թᄝཁᇷҵڛༀொཟଷࠏᇅ֥࣮ߎႵրຉᅚބࡆധ, ѩၳ, ᆺႵᄝ320 msѯڂਆᆀթᄝҵၳ, ᆃᇕҵ๙ݖള࿐ٚمটࢳሱڛༀொཟ൞ႮၳაmPFCႵܱb္ࣼ൞ඪ, ֒Ф൫ࣉྛ٤ሱࠏ౺ߎ൞ಪᆩ౺ॖି۷ऎඪڛ৯bၹՎ, ሱڛༀொཟൈ, mPFC֥പࣜࠗࠃᄹ఼bطmPFC֥ڛༀொཟ֥ଷࠏᇅ࣮ࡼ൞ໃট࣮ؿᅚ֥ࠗࠃაಪᆩ॥ᇅ֥ࡎaࡓ॥aؓࢲݔ௹ຬ֥ᇗေٚཟb ࡎaದࡎཌྷܱ(Ochsner et al., 2004), ᆃა ᄜՑ, Ֆሱڛༀொཟ֥࣮൝ु, ଢభKrusemark֩(2008)֥ࡌഡཌྷ၂ᇁb ݓຓؓھொཟ֥࣮ᇶေࠢᇏᄝ҂ಕุ֥ሱڛༀொཟ֥Ⴕࠣӱ؇ೂޅb২ೂ, ؓ܋ປӮ6 小结与展望 ൙ࡱ֥ࢲݔࣉྛ݂ၹൈ, ྟழႶࠇ҂࿐࿐ෛሢؓሱڛༀொཟ࣮֥҂؎ധೆ, ఃളุ֥Ӯჴ, бၳྟழႶࠇ෮࿐࿐ളุ࣮ٓԐބ࣮൪֤࢘֞ਔຉᅚ, ಯթᄝ၂ུऎ֥Ӯჴ۷ౠཟႿࡼӮۿ݂Ⴟሱ࠭, ࡼാϧ݂ႿձႵᆚၰࠇഉրࢳथ֥໙ี, ᆃ္ࡼӮູሱڛༀ֖(Morry, 2007; Walther & Bazarova, 2007)bႵܱொཟ֥ໃট࣮ٚཟb ౝഒ୍ቌٕሱڛༀொཟ֥࣮ؿགྷ(Nas, ൮༵, ᄝሱڛༀொཟაྏࡲू֥ܱ༢ഈ, Brugman, & Koops, 2008), Ⴕّഠ߶ྛູࠇٕቌھࠒࠞྟொཟႵᇹႿົӻྏࡲू, х૧ാຬa֥ࣜౝഒ୍ऎႵࢠۚඣ֥ሱڛༀౠཟbਸ਼Иܴބၝკ, ପહሱڛༀொཟ֥ࡨࠇಌك൞၂ཛؓྏሦ࿘ഽሱڛༀொཟ֥࣮іૼڎაࣚപࠏିᅰθႵܱĤႵ࣮ᆀᆷԛ(Murdock & Edwards, 2010), ૌ۷ౠཟࡼট٠(Fraguas, Mena, Franco, & Martin-Blas, 2007), ၝᆀิభࢲඏሦ࿘݂ࣻႿট٠ᆀط҂൞ሱ࠭bၹՎ, კᆡߑᆀ߶ԛགྷཌྷّ֥ሱڛༀொཟ, ࠧૌൈؓ҂ಕุሱڛༀொཟห֥࣮ׄ, ॖູݓଽӈࡼാϧ݂Ⴟሱ࠭, طϜӮۿ݂Ⴟದࠇߌ֥࣮֩ิ܂ྍ֥൪࢘, ္ູࢳथ၂ུഠ߶໙ีิၹbაၝკᆡߑᆀ݂ၹڄ۬ཌྷර֥ߎႵࢊ੮ᆡ܂ྍ֥නਫ਼(২ೂ, ๙ݖᆞౝഒ୍ሱڛༀಪߑᆀb൞္Ⴕ࣮ᆀؿགྷ(Hoza et al., 2000), ଖᆩॖିႵᇹႿࢆّ֮ഠ߶ྛູ; ᄝࠇܵྏུࣚപࠏିᅰθ(ೂ, ؟ᆡ)აݖ؇ুܴ֥ሱሦ࿘ഽൈ, Ⴕсေᇿၩބ࣯ᆞૌؓཨࠞ൙ࡱᆩतႵܱ, ߑھᅰθѨದ֥ሱڛༀொཟႵᄹ఼֥݂ၹၛิۚሦ࿘ି৯; ඳࠏൈ, အૌ֥൝bၹՎ, ॱն֥ሱڛༀொཟॖିაࢠ֮ؓࢌ๙൙ܣሙಒaग़ܴ֥݂ၹି৯, ఃᄝิ֥ۚྏࡲूඣႵܱbଢభ, ھொཟაྏࡲूषӚඌ֥ൈνಆࡐ, ࡨഒӚࠋ֥ؿളੱ, ܱ༢֥࣮ᇶေࠢᇏᄝၝკᆡߑᆀ֥݂ၹڄ۬ഈ, ֩֩)b ؓఃࣚപࠏିᅰθაሱڛༀொཟ֥ܱ༢ಌكቋު, ሱڛༀொཟ֥ॴ໓߄࣮іૼ, ༆༢֥ൌᆣ࣮bၹՎ, ຉॺؓ٤ၝკᆡࣚപࠏٚದбתٚದ۷ॖିԛགྷሱڛༀொཟ(Heine & ିᅰθߑᆀ֥ሱڛༀொཟ࣮, ࡼႵᇹႿਔࢳHamamura, 2007)bᆃॖି൞ႮႿתٚ໓߄֥۱ุᆃᇕொཟაܼ֥ٗࣚപࠏିᅰθႵܱ, ߎ൞აห۷؟ҐႨሱన֥݂ၹٚൔ, ᄝޓ؟౦ঃ༯, ሱק֥ࣚപࠏିᅰθႵܱ, ࠇᆀᆺაၝკᆡႵܱb ط٤ሱิശ۷ॖି֤֞ದ֥ᄡྸ; ္ॖ
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