湖南大学硕士学位论文分级预算管理体制下的地方税体系建设研究姓名：张洋海申请学位级别：硕士专业：财政学指导教师：李志慧20051008
햪 튪 떱뷱쫀뷧ꎬ뻸듳뛠쫽맺볒돽훐퇫헾뢮췢ꎬ튻냣뚼듦퓚ퟅ튻벶믲뛠벶뗘랽헾뢮ꆣ헢퇹ꎬ뻸듳뛠쫽맺볒뗄풤쯣튲뚼쫇평훐퇫풤쯣폫뗘랽풤쯣춳튻릹돉뗄튻룶볈퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏쿠뮥뛀솢ꎬ폖쿠뮥틀듦뗄럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆ꆣ뻟쳥뗘퇐뺿럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆벰웤퓋탐쟩뿶ꎬ폈웤쫇뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄퓋탐쟩뿶ꎬ늻뷶뻟폐훘튪샭싛볛횵ꎬ뛸쟒뛔폚컒맺뷸튻늽짮뮯럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯ꎬ췪짆컒맺뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵폐ퟅ짮뿌뗄쿖쪵틢틥ꆣ 컄헂뗚튻헂붻듺쇋놾싛컄뗄퇐뺿놳뺰폫틢틥ꆢ맺쓚췢퇐뺿쿖ힴꆢ퇐뺿뗄믹놾쓚죝ꆢ뿲볜뫍뷢뻶뗄맘볼탔컊쳢ꆢ훷튪뗄퇐뺿랽램뫍뒴탂뗣뗈랽쏦뗄쓚죝ꆣ뗚뛾헂첽쳖쇋럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뫍뗘랽쮰쳥쾵룷ퟔ뗄몭틥벰쯼쏇뗄쿠뮥맘쾵ꎬ뻍럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄샭싛폫쪵볹죫쫖ꎬ닻쫶퓚럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄샭싛룹뻝폫쿖쪵틢틥ꎬ춬쪱쳡돶쇋럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄풭퓲ꎬ틔럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆샭싛캪좫욪뗄삩햹듲쿂쇋믹뒡ꆣ뗚죽헂뷨본웤쯻맺볒럖쮰훆쪵볹뗄돉릦뺭퇩ꎬ뇈뷏럖컶쇋쏀맺ꆢ뗂맺ꆢ죕놾뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄쳘헷벰뛔컒맺췪짆뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄뷨본틢틥ꆣ컄헂뗚쯄헂볲떥뷩짜쇋1994쓪럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯뫳컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄쿖ힴꎬ늢퓚듋믹뒡짏듓쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뗄뮮럖ꆢ훷쳥쮰훖뫍뢨훺쮰훖뗄짨훃ꆢ뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣벰쿖탐틆횧뢶훆뛈뗈랽쏦컒맺쿖탐뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄훷튪컊쳢ꆣ뗚컥헂쫇퓚잰쏦룷헂럖컶뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ듓훐퇫뫍뗘랽쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뗄뮮럖ꆢ뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹뗄폅뮯ꆢ뗘랽쮰맦쒣뗄뫏샭좷뚨틔벰뗘쟸볤닆솦뗄욽뫢믺훆뗄췪짆뗈쯄랽쏦캪쟐죫뗣ꎬ뛔컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄췪짆뷸탐쇋짮죫뗄퇐뺿ꎬ쳡돶쇋췪짆컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄룄룯짨쿫ꆣ컄헂쪼훕틔럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄샭싛폫쪵볹캪훷쿟ꎬ듓뫏샭뮮럖쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞ꆢ폅뮯뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹ꆢ좷뚨쫊뛈뗄뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣뫍붨솢뿆톧뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈뗈랽쏦싛횤뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄췪짆ꎬ듓뛸퓚쫕죫랽쏦쪹뗘랽헾뢮돉캪튻벶쿠뛔뛀솢뗄풤쯣ꆣ 맘볼듊ꎺ럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆ꎻ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵ꎻ쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞ꎻ쮰훖뷡릹ꎻ쮰쫕맦쒣ꎻ닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈 I
Abstract Nowadays, there always exists local government of one or more level besides central government in most countries generally. Consequently, public budget of most countries is a multi-level budget system constituted by central public budget and local public budget that are both independent to some degree and interdependent upon each other in some way. It is not only very important theoretically but also has significance for reference concerning the deepening of China’s public budget system reform as well as to perfect the local tax system to make a concrete analysis of multi-level public budget system and its application in some countries and especially the application of the local tax system. The first chapter reviewed the background and purpose, domestic and foreign research situation, overall content, framework and the solution of crucial question, main research methods and innovations. The second chapter discussed the graduation budget management system and the local tax system respective implication and their reciprocity. From graduation budget management system theory and the practice obtains, this part elaborated the local tax system construction theory basis and the practical significance under the graduation budget management system, proposed the local tax system construction’s principles under the graduation budget management system at the same time, take graded the budget management system theory to build the foundation as the entire expansion. The third chapter referred from other countries’ successful experience of tax distribution system practices, compare with US, German and Japanese local tax system characteristic and reference significance of consummation China’s local tax system. The fourth chapter simply introduced our country’s local tax system present situation after graduation tax systems budget management institutional reform in 1994, and in this foundation expounded main questions of our country’s local taw system in aspects of tax administration jurisdiction, main body categories and assistance categories of taxes establishment, local tax revenue scale and present transfer-payment system. In the front each chapter of analysis foundation, the fifth chapter conducted the thorough research to our country’s local tax system consummation in aspects of tax administration rights division between central and local governments, optimization of local taxes structure, determination of local tax reasonable scale and consummation of financial resource balance mechanism among regions, proposed tentative plan of consummating our country’s local tax system the reform. This article throughout take II
the graduation budget management system theory and the practice as a master line, proves consummation of local tax system in the aspects of reasonably dividing the tax administration jurisdiction, optimizing the local categories of taxes structure, determination moderate place tax revenue scale and establishment scientific financial transfer-payment system, thus causes the local authority at the income aspect to become a relatively independent budget level. Key Words: Multi-level public budget system; the local tax system; The tax management power; the tax structure; The scale of tax; the inter-government fiscal transfer system . III
닥춼쯷틽 춼맦쒣뺭볃ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ10 춼맦쒣늻뺭볃ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ11 춼훐퇫헾뢮뫍뗘랽헾뢮럖뇰쳡릩쟸폲탔릫릲닺욷뗄뇈뷏럖컶ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ12 춼평훐퇫헾뢮춳튻쳡릩쟸폲탔릫릲닺욷킧싊쯰쪧춼쪾ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ13 춼뗂맺훝쮰쫕쫕죫폫닆헾횧돶뗄뇈뷏ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ23 춼뗂맺뗘랽쮰쫕쫕죫폫닆헾횧돶뗄뇈뷏ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ23 IV
뢽뇭쯷틽 뇭 솪냮훆맺볒폫떥튻훆맺볒헾뢮볤횰퓰뗄뇈뷏ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ16 뇭 쏀맺쿜램폫룷훝램싉뛔훝뫍뗘랽쮰쫕솢램좨쿞뗄쿞훆ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ19 뇭 쏀맺룷닣벶헾뢮볤뗄쮰쫕쫕죫뮮럖쟩뿶ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ20 뇭 쏀맺쮰쫕쫕죫뮮럖룱뻖ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ21 뇭 뗂맺헾뢮볤쮰쫕쫕죫럖엤뷡릹뇭ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ23 뇭 죕놾뚼뗀뢮쿘뗘랽쮰솢램좨뗄맩쫴ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ25 뇭 죕놾쫐듥뗘랽쮰솢램좨뗄맩쫴ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ25 뇭죕놾쮰쫕럖엤뷡릹퇝뇤ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ26 뇭 1997ꎭ2002쓪컒맺뗘랽쮰쫕쫕죫ꆢ닆헾쫕죫뫍닆헾횧돶뗄뇈뷏ꆭꆭꆭ34 뇭늿럖OECD맺볒닆닺쮰쫕죫퓚웤뗘랽닆헾훐뗄훘튪돌뛈ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ39 뇭늿럖랢햹훐맺볒벰훷튪돇쫐헾뢮뛔닆닺쮰뗄틀삵돌뛈ꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭꆭ40 V
뫾 쓏 듳 톧 톧캻싛컄풭뒴탔짹쏷 놾죋횣훘짹쏷ꎺ쯹돊붻뗄싛컄쫇놾죋퓚떼쪦뗄횸떼쿂뛀솢뷸탐퇐뺿쯹좡뗃뗄퇐뺿돉맻ꆣ돽쇋컄훐쳘뇰볓틔뇪힢틽폃뗄쓚죝췢ꎬ놾싛컄늻냼몬죎뫎웤쯻룶죋믲벯쳥틑뺭랢뇭믲킴뗄돉맻ퟷ욷ꆣ뛔놾컄뗄퇐뺿ퟶ돶훘튪릱쿗뗄룶죋뫍벯쳥ꎬ뻹틑퓚컄훐틔쏷좷랽쪽뇪쏷ꆣ놾죋췪좫틢쪶떽놾짹쏷뗄램싉뫳맻평놾죋돐떣ꆣ ퟷ헟잩쏻ꎺ 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕 톧캻싛컄냦좨쪹폃쫚좨쫩 놾톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟췪좫쇋뷢톧킣폐맘놣쇴ꆢ쪹폃톧캻싛컄뗄맦뚨ꎬ춬틢톧킣놣쇴늢쿲맺볒폐맘늿쏅믲믺릹쯍붻싛컄뗄뢴펡볾뫍뗧ퟓ냦ꎬ퓊탭싛컄놻닩퓄뫍뷨퓄ꆣ놾죋쫚좨뫾쓏듳톧뿉틔붫놾톧캻싛컄뗄좫늿믲늿럖쓚죝뇠죫폐맘쫽뻝뿢뷸탐볬쯷ꎬ뿉틔닉폃펰펡ꆢ쯵펡믲즨쏨뗈뢴훆쫖뛎놣듦뫍믣뇠놾톧캻싛컄ꆣ 놾톧캻싛컄쫴폚 1ꆢ놣쏜ꇵꎬ퓚______쓪뷢쏜뫳쫊폃놾쫚좨쫩ꆣ ꇌ2ꆢ늻놣쏜ꇵꆣ ꎨ쟫퓚틔짏쿠펦랽뿲쓚듲ꆰꇌꆱꎩ ퟷ헟잩쏻ꎺ 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕 떼쪦잩쏻ꎺ 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뗚1헂 탷 싛 퇐뺿뗄놳뺰폫틢틥 릫릲닆헾쫇튻훖쫊펦쫐뎡뺭볃랢햹튪쟳뗄닆헾쒣쪽ꎬ웤훷튪횰퓰쫇싺ퟣ짧믡뗄[1]릫릲탨쟳ꆣ샭싛짏럖컶ꎬ평훐퇫헾뢮벯훐쳡릩릫릲욷ꎬ폐훺폚뷢뻶뗘쟸횮볤뗄킭뗷랢햹뫍룶죋횮볤뗄릫욽럖엤컊쳢ꎬ폐훺폚붵뗍릫릲욷돉놾ꆣ떫쫇평폚릫릲탨튪뗘쟸탔닮틬뗄듦퓚ꎬ벴춬튻맺볒쓚늻춬뗘쟸릫훚뛔릫릲욷샠탍폫쫽솿탨쟳듦퓚닮틬ꎬ틲듋ꎬ평뗘랽헾뢮뢺퓰쳡릩쒳킩뻟폐쟸폲탔뗄릫릲욷뷏횮평훐퇫헾뢮춳튻쳡릩룼폐[2]킧ꆣ틲캪훐퇫헾뢮폫뗘랽헾뢮퓚쳡릩늻춬닣듎뗄릫릲욷랽쏦룷폐폅쫆ꎬ쯹틔ꎬ떱뷱쫀뷧ꎬ돽탂볓웂ꆢ쿣룛뗈벫짙쫽맺볒폫뗘쟸쪵탐튻벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆췢ꎬ쫀뷧짏뻸듳뛠쫽맺볒ꎬ컞싛쫇솪냮훆뮹쫇떥튻훆ꎬ뚼쪵탐럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆ꎬ평룷벶헾뢮뢺퓰쳡릩늻춬닣듎뗄릫릲욷ꆣ 룷벶헾뢮쳡릩릫릲욷ꎬ뇘탫튪폐쿠펦뗄닆솦ퟷ캪놣헏ꆣ쿖듺맺볒ꎬ쮰쫕ퟷ캪맺볒좡뗃닆헾쫕죫ퟮ훷튪뗄탎쪽ꎬ쮰쫕쫕죫햼닆헾쫕죫뗄뇈훘뻓뻸뛔뗄훷떼뗘캻ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ놣헏룷벶헾뢮쳡릩릫릲욷뗄닆솦횧돖ퟮ훷튪뗄쫇쮰쫕쫕죫ꆣ틲듋ꎬ볓잿뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨ꎬ쪹뗘랽헾뢮돉캪튻벶뛀솢뗄풤쯣훷쳥ꎬ쫇룷벶뗘랽헾뢮쪵쿖웤횰쓜뗄놣헏ꆣ떫쫇늢럇쫇쎿튻벶헾뢮뚼폐웤췪헻뗄쮰쫕솢램좨ꆢ쮰쫕헾닟훆뚨좨ꆢ쮰쫕헷맜좨틔벰쮰쫕쫕죫쪹폃횧엤좨ꆣ쟒룷맺퓚쮰쫕좨쿞뗄헾뢮볤럖엤짏룷늻쿠춬ꆣ뇈죧쏀맺쫇쪵탐럖쮰훆뇈뷏뎹뗗뗄맺볒ꎬ쎻폐좫맺춳튻뗄쮰램ꎬ솪냮ꆢ훝뫍뗘랽죽벶헾뢮뚼폐쮰램ꎬ뚼폐뛀솢뗄쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵뫍훷쳥쮰훖ꎻ죕놾쫇훐퇫벯좨맺볒ꎬ쪵탐훐퇫ꎬ뚼뗀쿘뫍쫐듥죽벶ퟔ훎ꎬ퓚쮰쫕좨쿞뮮럖짏ꎬ틔훐퇫벯좨캪훷ꎬ뗘랽튲폐뛀솢맜샭뗘랽쮰훖뗄좨솦ꎬ떫폖쫜훆폚맺볒훆뚨뗄ꆰ뗘랽쮰램ꆱꎻ뗂맺쪵탐뗄쫇틔릲쿭쮰[3]캪훷뗄럖쮰훆ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ룷맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵퓚쮰훖뗄톡퓱뫍듮엤짏튲폐웤룷ퟔ뗄쳘즫ꆣ 컒맺ퟔ1994쓪뾪쪼쪵탐럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆ꆣ좡뗃쇋쿔훸돉킧ꎬꆰ솽룶뇈훘ꆱ쏷쿔쳡룟ꎬ쪵쿖쇋헾뢮럖엤맘쾵뗄맦랶뮯ꎬ닆헾뛔뺭볃뗄뫪맛뗷뿘퓶잿ꆣ퓚쫕죫뮮럖짏ꎬ룹뻝훐퇫뫍뗘랽뗄쫂좨ꎬ내헕쮰훆룄룯뫳뗄쮰훖짨훃ꎬ붫캬뮤맺볒좨틦ꎬ쪵쪩뫪맛뗷뿘쯹뇘탫뗄쮰훖뮮럖캪훐퇫쮰ꎻ붫춬뺭볃랢햹횱뷓쿠맘뗄훷튪쮰훖뮮럖캪훐퇫폫뗘랽릲쿭쮰ꎻ붫쫊뫏뗘랽헷맜뗄쮰훖뮮럖캪뗘랽쮰ꆣ떫쫇컒맺퓚뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄붨짨짏죔듦퓚튻킩뇗뛋ꎺ쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞맽뛈벯훐뗄ힴ뿶죔좻쎻폐쮿뫁룄뇤ꎻ쮰훖뮮럖늻뿆톧ꎬ맽럖잿뗷훐퇫샻틦ꎬ떼훂쮰풴맽럝쿲훐퇫벯훐ꎬ쪡틔쿂쫕죫뮮럖쎻폐[4]쏷좷ꆣ뿉틔풤볻ꎬ죧뫎췪짆훐퇫폫뗘랽룷벶헾뢮볤뗄쫕죫뮮럖ꎬ폈웤쫇뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄룄룯폫췪짆ꎬ붫돉캪뷱뫳컒맺풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯뗄튻룶훘튪랽쏦ꆣ 헽쫇믹폚짏쫶뗄풭틲뗄뾼싇ꎬ뷨본쇋훚뛠뗄톧헟뗄맛뗣ꎬ퓚샮횾믛샏쪦뗄횸떼쿂ꎬ컒톡퓱ꆰ럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿ꆱퟷ캪쮶쪿싛컄뗄퇐 1
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 뺿랽쿲ꆣ 맺쓚췢퇐뺿믘맋 맺췢퇐뺿믘맋 뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨쫇럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄훘튪ퟩ돉늿럖ꎬ맺췢맘폚뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄퇐뺿ퟮ돵쫇폫닆헾럖좨ꎨFiscal Federalismꎩ쿠뷡뫏뗄ꆣ헽죧듳컀ꆤN몣쏉ꎨDavid N Hymanꎩ퓚ꆶ릫릲닆헾ꎺ샭싛뗄헾닟펦폃ꆷꎨꆶPublic Finance :A Contemporary Application of Theory to Policy ꆷp599ꎩ튻쫩훐횸돶ꎬ닆헾럖좨쫇횸퓚룷벶헾뢮볤뮮럖쮰쫕폫횧돶뗄튻훖훆뛈ꆣ쪩뗙룱샕ꎨGꆤStigler,1957ꎩ맘폚ퟮ폅럖좨쒣쪽뗄ꆰ닋떥ꆱꎨMenuꎩ샭싛ꆢ냂듄ꎨWꆤEꆤOates,1972ꎩ뗄럖좨뚨샭ꆢ늼뾲쓏ꎨJꆤbuchanan,1956ꎩ뗄럖좨ꆰ뻣샖늿ꆱ샭싛ꆢ뗙늮쳘ꎨGꆤMꆤTiebout,1956ꎩ뗄ꆰ틔ퟣ춶욱ꆱ샭싛뗈ꎬ [4]뚼싛횤쇋닆헾럖좨뗄뫏샭탔 ꆣ 쪩뗙룱샕퓚ꆶ뗘랽헾뢮폐샭랶캧ꆷꎨꆶTenable Rang of Functions of Local Governmentꆷꎩ죏캪ꎺꎨ1ꎩ폫훐퇫헾뢮쿠뇈ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮룼뷓뷼폚ퟔ벺뗄릫훚ꎻꎨ2ꎩ맺쓚늻춬뗄죋쏇폐좨뛔늻춬훖샠폫늻춬쫽솿뗄릫릲럾컱뷸탐춶욱뇭뻶ꆣ틲듋쳡돶닆헾럖좨ꎬ죏캪ꆰ뻶닟펦룃퓚ퟮ뗍탐헾쮮욽뗄헾뢮늿쏅뷸탐ꆱꆣ냂듄퓚ꆶ헾뢮솪냮훷틥ꆷꎨꆶFiscal Federalismꆷꎩ튻쫩훐ꎬ듓릫릲욷뗄짺닺뷇뛈럖컶ꎬ죏캪ꆰ죃뗘랽헾뢮붫튻룶엁샛췐폐킧뗄닺돶솿쳡릩룸쯼쏇룷ퟔ뗄톡쏱ꎬ퓲ퟜ튪뇈평훐퇫헾뢮쿲좫쳥톡 [5]쏱쳡릩죎뫎쳘뚨뗄늢쟒튻훂뗄닺돶폐킧뗃뛠ꆱꆣ늼뾲쓏뗄ꆰ뻣샖늿ꆱ샭싛ꎨꆶAn Economic Theory of Clubsꆷꎩ냑짧쟸뇈ퟷ뻣샖늿ꎬ좻뫳퇐뺿퓚쏦쇙췢퓚틲쯘뗄쳵볾쿂죎뫎튻룶뻣샖늿ꆪꆪ캪럖쿭쒳훖샻틦뛸솪뫏웰살뗄죋쏇뗄튻룶ퟔ풸킭믡ꆪꆪ죧뫎좷뚨웤ퟮ폅돉풱쫽ꆣ룃샭싛냑뻣샖늿뗄돉놾럖캪만뚨돉놾폫뿉뇤돉놾ꎬ쯦ퟅ돉풱뗄퓶볓ꎬ욽뻹만뚨돉놾쫇뗝복뗄ꎬ뛸욽뻹뿉뇤돉놾쫇뗝퓶뗄ꆣퟮ돵ꎬ욽뻹만뚨돉놾뗝복뗄럹뛈듳폚욽뻹뿉뇤돉놾뗝퓶뗄럹뛈ꎬ틲듋욽뻹돉놾쫇뗝복뗄ꎻ떱욽뻹만뚨돉놾뗝복뗄럹뛈뗈폚욽뻹뿉뇤돉놾뗝퓶뗄럹뛈ꎬ벴욽뻹돉놾듯떽ퟮ뗍ꎬ듋쪱뻣샖늿뗄맦쒣ퟮ폅ꎻ죴퓙퓶볓돉풱쫽ꎬ욽뻹돉놾붫뗝퓶ꆣ내헕헢튻풭퓲ꎬ죋쏇믡ퟔ풸ퟩ횯돉죴룉ꆰ뻣샖늿ꆱꎬ쪹쎿룶ꆰ뻣샖늿ꆱ뗄욽뻹돉놾ퟮ뗍ꆣꆰ뻣샖늿ꆱ샭싛횸돶쇋뗘랽럖좨뗄쟸폲맦쒣뗄ퟮ폅풭퓲ꆣ뗙늼쳘퓚ꆶ뗘랽횧돶뗄뒿샭싛ꆷꎨꆶA Pure Theory of Local Expenditureꆷꎩ훐죏캪ꎬ죧맻죋쏇쓜릻ퟔ평쇷뚯ꎬ쓇쎴쯻쏇뻍믡퓚좫맺톰헒튻룶릫릲욷쳡릩폫쮰쫕탎돉ퟮ병ퟩ뫏듓뛸쪹쯻쏇킧폃ퟮ듳뮯뗄쟸폲뻓힡쿂살ꎻ뛸쟒뗘랽헾뢮튲믡퓚릫릲욷폫쮰쫕ퟩ뫏짏뮥쿠쒣럂ꎬ쿠뮥톧쾰ꎬ듓뛸듯떽헻룶짧믡뢣샻ퟮ듳뮯[6]ꆣ 뿉볻ꎬퟮ돵뗄룷훖닆헾럖좨샭싛쎻폐횱뷓짦벰뗘랽쮰쳥쾵컊쳢ꆣ떫쫇쮰쫕ퟷ캪릫훚믱좡릫릲욷쿲헾뢮횧뢶뗄ꆰ볛룱ꆱꎬ닆헾럖좨샭싛쪵볊짏튲냼삨쇋뗘랽쮰쳥쾵 2
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뗄붨짨컊쳢ꆣ늢쟒ꎬ틲캪닆헾럖좨샭싛닠훘폚평뗘랽헾뢮뢺퓰쳡릩릫릲욷ꎬ쯹틔퓚쮰훆붨짨짏튲쟣쿲폚뗘랽헾뢮햼훷떼ꆣ 떫쫇ꎬ맽럖잿뗷럖좨ꎬ벫틗닺짺릫욽폫킧싊뗄돥춻ꆣ뇈죧쳆쓉뗂ꆤ럆죰쮹ꎨDonald Pharesꎩ퓚ꆶ훝쮰뢺떣퇐뺿ꆷꎨꆶThe Role of Tax Burden Studies in State Tax Policyꆷꎩ[7]튻컄훐횸돶ꎬ훝쮰뗄쮰뢺벫폐뿉쓜평훝횮췢뗄릫훚뢺떣ꆣ맾싥뗂ꆤAꆤ뫕럆ꎨHarold ꎩ퓚ꆶ훝횮볤뗄쮰쫕뺺헹폫뺭볃랢햹ꆷꎨꆶInterstate Tax Competition and Economic Developmentꆷꎩ훐죏캪ꎬ떱뷱짧믡ꎬ죋뿚뿉틔ퟔ평쇷뚯ꎬ튻룶훝쓑틔훆뚨돶폫웤쯻훝늻춬뗄쯹뗃쮰헾닟ꎬ뛸붫쯹뗃쮰ퟷ캪솪냮쮰ꎬ퓲폐훺폚뗘쟸볤뗄쮰뢺[8]릫욽뫍좫맺춳튻쫐뎡뗄탎돉ꆣ삭샻ꆤCꆤ삭뗂늨뫍췾솮ꆤWꆤ맾쏜뛙ꎨLarry C. Ledebur and William W. Hamiltonꎩ퓚ꆶ쮰쫕폅믝ퟷ캪듌벤뺭볃퓶뎤듫쪩뗄쪧킧ꆷꎨꆶThe Failure of Tax Concessions as Economic Development Incentivesꆷꎩ튻컄훐퇐뺿죏캪ꎬ훝횮볤뺺쿠돶첨쮰쫕폅믝듫쪩ꎬ웆뮵쇋컈뚨뗄쫐뎡뮷뺳뗄탎돉ꎬퟨ낭쇋헻쳥뺭볃킧틦뗄쳡[9]룟ꆣ 평듋뿉횪ꎬ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞횻폐놣돖퓚뫏샭뗄쟸볤쓚늢쟒톡퓱뫏쫊뗄뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵ꎬ닅쓜듙뷸뗘랽헾뢮뗄믽벫탔ꎬ폖쓜쪵쿖좫맺뺭볃뗄컈뚨폫랢햹ꆣ쯦ퟅ컷랽맺볒럖쮰훆쪵볹뗄늻뛏랢햹ꎬ튻킩톧헟뛔뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄풭퓲ퟷ돶뛠훖뷢쫍ꆣ샮웫퓆쯹훸뗄ꆶ럖벶닆헾쳥훆퇐뺿ꆷ튻쫩훐ꎬ뷩짜쇋벸훖컷랽훸쏻뗄쮰훆붨짨풭퓲ꎬ죧ꎺ십쮹룱샗럲ꎨMusgraveꎩ뗄웟풭퓲싛ꆢ뷜뿋ꆤMꆤ쏷ퟎꎨJackꆤMꆤMintzꎩ뗄컥풭퓲싛ꆢ싞뇶ꆤ놫뗂췾ꎨRobinꆤBoadwayꎩ뗈죋뗄쇹풭퓲싛ꆢ죻샯룱싼ꎨSeligmanꎩ뗄죽풭퓲싛ꆢJꆤ뗏폈ꎨJꆤFꆤDueꎩ뗄뺭볃샻틦풭퓲틔벰듳컀ꆤ뷰ꎨDavidꆤKingꎩ[10]뗄뗘랽헾뢮쫕쮰뗄ꆰ쯄늻풭퓲ꆱꆣ 십쮹룱샗럲죏캪ꎺꎨ1ꎩ틔쫕죫퓙럖엤캪쒿뇪뗄샛뷸쮰펦뮮맩훐퇫ꎻꎨ2ꎩퟷ캪컈뚨뺭볃쫖뛎뗄쮰쫕펦뮮맩훐퇫ꎻꎨ3ꎩ뗘쟸볤럖늼늻뻹뗄쮰풴뮮맩훐퇫ꎻꎨ4ꎩ뿎헷폚쇷뚯탔짺닺튪쯘뗄쮰쫕훷튪뮮맩훐퇫ꎻꎨ5ꎩ틀삵폚뻓힡뗘뗄쮰쫕뷏쫊뫏뮮맩뗘랽ꎻꎨ6ꎩ뿎헷폚럇쇷뚯탔짺닺튪쯘뗄쮰쫕ퟮ뫃뮮맩뗘랽ꎻꎨ7ꎩ쫜틦탔쮰쫕벰쫕럑뛔룷벶헾뢮뚼쫊폃ꆣ볓쓃듳톧헟뷜뿋ꆤMꆤ쪱ퟎ뗄컥풭퓲싛쫇횸ꎺꎨ1ꎩ킧싊풭퓲ꎺ쮰훆붨짨튪뺡솿복짙뛔풴엤훃뗄펰쿬ꎻꎨ2ꎩ볲뮯풭퓲ꎺ쮰훆붨짨펦쪹쮰훆뺡솿볲뮯ꎬ뇣폚샭뷢뫍횴탐ꎻꎨ3ꎩ쇩믮풭퓲ꎺ쪹쮰쫕폫쫂좨쿠쫊펦ꎻꎨ4ꎩ퓰죎풭퓲ꎺ룷벶헾뢮뗄횧돶폫쮰쫕퓰죎맘쾵펦킭뗷ꎻꎨ5ꎩ릫욽풭퓲ꎺ룷뗘뻓쏱뗄쮰뢺펦욽뫢ꆣ싞뇶ꆤ놫뗂췾뗈죋쳡돶뗄쮰훆붨짨쇹풭퓲냼삨ꎺꎨ1ꎩ쯹뗃쮰펦뮮맩훐퇫ꎻꎨ2ꎩ놾쮰ꆢ닆닺틆쮰뗈튲펦뮮맩훐퇫ꎻꎨ3ꎩ뛔풴뿎쮰펦평훐퇫폫뗘랽릲쿭ꎻꎨ4ꎩ뻟폐럇쇷뚯탔쳘헷뗄쮰쫕펦뮮맩뗘랽ꎻꎨ5ꎩퟷ캪쫜틦탔쮰쫕뗄짧믡놣헏쮰ꎬ뿉평훐퇫폫뗘랽킭춬헷쫕맜샭ꎻꎨ6ꎩ뛠뮷뷚헷쫕뗄쮰펦뮮맩훐퇫ꎬ떥튻뮷뷚헷쫕뗄쮰맩뗘랽ꆣ죻샻룱싼뗄죽풭퓲싛쫇횸ꎺꎨ1ꎩ킧싊풭퓲ꎺ틔헷쮰킧싊뗄룟뗍캪뇪ힼ살좷뚨쮰훖뗄맩쫴ꎻꎨ2ꎩ쫊펦풭퓲ꎺ쮰믹뿭뗄ꎬ뮮캪훐퇫쮰ꎻ햭뗄ꎬ뮮캪뗘랽쮰ꎻꎨ3ꎩ잡떱풭퓲ꎺ캪쇋쪹좫 3
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 맺뻓쏱릫욽뗘뢺떣쮰쫕뛸짨솢뗄쮰훖맩캪훐퇫ꎬ횻짦벰늿럖뗘쟸믲늿럖죋뗄ꎬ뮮맩뗘랽ꆣ쏀맺톧헟Jꆤ뗏폈쳡돶ꎬ뮮럖쮰훖뮹튪뾼싇뺭볃샻틦풭퓲ꎬ쮰쫕펦맩쓄벶헾뢮ꎬ펦틔듙뷸뺭볃랢햹ꎬ늻복짙뺭볃샻틦캪ퟅ퇛뗣ꆣ듳컀ꆤ뷰뗄뗘랽헾뢮쫕쮰뗄ꆰ쯄늻풭퓲ꆱ쫇횸ꎺꎨ1ꎩ뗘랽헾뢮늻펦헷쫕룟뛮샛뷸쮰ꎻꎨ3ꎩ뗘랽헾뢮늻펦헷쫕쮰믹쇷뚯탔뫜듳뗄쮰ꎻꎨ3ꎩ뗘랽헾뢮늻펦헷쫕뿉붫듳늿럖쮰뢺볞룸럇놾뗘뻓쏱뗄쮰훖ꎻꎨ4ꎩ뗘랽헾뢮늻펦헷쫕늻횱뷓캪놾뗘뻓쏱쯹달뻵뗄쮰ꆣ 평듋뿉볻ꎬ십쮹룱샗럲훷튪쫇듓룷샠쮰뛔뺭볃뗄펰쿬살뾼싇쮰훆붨짨ꎬ듓훐뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄튻룶훘튪풭퓲쫇늻펰쿬헻룶맺쏱뺭볃뗄컈뚨뫍랢햹ꆣ뷜뿋ꆤMꆤ쏷ퟎ뗄컥풭퓲닠훘폚탐헾맜샭랽쏦뗄뾼싇ꎬ잿뗷쮰훆붨짨펦폫룷벶헾뢮뗄쫂좨벰횧돶랶캧쿠쫊펦ꎬ쪹룷벶헾뢮뗄퓰ꆢ좨ꆢ샻쿠춳튻ꆣ폫십쮹룱샗럲쿠쯆ꎬ싞뇶ꆤ놫뗂췾뗈죋뗄쮰훆붨짨쇹풭퓲싛쟣쿲폚내뺭볃펰쿬뮮맩쮰쫕ꎬ붫쮰뢺늻틗볞뗄쮰쫕뮮맩캪뗘랽쮰ꆣ죻샻룱싼뗄쮰쫕뮮럖풭퓲뷶듓쳡룟쮰쫕헷맜킧싊랽쏦뾼싇ꎬ쎻폐뾼싇쮰쫕뗄뺭볃펰쿬ꆣ퓚뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨훐ꎬ펦폐샻폚헷쮰킧싊뗄쳡룟ꆣ듳컀ꆤ뷰튲쫇듓쮰쫕뗄뺭볃펰쿬살뮮럖쮰쫕뗄ꎬ뛸쟒듓랴쏦횸돶쇋뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄풭퓲ꆣ 뿉볻ꎬ늻춬뗄톧헟듓늻춬뗄뷇뛈뾼싇뛔뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨쳡돶쇋룷ퟔ뗄볻뷢ꆣퟮ훷튪쫇듓솽듳랽쏦뷸탐닻쫶뗄ꎺ튻쫇뺭볃뷇뛈ꎬ튪뾼싇쮰쫕뛔뺭볃뗄펰쿬ꎬ횻펰쿬뗘랽뺭볃뗄ꎬ뮮맩뗘랽ꎬ랲펰쿬떽헻룶맺쏱뺭볃뗄ꎬ퓲늻틋뮮맩뗘랽ꎻ뛾쫇탐헾맜샭뷇뛈ꎬ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨펦랽뇣헷쫕폫맜샭ꎬ폐샻폚쳡룟쮰쫕헷맜킧싊ꆣ ퟛ짏쯹쫶ꎬ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨ퟷ캪럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄훘튪ퟩ돉늿럖ꎬ퓚ퟮ돵쳖싛닆헾럖좨쪱뻍놻맣캪맘힢ꆣ쯦ퟅ컷랽맺볒럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쪵볹뗄늻뛏랢햹ꎬ폐맘톧헟뛔쮰훆붨짨뷸탐쏅뗄퇐뺿뫍ퟜ뷡ꎬ늢듓늻춬뗄뷇뛈쳡돶쇋뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄풭퓲ꆣ 맺쓚퇐뺿믘맋 평폚컒맺붨맺뫳뎤웚쪵탐훐퇫벯좨뗄볆뮮뺭볃쳥훆ꎬ틲듋뛔뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄퇐뺿뷏췭ꆣ쯦ퟅ컒맺릫릲닆헾뿲볜뗄좷솢뫍풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯뗄늻뛏탐뷸ꎬ맘폚뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄샭싛퇐뺿퓚컒맺돉엮늪랢햹횮쫆ꆣ 맘폚뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄룅쓮ꆣ췵캰ꎨꆶ뗘랽쮰훆듦퓚뗄컊쳢벰룄룯쮼슷ꆷꎬꆶ닆믡퇐뺿ꆷ1996쓪뗚9웚ꎩ죏캪뗘랽쮰쫇쿠뛔폚훐퇫쮰뛸퇔뗄ꎬ쯼쫇돯벯뗘랽닆헾쫕죫ꆢ놣횤뗘랽뺭뎣탔횧돶뗄훘튪살풴ꎬ튲쫇뗘랽헾뢮싄탐짧믡뺭볃맜샭횰쓜뗄훘튪쫖뛎[11]횮튻ꆣ샮뒫폀ꎨꆶ뛔훘릹컒맺훐퇫뫍뗘랽쮰훆쳥쾵뗄쮼뾼ꆷꎬꆶ짦췢쮰컱ꆷ1997쓪뗚11웚ꎩ죏캪ꎬ늻쓜뷶듓쫕죫횧엤좨뫍헷맜좨살뷧뚨뗘랽쮰ꎬ뛸펦햾퓚룼룟뗄뷇뛈살싛쫶헢튻컊쳢ꎬ뗘랽쮰늻뷶뷶쫇튻룶맘폚쫕죫맩쫴럖엤뗄랶돫ꎬ쯼펦냼삨뗘랽쮰뗄솢램ꆢ헾닟훆뚨ꆢ쮰쫕맩쫴ꆢ헷쫕맜샭뫍믺릹짨훃랽쏦뗄쓚죝ꆣ퓚뗘랽쮰쳥쾵 4
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뻟쳥냼몬뗄쓚죝짏ꎬ튻냣죏캪ꎬ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨펦냼삨쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뫍쮰훖뷡릹쳥[12]쾵솽듳랽쏦ꆣ틲듋ꎬ컒쏇죏캪ꎬ훐맺뗄뗘랽쮰쫇룹뻝훐퇫뫍뗘랽쫂좨뮮럖ힴ뿶ꎬ내헕닆헾맜샭쳥훆뗄쳘뗣뫍튪쟳릹퓬뗄ꎬ평훐퇫믲뗘랽횱뷓믲볤뷓탐쪹쳘뚨맜샭좨쿞뗄ꎬ쫕죫맩뗘랽헾뢮쿭뗄룷샠쮰쫕뗄ퟜ돆ꆣ 맘폚붨솢컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄훘튪탔ꎬ맺뮪ꎨꆶ컒맺폫컷랽맺볒뗘랽훆뗄뇈뷏럖컶ꆷꎬꆶ쟠떺횰튵벼쫵톧풺톧놨ꆷ2004쓪3퓂뗚17뻭뗚1웚ꎩ죏캪ꎬ릹붨뗘랽쮰쫕쳥쾵쫇뗘랽헾뢮쿠뛔뛀솢탔뗄뿍맛튪쟳ꎬ쓜릻웰떽벤샸뗘랽헾뢮뺭볃탐캪뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ럻뫏쫐뎡뺭볃쳵볾쿂닆헾럖좨뗄탨튪ꆣ슽럡좪ꎨꆶ맘폚뗘랽쮰훆붨짨벸룶샭싛컊쳢뗄퇐뺿ꆷꎬꆶ닆뺭퇐뺿ꆷ1994쓪뗚12웚ꎩ죏캪ꎬ쪵탐럖쮰훆뗄맘볼쫇훐퇫뫍뗘랽뇘탫룷ퟔ붨솢튻쳗쿠뛔뛀솢뫍뇈뷏췪짆뗄쮰쫕쳥쾵ꎬ퇐뺿뗘랽쮰쳥쾵ꎬ붡좫뗘랽쮰쳥[13]쾵쫇짮뮯닆쮰쳥훆룄룯뗄떱컱횮벱ꆣ뚭컄틣ꎨꆶ싛컒맺뗘랽쮰훆붨짨ꆷꎬꆶ닆뺭컊쳢퇐뺿ꆷ1998쓪뗚12웚ꎩ죏캪ꎬ럖쮰훆룄룯뫍뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄붨솢ꎬ펦볡돖훰붥췆뷸ꆢ럖늽쪵쪩뗄풭퓲ꎬ쒿잰컒맺뗘랽쮰훖뗄짨훃벰쿠펦맜샭좨쿞뗄뮮럖ꎬ듸폐맽뛉뗄쳘뗣ꎬ듦퓚ퟅ튻뚨뗄늻ퟣ뫍좱쿝ꎬ뿆톧ꆢ췪헻뗄뗘랽쮰쫕쳥쾵뗄붨솢죔쫇닆쮰샭[14]싛뫍쪵볹짏탨튪뷢뻶뗄훘튪뿎쳢ꆣ퇮뇳ꎨꆶ맘폚뗘랽쮰훆붨짨벰헷맜컊쳢뗄쮼뾼ꆷꎬꆶ쮰컱폫뺭볃ꆷ1998쓪뗚4웚ꎩ죏캪ꎬ뷱뫳튻뛎쪱웚ꎬ컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄훘뗣쫇ꆰ뷸튻늽쏷좷뫍맦랶뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄훷쳥쮰훖ꎬ쫊떱삩듳뗘랽뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞ꎬ [15]맺ꆢ뗘쮰헷맜믮뚯룷ퟔ뛀솢ꎬ틔놣횤뗘랽뗄닆헾쫕죫ꆱꆣ컒쏇죏캪ꎬ룄룯뫍췪짆컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쫇쪵쪩럖쮰훆뗄믹뒡ꎬ튲쫇쪵쿖럖벶닆헾맜샭뗄훘튪랽쪽ꎬ듓뛸헦헽쪵쿖ꆰ튻벶헾뢮ꆢ튻벶풤쯣ꆱ뗄쒿뇪ꆣ 맘폚떱잰컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵듦퓚뗄컊쳢ꎬ췵붨쫩ꎨꆶ룄룯뫍췪짆컒맺뗘랽쮰훆뗄믹놾릹쿫ꆷꎬꆶ훐맺닆헾ꆷ2004쓪뗚4웚ꎩ죏캪ꎬ훷튪쫇ꋙ쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖늻릻뫏샭ꎬ뗘랽좱랦뇘튪뗄쮰쫕솢램좨ꎻꋚ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뷡릹늻뫏샭ꎬ좱랦컈뚨ꆢ맦랶ꆢ쏻뢱웤쪵뗄훷쳥쮰훖ꎻꋛ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쓚췢폐뇰ꎬ늻춳튻ꎻꋜ뗘랽쮰훖룄룯훍뫳ꎬ늿[16]럖쮰훖돂뻉맽쪱ꎬ?탨룄룯뒴탂ꆣ돽듋횮췢ꎬ컩뫬ꎨꆶ췪짆컒맺뗘랽쮰훆뗄돵늽짨쿫ꆷꎬꆶ붭컷닆쮰폫믡볆ꆷ2003쓪뗚2웚ꎩ뮹죏캪ꎬ컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨좱랦뿆톧틀뻝ꎬ쎻폐춳쇬헻룶쮰쫕쳥쾵뗄ꆶ쮰쫕믹놾램ꆷ뫍춳쇬뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄ꆶ뗘랽쮰춨퓲ꆷꎬ쓑틔듓램싉룟뛈뛔컒맺뗘랽쮰쫕뗄탔훊ꆢퟷ폃ꆢ솢램풭퓲ꆢ맜샭쳥훆뗈랽쏦[17]ퟷ돶뿆톧ꆢ쏷좷뗄맦뚨ꆣ듋췢ꎬ뫺뾡삤ꎨꆶ컒맺뗘랽쮰훆듦퓚뗄컊쳢벰룄룯붨틩ꆷꎬꆶ뫪맛뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ2004쓪뗚7웚ꎩ죏캪ꎬ컒맺뗘랽쮰쮰쫕쳵샽뗄램싉뗘캻쿠뛔뷏[18]뗍ꎬ퓚쮰쫕탐헾횴램훐ꎬ쮰컱믺맘ퟷ캪탐헾횴램틀뻝ퟮ뛠뗄퓲쫇룷훖맦랶탔컄볾ꆣퟮ뫳ꎬ컒맺뗘랽쮰맦쒣폫뗘랽헾뢮뗄쫂좨늻쿠뛔돆ꎬ쫕죫맦쒣욫킡ꎬ늻쓜싺ퟣ뗘랽헾뢮횧돶뗄탨튪ꎬ믹닣닆헾삧쓑ꎬ퇏훘ퟨ낭쇋컒맺럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄췪짆ꎨ붹[19]맺뮪ꎬꆶ럖쮰훆닆헾쳥훆ꎺ움볛폫붨틩ꆷꎬꆶ닆뺭싛듔ꆷ2003쓪뗚6웚ꎩꆣ컒쏇죏캪ꎬ컒맺쒿잰뗘랽쮰쳥쾵듦퓚뗄훷튪컊쳢튻쫇쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞컊쳢ꎻ뛾쫇쮰훖뷡릹쳥 5
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 쾵컊쳢ꎻ죽쫇쮰쫕맦쒣컊쳢ꎬ쯄쫇엤쳗룄룯ꎬ벴닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈랽쏦뗄컊쳢ꆣ 퓚뗘랽쮰훷쳥쮰훖뗄톡퓱짏ꎬ췵붨쫩퓚ꆶ룄룯폫췪짆뗘랽쮰훆뗄믹놾릹쿫ꆷꎨꆶ훐맺닆헾ꆷ2004쓪뗚4웚ꎩ튻컄훐횸돶ꎬ쿖뷗뛎ꎬ컒쏇죔펦톡퓱쮰풴맣랺ꎬ쮰믹뷏짮뫱ꆢ쮰훆뇈뷏돉쫬뗄펪튵쮰ퟷ캪뗘랽쮰뗄훷쳥쮰훖ꎬ떫듓뎤풶뾴ꎬ닆닺쮰뗄쮰믹붫늻뛏췘뿭ꎬ쫕죫맦쒣붫믡죕쟷삩듳뫍컈뚨ꎬ붫훰늽돉캪뗘랽쮰뗄훷쳥쮰훖ꆣ훬쿩쇖ꆶ볓뿬컒맺돇쫐닆닺쮰훆룄룯늽랥뗄쮰쫕헾닟톡퓱ꆷꎨꆶ닆헾퇐뺿ꆷ2004쓪뗚2웚ꎩ훐튲횧돖헢튻맛뗣ꎬ죏캪닆닺쮰펦돉캪돇쫐헾뢮뗄훷쳥쮰훖뫍돇쫐헾뢮뗷뿘돇쫐뺭볃퓋탐뗄폐솦릤뻟ꆣ쏗붨맺폫엓럯쾲튲죏캪룄룯닆닺쮰훆펦돉캪췪짆뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄춻웆뿚ꎨꆶ룄룯닆닺쮰훆펦돉캪췪짆뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄춻웆뿚ꆷꎬꆶ쮰컱퇐뺿ꆷ2004[20]쓪뗚4웚ꎩꆣ틲듋ꎬ컒쏇죏캪ꎬ뮮럖훐퇫폫뗘랽쮰벰훐퇫폫뗘랽쮰훷쳥쮰훖뗄톡퓱펦폫컒맺뗄쮰훆룄룯쿠뷡뫏ꎬ솽헟펦쪵쿖뫍킳뮥뚯ꆣ ퟮ뫳ꎬ컒맺뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨펦폫컒맺닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈룄룯쿠뷡뫏ꆣ1994쓪뗄럖쮰훆ꎬ쎻폐뒦샭헾뢮볤닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈뗄컊쳢ꆣ뫾놱쪡뗘랽쮰컱뻖뿎쳢ퟩ퓚ꆶ룄룯폫췪짆컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄맺볊뷨본퇐뺿ꆷꎨꆶ닆헾폫쮰컱ꆷ2004쓪뗚11웚ꎩ[21]훐죏캪ꎬ췪짆뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈쫇뗘랽쮰쳥쾵퓋탐뗄훘튪늹돤ꆣ뚭샱쪤퓚ꆶ컷랽랢듯뗄솪냮훆맺볒닆헾욽뫢훆뛈뇈뷏퇐뺿ꆷꎨꆶ훐릲쓏뺩쫐캯떳킣ꆤ쓏뺩쫐탐헾톧풺톧놨ꆷ2004쓪뗚1웚ꎩ훐춨맽뇈뷏룷컷랽랢듯맺볒닆헾욽뫢훆뛈ꎬ죏캪ꆰ뾼싇떽컒맺룷뗘퓚쏦믽ꆢ죋뿚ꆢ뺭볃뫍짧믡랢햹쮮욽짏뗄뻞듳닮뇰ꎬ뿉틔짨볆뛠닣듎뗄 [22]욽뫢훆뛈ꆱꆣ헅싗싛뗈톧헟쳡돶쇋룄룯폫췪짆컒맺닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈뗄뻟쳥짨쿫ꎨꆶ뛔컒맺닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈맦랶뮯뗄싟벭쮼뾼ꆷꎬꆶ뺭볃쳥훆룄룯ꆷ2005쓪뗚2[23]웚ꎩꆣ 퇐뺿뗄믹놾쓚죝ꆢ뿲볜벰뷢뻶뗄맘볼탔컊쳢 뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨ퟷ캪럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯뗄훘튪ퟩ돉늿럖ꎬ퓚퇐뺿쪱펦솪쾵럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄샭싛폫쪵볹ꎬ놾싛컄쓢뻍럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄샭싛폫쪵볹죫쫖ꎬ닻쫶퓚럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄샭싛룹뻝폫쿖쪵틢틥ꆣ춬쪱뷨본웤쯻맺볒럖쮰훆쪵볹뗄돉릦뺭퇩ꎬ뾼달컒맺쿖탐럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗘랽쮰쳥쾵듦퓚뗄뇗뛋ꎬ쳡돶룄룯폫췪짆컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄짨쿫ꆣ 놾싛컄쓢럖캪컥헂ꎬ룷헂믹놾쓚죝죧쿂ꎺ 뗚1헂ꎺ탷싛ꆣ탷싛붫볲튪뷩짜놾싛컄뗄킴ퟷ놳뺰ꆢ킴ퟷ쮼슷ꆢ놾싛컄뗄뷡릹폫퇐뺿랽램ꆢ틔벰놾싛컄뗄뒴탂뗈쓚죝ꆣ 뗚2헂ꎺ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄샭싛믹뒡퇐뺿ꆣ쫐뎡뺭볃쳵볾쿂ꎬ헾뢮뗄횰쓜뚨캻쫇쿲짧믡쳡릩릫릲욷ꎬ싺ퟣ릫훚뗄릫릲탨튪ꆣ평폚릫릲욷뻟폐닣듎탔ꎬ평늻춬벶듎뗄헾뢮쳡릩늻춬샠탍뗄릫릲욷뇈평튻벶헾뢮쳡릩룼폐킧ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ룷벶헾뢮뇘탫폐웤쿠펦뗄쫕죫놣헏웤횰쓜뗄쪵쿖ꆣ쿖듺뺭볃훐ꎬ쮰쫕쫇헾뢮좡뗃닆헾쫕죫ퟮ훷튪뗄랽쪽ꎬ 6
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 틲듋붨솢췪짆뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쫇럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆붨짨뗄맘볼튻뮷ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ닆헾벯좨뫍럖좨쮼쿫폖훆풼ퟅ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄쪵볹ꆣ뗚2헂뗄훘뗣쫇럖컶뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄샭싛틀뻝뫍풭퓲뗈컊쳢ꆣ 뗚3헂ꎺ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쒣쪽벰맺볊뷨본ꆣ럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쫇떱뷱쫀뷧룷맺웕뇩쪵쪩뗄튻훖풤쯣맜샭쳥훆ꎬ룷맺퓚뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨짏룷폐쳘즫ꎬ쟒믽샛쇋쿠떱럡뢻뗄뺭퇩ꆣ틲듋퓚컒맺뗄룄룯훐ꎬ펦떱믽벫컼좡룷맺뗄돉릦ퟶ램ꆣ뗚3헂뗄훘뗣쫇뇈뷏룷훖쮰훆쒣쪽뗄쳘뗣뫍폐맘맺볒뗄돉릦뺭퇩틔벰뛔컒맺뗄웴쪾뫍뷨본ꆣ 뗚4헂ꎺ컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄쿖쪵뾼달ꆣ1994쓪ꎬ퓚돉릦쪵쪩탂쮰훆뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ컒맺뷸탐쇋럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯ꆣ헢튻듎룄룯쫇퓚쏷좷룷벶헾뢮쫂좨벰횧돶랶캧믹뒡짏ꎬ뛔룷벶헾뢮뗄쫕죫뷸탐맦랶ꎬ훷튪쫇내쮰훖뮮럖쇋룷벶헾뢮뗄쫕죫ꎬ돵늽붨솢쇋컒맺뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵ꆣ퓚돤럖뿏뚨럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯좡뗃훘듳돉뻍춬쪱ꎬ놾헂붫훘뗣럖컶컒맺쿖탐뗘랽쮰쳥쾵듦퓚뗄컊쳢ꎺ튻쫇쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞랽쏦뗄컊쳢ꎻ뛾쫇쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵랽쏦뗄컊쳢ꎻ죽쫇뗘랽쮰맦쒣랽쏦뗄컊쳢ꎻ쯄쫇닆헾틆횧뢶랽쏦뗄컊쳢ꆣ 뗚5헂ꎺ룄룯폫췪짆컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄릹쿫ꆣ헢쫇놾싛컄뗄훘뗣늿럖ꆣ퓚듋잰룷헂럖컶뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ놾헂붫퓚솢ퟣ컒맺맺쟩믹뒡짏ꎬ뷨본웤쯻맺볒뗄돉릦뺭퇩폫ퟶ램ꎬ쳡돶컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵룄룯뫍췪짆뗄쮼슷ꆣ놾헂뗄훘뗣쫇뫏샭뗘뮮럖쮰쫕좨쿞폫뿆톧뗘뮮럖쮰훖솽듳랽쏦ꎬ춬쪱튲냼삨쇋뫏샭좷뚨뗘랽쮰맦쒣뫍췪짆닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈랽쏦뗄쓚죝ꎬ솦춼탎돉쫊뫏컒맺맺쟩뗄뻟폐훐맺쳘즫뗘랽쮰쳥쾵ꆣ 훷튪뗄퇐뺿랽램뫍훷튪뗄뒴탂뗣 훷튪뗄퇐뺿랽램 퓚놾싛컄뗄킴ퟷ맽돌훐ꎬ컒쪼훕볡돖샭싛폫쪵볹ꆢ쪵횤폫맦랶ꆢ뚨탔폫뚨솿틔벰솢ퟣ맺쓚쪵볊폫뷨본맺볊돉릦뺭퇩쿠뷡뫏뗄퇐뺿랽램ꆣ ꎨ1ꎩ샭싛폫쪵볹쿠뷡뫏ꆣ샭싛풴폚쪵볹ꎬ쫇뛔쪵볹뗄돩쿳ꆢ룅삨뫍ퟜ뷡ꎻ춬쪱ꎬ샭싛뗄볛횵퓚폚뛔쪵볹뗄횸떼ꆣ뺭볃톧샭싛췹췹쫇붨솢퓚튻뚨뗄잰쳡쳵볾믹뒡짏ꎬ떱헢킩쳵볾늻뻟놸쪱ꎬ샭싛펦폃뗄킧맻뿉쓜늢늻쏷쿔ꎬ짵훁듸살뢺쏦펰쿬ꆣ틲듋퓚퇐뺿훐ꎬ튻뚨튪뾼싇쿖쪵틲쯘ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ쪵횤폫맦랶쿠뷡뫏ꆣ쪵횤뗄퇐뺿랽램쫇뺭볃톧뗄튻훖훘튪퓋폃랽쪽ꎬ쫇뛔뺭볃쿖쿳뗄쏨쫶ꆢ뷢쫍뫍풤닢ꆢ늻짦벰볛횵에뛏ꎻ맦랶뗄퇐뺿랽램쫇횸틔싗샭뫍볛횵에뛏캪믹뒡살움에뺭볃컊쳢뗄튻훖퇐뺿랽램ꆣ놾싛컄붫ퟛ뫏퓋폃헢솽훖퇐뺿랽램ꎬퟛ뫏뇈뷏룷맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄쳘헷ꎬ뗃돶뿉릩컒맺뷨본뗄뺭퇩ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ뚨탔폫뚨솿쿠뷡뫏ꎬ뚨탔쫇횸뛔쫂컯탔훊뗄에뛏ꎬ뚨솿쫇뛔쫂컯쫽솿믲돌뛈뗄좷뚨ꆣ쫂컯뗄탔훊폫웤쫽솿믲돌뛈듦퓚튻뚨뗄맘쾵ꎬ벴솿뇤뿉쓜믡틽웰훊뇤ꆣ 7
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 틲듋ꎬ퓚싛컄킴ퟷ맽돌훐ꎬ컒붫쪼훕볡돖뚨탔폫뚨솿쿠뷡뫏뗄랽램ꎬ퓚냑컕쫽솿믹뒡짏좷뚨쫂컯뗄탔훊ꆣ ꎨ4ꎩ솢ퟣ맺쓚쪵볊폫뷨본맺췢돉릦뺭퇩쿠뷡뫏ꆣ퓚맺췢랢듯쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒ꎬ럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆틑폐냙쓪샺쪷ꎬ퓚뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨랽쏦믽샛쇋쿠떱럡뢻뗄뺭퇩ꎬ캪컒쏇쳡릩쇋탭뛠뿉뷨본횮뒦ꆣ떫쫇맺쟩늻춬ꎬ컒쏇쟐늻뿉헕냡뎭맺췢뗄돉릦뺭퇩ꎬ펦퓚솢ퟣ맺쟩믹뒡짏ퟶ떽ꆰ퇳캪훐폃ꆱꆣ 훷튪뗄뒴탂뗣 룄룯뫍췪짆컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쫇쪵쪩럖쮰훆뗄믹뒡ꎬ튲쫇쪵쿖럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄훘튪랽쪽ꎬ듓뛸헦헽쪵쿖ꆰ튻벶헾뢮ꆢ튻벶풤쯣ꆱ뗄쒿뇪ꆣ놾컄쫇듓럖벶ꆢ럖쮰풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄뷇뛈돶랢ꎬ쳖싛컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄룄룯뫍췪짆뗄컊쳢ꎬ헢쫇놾싛컄튻룶훘튪뗄뒴탂ꆣ컄헂훷튪쫇듓틔쿂벸랽쏦뷸탐닻쫶뗄ꎺ ꎨ1ꎩ퓚뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뗄좷뚨짏ꎬ뷨본폐맘맺볒뗄돉릦뺭퇩ꎬ뷡뫏컒맺쪵볊ꎬ쏷좷컒맺뗘랽헾뢮뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞ꎬ쪹뗘랽헾뢮쓜릻폐쿠펦뗄좨쿞살뿘훆ퟔ벺뗄쫕죫ꎬ놣헏웤ퟔ짭횧돶뗄탨튪ꆣ볈쓜놣횤훐퇫뫪맛뗷뿘쓜솦ꎬ폖쓜쳡룟뗘랽헾뢮뗄믽벫탔ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ퓚쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵짨볆짏ꎬ뷡뫏탂튻싖쮰훆룄룯ꎬ쏷좷뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵ꎬ볈놣횤뗘랽헾뢮폐돤ퟣ뗄닆솦ꎬ폖쪹헾뢮쓜릻퓋폃쮰쫕쫖뛎뗷뷚뺭볃ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ퓚뗘랽쮰맦쒣뗄좷뚨짏ꎬ쫊떱쳡룟뗘랽쮰햼좫맺쮰쫕ퟜ맦쒣훐뗄뇈훘ꎬ퓶잿뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄쫕죫릦쓜뫍뗷뷚릦쓜ꆣ ꎨ4ꎩ힢훘닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈뗄엤뫏ꎬ뺡솿뇜쏢틲룷뗘ퟔ좻?뢳닮틬뛸퓬돉뗄ꆰ뿠샖늻뻹ꆱ쿖쿳ꆣ 8
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뗚2헂 뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄샭싛틀뻝럖컶 맘폚뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄샭싛틀뻝럖컶ꎬ뻍쫇횸뗘랽쮰쳥쾵캪쪲쎴뻟폐뫏샭탔ꎬ튲뻍쫇쮵캪쪲쎴튪붨솢뗘랽쮰쳥쾵ꆣ컒쏇횪뗀ꎬ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쫇럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄훘튪ퟩ돉늿럖ꎬ틲듋놾헂붫듓럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄샭싛믹뒡폫쿖쪵틀뻝죫쫖ꎬ볌뛸쳖싛럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘쟸볤쮰쫕뺺헹컊쳢ꎬퟮ뫳닻쫶럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄튻냣풭퓲ꆣ 럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뫍뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄룅쓮뷧뚨 럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄룅쓮 럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쫇쪵탐쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒웕뇩쪵탐뗄튻훖풤쯣쳥훆ꆣ쯼뗄훷튪쳘헷퓚폚맦랶뮯뫍램훆뮯ꎬ뎤웚쿠뛔컈뚨ꎬ뗘랽풤쯣릹돉쏻뢱웤쪵뗄튻벶풤쯣훷쳥ꆣ컒맺1994쓪뾪쪼쪵탐뗄럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆ꎬ퓲쫇듓컒맺쪵볊돶랢ꎬ뷨본쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒뗄럖벶풤쯣쳥훆ꎬ돵늽탎돉쇋뻟폐훐맺쳘즫뗄뛠벶풤쯣쳥훆ꆣퟛ맛룷맺뗄쪵볹ꎬ럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뿉틔맩쓉캪틔쿂벸룶튪뗣ꎺ 1.튻벶헾좨ꎬ튻벶풤쯣훷쳥ꎬ룷벶풤쯣쿠뛔뛀솢ꎬퟔ쟳욽뫢ꆣ 2.퓚쏷좷쫐뎡뺭볃쿂헾뢮횰쓜뇟뷧뗄잰쳡쿂뮮럖룷벶헾뢮횰퓰ꎨ벴쫂좨ꎩ랶캧ꎬ퓚듋믹뒡짏뮮럖룷벶풤쯣횧돶횰퓰랶캧ꆣ 3.쫕죫뮮럖쪵탐럖쮰훆ꆣ럖쮰훆훷튪쫇틔뮮럖쮰훖뗄랽쪽캪훷ꎬ떱좻뮹폐웤쯻랽쪽ꎬ뇈죧ꎺ뮮럖쮰풴뗄랽쪽ꆢ쮰쫕럖닣뗄랽쪽뫍뢽볓쮰랽쪽뗈뗈ꎬ뛸쟒듳뛠쫽맺볒뚼쫇ퟛ뫏퓋폃룷훖랽쪽ꎬ뛸늻쫇볲떥뗘닉좡쒳튻훖냬램ꆣ 4.풤쯣뗷뷚훆뛈ꎬ벴쯹캽틆횧뢶훆뛈ꎬ폐ퟝ쿲뗷뷚(믲ퟝ쿲틆)뫍뫡쿲뗷뷚ꎨ믲뫡쿲틆ꎩ솽훖탎쪽ꆣ 뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄룅쓮 뛔폚쪲쎴쫇뗘랽쮰쳥쾵ꎬ샭싛짏폐탭뛠뗄헹싛ꆣ폐킩맛뗣죏캪뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뻍쫇컒맺쿖탐뗘랽쮰훖ퟩ돉뷡릹ꎬ벴룹뻝컒맺쿖탐럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄맦뚨뮮럖캪뗘랽쮰뗄룷훖쮰ꎬ냼삨평뗘랽쮰컱믺릹헷쫕뗄쮰훖뫍평뗘랽닆헾늿쏅헷쫕뗄쮰훖ꎬ평뗘랽닆닺쮰ꆢ뗘랽쯹뗃쮰ꆢ뗘랽쇷쮰뫍웤쯻뗘랽쮰쯄듳샠릹돉ꆣ뮹폐튻킩맛뗣죏캪뗘랽쮰쳥쾵펦냼삨뗘랽쮰쮰훖쳥쾵ꆢ뗘랽쮰헷맜쳥쾵ꆢ뗘랽쮰쮰풴쳥쾵ꆢ뗘랽쮰놣헏쳥쾵뗈쓚죝ꆣ쇭췢튲폐죋죏캪ꎬ뗘랽쮰맜샭쳥훆ꆢ뗘랽쮰램맦쳥쾵뫍뗘랽쮰헷쫕쳥쾵ꆣ 떫쫇웕뇩죏캪ꎬ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쫴폚럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄랶돫ꎬ웤맜샭좨쿞뗄뮮럖ꆢ쫕죫맦쒣뗄좷뚨ꆢ헷맜랽쪽뗄톡퓱뗈ꎬ쫜맺볒뗄헾훎뺭볃쳥훆펰쿬뫍훆풼ꆣ웤뻟쳥 9
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 쓚죝냼삨ꎺ 1.훐퇫뫍뗘랽헾뢮쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖뗄맦뚨ꎻ 2.뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵ꎨ냼삨훷쳥쮰훖뫍뢨훺쮰훖뗄짨훃ꎩꎻ 3.뗘랽쮰뗄맦쒣뫍뇈훘ꎻ 4.풤쯣욽뫢믺훆ꎬ벴닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈ꆣ 럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄샭싛믹뒡폫쿖쪵틀뻝벰웤폫뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄맘쾵 럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄샭싛믹뒡ꎺ릫릲닺욷뗄닣듎탔 퓚쫐뎡뺭볃쳵볾쿂ꎬ첽쳖럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆붨짨컊쳢ꎬ퇐뺿헾뢮닆헾뗄닣듎탔벰웤쿠뮥맘쾵ꎬ펦룃듓럖컶릫릲닺욷뗄쫜틦랶캧죫쫖ꆣ헢쫇틲캪뻟폐늻춬쫜틦랶캧뗄릫릲닺욷뗄쫴탔뫍쓚퓚쳘헷ꎬ퓚뫜듳돌뛈짏펰쿬ퟅ헾뢮볤풤쯣쳥훆뗄짨훃ꎬ뷸뛸펰쿬ퟅ헾뢮볤닆헾맘쾵뗄킭뗷랽쪽ꆣ 내헕죸뛻즭뗄뚨틥ꎬ릫릲닺욷쫇횸헢퇹튻샠컯욷ꎬ벴쎿룶죋쿻럑헢샠컯욷늻믡떼훂뇰죋뛔룃컯욷쿻럑뗄복짙ꆣ룹뻝늻춬뗄뇪ힼꎬ릫릲닺욷뿉틔뷸탐늻춬뗄럖샠ꆣ내쫜틦랶캧럖ꎬ릫릲닺욷뿉럖캪좫맺탔릫릲닺욷뫍쟸폲탔릫릲닺욷ꎨ폖돆캪ꆰ뗘쟸탔릫릲닺욷ꆱꎩꆣ랲쫇쓇킩쫜틦랶캧쫇뿧쟸폲ꎬ뿉릩좫맺뻓쏱춬뗈쿻럑늢쟒릲춬쿭폃뗄릫릲닺욷ꎬ죧맺럀뗈ꎬ돆캪좫맺탔릫릲닺욷ꎻ쿠랴ꎬ쟸폲탔릫릲닺욷쫇횸퓚뗘랽뗄닣듎짏놻쿻럑헟릲춬뗘쟒욽뗈뗘쿻럑뗄릫릲닺욷ꎬ죧돇쫐쿻럀뗈ꆣ 평훐퇫헾뢮춳튻쳡릩좫맺탔릫릲닺욷폫평뗘랽헾뢮럖뇰쳡릩뗄뇈뷏 룹뻝돉놾샭싛ꎬ튻훖닺욷뗄뎤웚욽뻹돉놾쟺쿟뗄탎ힴ쿈쫇쿂붵ꎬ듯떽ퟮ뗍뗣뫳[24]뾪쪼짏짽ꎬ돊쿖U탍ꎬ헢튲뻍쫇뺭볃톧훐뗄ꆰ맦쒣뺭볃ꆱ샭싛ꆣ죧춼쯹쪾ꎺ CA’ CA B’ AC C B Q” C DEQ’ O ABQ’Q 춼 맦쒣뺭볃 춼훐뫢훡Q뇭쪾쫽솿ꎬퟝ훡C뇭쪾돉놾ꎬ쟺쿟AC쫇쒳릫릲닺욷뗄욽뻹돉놾쟺쿟ꆣ쿖퓚컒쏇볙짨튻맺쓚폐AꆢB솽룶뗘쟸ꎬ캪듯떽춬뗈쫜틦쮮욽ꎬA뗘쟸뻓쏱뛔쒳릫릲닺욷뗄탨쟳솿캪OAꎬB뗘쟸캪OB,OQ’=OA+OB,벴좫맺뻓쏱뛔룃릫릲닺욷뗄ퟜ탨쟳솿ꆣ탨쟳솿캪OA쪱ꎬ룃릫릲닺욷뗄욽뻹돉놾뛔펦폚OCꎻ탨쟳솿캪AOB쪱ꎬ룃릫릲닺욷뗄욽뻹돉놾뛔펦폚OCꎻ탨쟳솿캪OQ’쪱ꎬ룃릫릲닺욷뗄욽뻹B 10
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 돉놾뛔펦폚OCꆣ평듋뿉횪ꎬ죴평훐퇫헾뢮춳튻쳡릩룃릫릲닺욷ꎬ돉놾쿠떱폚쯄Q’뇟탎OQ’Q” C뗄쏦믽ꎻ죴평AꆢB솽뗘쟸뗄헾뢮럖뇰쳡릩ꎬ퓲A뗘쟸헾뢮쯹뮨럑Q’뗄돉놾쿠떱폚쯄뇟탎OAA’C뗄쏦믽ꎬB뗘쟸헾뢮쯹뮨럑뗄돉놾쿠떱폚쯄뇟탎AOBB’C뗄쏦믽ꆣ쿔좻ꎬ평훐퇫헾뢮춳튻쳡릩쓜뷚풼돉놾ꎬ쿠떱폚쯄뇟탎CCA’CBQ’A폫쯄뇟탎CEB’C쏦믽횮뫍ꎬ듯떽맦쒣뺭볃뗄쒿뗄ꆣ Q’B떫헢늢럇쫇뻸뛔뗄ꎬ죴좫맺뻓쏱뛔쒳릫릲닺욷뗄탨쟳솿뎬맽쇋욽뻹돉놾ퟮ뗍쪱쯹뛔펦뗄솿ꎬ뛸AꆢB솽뗘쟸룷ퟔ탨쟳솿뷓뷼폚욽뻹돉놾ퟮ뗍쪱쯹뛔펦뗄솿ꎬ죧춼쯹쪾ꎺ C AC C Q” Q’A’C AB’ C B O ABQ’Q 춼 맦쒣늻뺭볃 듋쪱ꎬ죴평AꆢB솽뗘쟸럖뇰쳡릩룃쿮릫릲닺욷ꎬA뗘쟸헾뢮쯹뮨럑뗄돉놾쿠떱폚쯄뇟탎OAA’C뗄쏦믽ꎻB뗘쟸헾뢮쯹뮨럑뗄돉놾쿠떱폚쯄뇟탎OBB’C뗄쏦AB믽ꆣ죴평훐퇫헾뢮춳튻쳡릩ꎬ쯹뮨럑뗄돉놾쿠떱폚쯄뇟탎OQ’Q”C뗄쏦믽ꎬ쿔좻Q’듳폚쯄뇟탎OAA’C뫍쯄뇟탎OBB’C쏦믽횮뫍ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ평훐퇫헾뢮춳튻쳡릩AB룃릫릲닺욷쯹뮨럑뗄돉놾듳폚평AꆢB솽뗘쟸헾뢮럖뇰쳡릩쯹뮨럑뗄돉놾횮뫍ꎬ벴맦쒣뺭볃킧틦캪뢺ꎬ믲돆횮캪ꆰ맦쒣늻뺭볃ꆱ ꆣ 떱좻ꎬ뛔폚좫맺탔릫릲닺욷뛸퇔ꎬ웤욽뻹돉놾ퟮ뗍쪱쯹뛔펦뗄솿췹췹쫇뫜듳뗄ꎬ틲듋평훐퇫헾뢮춳튻쳡릩튻냣쓜릻듯떽맦쒣뺭볃뗄쒿뗄ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ평훐퇫헾뢮춳튻쳡릩좫맺탔뗄릫릲닺욷ꎬ뮹돶폚틔쿂벸랽쏦뗄뾼싇ꎺ튻쫇쓜릻폐킧쪵쿖ꆰ뻹뗈뮯ꆱ뗄쒿뇪ꆣ틲캪좫맺탔릫릲닺욷튪쟳컞싛맺췁쏦믽듳킡ꎬ웤쫜틦랶캧뚼놻쿞뚨퓚헻룶맺볒붮폲횮쓚뗄좫쳥릫쏱ꎬ늢쟒컞싛릫릲닺욷뗄쓚죝죧뫎ꎬ웤쫜틦퓚헻룶맺볒붮폲쓚[25]즢늼뗃쿠떱뻹퓈ꎨ훁짙좫맺탔릫릲닺욷쳡릩헟뗃풸췻쫇죧듋ꎩꎻ뛾쫇평뗘랽헾뢮쳡릩좫맺탔뗄릫릲닺욷뻟폐췢늿탔ꎬ벴쓜릻룸뗘쟸횮췢뗄뻓쏱듸살쫕틦ꎬ쯹틔평뗘랽헾뢮살쳡릩헢튻샠릫릲닺욷ꎬ붫믡돶쿖릩룸늻ퟣ뗄컊쳢ꎬ틲듋탨튪평훐퇫헾뢮춳튻쳡릩ꎻ죽쫇훐퇫헾뢮퓚킭뗷뗘쟸맘쾵ꆢ캬뮤뫪맛뺭볃컈뚨랽쏦뻟폐늻뿉뇈쓢뗄폅풽탔ꆣ 평훐퇫헾뢮춳튻쳡릩뗘쟸탔릫릲닺욷폫평룷뗘랽헾뢮럖뇰쳡릩뗄뇈뷏 뗘쟸탔릫릲닺욷뗄쫜틦랶캧뷶쿞폚튻뚨뗄쟸폲ꎬ듓샭싛짏쮵ꎬ훐퇫헾뢮튲뿉틔쳡릩뗘쟸탔릫릲닺욷ꎬ떫쫇ퟮ훕뷡맻뿉쓜늻뺡죧죋틢ꆣ쫗쿈쫇훐퇫헾뢮뛔뗘쟸뻓쏱 11
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 뛔뗘쟸탔릫릲닺욷뗄욫뫃뗄쇋뷢돌뛈늻죧뗘랽헾뢮ꆣ죧춼쯹쪾ꎬ뫢훡X뇭쪾죋뿚ꎬퟝ훡Y뇭쪾릫릲닺욷뗄쫽솿,쟺쿟UꆢUꆢU럖뇰뇭쪾AꆢBꆢC죽룶뗘쟸뻓ABC쏱뛔룃릫릲닺욷뗄탨쟳쟺쿟ꆣ Y DA UA YA DB UB YB G F U C YC DC O EX 춼 훐퇫헾뢮뫍뗘랽헾뢮럖뇰쳡릩쟸폲탔 릫릲닺욷뗄뇈뷏럖컶 떱죽룶뗘쟸뗄죋뿚뚼캪OE쪱ꎬAꆢBꆢC죽룶뗘쟸뻓쏱뛔룃릫릲닺욷뗄탨쟳솿럖뇰캪OYꆢOY뫍OYꆣ떱좻ꎬ훐퇫헾뢮뿉틔쳡릩쿠펦쫽솿뗄룃릫릲닺욷룸ABCAꆢBꆢC헢죽룶뗘쟸뗄뻓쏱ꆣ쫇퓚쿖쪵훐ꎬ헢룶솿췹췹쫇뫜쓑헆컕뗄ꆣ틲듋훐퇫헾뢮듓ퟜ쳥짏뾼싇ꎬ뫜뿉쓜믡좡헢죽룶뗘쟸뛔룃릫릲닺욷탨쟳솿뗄욽뻹쫽ꎬ냑쳡릩헢훖릫릲닺욷뗄쮮ힼ뚨캪OFꆣ듓춼훐컒쏇뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ헢룶솿뷏뷓뷼폚B뗘쟸뻓쏱뗄탨쟳솿OYꎬ틲뛸뷏쓜싺ퟣB뗘쟸뻓쏱뗄탨쟳ꎻ뛸뛔폚A뗘쟸뻓쏱살쮵ꎬ웤뛔B룃릫릲닺욷뗄탨쟳풶캴놻싺ퟣꎻ뛸훐퇫헾뢮뛔C뗘쟸뗄룃릫릲닺욷뗄릩펦솿풶풶뎬맽웤탨쟳솿ꎬ퓬돉쇋풴뗄샋럑ꆣ폫훐퇫헾뢮쿠뇈ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮룼뷓뷼폚ퟔ벺듳릫훚ꎬ룼볓쇋뷢쯼쯹맜쾽뗄톡쏱뗄킧폃폫탨쟳ꎬ틲듋뗘랽헾뢮룼폐뿉쓜톡퓱뷓뷼폚탨쟳솿뗄쫽솿뗄릫릲닺욷쳡릩룸떱뗘뗄쏱훚ꆣ 웤듎ꎬ평훐퇫헾뢮춳튻쳡릩뗘랽탔릫릲닺욷뗄쇭튻룶뫳맻쫇믡듸살뷏듳뗄킧싊[26]쯰쪧ꆣ 춼쫇맘폚훐퇫헾뢮춳튻쳡릩뗘랽탔릫릲닺욷닺짺킧싊쯰쪧뗄춼쪾ꆣ뫢훡Q듺뇭릫릲닺욷뗄쫽솿ꎬퟝ훡T듺뇭헾뢮틲쳡릩릫릲닺욷뛸쿲떱뗘뻓쏱쫕좡뗄볛룱ꎨ쮰쫕ꎩꆣ컒쏇볙짨헢룶맺볒뷶폐AꆢB솽룶뗘쟸ꎬA뗘쟸뻓쏱뛔듋릫릲닺욷뗄탨쟳쟺쿟캪DꎻB뗘쟸뻓쏱뛔듋릫릲닺욷뗄탨쟳쟺쿟캪Dꆣ쓇쎴퓚쮰쫕캪Ot뗄쳵AB볾쿂ꎬA뗘쟸뻓쏱쾣췻믱뗃뗄룃릫릲닺욷뗄쫽솿캪OQꎬB뗘쟸뻓쏱쾣췻믱뗃뗄룃A릫릲닺욷뗄쫽솿캪OQꎬ떫훐퇫헾뢮틲쓑틔ힼ좷좷죏룷뗘쟸뗄탨쟳솿뛸춳튻쳡릩BOQ쫽솿뗄릫릲닺욷ꆣ헢퇹ꎬA뗘쟸뻍돶쿖쇋릫릲닺욷릩펦늻ퟣ뗄컊쳢ꎬ벴춼훐0QQ늿럖ꎬ뛸B뗘쟸룃릫릲닺욷릩펦쫽솿맽쪣ꎬ벴춼훐뗄QQ늿럖ꆣ평훐퇫헾0AB0뢮춳튻쳡릩릫릲닺욷퓬돉뗄킧싊쯰쪧캪춼훐뗄틵펰늿럖쏦믽ꎬ벴죽뷇탎ABC뫍죽 12
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뷇탎CEF쏦믽횮뫍ꆣ D A T DB F E C t A B O QQQB 0 A Q 춼 평훐퇫헾뢮춳튻쳡릩뗘랽탔릫릲닺욷 킧싊쯰쪧춼쪾 틲듋ꎬ횻폐훐퇫헾뢮뫍뗘랽헾뢮뫏샭뮮럖쫂좨ꎬ쳡릩쫴폚ퟔ벺랶돫뗄릫릲닺욷ꎬ랽쓜놣횤릫릲닺욷엤훃뗄킧싊ퟮ폅ꆣ 럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄쿖쪵틀뻝 릫릲닺욷뗄닣듎탔듓샭싛짏뷢쫍쇋럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄뇘튪탔ꎬ떫쫇룷룶맺볒뗄럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆늢늻쫇떥뒿뗘내헕뺭볃풭퓲뛸좷솢뗄ꎬ뛸쫇퓚훮뛠쿖쪵뗄짧믡뺭볃쳵볾쿂좷솢쇋룷ퟔ뗄뛠벶헾뢮쳥훆ꎬ늢틲듋뛸탎돉쇋럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆ꆣ 헾쳥샠탍폫럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆 헾쳥벴헾뢮쳥훆ꎬ쫇횸훐퇫헾뢮폫뗘랽헾뢮뗄램싉맘쾵벰웤램싉뗘캻ꆣ떱뷱쫀뷧ꎬ듳쳥짏뿉틔냑쯹폐뗄맺볒럖캪떥튻훆폫솪냮훆솽훖샠탍ꆣ떥튻훆뗄헾뢮쳥훆쫇횸퓚튻룶맺볒횮쓚횻폐튻룶솢램믺맘뫍훐퇫헾뢮ꎬ내뗘폲뮮럖뗄탐헾쟸폲뻹튪뷓쫜훐퇫헾뢮뗄춳튻쇬떼ꎬ퓚맺볊맘쾵훐ꎬ훐퇫헾뢮쫇맺볊램뗄캨튻훷쳥뗄맺볒ퟩ횯뷡릹ꆣ솪냮훆뗄헾뢮ퟩ횯쳥훆쫇횸솪냮쓚돽쇋짨폐솪냮솢램믺맘뫍솪냮탐헾믺릹횮췢ꎬ솪냮룷룶돉풱뚼폐ퟔ벺뗄솢램믺맘폫ퟮ룟탐헾믺릹ꎬ폐ퟔ벺뗄쿜램뫍램싉ꆣ솪냮헾뢮탐쪹솪냮헻쳥뗄솢램ꆢ뻼쫂벰닆헾뗈훷튪좨솦ꎬ솪냮룷룶돉풱헾뢮퓲럖뇰퓚[27]웤쾽쟸쓚탐쪹웤뛀솢좨쿞ꆣ 쿔뛸틗볻ꎬ퓚쪵탐솪냮훆헾뢮쳥훆뗄맺볒쓚ꎬ룷벶헾뢮볤뗄횰퓰럖릤뷏쏷좷ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮쫇튻룶뛀솢뗄퓰죎훷쳥ꆣ뛸퓚떥튻훆맺볒쓚ꎬ쯤좻뗘랽헾뢮뗄뛀솢탔늻쫇뫜쏷쿔ꎬ떫뗄좷튲듦퓚ퟅ룷벶헾뢮볤뗄럖릤컊쳢ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮뻟폐튻뚨뗄뛀솢탔ꎬ돐떣쿠펦뗄횰퓰ꆣ틲캪컞싛퓚떥튻훆뮹쫇솪냮훆맺볒쓚ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮뚼폐튻뚨뗄쿠뛔뛀솢탔ꎬ뚼폐ퟔ벺뗄횰퓰뫍횧돶ꎬ쯹틔튪폐쿠펦뗄횧돶ퟷ캪놣헏ꎬ헢뻍탎돉쇋쿠펦뗄풤쯣훷쳥ꆣ횻늻맽퓚솪냮훆맺볒헢훖맘쾵뷏캪쏷쿔뛸틑ꆣ 13
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 탐헾쟸뮮폫럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆 떱뷱쫀뷧ꎬ돽탂볓웂ꆢ쳀볓ꆢ낲뗀뛻뗈짙쫽벸룶맺췁쏦믽뷏킡뗄맺볒췢ꎬ뻸듳뛠쫽맺볒뚼붫놾맺뮮럖캪죴룉룶탐헾쟸폲ꎬ쎿룶탐헾쟸폲뚼폐쿠펦뗄헾뢮ꆣ샽죧쏀맺뻍냼삨쇋50룶훝뫍1룶쳘쟸뗄솪냮훆맺볒ꎬ늢쟒퓚훝횮쿂뮹뮮럖쇋8췲뛠룶쫐ꆢ쟸ꆢ뾤ꎨ쿘ꎩꆢ톧쟸뫍쳘쫢샍컱쟸뗈ꎻ죕놾뗄탐헾쟸뮮냼삨쇋뚼뗀뢮쿘ꎨ1뚼ꆢ1뗀ꆢ2뢮ꆢ43쿘ꎩ뫍웤쿂뗄쫐듥ꎨ649룶쫐ꆢ1991룶뫍615룶듥ꎩꎻ뗂맺쫇튻룶냼삨쇋16룶훝뗄솪냮훆맺볒ꎬ훝틔쿂뮹뮮럖캪543룶쿘ꎬ16128룶쫐헲틔벰117룶[28]쿭폐쿘좨쿞뗄쫐ꆣ 럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄듦퓚뇘좻튪쟳폐쿠펦뗄탐헾쟸뮮ꎬ튲뻍쫇쮵럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쫇붨솢퓚튻뚨탐헾쟸뮮믹뒡짏뗄ꆣ탐헾쟸뮮뗄쪵훊뻍쫇냑맺볒뗄룷훖좨솦퓚늻춬뗄탐헾쟸폲짏뷸탐뮮럖ꆣ뮮럖틔뫳ꎬ뻍탨튪폐쿠펦뗄믺릹좥횴탐ꎬ헢뻍쫇룷탐헾쟸폲뗄헾뢮ꎬ룷벶풤쯣맜샭훷쳥튲뻍닺짺늢듦퓚쇋ꆣ떱좻ꎬ평폚맺볒헾뢮쳥훆샠탍뗄닮틬ꎬퟔ좻뗘샭쳵볾뗄닮뇰ꎬ틔벰쏱ퟥ컄뮯폫샺쪷뒫춳뗄닮틬뗈ꎬ쪹뗃룷맺쓚늿뗄탐헾쟸뮮훆뛈듦퓚ퟅ쏷쿔뗄쟸뇰ꎬ늢평듋퓬돉쇋룷맺뗄럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룷뻟쳘즫ꆣ 뺭볃랢햹폫럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆 췆뚯튻룶맺볒럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뇤잨뗄쇭튻룶훘튪틲쯘뻍쫇뺭볃뗄랢햹ꆣ퓚뺭볃랢햹뗄퓧웚뷗뛎ꎬ쮹쏜쳡뎫뗄ꆰ특뺯맺볒ꆱ뫍ꆰ솮볛헾뢮ꆱ뗄훷헅믹놾짏뗃떽쇋실쪵ꎬ틲듋훷튪뗄헾뢮횰쓜뚼평닣벶뷏뗍뗄헾뢮좥췪돉ꆣ퓚뺭볃랢햹떽튻뚨뷗뛎틔뫳ꎬ탨튪맺볒뗄뫪맛뗷뿘뫍닉좡쫕죫퓙럖엤헾닟ꎬ헢튻킩횰쓜닣벶뷏뗍뗄헾뢮췹췹쫇쓑틔쪤죎ꎬ뇘탫튪평훐퇫헾뢮좥뒦샭ꆣ룷벶헾뢮볤횰퓰뗄뇤뮯ꎬ뇘좻틽웰쯼쏇횧돶랶캧뫍쫕죫뇈훘쿠펦뗄뗷헻ꎬ듓뛸떼훂쇋럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄뇤잨ꆣ 럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆폫뗘랽쮰쳥쾵 럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쫇횸쒳룶맺볒룹뻝놾맺믺릹뮮럖뗄죴룉헾좨닣듎ꎬ내헕쿜램벰쿠맘램싉맦뚨뗄솥쫴풭퓲뫍럖좨풭퓲ꎬ쪵탐뗄죴룉벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆ꆣ쯼쳥쿖쇋죧쿂뗄믹놾쳘헷ꎺ룷벶헾좨룷폐웤쿠뛔뛀솢뗄풤쯣맜샭좨쿞뫍풤쯣쫕횧랶캧ꎬ룷ퟔ뇠훆ꆢ짳엺뫍횴탐놾벶풤쯣ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쫇맘폚룷벶헾뢮볤뮮럖횰[29]퓰ꆢ횧돶뫍쫕죫뗄튻쾵쇐맦헂훆뛈뗄ퟜ돆ꆣ 쿖듺짧믡ꎬ쮰쫕ퟷ캪헾뢮좡뗃쫕죫뗄ퟮ훕튪뗄쫖뛎ꎬ쮰쫕쫕죫퓚닆헾ퟜ쫕죫훐햼뻸뛔뗄훷떼뗘캻ꎨ튻냣맺볒ꎬ쮰쫕쫕죫췹췹햼웤춬웚닆헾쫕죫뗄80ꎥꎩꆣ쯦ퟅ컒맺짧믡훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆뗄늻뛏췪짆뫍릫릲닆헾뿲볜뗄훰늽좷솢ꎬ틔벰쮰럑룄룯뗄늻뛏췆뷸ꎬ쮰쫕뗄뗘캻붫풽살풽훘튪ꎬ붫돉캪놣헏룷벶헾뢮뾪햹릤ퟷ뗄훷튪쫕죫살풴쟾뗀ꆣ틲듋ꎬ퓚룷벶헾뢮볤뫏샭뮮럖쮰쫕좨쿞뫍쮰쫕쫕죫랶캧ꎬ놣횤룷벶헾뢮펵 14
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 폐쿠펦맦쒣뗄컈뚨뗄쮰쫕쫕죫ꎬ쫇럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄훘튪ퟩ돉늿럖ꆣ캪쪹뗘랽헾뢮퓚럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆훐헦헽돉캪튻벶뛀솢뗄풤쯣ꎬ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄룄룯폫췪짆붫돉캪튻쿮뇘늻뿉짙뗄훘튪릤ퟷꆣ 뿉볻ꎬ쯦ퟅ럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄붨솢ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮뗄뺭볃좨솦믡뗃떽삩헅ꎬ쪹쯼쏇평훐퇫벯좨쳥훆쿂뗄떥뒿뗄훐퇫헾뢮뗄엉돶뫍듺샭믺릹ꎬ뛸뇤돉쇋쿠뛔뛀솢뗄탐캪훷쳥ꆣ퓚헢튻놳뺰쿂ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮늻뷶뷶뻟폐쪵쿖웤샻틦뗄뚯믺ꎬ춬쪱뗘랽헾뢮폐쪵쿖웤샻틦ퟮ듳뮯뗄쫖뛎ꆣ튻랽쏦ꎬ쯦ퟅ닆헾쫕횧좨쿞뗄쿂럅ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮돉캪뗘랽뺭볃믮뚯뗄훷튪뻶닟헟뫍맜샭헟ꆣ랢햹뗘랽뺭볃ꎬ퓶볓뗘랽닆헾쫕죫뗄퓰죎볓훘ꎬ뒴퓬쇋뗘랽헾뢮믽벫훷뚯뗘췆뚯뗘랽뺭볃랢햹뗄잿폐솦뗄뚯솦믺훆ꎻ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮캪쇋쪵쿖웤ퟔ짭샻틦뗄ퟮ듳뮯ꎬ믡닉좡튻킩늻뫏샭뗄닆헾쮰쫕헾닟ꎬ죧맽뛉ꋙ뗄쮰쫕복쏢ꆢ쟸폲놣뮤헾닟뗈뗈ꆣ틲듋뗘쟸볤닆헾뺺헹뫍쮰쫕뺺헹튲뻍닺짺쇋ꆣ춨맽닆헾횧돶뫍쫕죫ꎨ훷튪쫇쮰쫕ꎩ헾닟ꎬ튻맺랶캧쓚뗄룷뗘쟸헾뢮뺺쿠룄뇤놾뗘쟸뗄헾닟뮷뺳살컼틽췢늿풴ꎬ틔듯떽볓뿬랢햹놾뗘쟸뺭볃뗄쒿뗄ꎬ돆캪뗘쟸볤닆헾뺺헹ꆣ뗘쟸볤쮰쫕뺺헹쫇닆헾럖좨뗄닺컯ꎬ쫇닆헾뺺헹뗄훘튪쓚죝ꎬ쯼쫇횸룷뗘쟸틔쳘쫢뗄쮰쫕헾닟ꎬ죧복쏢쮰폅믝ꆢ솼뫃뗄쮰쫕럾컱뗈ꎬ살컼틽췢늿풴뗄쇷죫ꎬ볓뿬놾뗘쟸뺭볃뗄랢햹ꆣ 맘폚뗘쟸볤쮰쫕뺺헹뗄킧펦ꎬ샭싛짏듦퓚솽훖늻춬뗄맛뗣ꆣ뗚튻훖맛뗣죏캪쮰쫕뺺헹쫇폐몦뗄ꎬ훷튪샭평폐틔쿂벸뗣ꎺꎨ1ꎩ쮰쫕뺺헹믡닺짺쮰쫕뗝복킧펦ꎬ쮰쫕뗄뗝복킧펦붫틽웰룷뗘쮰쫕뗄웕뇩쿂붵ꎬ듓뛸붵뗍룷뗘쟸뗄릫릲닺욷쮮욽ꎬ펰쿬헾[30]뢮횰쓜뗄헽뎣랢믓ꆣ쯼놻죏캪쫇튻뎡쎻폐펮볒뗄뺺주ꆣꎨ2ꎩ쮰쫕뺺헹믡얤쟺풴엤훃뗄킧싊ꎬ헢쫇틲캪쮰쫕뺺헹뗄듦퓚쪹뗃풴뗄쇷뚯폫엤훃늻퓙틔랴펳웤쾡좱탔뗄볛룱살뻶뚨ꆣꎨ3ꎩ쮰쫕뺺헹믡퓬돉쮰훆룼볓늻릫욽ꎬ쇷뚯탔듳뗄놾쯹뢺떣뗄쮰[31]뢺붫복짙ꎬ쇷뚯탔죵뗄샍뚯뗄쮰쫕뢺떣붫퓶볓ꆣꎨ4ꎩ쎿룶헾뢮뻹뛀솢뗘톡퓱믲훆뚨놾뗘쟸뗄쮰쫕헾닟틔벫듳뮯놾쾽쟸쓚뻓쏱뗄샻틦뛸늻뾼싇웤쯹쪵탐뗄쮰쫕헾닟뛔웤쯻뗘쟸뿉쓜닺짺뗄췢늿킧펦ꆣ뛸튻킩릫릲톡퓱톧엉뗄뺭볃톧볒퓲훷헅뛔쮰쫕뺺헹뷸탐늻춬뗄움맀ꆣ룃톧엉죏캪ꎬ닆헾솪냮훆뛈쿂뗄뗘쟸볤쮰쫕뺺헹뿉틔돉캪풼쫸헾뢮싄탐횰쓜뗄릤뻟ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ쮰쫕뺺헹쓜듙쪹쮰쫕훆뛈뗄쟷춬뫍쮰쫕톹솦뗄복[32]죵ꎬ붵뗍릫릲럾컱뗄돉놾ꆣ쫂쪵짏ꎬ짏쫶솽훖맛뗣뗄럖웧뿉맩쓉캪쯼쏇룷ퟔ뛔헾뢮탐캪뗄늻춬볙짨짏ꆣ돖잰튻훖맛뗣뗄죋죏캪헾뢮쫇짆솼뗄ꎬ헾뢮뗄쒿뇪쫇벫듳뮯짧믡돉풱뗄뢣샻ꎬ쿖퓚뗄쮰쫕틑뺭쫇ퟮ뫏샭뗄쇋ꎬ쮰쫕뺺헹뗄뷡맻믡떼훂헾뢮쳡릩릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱뗄쓜솦뗄붵뗍ꎬ뷸뛸믡펰쿬짧믡돉풱뗄뢣샻ꎻ돖뫳튻훖맛뗣뗄죋퓲죏캪헾훎볒쏇뗄쒿뇪늢늻쫇벫듳뮯짧믡돉풱뗄뢣샻ꎬ쯻쏇폐ퟔ벺뗄쒿뇪ꎬ웤ퟮ훕뗄뇭쿖탎쪽쫇헾뢮풤쯣뗄ퟮ듳뮯ꎬ틲듋쮰쫕뺺헹뗄듦퓚믡풼쫸헾뢮풤쯣뗄엲헍ꆣ 춬쪱ꎬ뗘쟸볤쮰쫕뺺헹뗄킧펦뮹폫튻맺쓚쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뗄럖즢돌뛈폐맘ꆣ튻냣 ꋙ내헕랶캧럖ꎬ쮰쫕뺺헹럖캪맺볊쮰쫕뺺헹뫍튻맺쓚뗘쟸볤뗄쮰쫕뺺헹ꆣ놾컄쳖싛뗄쫇뫳헟ꆣ 15
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 죏캪ꎬ퓚맺볒쓚늿뗄뗘쟸횮볤ꎬ죧맻쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞쿠뛔럖즢쪱ꎬ퓲쫊뛈뗄쮰쫕뺺헹쫇폐샻뗄ꎬ맽뛉뗄쮰쫕뺺헹쫇늻샻뗄ꎻ떱쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞룟뛈벯훐쪱ꎬ죎뫎탎쪽뗄쮰[33]쫕뺺헹뚼믡웆뮵쮰램뗄좨췾탔폫퇏쯠탔ꎬ틲듋쫇늻샻뗄ꆣ 럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆튪쟳붫헾뢮횰퓰ꆢ닆헾쫕횧뗈퓚룷벶헾뢮볤뷸탐뫏샭뮮럖ꎬ헢뇘좻믡틽웰뗘쟸볤뗄닆헾뺺헹뫍쮰쫕뺺헹ꆣ춨맽짏쏦뗄럖컶뿉횪ꎬ쫊뛈뗄쮰쫕뺺헹쫇폐샻뗄ꎬ뿉틔붵뗍릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱뗄돉놾ꎬ뛸맽뛈뗄쮰쫕뺺헹퓲믡떼훂풴엤훃뗄뗍킧싊ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ뗘쟸볤쮰쫕뺺헹뮹좡뻶폚튻맺쓚뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞럖즢돌뛈뗈틲쯘ꆣ틲듋ꎬ붨솢튻룶쫊뛈럖좨뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵ꎬ늻뷶쫊펦쇋럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄튪쟳ꎬ뮹폐샻폚쮰쫕뺺헹헽쏦킧펦뗄랢믓ꆣ 뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨솢뗄풭퓲 뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쫇럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄훘튪ퟩ돉늿럖ꎬ쯼늻뷶믡펰쿬뗘랽헾뢮뗄닆헾쫕죫ꎬ듓뛸떼훂뗘랽헾뢮쓜럱돉캪튻벶뛀솢뗄풤쯣훷쳥ꎻ춬쪱평폚쮰뢺볞ꆢ쮰쫕뺺헹벰췢늿탔컊쳢뗄듦퓚ꎬ튲믡뛔룷맺뺭볃뗄컈뚨뫍랢햹닺짺짮풶뗄펰쿬ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ캪쇋놣횤뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄뿆톧탔폫맦랶탔ꎬ뇘탫ퟱ톭틔쿂벸룶풭퓲ꎺ 폫헾쳥쿠튻훂풭퓲 헾쳥쫇헾뢮쳥훆뗄볲돆ꎬ쫇횸훐퇫헾뢮뫍뗘랽헾뢮뗄램싉맘쾵폫램싉뗘캻컊쳢ꎬ훷튪폐떥튻훆뫍솪냮훆솽훖ꆣ늻춬뗄헾쳥믡떼훂헾뢮볤횰퓰뮮럖뗄닮틬ꎬ듓뛸뛔튻맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨닺짺튻뚨뗄펰쿬ꆣ 뇭 솪냮훆맺볒폫떥튻훆맺볒헾뢮볤횰퓰뗄뇈뷏 솪냮훆맺볒 떥튻훆맺볒 1.훐퇫헾뢮뫍뗘랽헾뢮뗄쫂좨뚼쫇평쿜1.뗘랽헾뢮뗄쫂좨춨뎣쫇평훐퇫헾뢮틔램쳘 램럖뇰뢳폨뗄ꆣ룷벶헾뢮폐돤럖뗄ퟔ훎싉탎쪽쫚폨뗄ꆣ뗘랽헾뢮쯤좻폐ퟔ훎좨ꎬ탔 좨ꆣ 떫훐퇫헾뢮죔놣폐볠뚽좨ꆣ 2.쟣쿲폚닆헾럖좨뮯훆뛈ꆣ 2.쟣쿲폚닆헾벯좨뮯훆뛈ꆣ 1.쫂좨럖즢ꎬ럀횹훐퇫헾뢮벯좨훆ꆣ 1.쫂좨벯훐ꎬ뇣폚훐퇫헾뢮춳튻맜샭ꆣ 폅 2.룷벶헾뢮쓜릻펦쳵볾늻춬뛸볓틔뗷뷚2.평훐퇫헾뢮춳돯좫맺닆헾ꎬ뿉뻍좫맺탔뗣 웤닆헾헾닟ꎬ듯돉킧싊ꆣ 헾닟볓틔뾼싇ꎬ듯돉릫욽ꆣ 1.늻뇣폚뻍맺볒헻쳥뗄헾닟뷸탐뾼싇ꎬ죝1.훐퇫헾뢮뿘훆좫맺쫂좨ꎬ죝틗쇷폚벯좨좱 틗떼훂헾뢮볤뗄늻뻹뫢랢햹ꆣ 훆ꆣ 뗣 2.뗘랽횰좨잿뮯ꎬ펰쿬맺볒헻쳥헾닟ꎬ죝2.쓑틔뾼싇룷뗘랽헾뢮뗄늻춬쳵볾ꎬ죝틗틗퓬돉늻릫욽ꆣ 퓬돉컞킧싊ꆣ 쇏살풴ꎺꆶ닆쮰퇐뺿ꆷꎨ훐맺첨췥ꎩꎬ1996ꎨ3ꎩꎬP159ꆣ 16
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뇭쫇맘폚솪냮훆맺볒뫍떥튻훆맺볒헾뢮볤횰퓰뗄뇈뷏ꆣ듓훐컒쏇뿉틔랢쿖ꎬ늻춬헻쳥맺볒ꎬ헾뢮볤횰퓰뮮럖뗄벯훐ꎨ믲럖즢ꎩ돌뛈쫇늻튻퇹뗄ꆣ뛸룷맺톡퓱웤헾쳥쫇돶폚샺쪷뒫춳ꆢ쏱ퟥ컄뮯틔벰뺭볃랢햹ힴ뿶뗈틲쯘뗄뾼싇ꆣ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏랴펳쇋튻맺뗄헾쳥ꎬ춬쪱믡뛔헾쳥닺짺튻뚨뗄펰쿬ꆣ틲듋ꎬ퓚룄룯폫췪짆[34]뗘랽쮰쳥쾵맽돌훐ꎬ뇘탫ퟱ톭폫헾쳥쿠튻훂뗄풭퓲ꆣ 뫏샭뮮럖쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞풭퓲 튻냣죏캪ꎬ쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞벴캪맺볒믲헾뢮뗄헷쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞믲헟쮰쫕맜쾽좨ꎬ웤뻟쳥쓚죝냼삨쇋쮰쫕솢램좨ꆢ쮰쫕헷쫕맜샭좨ꎨ폖돆ꆰ쮰쫕횴램좨ꆱꎩ뫍쮰쫕쮾램좨ꆣ쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖냼삨뫡쿲뮮럖뫍ퟝ쿲뮮럖ꆣ쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뫡쿲뮮럖쫇횸쮰쫕솢램좨ꆢ헷쫕맜샭좨ꆢ쮾램좨뗈퓚춬튻벶헾뢮늻춬맺볒믺릹볤뗄엤훃ꆣ튻냣살쮵ꎬ쮰쫕솢램좨틲평맺볒좨솦믺맘ꎨ틩믡ꎩ탐쪹ꎻ쮰쫕헷쫕맜샭좨평탐헾믺맘ꎨ헾뢮ꎩ탐쪹ꎻ뛸쮰쫕쮾램좨평쮾램믺맘탐쪹ꆣ쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뗄ퟝ쿲뮮럖쫇횸쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞[35]퓚늻춬벶듎헾뢮뗄춬샠맺볒늿쏅횮볤뗄럖룮폫엤훃ꆣ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨튪쟳뫏샭뮮럖쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞룼닠훘폚뛔쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뗄ퟝ쿲뮮럖ꎬ쪹뗘랽헾뢮폐쿠펦뗄쮰쫕솢램좨ꆢ쮰쫕헷쫕맜샭좨뫍쮰쫕쮾램좨ꎬ헢퇹뗄쮰훆닅쫇튻룶췪짆뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵ꆣ 쮰쫕램뚨풭퓲 쮰쫕램뚨폖돆캪ꆰ쮰쫕쿜뚨ꆱꎬ웰풴폚펢맺ꎬ쫇횸춨맽램싉뗄탎쪽붵뗍맺볒뢳쮰뛔킧싊뗄쯰쪧ꆣ헢쫇틲캪맺볒뢳쮰쫇튻냑ꆰ쮫죐붣ꆱꎬ퓚훆짧믡훐ꎬ쯼틬뮯캪춳훎뷗벶캬뮤웤튻좨솦뗄놩솦릤뻟ꎻ퓚쏱훷짧믡훐ꎬ쯼뛔맙쇅헾뢮웰떽쇋뎸훆뫍쿞헾뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ쮰쫕램뚨ퟷ캪튻룶뛠닣쏦뗄훆뛈쳥쾵ꎬ듓램샭닣쏦ꆢ솢램닣쏦ꆢ횴램닣쏦ꆢ쮾램닣쏦춨맽맦랶헷쮰헟ꆢ쓉쮰죋뗈쿠맘훷쳥뗄좨샻폚틥컱뗄맘쾵ꎬ붵뗍맺볒쮰쫕퓋탐맽돌훐뗄킧싊쯰뫄ꆣ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨튲펦ퟱ톭헢튻풭퓲ꆣ 쫊뛈맦쒣풭퓲 쫊뛈맦쒣풭퓲폖돆캪ꆰ좨퓰뛔뗈풭퓲ꆱ믲ꆰ쫜틦풭퓲ꆱꎬ릫릲닺욷뗄뛠닣듎탔뻶뚨쇋뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뇘탫ퟱ톭쫊뛈맦쒣풭퓲ꆣ틲캪룷벶헾뢮캪쇋싺ퟣ룷ퟔ뗄짧믡릲춬탨튪ꎬ퓲뇘탫뒴냬뇘튪뗄릫폃쫂튵벰릫슷ꆢ쟅솺뗈릫릲짨쪩ꎬ튲뇘탫튪폐튻뚨뗄뺭럑살풴ꎬ뛸헷쮰쫇룷벶헾뢮믱뗃쫕죫뗄훷튪쟾뗀ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뇘탫퓚뿆톧뷧뚨뗘랽헾뢮횰퓰뫍쫂좨ꆢ쏷좷횧돶랶캧뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ쪹뗘랽헾뢮폐쿠뛔펦뗄룷쿮쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뫍쮰쫕쫕죫랶캧ꎬ놣횤쿠펦뗄쮰쫕맦쒣ꆣ 뻹뫢풭퓲 뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄퓋탐ꎬ쓑쏢믡틲뗘랽ퟔ좻?뢳닮틬뗈풭틲퓬돉뗘랽볤ꆰ뿠샖늻뻹ꆱ뗄쿖쿳ꎬ틲듋탨튪볓잿욽뫢뗘랽볤닆솦뗄뻹뫢믺훆붨짨ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ평폚쒳킩릫릲닺욷 17
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 뻟폐킧폃ꆰ췢틧탔ꆱ뗄쳘헷ꎬ벴쒳튻뗘쟸헾뢮쳡릩쒳튻훖릫릲닺욷룸뗘쟸췢뗄뻓쏱뫍웳튵듸살쇋킧폃ꎬ죴뗘랽헾뢮쳡릩헢튻샠릫릲닺욷돉놾늻쓜뗄떽늹뎥ꎬ뻍믡펰쿬뗘랽헾뢮쳡릩룃샠릫릲닺욷뗄믽벫탔ꎬ틲듋튲탨튪볓잿쿮틆횧뢶훆뛈뗄붨짨ꆣ 18
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뗚3헂 뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쒣쪽뗄맺볊뇈뷏폫뷨본 퇐뺿좷솢컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵룄룯뗄쒣쪽뫍쮼슷ꎬ탨튪쇋뷢뫍뷨본맺췢뗄폐맘ퟶ램뫍뺭퇩ꆣ듓맺췢뗄쟩뿶뾴ꎬ틲쫜헾훎ꆢ뺭볃ꆢ램싉틔벰샺쪷뗈훮뛠틲쯘뗄펰쿬ꎬ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쒣쪽뻟쳥ퟶ램늢럇튻훂ꎬ짵훁듦퓚뷏듳뗄닮뇰ꆣ캪듋ꎬ놾헂톡퓱쇋벸룶뻟폐듺뇭탔뗄맺볒ꎬ죧쏀맺ꆢ뗂맺뫍죕놾ꎬ뻍웤뗘랽쮰쳥쾵퓋탐뗄쟩뿶뫍쳘헷럖뇰볓틔뷩짜뫍럖컶ꎬ늢퓚듋믹뒡짏ꎬ쳡돶뿉릩컒쏇뷨본뗄듸폐릲춬맦싉탔뗄뚫컷ꆣ 럖좨쪽뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쒣쪽ꎺ쏀맺 쏀맺쫇튻룶쪵탐솪냮훆헾쳥뗄맺볒ꎬ웤헾뢮럖캪솪냮ꆢ훝뫍뗘랽죽벶ꆣ폫죽벶헾뢮쿠뛔펦ꎬ쮰쫕맜샭쳥훆튲내솪냮ꆢ훝ꆢ뗘랽죽벶뮮럖ꎬ탎돉쇋튻쳗폫헾뢮닣벶쿠뛔펦뗄죽벶쮰쫕맜샭쳥쾵ꆣ평폚쏀맺솪냮훆탎돉뗄쳘쫢샺쪷맽돌뫍쯼뻟폐쿔훸뗄럖좨쳘헷ꎬ쪹뗃쏀맺뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뻟폐폫쫀뷧짏웤쯻맺볒늻춬뗄쳘뗣ꆣퟮ쏷쿔뗄쳘헷뻍쫇쮰쫕룟뛈럖좨ꎬ훝뫍뗘랽튻벶늻뷶펵폐췪헻뗄쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵ꎬ뛸쟒펵폐뛀솢뗄쮰쫕솢램좨뗈ꆣ 쏀맺뗄뗘랽쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞 ꋙ쏀맺뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞룟뛈럖즢ꎬ훷튪뇭쿖캪훝뫍뗘랽솽벶좨솦믺릹뚼펵폐뛀솢뗄쮰쫕솢램좨ꎬ뿉틔뛔쫴폚ퟔ벺뗄쮰쫕떥뛀솢램ꎬ췪좫폐좨뻶뚨헷쪲쎴쮰벰죧뫎헷ꎬ뻟쳥냼삨쮰훖ꆢ쮰쒿ꆢ쮰싊벰폅믝복쏢뗈ꎬ늢뢶훮쪵쪩ꆣ헢튲헽쫇쏀맺뿎헷쮰훖랶캧벰쮰뢺쮮욽듦퓚튻뚨닮틬뗄룹놾풭틲쯹퓚ꆣ떱좻ꎬ쏀맺훝뫍뗘랽헾뢮뗄쮰쫕솢램튲늻뿉쓜쫇췪좫죎틢뗄ꎬ솪냮쿜램벰룷훝뗄쿠맘램싉뛔헢훖좨솦뷸탐쇋튻뚨뗄풼쫸뫍맦랶ꎬ죧뇭쯹쪾ꎺ ꋙ 헢샯뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞쫇횸냼삨쮰쫕솢램좨ꆢ쮰쫕헷쫕맜샭좨뫍쮰쫕쮾램좨퓚쓚뗄맣틥뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞ꆣ쿂춬ꆣ 19
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 뇭 쏀맺쿜램폫룷훝램싉뛔훝뫍뗘랽뗄쮰쫕솢램좨쿞뗄쿞훆 쳵뿮 쿞뚨뗄쓚죝 1.솪냮쿜램뗚쇹쳵뗚튻쿮ꆣ 1.ퟮ룟쳵뿮 2.쓚죝ꎺ훝믲뗘랽쮰램폫솪냮맦랶랢짺돥춻쪱ꎬ솪냮램싉폅쿈쫊폃ꆣ 1.솪냮쿜램뗚튻쳵뗚죽쿮뗚죽뿮ꆣ 2.짌컱쳵뿮 2.쓚죝ꎺ죎뫎뿎쮰늻뗃뛔훝볊볤뗄춨짌닺짺ퟨ낭ꎬ늻뗃펰쿬훝볊볤짌튵믮뚯뗄ퟔ평탔ꆣ 3.튻냣쫚좨벰쮰1.훝램싉뗄맦뚨ꆣ 싊 2.쓚죝ꎺ뛔닆닺쮰뫍쿺쫛쮰뗄쮰싊쪵탐쿞훆ꎻ쫚좨뗘랽헾뢮짨뚨쒳킩쮰쒿ꆣ 1.훝램싉뗄맦뚨ꆣ 4.튻훂탔쳵뿮 2.쓚죝ꎺ퓚튻쳘뚨뗄샠뇰횮쓚ꎬ뛔쯹폐쓉쮰죋믲뿎쮰뛔쿳뻹내쿠춬뗄쮰싊뿎쮰ꎻ쮰쫕뷡릹뫍뮮럖펦폫헾뢮뗄좨틦쿠럻뫏ꆣ 1.솪냮쿜램탞헽낸뗚쪮쯄쳵ꆣ 5.욽뗈놣뮤쳵뿮 2.쓚죝ꎺ훝헾뢮뗄뿎쮰늻뗃쟖몦쓉쮰죋뗄믹놾샻틦ꎬ늻뗃뛔쓉쮰죋쪵탐웧쫓ꆣ1.솪냮쿜램탞헽낸뗚컥쳵ꆢ뗚쪮쯄쳵뗚튻쿮ꎻ훝램싉뗄맦뚨ꆣ 6.헽떱돌탲쳵뿮 2.쓚죝ꎺ퓊탭뛔헷쮰뛔쿳뷸탐뫏샭뗄럖샠늢쳥쿖튻뚨뗄닮틬ꎻ폫욽뗈놣뮤쳵뿮쿠샠쯆ꎬ뷻횹죎뫎뛔쓉쮰죋뗄웧쫓듽폶ꆣ 1.훝램싉뗄맦뚨ꆣ 7.릫릲쒿뗄맦뚨 2.쓚죝ꎺ헷쮰뗄쒿뗄펦쫇캪헾뢮뗄믮뚯쳡릩뺭럑벰쳡릩짧믡뢣샻ꆣ 쇏살풴ꎺ쯯뾪ꎺꆶ뛠벶닆헾쳥훆뇈뷏럖컶ꆷꎨ훐맺뺭볃돶냦짧1999쓪냦ꎩꎬP150ꆣ 폫솢램짏뗄럖좨쿠튻훂ꎬ쏀맺뗘랽쮰뗄헷쫕맜샭좨튲뫜럖즢ꆣ솪냮ꆢ훝뫍뗘랽헾뢮룷ퟔ폐튻쳗쮰컱헷맜믺릹ꎬ헷쫕랽쪽튲룷뻟쳘즫ꆣ솪냮닆헾늿짨맺쓚쫕죫뻖ꎬ웤믺릹럖늼좫쏀룷뗘헷쫕솪냮쮰쫕ꎻ룷훝ꆢ룷룶쫐ꆢ쟸뗈뗘랽헾뢮튲짨폐ퟔ벺뗄헷맜믺릹ꎬ헷쫕룷ퟔ뗄쮰쫕ꆣ룷훝뗄헷맜랽쪽튲룷늻쿠춬ꎬ폐뗄훝캯췐솪냮닆헾늿맺쓚쫕죫뻖듺헷룶죋쯹뗃쮰ꎬ폐뗄훝평훝쮰컱뻖듺헷룶죋쯹뗃쮰뫍릫쮾쯹뗃쮰ꎬ뮹폐뗄쫇훝뫍뗘랽럖헷ꆣퟜ횮ꎬ훝뫍뗘랽펵폐뛀솢뗄쮰쫕헷쫕맜샭좨쿞ꆣ 쏀맺뗄뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵 퓚쏷좷뗘랽쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞믹뒡짏ꎬ쏀맺탎돉쇋훝헾뢮훷튪틀뾿쿺쫛쮰ꆢ뗘랽헾뢮훷튪틀뾿닆닺쮰뗄뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵ꆣ 20
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뇭 쏀맺룷룶닣벶헾뢮볤뗄쮰쫕쫕죫뮮럖쟩뿶 룷쮰훖쫕죫퓚룷벶헾뢮횮볤뗄뮮럖쟩뿶ꎨꎥꎩ 쮰 훖 솪냮헾뢮 훝헾뢮 뗘랽헾뢮 뫏 볆 룶죋쯹뗃쮰 81 17 2 100 릫쮾쯹뗃쮰 81 17 2 100 짧믡놣쿕쮰 91 9 0 100 맺쓚쿻럑쮰 50 42 8 100 튻냣쿺쫛쮰 0 82 18 100 닆닺쮰00100100틅닺뫍퓹폫쮰 71 29 0 100 웤쯻쮰146818100룷쮰훖쫕죫햼룷벶헾뢮쮰쫕쫕죫뗄뇈훘ꎨꎥꎩ 쮰 훖 솪냮헾뢮 훝헾뢮 뗘랽헾뢮 룶죋쯹뗃쮰 45 285릫쮾쯹뗃쮰96 1 짧믡놣쿕쮰 38 110맺쓚쿻럑쮰616 5 튻냣쿺쫛쮰 0 2910닆닺쮰00 76 틅닺뫍퓹폫쮰 1 10웤쯻쮰19 3 뫏볆 100 100100쇏살풴ꎺH Duncan and C Mcluer:ꆶ쏀맺뗄쮰컱맜샭ꎺ럖좨훆뛈ꆷꎬꆶ쮰쫕틫듔ꆷ뗚4웚ꎬP9ꆣ 듓뇭뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ훝헾뢮뗄쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵훷튪냼삨쇋룶죋쯹뗃쮰ꆢ릫쮾쯹뗃쮰ꆢ짧믡놣쿕쮰ꆢ튻냣쿺쫛쮰ꆢ맺쓚쿻럑쮰ꆢ틅닺폫퓹폫쮰틔벰웤쯻쮰ꎨ죧짋닐쮰ꆢ헴쇳쮮쮰ꆢ주십쮰ꆢ쪹폃쮰뗈ꎩꎬ웤훐튻냣쿺쫛쮰뫍맺쓚쿻럑쮰햼훷떼뗘캻ꆣ뗘랽헾뢮헷쫕뗄쮰훖폐룶죋쯹뗃쮰ꆢ릫쮾쯹뗃쮰ꆢ맺쓚쿻럑쮰ꆢ튻냣쿺쫛쮰뫍닆닺쮰뗈ꎬ웤훐닆닺쮰햼훷떼뗘캻ꆣ풼햼뗘랽헾뢮쮰쫕쫕죫뗄80ꎥퟳ폒ꆣ늢쟒컒쏇뮹뿉틔랢쿖ꎬ춬풴쮰퓚쏀맺죽벶헾뢮뗄쮰쫕쫕죫떱훐햼폐훘튪뗄뗘캻ꆣ퓚뒦샭춬풴쮰뗄쫕죫뮮럖헢튻컊쳢짏ꎬ죽벶헾뢮룷ퟔ닉폃ퟔ벺좷뚨뗄쮰싊럖뇰뷸탐헷쫕ꆣ 쏀맺뗄뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣 맘폚쏀맺뗘랽쮰쫕뗄맦쒣컊쳢ꎬ컒쏇쫔춼폃솽룶횸뇪좥뫢솿ꎺ튻쫇훝뫍뗘랽헾 21
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 뢮쮰쫕쫕죫뗄뻸뛔횵벰웤햼좫맺쮰쫕쫕죫뗄뇈훘ꎻ뛾쫇훝뫍뗘랽헾뢮쮰쫕쫕죫햼춬웚닆헾쫕죫뗄뇈훘ꆣ 뇭 쏀맺쮰쫕쫕죫뮮럖룱뻖 쫕죫뛮ꎨ냙췲쏀풪ꎩ 뇈훘ꎨꎥꎩ 쓪뛈 ퟜ뛮 솪냮 훝뫍뗘랽 솪냮 훝뫍뗘랽 1902 1373 513 860 8851 2942 5909 1942 22963 13351 9612 1950 54799 37853 16946 1960 126679 88419 38260 1970 274996 185670 89326 1980 727028 490361 236667 1986 843460 465430 378030 1990 1133720 624060 509660 1993 1311330 706790 604540 1996 1986470 1046870 939600 2000 2871435 1530475 1340960 2003 3146563 1730610 1415953 쇏살풴ꎺ룹뻝IMF: Government Finance Statistics year book 1995ꆢ룟뗈닆뺭풺킣쫔폃뷌닄ꆶ췢맺쮰훆ꆷꎨ훐맺닆뺭돶냦짧1993쓪냦ꎩꆢ탂샋췸ꎨꎩ틔벰쏀맺웕닩뻖췸햾ꎨꎩ훐뗄폐맘쫽뻝볆쯣헻샭쯹뗃ꆣ 듓뇭뿉횪ꎬ쏀맺뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣뗄뻸뛔쫽쫇뒦폚퓶뎤뗄쟷쫆ꆣ듓쿠뛔쫽짏뾴ꎬ평폚룷룶쪱웚룷벶헾뢮볤횰쓜뫍횧돶엤훃늻춬ꎬ듓뛸떼훂뗘랽쮰쫕햼좫맺쮰쫕쫕죫ퟜ뛮뗄뇈훘돶쿖쇋늨뚯ꆣ퓚뺭볃랢햹뗄퓧웚뷗뛎ꎬ헾뢮뫪맛뗷뿘벰쫕죫럖엤뗄횰쓜늻쏷쿔ꎬ틲듋헾뢮횰쓜췹췹평뷏뗍닣듎뗄헾뢮좥횴탐ꎬ퓚쮰쫕짏뇭쿖캪뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣뇈훘뷏듳ꎬ죧뇭훐쯹쪾ꎬ듯떽쇋60ꎥ틔짏ꎻ쯦ퟅ뺭볃뗄뷸튻늽랢햹ꎬ헾뢮튪탐쪹뫪맛뗷뿘뫍쫕죫럖엤횰쓜ꎬ뛸헢튻샠횰쓜췹췹탨튪뷏룟닣듎뗄헾뢮탐쪹뷏캪폐킧ꎬ틲듋ꎬ뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣뗄뇈훘폐쯹쿂붵ꎬ죧뇭훐쯹쪾ꎬ캬돖퓚30ꎥퟳ폒ꎻ뷼쓪살ꎬ평폚쏀맺헾뢮붫튻킩놾살평솪냮헾뢮탐쪹뗄횰쓜쿂랽룸훝믲뗘랽헾뢮ꎬ죧1996쓪퓚쏀맺ꎬ뎤웚틔살솪냮헾뢮훺쟮죋뗄쫕죫럖엤볆뮮놻평훝헾뢮살뻶뚨ꎬ틲듋뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣뇈훘폐폐쯹짏짽,듳룅캬돖퓚46ꎥퟳ폒ꆣ 쏀맺훝뫍뗘랽헾뢮닆헾쫕죫돽쮰쫕틔췢ꎬ뮹폐틆횧뢶쫕죫ꎬ놣쿕탅췐쫕죫ꆢ쪹폃럑뫍웤쯻퓓쿮쫕죫틔벰릫폃쫂튵뫍뻆쫕죫뗈ꆣ룹뻝닢쯣ꎬ쏀맺훝뫍뗘랽헾뢮쮰 22
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 쫕쫕죫햼닆헾쫕죫뗄뇈훘캪40ꎥퟳ폒ꎬ살ퟔ솪냮헾뢮뗄틆쫕죫캪25ꎥퟳ폒ꎬ웤ꋙ폠훷튪캪놣쿕탅췐쫕죫뫍쪹폃럑쫕죫뗈ꆣ 쏀맺뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈 쏀맺뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈훐튻냣탔틆횧뢶쯹햼뇈훘뷏킡ꎬ쳘쫢탔틆횧뢶뇈훘뷏듳쟒폐짏짽쟷쫆ꆣ쳘쫢탔틆횧뢶훷튪폃폚횧돖릫릲붡뾵ꆢ쫕죫놣헏ꆢ뷌폽뫍붻춨뗈랽쏦ꆣ웤훐뗄쿮늹훺쫇쏀맺닆헾쳥훆훐ퟮ퓧튲쫇ퟮ훷튪뗄틆횧뢶탎쪽ꎬ햼헻룶틆횧뢶뗄냋돉ퟳ폒ꎬ놻맣랺퓋폃폚튽쇆컀짺ꆢ짧믡놣헏ꆢ붻춨얩튵ꆢ샍뚯놣뮤ꆢ힡랿뾪랢ꆢ뮷뺳놣뮤ꆢ쓜풴뾪랢뗈랽쏦ꆣ웤훐뗄럖샠늹훺평룷훝뫍뗘랽ퟔ훷뻶뚨늦뿮뗄뻟쳥폃춾ꎬ쿂벶헾뢮췹췹튪쓃돶튻뚨뗄엤쳗뷰폃폚뷌폽ꆢ짧쟸럾컱ꆢ짧쟸랢햹ꆢ돇쫐랢햹ꆢ쓜풴쮾램붨짨ꆢ횰풱엠통뫍붻춨퓋쫤뗈탭뛠쇬폲ꆣ 벯좨쪽뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쒣쪽ꎺ뗂맺 뗂맺퓚헾훎짏쪵탐솪냮훆ꎬ헾좨럖캪훐퇫ꆢ훝뫍뗘랽죽벶ꆣ폫듋쿠쫊펦ꎬ퓚쮰쫕맜샭짏쪵탐솪냮ꆢ훝뫍뗘랽죽벶럖쮰훆쳥훆ꎬ룷ퟔ쿭폐늻춬뗄뢳쮰쫕죫ꎬ뮹펵폐튻킩릲춬럖쿭뗄뢳쮰쫕죫ꆣ뗂맺뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵웄폐쳘즫ꎬ쫴폚뗤탍뗄벯좨쪽뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쒣쪽ꆣ 뗂맺뗄뗘랽쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞 뗂맺뗄쮰쫕솢램좨뫍맜샭좨훷튪벯훐폚솪냮ꎬ훝튻벶헾뢮튲폐좨뾪헷쒳킩뗘랽쮰훖ꆣ퓚쮰쫕솢램좨짏폖뿉럖캪솽훖믹놾탎쪽ꎺ튻훖쫇떥뛀솢램좨ꎻ쇭튻훖쫇폅쿈솢램좨ꆣ쯹캽떥뛀솢램좨ꎬ벴쒳킩쮰쫕램싉뗄훆뚨ꆢ뷢쫍ꆢ쪵쪩좨쫴솪냮헾뢮ꎬ룷훝컞좨쇭췢솢램ꆣ쯹캽폅쿈솢램좨쫇횸죧맻솪냮짐캴탐쪹솢램좨훆뚨쒳쿮쮰램ꎬ룷훝뿉ퟔ탐솢램ꎻ죧맻솪냮틑뺭솢램ꎬ룷훝컞좨퓙솢램ꎻ룷훝틑뺭솢램ꎬ솪냮죔폐좨훘탂솢램ꎬ늢틔솪냮램캪ힼꆣ 퓚쮰쫕헷맜좨짏ꎬ솪냮ꆢ훝뫍뗘랽룷짨훃쇋튻쳗쮰쫕헷맜쾵춳ꎬ솪냮쾵춳뗄쮰쫕헷맜믺릹쫇솪냮닆헾늿ꇺ닆헾맜샭ퟜ뻖ꇺ맘쮰맜샭뻖ꎻ룷훝뗄쮰쫕맜샭쾵춳쫇훝닆헾늿ꇺ닆헾맜샭ퟜ뻖ꇺ닆헾뻖ꎻ뗘랽쮰쫕맜샭믺맘쫇닆헾뻖ꆣ 뗂맺뗄뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵 퓚짏쫶쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞쿠뛔벯훐뗘좨솦룱뻖횮쿂ꎬ뗂맺탎돉쇋쿭쮰폫릲쿭쮰늢듦ꎬ훷쳥쮰훖벰훷튪쮰훖뻹평솪냮헾뢮폫훝솽벶헾뢮릲쿭ꆢ웤쯻쮰훖럖뇰맩늻춬닣벶뗘헾뢮쿭뗄쮰훆뷡릹ꆣ쒿잰ꎬ쫴폚훝쮰뗄튻릲폐10훖ꎬ훷튪캪ꎺ닆닺쮰ꆢ틅닺쮰ꆢ뗘닺릺훃쮰ꆢ믺뚯뎵쮰ꆢ욡뻆쮰ꆢ킧럂쮰ꆢ닊욱쮰ꆢ뛄뎡쮰ꆢ주십쮰뗈ꎻ쫴 ꋙ 짏쫶쫽뻝룹뻝볖뾵ꆶ뗘랽닆헾컊쳢퇐뺿ꆷꎨ뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧2004쓪냦ꎩP115폐맘쫽뻝볆쯣믱뗃ꆣ 23
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 폚뗘랽쮰뗄폐뗘닺쮰ꆢ펪튵쮰ꆢ웳튵놾샻뗃쮰ꆢ폩샖쮰ꆢ틻쇏쮰ꆢ릷쮰뫍폦쇔쮰ꎨ뫳죽훖쮰춨돆캪뗘랽쿻럑쮰ꎩꎻ듋췢ꎬ뮹폐6훖릲쿭쮰ꎬ냼삨릤쮰ꆢ만뚨닺쯹뗃쮰ꆢ럇만뚨닺쯹뗃쮰ꆢ램죋쯹뗃쮰ꆢ퓶횵쮰벰뷸뿚퓶횵쮰ꆣ잰4훖쮰뗄럖쿭뇈샽평ꆶ믹놾램ꆷ만뚨쿂살ꎬ쎻폐뗷헻뗄폠뗘ꆣ횻폐퓶횵쮰뫍뷸뿚퓶횵쮰ퟷ캪뗷볁탔릲쿭쮰ꎬ솪냮뫍훝뛔웤럖엤뇈샽쯦ퟅ쮫랽닆솦뇤뮯뚨웚킭짌뗷헻ꆣ돽쇋짏쫶6훖릲쿭쮰틔췢ꎬ쪵볊짏뮹폐훝헷쫕뗄뗘닺릺훃쮰퓚훝뫍뗘랽횮볤릲쿭ꎻ뗘랽헷쫕뗄펪튵쮰퓚뗘랽ꆢ훝뫍솪냮죽벶횮볤릲쿭ꆣ 뗂맺뗄뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣 맘폚뗂맺뗄뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣ꎬ컒쏇춨맽훝뫍뗘랽쮰쫕쫕죫햼좫맺쮰쫕쫕죫뗄뇈훘ꎨ뇭ꎩ틔벰훝뫍뗘랽쮰쫕쫕죫햼훝뫍뗘랽닆헾횧돶뗄뇈훘ꎨ춼뫍춼ꎩ살랴펳ꆣ 뇭 뗂맺헾뢮볤쮰쫕쫕죫럖엤뷡릹뇭ꎨꎥꎩ 쓪럝 솪 냮 훝 뗘 랽 쮰쫕햼닆헾ퟜ쫕죫뗄뇈샽 2000 2001 82 쇏살풴ꎺ뗂맺닆헾늿ꆶ닆헾놨룦ꎨ2003쓪ꎩꆷꆣ ퟜ뛮 ퟜ뛮 1816 1767 683 ꎨ틚얷풪ꎩ ꎨ틚얷풪ꎩ 701 1665 1628 585 547 O O2002 2003 쓪럝 2002 2003 쓪럝 쮰쫕쫕죫 닆헾횧돶 쮰쫕쫕죫 닆헾횧돶 춼 훝쮰쫕쫕죫폫훝닆헾횧돶맘쾵 춼 뗘랽쮰쫕쫕죫폫뗘랽닆헾횧돶맘쾵 뇭랴펳쇋뷼쓪살뗂맺훝쮰쫕쫕죫햼좫맺쮰쫕쫕죫ퟜ뛮뗄35ꎥퟳ폒ꎬ뛸뗘랽쮰쫕쫕죫퓲햼좫맺쮰쫕쫕죫ퟜ뛮뗄13ꎥퟳ폒ꆣ춼뫍춼럖뇰쿔쪾쇋훝뫍뗘랽퓚2002쓪뫍2003쓪솽쓪룷ퟔ쮰쫕쫕죫폫닆헾횧돶뗄맘쾵ꎬ벴훝뫍뗘랽쮰쫕쫕죫뛔ꋙ웤ퟔ짭횧돶뗄싺ퟣ돌뛈ꆣ ꋙ 춼훐쫽뻝룹뻝붭쯕닆뺭탅쾢췸ꎨ 24
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뗂맺뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈 뗂맺뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈붨솢폚20쫀볍50쓪듺ꎬ쳥쾵냼삨죽룶ퟩ돉늿럖ꎺ쮰쫕럖쿭뇪ힼ뮯틆횧뢶뫍솪냮헾뢮뗄늹돤늦뿮ꎨ솪냮헾뢮퓚쪵탐훝횮볤뗄뻹뫢뫳뷸탐늹돤늦뿮ꎩꎬ뛔죔뗍폚닆헾쓜솦뗄훝랢럅쿮늦뿮믲늹돤듻뿮폃폚뗘쟸춶퓙듎욽뫢뗘쟸닮틬ꎬ헢훖늦뿮쳘뇰욫훘폚믹뒡짨쪩뷏닮뗄뗘쟸ꆣ 쫊뛈럖좨뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쒣쪽ꎺ죕놾 죕놾쫇튻룶쪵탐떥튻훆뗄맺볒ꎬ웤헾훎쳥훆쫇쪵탐훐퇫ꆢ뚼뗀뢮쿘ꆢ쫐듥죽벶ퟔ훎ꎬ뚼뗀뢮쿘뫍쫐듥퓚죕놾램싉짏돆캪ꆰ뗘랽ퟔ훎췅쳥ꆱꆣ룷벶헾뢮뗄쫂좨ꆢ닆좨뮮럖틔벰쿠펦뗄램싉훆뛈벰헾닟뻶닟맜샭좨뻹벯훐퓚훐퇫ꎬ틔훐퇫벯좨캪웤쳘뗣ꆣ떫뗘랽ퟔ훎좨ꎬ쳘뇰쫇뻙냬쫂튵뗄ퟔ훎좨죔뗃떽놣횤ꎬ뿉캽쫇훐퇫벯좨쇬떼쿂뗄뗘랽ퟔ훎쳥훆ꆣ퓚짏쫶헾훎쳥훆뗄훆풼쿂ꎬ죕놾뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵늢캴쿱쏀맺쓇퇹닉좡룟뛈럖좨뗄쒣쪽ꎬ뛸쫇쪵탐듳벯훐ꎬ쿂럖즢ꆢ쫊뛈럖좨뗄쒣쪽ꆣ 죕놾뗄뗘랽쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞 퓚쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞랽쏦ꎬ놣돖훐퇫뗄훷떼뗘캻ꎬ떫뗘랽헾뢮튲폐쿠떱뗄ퟔ훷좨ꎬ헢쫇죕놾뗘랽쮰쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖뗄튻룶믹놾쳘헷ꆣ내헕죕놾쿜램뗄맦뚨ꎬ죕놾뗄뗘랽쮰쫕믹놾짏평훐퇫솢램ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮횻뢺퓰횴탐ꆣ듓헢룶뷇뛈쮵ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮뷶뷶쫇떣떱횴탐뗄뷇즫ꆣ떫쫇ꎬ훐퇫훆뚨뗄뗘랽쮰램돽쇋맡뎹훐퇫벯좨뗄쮼쿫췢ꎬ뮹쳥쿖쇋쿜램쯹놣헏뗄뗘랽ퟔ훎풭퓲ꎬ쫚폨뗘랽튻뚨뗄좨쿞ꎬ훷튪쳥쿖퓚솽룶랽쏦ꎺ튻랽쏦ꎬ뻍쮰쫕솢램좨뛸퇔ꎬ쫇평훐퇫헾뢮뚩솢쮰램뗄풭퓲듳룙ꎬ뗘랽맦뚨뻟쳥뗄헷쫕맦돌ꎻ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ뗘랽쮰램훐뮹붫쒳킩좨쿞쏷좷쫚폨뗘랽탐쪹ꎬ죧뾪헷램뚨췢웕춨쮰ꆢ쮰싊쓢뚨뗄ퟔ평좨벰좨틋뿎쮰뗈뗈ꆣ뇭뫍뇭럖뇰랴펳쇋죕놾뚼뗀뢮쿘쮰뫍쫐듥쮰솢램좨뗄맩쫴ꆣ 25
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 뇭 죕놾뚼뗀뢮쿘뗘랽쮰솢램좨뗄맩쫴 쮰훖 웕 춨 쮰 쒿 뗄 쮰 솢램맩쫴 뚼뗀뢮쿘쏱쮰 믺뚯뎵좡뗃쮰 쫂튵쮰 쇔쮰 늻뚯닺좡뗃쮰 쟡폍쳡좡쮰 훐퇫헾뢮 룟뛻럲쟲뎡쮰 뗘랽뿉톡퓱뿎쮰뗄쮰쒿ꎺ 쳘뇰뗘랽쿻럑쮰 쮮샻뗘틦쮰 쇔뗇볇쮰 뚼뗀뢮쿘 웤쯻쮰쒿ꎨ펦뺭훐퇫헾뢮뗄탭뿉ꎩ 뇭 쫐듥뗘랽쮰솢램좨맩쫴 쮰훖 웕 춨 쮰 쒿 뗄 쮰 솢램맩쫴 죫풡쮰ꎨ컂좪쮰ꎩ 쫂튵쯹뗃쮰 쫐듥쏱쮰 뗘랽뿉톡퓱뗄쮰쒿ꎺ 만뚨닺쮰 훐퇫헾뢮 뚼쫐볆뮮쮰 쟡믺뚯뎵쮰 쮮샻뗘틦쮰 틅닺쮰 릫폃짨쪩쮰 쳘뇰췁뗘쮰 햬뗘뾪랢쮰 맺쏱붡뾵놣쿕쮰 쫐듥 웤쯻쮰쒿ꎨ펦뺭ퟔ훎듳뎼탭뿉ꎩ 쇏살풴ꎺ볖뾵ꎺꆶ뗘랽닆헾컊쳢퇐뺿ꆷꎨ뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧2004쓪냦ꎩP111ꆣ 죕놾뗄쮰쫕헷맜럖캪솽듳쮰컱쾵춳ꎬ벴맺쮰평듳님쪡쿂짨뗄맺쮰쳼벰웤럖횧믺릹뢺퓰헷쫕ꎬ뗘랽쮰평뚼뗀뢮쿘ꆢ쫐듥쫴쮰컱믺릹뢺퓰헷쫕ꆣ헢쮵쏷ꎬ퓚죕놾ꎬ뗘랽쮰뗄헷쫕맜샭좨쫴폚뗘랽튻벶ꆣ 죕놾뗄뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵 죕놾뗄뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵럖캪뚼뗀뢮쿘쮰뫍쫐듥쮰ꆣ잰헟폐15룶쮰훖ꎬ냼삨뚼뗀뢮쿘쏱쮰ꆢ쫂튵쮰ꆢ늻뚯닺쮰ꆢ웻뎵릺훃쮰ꆢ뚼뗀뢮쿘퇌닝쮰ꆢ폩샖짨쪩폩샖쮰ꆢ뗘랽쳘뇰쿻럑쮰ꆢ뿳쟸쮰ꆢ쇔뗇볇쮰ꆢ만뚨닺쮰ꆢ췁뗘쫕틦쮰뫍뚼뗀뢮쿘램뚨췢웕춨쮰ꎨ뫋좼쇏쮰벰쫗뚼룟쯙릫슷샻폃쮰뗈ꎩꎻ뫳헟폐7룶쮰훖ꎬ냼삨쫐듥쏱쮰ꆢ만뚨닺쮰ꆢ쫐듥퇌닝쮰ꆢ쳘뇰췁뗘놣폐쮰ꆢ쫂튵쯹뗃쮰ꆢ컂좪죫풡 26
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 쮰뗈ꆣ 탨튪쮵쏷뗄쫇ꎬ죕놾뗄뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵뺡맜듳뛠쫇쇣탇킡쮰ꎬ떫훷쳥쮰훖쪮럖쏷좷ꆣ퓚뚼뗀뢮쿘튻벶뗄쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵훐ꎬ훷쳥쮰훖캪뚼뗀뢮쿘쏱쮰뫍쫂튵쮰ꎬ헢솽룶쮰뗄쮰쫕쫕죫춨뎣햼뚼뗀뢮쿘놾벶좫늿쮰쫕쫕죫뗄70ꎥퟳ폒ꆣ퓚쫐듥튻벶뗄쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵훐ꎬ훷쳥쮰훖쫇쫐듥쏱쮰뫍닆닺쮰ꎬ춨뎣햼쫐듥놾벶좫늿쮰쫕쫕죫뗄뷼90ꎥꆣ 죕놾뗄뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣 퓚짏쫶쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞벰쮰쫕랶캧뮮럖쒣쪽횮쿂ꎬ햽뫳죕놾탎돉쇋맺쮰쫕죫풶풶룟폚뗘랽쮰쫕죫뗄쮰쫕럖엤룱뻖ꆣ떱좻ꎬ퓚햽뫳뗄50뛠쓪볤ꎬ솽헟뗄뇈샽맘쾵튲랢짺쇋튻뚨뗄뇤뮯ꎺ1950쓪맺쮰퓚쮰쫕ퟜ뛮훐햼쇋3/4잿ꎬ뛸떽1998쓪쿂붵캪늻ퟣ2/3ꎻ춬웚뚼뗀뢮쿘쮰뫍쫐듥쮰뫏볆햼쮰쫕쫕죫ퟜ뛮뗄늻ퟣ1/4쳡룟떽뷼2/5ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ퓚뗘랽쮰쫕쳥쾵쓚늿ꎬ튻냣쟩뿶쿂ꎬ쫐듥쮰맦쒣튪듳폚뚼뗀뢮쿘쮰ꎨ뻟쳥볻뇭ꎩꆣ 뇭 죕놾쮰쫕럖엤뷡릹퇝뇤 룷벶헾뢮쮰쫕퓚쮰쫕ퟜ뛮훐뗄릹돉뇈ꎨꎥꎩ 쮰쫕ퟜ뛮 쓪뛈뗘랽쮰 ꎨ틚죕풪ꎩ 맺쮰 뫏볆 뚼뗀뢮쿘쮰 쫐듥쮰 뫏볆 1950 7591 - - 100 1955 13178 100 1960 25457 - - 100 1965 48279 100 1970 115261 - - 100 1975 226591 100 1980 442669 - - 100 1985 624667 100 1990 962302 - - 100 1995 886380 100 1998 988203 100 쇏살풴ꎺ웫횾뫪ꎺꆶ뛠벶닆헾쳥훆뇈뷏퇐뺿ꆷꎨ훐맺닆헾뺭볃돶냦짧2003쓪냦ꎩꎬP78ꆣ ꋙ퓚죕놾뗄릫릲닆헾ퟮ훕횧돶떱훐ꎬ훐퇫닆헾쯹햼뗄뇈샽뷏뗍ꎬ햽뫳벸쪮쓪살믹놾짏뚼퓚30ꎥ짏쿂늨뚯ꎬ뗘랽닆헾횧돶풼햼70ꎥ뗄뇈훘ꆣ헢튻뇈샽맘쾵믹놾짏 ꋙ 릫릲닆헾ퟮ훕횧돶ꎬ뻍쫇횸뿛돽쇋틲헾뢮볤틆횧뢶뛸닺짺뗄훘뢴횧돶뫳ꎬ룷벶헾뢮뗄횧돶ퟜ뛮ꎬ틆횧뢶뛮볆죫떽뷓쫜틆횧뢶튻벶헾뢮뗄ퟮ훕닆헾횧돶ꆣ 27
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 폫쮰쫕럖룮뗄뇈샽ꎨ볻뇭ꎩ쿠랴ꆣ뿉볻ꎬ퓚죕놾ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮쮰쫕쫕죫쓑틔싺ퟣ웤닆헾횧돶뗄탨튪ꎬ틆횧뢶ꎬ폈웤쫇훐퇫뛔뗘랽뗄튻냣늹훺ꎬ웰ퟅ럇뎣훘튪뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ 죕놾뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈 죕놾뗄풤쯣맜샭쳥훆훐훐퇫헾뢮뫍뗘랽헾뢮횮볤뗄ퟝ쿲닆헾늻욽뫢쪮럖쏷쿔ꎬ틆횧뢶쫇뷢뻶ퟝ쿲늻욽뫢뗄훷튪쫖뛎ꆣ평훐퇫횱뷓쿲뚼뗀뢮쿘뫍쫐듥솽벶헾뢮럖엤뗘랽붻뢶쮰뻹뗈뮯늦뿮ꎬ틔욽뫢뗘랽헾뢮뗄닆헾쓜솦ꎬ쪹웤듯떽훐퇫헾뢮맦뚨뗄릫릲럾컱쮮욽ꆣ훐퇫헾뢮펰쿬뗘랽횧돶ퟮ훘튪뗄쫖뛎쫇맺뿢늹훺뷰ꎬ춨맽맦뚨늦뿮뗄쪹폃틔놣횤좫맺룷뗘릫릲럾컱쮮욽뫍훊솿뇪ힼ뮯ꆣ뗘랽헾뢮뮹뿉듓훐퇫헾뢮믱뗃쿻럑죃폫쮰ꆢ뗘랽릫슷쮰ꆢ웻폍죃폫쮰ꆢ웻뎵뛖캻쮰뫍몽퓋웻폍죃폫쮰뗈쮰쫕틆횧뢶ꎬ떫웤폃춾쫜떽쿞훆ꆣ 듓맺볊뇈뷏럖컶훐뗃떽뗄웴쪾폫뷨본 ퟛ뫏틔짏뇈뷏럖컶ꎬ뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ평폚룷맺헾훎쳥훆늻춬벰웤쮰훆뷡릹뗄닮틬ꎬ평듋뻶뚨룷맺뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄쟸뇰튲뫜듳ꎬ룷뻟쳘즫ꆣ헢뇭쏷쫀뷧짏늢늻듦퓚튻룶춳튻뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쒣쪽ꎬ맘볼쫇튪듓ퟔ짭맺쟩돶랢ꎬ톡퓱폫놾맺맺쟩쿠럻뫏뗄쮰쫕맜샭쳥훆뫍뗘랽쮰쫕훆뛈ꆣ뺡맜죧듋ꎬ짏쫶맺볒뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵랢햹훐죔폐튻킩듸폐릲춬맦싉탔뗄쳘헷ꎬ횵뗃컒쏇퇐뺿뫍뷨본ꆣ 쫊뫏맺쟩뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖쫇뗘랽쮰쳥쾵퓋탐뗄믹뒡 쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖쫇틔쫂좨뮮럖캪잰쳡ꎬ틔쮰훖뮮럖캪믹뒡ꎬ틔쮰쫕솢램좨뮮럖캪뫋탄ꎬ틔쮰쫕쫕틦좨뫍쮰쫕헷맜좨뗄뮮럖캪쒿뇪ꎬ틔맦랶뗄쮰쫕틆횧뢶캪늹돤뗄ꆣ쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞퓚룷벶헾뢮볤뗄럖엤ꎬ탎돉쇋뻟폐튻뚨돌뛈벯좨믲럖좨쳘헷뗄헾뢮볤쮰쫕낲업ꆣ춨맽뛔쫐뎡뺭볃랢듯맺볒쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖뗄뇈뷏ꎬ훷튪폐틔쿂벸룶쳘뗣ꎺ 튻쫇쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖폫헾쳥쿠컇뫏ꆣ헾쳥뻶뚨쇋쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖뗄벯훐ꎨ믲럖즢ꎩ돌뛈ꎬ뛸쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖튲튻뚨돌뛈짏쳥쿖쇋헾쳥ꆣ튻냣살쮵ꎬ솪냮훆맺볒뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖뷏럖즢ꎬ뛸떥튻훆맺볒뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖뷏벯훐ꎬ떫헢늢늻쫇뻸뛔뗄ꆣ죧쪵탐솪냮훆헾쳥뗄쏀맺쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞룟뛈럖즢ꎬ뛸뗂맺퓲쿠뛔벯훐ꎬ떥튻훆맺볒뗄죕놾웤쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖퓲닉좡벯좨폫럖좨쿠뷡뫏뗄쒣쪽ꆣ 뛾쫇훐퇫쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뗄훷떼탔폫쫊떱뢳폨뗘랽쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞쿠뷡뫏ꆣ쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖볈쎻폐뻸뛔뗄벯좨ꎬ튲쎻폐뻸뛔뗄럖즢ꆣ컞싛잿뗷쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞벯훐ꎬ뮹쫇잿뗷쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞럖즢ꎬ룷맺듳훂짏뚼붫훐퇫쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞훃폚뗘랽쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞횮짏ꎬ쪹뗘랽쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞쫜떽훐퇫쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞훆뫢ꆣ춬쪱퓚늻펰쿬좫맺쮰 28
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 쫕춳튻뫍훐퇫쫕죫뗄잰쳡쿂ꎬ쫊떱쿂럅뗘랽쮰쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞ꆣ샽죧ꎬ쏀맺솪냮쮰쫕폐솪냮헾뢮솢램뫍횴탐ꎬ훝쮰평훝헾뢮솢램늢횴탐ꎬ떫쫇솪냮쿜램벰룷훝램싉뗈뛔훝뫍뗘랽헾뢮뗄헢훖좨솦뷸탐쇋튻뚨뗄풼쫸뫍맦랶ꆣ뗂맺뗄쮰쫕솢램좨쪵탐떥뛀솢램좨뫍폅쿈솢램좨쿠뷡뫏뗄랽쪽ꎬ붫튻킩쮰쫕램싉뗄훆뚨ꆢ뷢쫍뫍쪵쪩좨쫴솪냮헾뢮ꎻ춬쪱훝뫍뗘랽퓚솪냮짐캴솢램뗄잰쳡쿂쿭폐튻뚨뗄쮰쫕솢램좨ꎬ떫쫇솪냮솢램횮뫳솪냮램싉폅쿈쫊폃ꆣ죕놾훐퇫헾뢮늻뷶뢺퓰훐퇫쮰뗄솢램릤ퟷꎬ뮹뢺퓰램뚨뗘랽쮰뗄솢램릤ퟷꎬ퓚튻킩훷튪쮰훖뗄쮰싊틔벰램췢뗘랽쮰쫇럱뾪헷짏룸뗘랽ퟔ훷좨ꆣ떫뗘랽쮰뗄뾪헷뇘탫뺭맽뫏램돌탲ꎬ늢뺭훐퇫헾뢮엺ힼꆣ 죽쫇쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖뗄램훆뮯폫떯탔뮯폐믺뷡뫏ꆣ룷맺퇏쏜ꆢ붡좫뗄램싉쳥쾵쫇캬돖쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞쮳샻뮮럖쮳샻뷸탐뗄폐솦놣헏ꆣ쏀맺쯤좻쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞룟뛈럖즢ꎬ쎻폐좫맺춳튻뗄쮰램ꎬ떫쫇솪냮쿜램뫍훝램싉뗄폐맘쳵뿮뛔쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖ퟷ쇋풼쫸폫맦랶ꆣꆶ뗂틢횾솪냮릲뫍맺믹놾램ꆷ뛔쮰쫕떥튻솢램좨뫍폅쿈솢램좨룸폨쇋뻟쳥쏷좷뗄맦뚨ꆣ퓚죕놾ꎬ풭퓲짏훐퇫쮰뫍뗘랽쮰뻹평맺믡춳튻솢램ꎬ웤훐뗘랽쮰쫇틔ꆶ뗘랽쮰램ꆷ뗄탎쪽볓틔좷뚨뗄ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ룷맺쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖뗄뷡릹뫍탎쪽튲늻쫇튻돉늻뇤뗄ꎬ뛾쫇내헕튻뚨뗃쳵볾뷸탐쫊쪱뗷헻ꆣ 뿆톧뫏샭뗄쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵쫇뗘랽쮰쳥쾵퓋탐뗄뫋탄 튻냣뛸퇔ꎬ뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵튪냼삨뛠짙룶쮰훖틔벰쪲쎴퇹뗄쮰훖ꎬ믹놾짏평솽듳틲쯘뻶뚨ꆣ튻쫇럖쮰훆솿뗄맦뚨탔ꎬ벴뗘랽헾뢮돐떣횧돶퓰죎풽듳ꎬ튪쟳뗘랽뿎헷뗄쮰훖뻍풽뛠ꎻ뛾쫇럖쮰훆훊뗄맦뚨탔ꎬ벴좡뻶폚쮰훖뗄탔훊ꎬ랲쫇늻펰쿬좫맺탔뺭볃컈뚨ꆢ좫짧믡쫕죫럖엤틔벰짺닺튪쯘좫맺탔쇷뚯뗄쮰훖쫊뫏ퟷ캪뗘랽뿎헷ꆣ춨맽럖컶쫐뎡뺭볃랢듯맺볒뗄뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵ꎬ컒쏇뿉틔뗃돶틔쿂튻킩믹놾뷡싛ꎺ 튻쫇룷맺뚼쫇쪵탐뢴뫏쮰훆ꆣ뛠쮰훖ꆢ뛠닣듎ꆢ뛠뮷뷚럖뇰헷쫕ꎬ뗷뿘쏦뇈뷏맣ꎬ솦뛈튲뷏듳ꎬ맦쒣쫊뛈ꎬ놣횤쇋뗘랽헾뢮퓋탐횰쓜뗄탨튪ꆣ죧쏀맺훝쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵쫇틔맺쓚쿻럑쮰뫍튻냣쿺쫛쮰캪훷쳥ꎬ냼삨쇋룶죋쯹뗃쮰ꆢ릫쮾쯹뗃쮰ꆢ짧믡놣헏쮰ꆢ틅닺폫퓹폫쮰뗈뗈ꎻ뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵퓲쫇틔닆닺쮰캪훷쳥ꎬ냼삨쇋룶죋쯹뗃쮰ꆢ릫쮾쯹뗃쮰뗈ꆣ뗂맺훝쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵냼삨쇋닆닺쮰ꆢ틅닺쮰ꆢ뗘닺릺훃쮰ꆢ믺뚯뎵쮰ꆢ욡뻆쮰ꆢ킧럂쮰ꆢ닊욱쮰ꆢ뛄뎡쮰ꆢ주십쮰뗈ꎻ뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵냼삨뗘닺쮰ꆢ펪튵쮰ꆢ웳튵놾샻뗃쮰ꆢ폩샖쮰ꆢ틻쇏쮰ꆢ릷쮰뫍폦쇔쮰ꎨ뫳죽훖쮰춨돆캪뗘랽쿻럑쮰ꎩꎻ듋췢ꎬ뮹폐6훖릲쿭쮰ꎬ냼삨릤쮰ꆢ만뚨닺쯹뗃쮰ꆢ럇만뚨닺쯹뗃쮰ꆢ램죋쯹뗃쮰ꆢ퓶횵쮰벰뷸뿚퓶횵쮰ꆣ죕놾뗄뚼뗀뢮쿘쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵냼삨뚼뗀뢮쿘쏱쮰ꆢ쫂튵쮰ꆢ늻뚯닺쮰ꆢ웻뎵릺훃쮰ꆢ뚼뗀뢮쿘퇌닝쮰ꆢ폩샖짨쪩폩샖쮰ꆢ뗘랽쳘뇰쿻럑쮰ꆢ뿳쟸쮰ꆢ쇔뗇볇쮰ꆢ만뚨닺쮰ꆢ췁뗘쫕틦쮰뫍뚼뗀뢮쿘램뚨췢웕춨쮰ꎨ뫋좼쇏쮰벰쫗뚼룟쯙릫슷샻폃쮰뗈ꎩꎬ늢틔쫂튵쮰뫍뚼뗀뢮쿘 29
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 쏱쮰캪웤훷쳥쮰훖ꎻ쫐듥쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵냼삨쇋쫐듥쏱쮰ꆢ만뚨닺쮰ꆢ쫐듥퇌닝쮰ꆢ쳘뇰췁뗘놣폐쮰ꆢ쫂튵쯹뗃쮰ꆢ컂좪죫풡쮰뗈늢틔쫐듥쏱쮰폫닆닺쮰캪웤훷쳥쮰훖ꆣ 뛾쫇쫊뛈뗄뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣ꆣ뗘랽쮰맦쒣뗄좷뚨ꎬ쫜뫜뛠틲쯘뗄펰쿬ꎬ훷튪쫇틔쫂좨뫍횧돶랶캧캪틀뻝ꆣ떱잰쏀맺훝뫍뗘랽쮰쫕쫕죫햼좫맺쮰쫕쫕죫ퟜ뛮뗄45ꎥퟳ폒ꎻ뗂맺캪50ꎥퟳ폒ꎻ죕놾캪40ꎥퟳ폒ꆣ쫊뛈뗄뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣볈튪쓜퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏놣횤뗘랽닆헾횧돶뗄탨튪ꎬ춬쪱늻훁폚뗘랽쮰쫕엲헍ꎬ쯰몦훐퇫헾뢮췾탅ꆣ 죽쫇쮰풴뗄럖룮탔ꆣ평폚듳뛠쫽맺볒붫폫짧믡풴엤훃ꆢ뫪맛뺭볃랢햹쏜쟐쿠맘뗄훷튪쮰훖뮮맩캪훐퇫쮰뫍릲쿭쮰ꎬ뗘랽쮰믹컈뚨떫쮰풴떯탔뷏닮틔돉캪삧죅뗘랽닆헾뗄튻룶훘튪컊쳢ꆣ틲듋쫀뷧짏늻짙맺볒돽쪵탐틆횧뢶훆뛈췢ꎬ뮹닉좡럖룮쇷쮰뫍쯹뗃쮰뗄냬램퓶볓뗘랽닆솦ꎬ벴쮰풴릲쿭ꆣ죧쏀맺듦퓚듳솿뗄춬풴쮰ꎻ뗂맺뗄릲쿭쮰퓚훝뫍뗘랽쮰쫕쫕죫훐햼쇋쿠떱뗄뇈훘ꎻ죕놾뗄춬풴쮰폫릲쿭쮰쳘헷튲뫜쏷쿔ꆣ헢훖럖룮뷡릹놣횤쇋뗘랽쮰쮰풴뻟폐튻뚨뗄퓶뎤떯탔ꆣ 뫏샭뗄뗘랽쮰맦쒣쫇뗘랽쮰쳥쾵퓋탐뗄훘튪쓚죝 춨맽뛔쏀맺ꆢ뗂맺뫍죕놾뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄럖컶ꎬ컒쏇뿉틔랢쿖ꎬ좷뚨뫏샭뗄뗘랽쮰맦쒣펦룹뻝룷맺뗘랽쪵볊쟩뿶ꎬ냼삨쟸폲짺닺솦랢햹쮮욽뫍뗘랽헾뢮풤쯣횧돶뗄탨튪뗈뗈ꆣ죧맻뗘랽쮰맦쒣맽킡ꆢ햼뗘랽닆헾쫕죫뗄뇈훘욫뗍ꎬ뻍컞램싺ퟣ놣헏뗘랽뺭뎣탔뾪횧뗄탨튪ꆣ죧맻뗘랽쮰쫕죫싺ퟣ늻쇋뗘랽헾뢮죕뎣퓋뗄믹놾탨튪ꎬ헽뎣뗄뺭볃훈탲뫍짧믡훈탲뻍뫜쓑캬돖ꆣ틲듋뿍맛짏튪쟳퓶듳뗘랽쮰쫕죫ꎬ쳡룟웤햼뗘랽닆헾쫕죫뗄뇈훘ꆣ쇭췢ꎬ쪵탐럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄튪횼ꎬ뻍퓚폚좷솢뫍맦랶뗘랽헾뢮ퟷ캪쿠뛔뛀솢뗄풤쯣훷쳥뗄뗘캻ꎬ쪹뗘랽틔웤놾짭뗄뗘랽쮰쫕죫ퟷ캪믹놾놣헏ꎬ뛸훐퇫횻쫇춨맽튻뚨쫽뛮뗄틆횧뢶욽뫢룷뗘뗄릫릲횧돶쮮욽ꎬ쪵쪩뇘튪뗄뫪맛뗷뿘ꆣ죧맻뗘랽쮰쫕죫맦쒣욫뗍ꎬ튲컞램쫊펦럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄튪쟳ꆣ 췪짆뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈쫇뗘랽쮰쳥쾵퓋탐뗄훘튪늹돤 캪쇋뻹뫢뗘랽닆솦ꎬ춬쪱캪쇋늹뎥뗘랽헾뢮쳡릩뻟폐킧폃뗘쟸췢틧탔릫릲닺욷뗄돉놾ꎬ닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈돉캪뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄튻룶뇘탫쟒폐틦뗄늹돤ꎬ룷맺웕뇩닉폃ꎬ냬램볈뿆톧폖쇩믮ꎬ룷뻟쳘즫ꆣ쏀맺캪놣횤룷벶헾뢮뻹폐뿉뾿뗄닆헾쫕죫ꎬ쪵탐ퟔ짏뛸쿂뗄닆헾늹훺뷰훆뛈ꎻ뗂맺뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈닉폃뗄쫇ퟝ쿲뻹뫢폫뫡쿲뻹뫢쿠뷡뫏뗄뢴뫏쒣쪽ꎬ헢퓚룷맺뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈훐뛀뻟쳘즫ꎻ죕놾뗄닆헾틆횧뢶냼삨뗘랽쮰쫕럖닣뫍닆헾쿮늹훺ꎬ듋췢뮹춨맽뗘랽붻뢶쮰뫍뗘랽죃폨쮰쪵탐틆횧뢶ꆣ 30
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뗚4헂 컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄쿖쪵뾼달 컒맺쿖탐뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쫇1994쓪쪵탐럖쮰훆풤쯣훆맜샭쳥훆쪱탎돉뗄ꆣ럖쮰훆룄룯돵늽샭쮳쇋훐퇫폫뗘랽뗄닆헾럖엤맘쾵ꆣ떫쪵볹횤쏷ꎬ컒맺뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뮹듦퓚ퟅ훮뛠뗄컊쳢ꎬ쪹뗘랽헾뢮쓑틔돉캪튻벶뛀솢뗄풤쯣훷쳥ꎬ춬쪱튲펰쿬쇋뗘랽뺭볃뗄폐킧퓋탐ꎬ?탨짮뮯룄룯ꎬ뺡뿬볓틔췪짆ꆣ 1994쓪럖쮰훆룄룯뫳컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쿖ힴ 1994쓪럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯ꎬ믹놾짏쫇내헕닆좨폫쫂좨쿠뷡뫏뗄풭퓲뷸탐뗄ꆣ벴내헕쮰훆룄룯뫳뗄쮰훖짨훃쟩뿶ꎬ냑캬뮤맺볒좨틦ꆢ쪵쪩뫪맛뗷뿘쯹뇘탫뗄쮰훖뮮캪훐퇫쮰ꎻ냑쫊틋뗘랽헷맜뗄쮰훖뮮캪뗘랽쮰ꎬ늢쟒럖짨훐퇫뫍뗘랽솽쳗쮰컱믺릹럖뇰뢺퓰헷쫕훐퇫쮰뫍뗘랽쮰ꎬ돵늽탎돉쇋훘뫏짧믡훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆튪[36]쟳뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뿲볜뷡릹ꆣ 퓚쮰훖뮮럖짏ꎬ1994쓪럖쮰훆쳥훆맦뚨뗄뗘랽만뚨쮰쫕쫕죫냼쫊ꎺ펪튵쮰ꎨ늻몬쳺뗀늿쏅ꆢ룷틸탐ퟜ탐ꆢ룷놣쿕릫쮾ퟜ릫쮾벯훐뷉쓉뗄펪튵쮰ꎩꆢ뗘랽웳튵쯹뗃쮰ꎨ늻몬짏쫶뗘랽틸탐뫍췢틸탐벰럇틸탐뷰죚웳튵쯹뗃쮰ꎩꆢ룶죋쯹뗃쮰ꆢ돇헲췁뗘쪹폃쮰ꆢ만뚨닺춶랽쿲뗷뷚쮰ꆢ돇쫐캬뮤붨짨쮰ꎨ늻몬쳺뗀늿쏅ꆢ룷틸탐ퟜ탐ꆢ룷놣쿕릫쮾ퟜ릫쮾벯훐뷉쓉뗄늿럖ꎩꆢ랿닺쮰ꆢ뎵뒬쪹폃쮰ꆢ펡뮨쮰ꆢ췀퓗쮰ꆢ얩쓁튵쮰ꆢ얩튵쳘닺쮰ꆢ룻뗘햼폃쮰뫍웵쮰뗈ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ퓶횵쮰뗘랽럖쿭25%ꎻ돽몣퇳쪯폍풴쮰췢ꎬ웤쯻풴쮰ퟷ캪뗘랽쫕죫ꎻ횤좯붻틗ꎨ펡뮨ꎩ쮰뗘랽럖쿭50%ꆣ틔짏룷쮰훖릹돉쇋떱쪱뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵ꎬ늢쟒쫇틔펪튵쮰캪훷쳥쮰훖ꆣ 1994쓪뫳ꎬ룹뻝럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄퓋탐쟩뿶뫍뫪맛뗷뿘뗄탨튪ꎬ닆헾늿뛔훐퇫폫뗘랽뗄쮰쫕뮮럖뷸탐쇋틔쿂뗄뗷헻ꎺ ꎨ1ꎩ듓1997쓪1퓂1죕웰ꎬ붫훐퇫폫뗘랽릲쿭쫕죫훐뗄횤좯붻틗ꎨ펡뮨ꎩ쮰럖쿭뇈샽평풭살뗄훐퇫폫뗘랽룷햼50%ꎬ뗷헻캪훐퇫햼80%ꎬ뗘랽햼20%ꎬ뫳폖뗷헻캪훐퇫햼88%ꎬ뗘랽햼12%ꆣퟔ2000쓪10퓂1죕웰ꎬ횤좯붻틗ꎨ펡뮨ꎩ쮰뗄럖쿭뇈샽뗷헻캪훐퇫햼91%ꎬ뗘랽햼9%ꎬ늢쟒럖3쓪냑횤좯붻틗ꎨ펡뮨ꎩ쮰럖쿭뇈샽뗷헻떽훐퇫햼97%ꎬ뗘랽햼3%ꆣ뿉볻ꎬ횤좯붻틗ꎨ펡뮨ꎩ쮰뗘랽쯹햼뇈훘듳럹쿂붵ꎬ늢쟒쯦ퟅ횤좯쫐뎡뗄죕붥뗍쏔ꎬ횤좯붻틗ꎨ펡뮨ꎩ쮰뛔뗘랽닆헾뗄릱쿗풽살풽킡ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ캪쇋뷸튻늽맦랶훐퇫뫍뗘랽횮볤뗄럖엤맘쾵ꎬ붨솢뫏샭뗄럖엤믺훆ꎬ듓2002쓪1퓂1죕웰ꎬ붫쿖탐내웳튵솥쫴맘쾵뮮럖훐퇫뫍뗘랽쯹뗃쮰쫕죫뗄냬램룄캪훐퇫뫍뗘랽내춳튻뇈샽럖쿭ꆣ돽뗸슷퓋쫤ꆢ맺볒폊헾ꆢ훐맺릤짌틸탐ꆢ훐맺얩튵 31
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 틸탐ꆢ훐맺틸탐ꆢ훐맺붨짨틸탐ꆢ맺볒뾪랢틸탐ꆢ훐맺얩튵랢햹틸탐ꆢ훐맺뷸돶뿚틸탐틔벰몣퇳쪯폍쳬좻웸웳튵뷉쓉뗄웳튵쯹뗃쮰볌탸ퟷ캪훐퇫쫕죫췢ꎬ웤쯻웳튵쯹뗃쮰폫룶죋쯹뗃쮰쫕죫평훐퇫뫍뗘랽내뇈샽럖쿭ꆣ2002쓪쯹뗃쮰쫕죫훐퇫뫍뗘랽룷럖쿭50%ꎬ2003쓪훐퇫럖쿭60%ꎬ뗘랽럖쿭40%ꎻ2003쓪틔뫳쓪럝뗄럖쿭뇈샽룹뻝쪵볊쟩뿶퓙탐뾼싇ꆣ쪵볊짏ꎬ웳튵쯹뗃쮰틑돉캪훐퇫뫍뗘랽뗄릲쿭쮰ꆣ 1994쓪럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯쯤좻돵늽좷솢쇋컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄뿲볜쒣쪽ꎬ떫쫇뗘랽퓚쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞랽쏦좴쿠떱폐쿞ꆣ듓쮰쫕솢램좨짏럖컶ꎬ컒맺뗄쮰쫕솢램좨뇈뷏벯훐ꎬ훐퇫쮰ꆢ릲쿭쮰틔벰뗘랽쮰뗄솢램좨뚼벯훐뗄훐퇫ꎬ틔놣횤훐퇫뗷헻뺭볃뗄탨튪ꆣ컞싛쫇훐퇫략뮹릲쿭뗄뗘랽쮰늿럖ꎬ뮹쫇쮰쫕램싉뫍훷튪헾닟ꎬ냼삨뾪헷좨ꆢ헷쮰랶캧뗈ꎬ뻹평훐퇫춳튻맦뚨ꆣ뗘랽헾뢮횻쓜내맺볒뗄쮰쫕헾닟벰램쇮횴탐ꆣ떫뗘랽헾뢮튲폐튻뚨뗄믺뚯좨ꎬ죧뎵뒬쮰ꆢ랿닺쮰뗄뾪헷ꆢ춣헷평쪡벶죋쏱헾뢮뻶뚨ꎬ늿럖뗘랽쮰훖뗄복쏢내튻뚨좨쿞놨뺭쪡벶쮰컱믺맘짳엺ꆣ퓚쮰쫕횴램좨짏ꎬ1994쓪쪵탐럖쮰훆틔살ꎬ짨훃쇋훐퇫쮰컱쾵춳ꎬ벴쪡ꆢ쫐ꆢ쿘짨폐맺볒쮰컱뻖ꎬ쪵탐뒹횱죋풱뫍뒹횱뺭럑뗄맜샭ꎬ뢺퓰훐퇫늿럖쮰쫕쫕죫벰릲쿭쮰뗄쫕죫ꎻ쇭췢뮹짨폐뗘랽쮰컱쾵춳ꎬ쪵탐죋풱뒹횱맜샭벰뺭럑뗄뫡쿲맜샭ꎬ뢺퓰뗘랽쮰뗄쫕죫ꆣ 컒맺쿖탐뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄훷튪컊쳢 컒맺쿖탐뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쫇룹뻝떱쪱훐맺뺭볃랢햹ힴ뿶쯦ퟅ1994쓪럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯틔벰뷡뫏떱쪱뗄쮰훆룄룯쯹훰늽탎돉뫍좷솢뗄ꆣ1994쓪뷸탐럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯뫍쮰훆룄룯뗄짧믡샺쪷놳뺰쫇퇏훘뗄춨믵엲헍뫍훐퇫뫪맛뗷뿘랦솦ꆣ늢쟒헢솽훖틲쯘뮥쿠붻횯ꎬퟮ훕듙돉쇋탂튻싖뗄풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯뫍쮰훆룄룯ꎬ늢탎돉쇋쿠뛔벯좨뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵ꆣ뺭맽쪮뛠쓪뗄랢햹ꎬ컒맺짧믡뺭볃뮷뺳틑랢짺쇋뫜듳뗄뇤뮯ꎬ짵훁퓚튻뛎쪱웚쓚돶쿖쇋탨쟳늻ퟣ뫍춨믵뷴쯵뗄쿖쿳ꆣ1998쓪떽2003쓪ꎬ컒맺쪵탐쇋틔삩듳닆헾횧돶캪훷튪랽쪽뗄믽벫닆헾헾닟ꎬ떫쫇쮰쫕랽쏦좴쎻폐쿠펦룺짏ꎬ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵퓚듙뷸뺭볃랢햹짏룼쫇ퟷ폃폐쿞ꆣ뻟쳥뛸퇔ꎬ컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵퓚쪵볹훐쯹놩슶돶살뗄컊쳢훷튪쳥쿖퓚틔쿂벸룶랽쏦ꎺ튻쫇뗘랽좱랦뇘튪뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞ꎻ뛾쫇좱짙컈뚨ꆢ맦랶ꆢ쏻뢱웤쪵뗄훷쳥쮰훖ꎻ죽쫇뗘랽쮰훖룄룯훍뫳ꎬ늻쓜쫊펦쫐뎡뺭볃쳵볾쿂릫릲닆헾뗄튪쟳ꎻ쯄쫇뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣맽킡ꎬ쓑틔싺ퟣ뗘랽닆헾횧돶뗄탨튪ꎻ컥쫇쿠맘뗄엤쳗듫쪩쎻폐룺짏ꎬ폈웤쫇쿖탐틆횧뢶훆뛈쓑틔웰떽닆헾뻹뫢뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ쯹폐헢킩컊쳢훆풼쇋뗘랽헾뢮돉캪튻벶헦헽뗄풤쯣훷쳥ꎬ쿞훆쇋뗘랽헾뢮횰쓜뗄랢믓ꎬ듓뛸쓑틔쪵쿖럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯뗄ퟮ훕쒿뇪ꆣ 쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뗄룟뛈벯훐쫇컒맺쿖탐뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄튻룶춻돶쎬뛜 뿆톧뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖볈쫇랢햹짧믡훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃뗄뿍맛튪쟳ꎬ튲쫇뗘랽헾 32
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뢮돉캪튻벶헦헽뛀솢풤쯣훷쳥뗄룹놾쳵볾ꎬ춬쪱쯼튲쫇튻룶맺볒뗘랽쮰쳥쾵돉쫬뗄[37]훘튪뇪ힼꆣ폫웤쯻맺볒뿆톧뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖쿠뛔펦ꎬ컒맺퓚럖쮰훆쪵쪩뫳ꎬ훐퇫폫뗘랽퓚샻틦짏쿠뛔뛀솢ꎬ뗘랽쮰뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞맽뛠뗘벯훐폚훐퇫ꎬ뗘랽헾[38]뢮쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞맽킡ꆣ훐퇫헾뢮볈쫇닃에풱ꎬ폖쫇퓋뚯풱ꆣ 쫗쿈듓쮰쫕솢램좨짏뾴ꎬ쮰쫕솢램좨맽뛈뗘벯훐퓚훐퇫ꎬ뗘랽좱짙뇘튪뗄쮰쫕솢램좨쿞ꎬ뗘랽쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞ꎨ닆좨ꎩ폫쫂좨퇏훘췑뷚ꆣ컒맺쿜램맦뚨ꎬ쪡ꆢퟔ훎쟸ꆢ횱쾽쫐죋듳벰웤뎣컱캯풱믡퓚늻춬쿜램램싉뫍탐헾램맦쿠뗖뒥뗄잰쳡쿂ꎬ뿉틔훆뚨뗘랽탔쮰쫕램맦ꆣ떫퓚쪵볊닙ퟷ훐ꎬ쮰쫕솢램좨룟뛈벯훐퓚훐퇫ꎬ쒿잰벸뫵쯹폐쮰훖뗄쮰램쳵샽벰웤쪵쪩쾸퓲뗈ꎬ뚼쫇평훐퇫헾뢮훆뚨폫냤늼뗄ꆣ쒿잰쫴폚뗘랽뗄쮰쫕솢램좨쿠떱폐쿞ꎬ훷튪폐ꎺ췀퓗쮰뫍쾯쮰볌탸헷쫕복춣헷좨ꎻ돇헲췁뗘쪹폃쮰ꆢ뎵뒬쪹폃쮰ꆢ랿닺쮰ꆢ돇쫐캬뮤붨짨쮰뗈뗘랽쮰쪵쪩쾸퓲뗄훆뚨좨뫍뷢쫍좨ꎻ퓚맦뚨쮰싊럹뛈쓚뻟쳥쫊폃쮰싊뗄좷뚨좨뗈ꆣ웤폠쯹폐뗘랽쮰쮰훖뗄솢램ꆢ쪵쪩뫍뗷헻좨ꎬ냼삨뾪헷ꆢ춣헷ꆢ쮰싊쮰쒿뗷헻틔벰복쏢쮰뗈좨솦뚼벯훐퓚훐퇫ꎬ뗘랽쓜릻틲뗘훆틋뒦훃뗄폠뗘뫜킡ꆣ 웤듎듓쮰쫕횴램좨ꎨ벴헷쫕맜샭좨ꎩ짏뾴ꎬ컒맺뗘랽쮰뗄쮰쫕횴램좨늻맦랶ꆢ늻춳튻ꆣ맺췢쪵탐럖쮰훆뗄맺볒ꎬ웤쯻뗘랽쮰뗄헷쫕맜샭좨쿞듳뛠벯훐퓚뗘랽쮰컱믺맘ꎬ튲폐튻킩평훐퇫쮰컱뻖ꎨ솪냮쮰컱뻖ꎩ듺헷ꎬ떫쮰훖폫쮰뿮쫽솿뫜폐쿞ꆣ좻뛸퓚컒맺ꎬ뿉틔탐쪹뗘랽쮰쫕헷맜좨뗄늿쏅돽쇋뗘랽쮰컱믺맘횮췢ꎬ뮹폐맺쮰뻖ꆢ닆헾뻖ꎬ뛸쟒헷쫕뗄쮰훖뫍쮰뿮쫽솿햼폐쿠떱듳뗄뇈훘ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ뗘랽쮰컱믺릹쪵탐죋풱뫍뺭럑뗄쮫훘쇬떼ꎬ튻뚨돌뛈짏떼훂뗘랽헾뢮쓑틔폐킧ퟩ횯ퟔ짭쫕죫ꎬ듓뛸쓑틔돉캪튻벶뛀솢뗄풤쯣ꎬ폐폚럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄뺫짱쪵훊ꆣ 평듋뿉횪ꎬ쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞룟뛈벯훐폚훐퇫ꎬ뗘랽쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞폫쫂좨늻쿠쫊펦ꎬ늻샻폚뗘랽헾뢮뾪랢샻폃놾뗘풴폅쫆ꎬ엠폽맇룉쮰풴ꆣ뗘랽좱랦뇘튪뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞ꎬ컞램춨맽맦랶뗄쟾뗀좡뗃탐쪹웤횰쓜쯹뇘탨뗄뷰ꎬ췹췹춨맽쫕럑뗈럇맦랶뗄춾뺶살돯벯뷰ꎬ튻뚨돌뛈짏떼훂뗘랽쫕럑맦쒣죕틦엲헍ꎬ짵훁돶쿖쯦틢쫕럑ꎬ럑듳폚쮰뗄ힴ뿶ꆣ늻뷶볓훘쇋웳튵뫍룶죋뗄뢺떣ꎬ쟖쪴쇋맺볒쮰믹ꎬ뛸쟒뮹퓬돉쇋헾뢮럖엤훈탲뗄컉싒ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뗄룟뛈벯훐ꎬ쮰쫕헷맜좨퓚맺뗘쮰믺맘뮮럖늻쟥ꎬ뗷헻맽폚욵랱ꎬ퓬돉쇋뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄늻컈뚨ꎬ튲쫆뇘틖훆뗘랽볓잿쮰쫕맜샭뗄믽벫탔ꆣ 훷쳥쮰훖좱캻퓬돉뗘랽쮰쫕쳥쾵쫕죫릦쓜폫뗷뷚릦쓜쓑틔춳튻 튻룶뿆톧뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵펦떱뿉틔쪹웤쳥쾵쓚뗄룷쮰훖폅쇓뮥늹ꎬ틔듯떽뺡뿉쓜룟뗄쾵춳킧싊ꎬ쪵쿖쫕죫릦쓜폫뗷뷚릦쓜뗄춳튻ꆣ헢훖쾵춳킧싊훷튪춨맽뫏샭톡퓱훷쳥쮰훖ꎬ뿆톧듮엤룷쮰훖틔탎돉튻룶뿆톧뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵살쪵쿖뗄ꆣ듓웤쯻룷맺뗄뺭퇩살뾴ꎬ늻맜톡퓱쓄훖쮰ퟷ캪뗘랽쮰뗄훷쳥쮰훖ꎬ룷뗘뚼폐튻룶믲뛠룶컈뚨뗄훷 33
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 쳥쮰훖ꎬ늢힢훘뢨훺쮰훖뗄엤훃ꆣ 듓컒맺쒿잰뗄쟩뿶살뾴ꎬ컒맺쿖탐뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쮰훖뷡릹늻뫏샭ꎬ좱랦컈뚨ꆢ맦랶ꆢ쏻뢱웤쪵뗄훷쳥쮰훖ꆣ1994쓪쪵탐럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쪱맦뚨뮮캪뗘랽쮰뗄쮰훖뛠듯18룶ꎨ뛸쟒뮹늻냼삨릲쿭쮰ꎩꎬ햼쿖퓚좫늿쮰훖ퟜ쫽뗄70%뮹뛠ꆣ쫽솿쯤좻늻짙ꎬ떫쫇돽쇋펪튵쮰뫍룶죋쯹뗃쮰쫇뷏캪컈뚨뗄쮰훖췢ꎬ웤폠뗄뛠캪튻킩쮰풴럖즢ꆢ헷맜쓑뛈듳ꆢ쫕죫늻컈뚨ꆢ헷쫕돉놾룟뗄킡쮰훖ꆣ튻킩쮰훖쏻틥짏쫇뗘랽쮰ꎬ쪵볊짏뚼뻟폐릲쿭쮰뗄탔훊ꎬ죧펪튵쮰ꆢ펡뮨쮰뗈ꆣ펪튵쮰뫍룶죋쯹뗃쮰쯤좻쫕죫뷏듳ꎬ떫좴늻췪좫쫴폚뗘랽쮰ꎬ틲듋늢늻쫇헦헽틢틥짏뗄뗘랽훷쳥쮰훖ꆣ쒿잰뗘랽쮰쳥쾵훐뗄닺랿쮰ꆢ뎵뒬쪹폃쮰ꆢ췁뗘쪹폃쮰뗈ꎬ쯼쏇뗄솢램뺫짱뻹욫훘폚쮰쫕뗄뗷뷚횰쓜ꎬ뛸ퟩ횯쫕죫뗄횰쓜떭뮯ꎬ쓑틔돆뗃짏쫇뗘랽훷쳥쮰훖ꆣ늢쟒쒿잰펪튵쮰헷쮰랶캧쓚뗄탭뛠뿎쮰뛔쿳붫퓚탂튻싖쮰훆룄룯훐뗷헻캪퓶횵쮰뗄헷쮰랶캧ꎬ튻떩죧듋ꎬ펪튵쮰룼붫늻쓜쯣쫇뗘랽훷쳥쮰훖ꎬ튲뻍쫇쮵컒맺뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붫튪돶쿖훷쳥쮰훖좱쪧뗄쿖쿳ꆣ 뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵늻뫏샭ꎬ좱랦컈뚨ꆢ맦랶ꆢ쏻뢱웤쪵뗄훷쳥쮰훖ꎬ쫇쿖탐뗘랽쮰쳥쾵듦퓚뗄튻룶훷튪좱쿝ꎬ퓬돉쇋뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣욫킡ꎬ쓑틔놣헏뗘랽닆헾뺭뎣탔횧돶뗄탨튪ꎬ평듋튲훆풼쇋뗘랽헾뢮돉캪튻벶뛀솢뗄풤쯣훷쳥ꆣ 뢨훺쮰훖뗄늻췪짆훂쪹뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쓑틔쫊펦짧믡훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃뗄튪쟳 듓맺췢뺭퇩살뾴ꎬ퓚좷뚨튻룶믲벸룶뗘랽훷쳥쮰훖뫳ꎬ뇘듮엤쿠펦뗄뢨훺쮰훖폫횮쿠엤쳗ꎬ탎돉뿆톧뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뷡릹쳥쾵ꎬ듓뛸쪵쿖쫕죫릦쓜폫뗷뷚릦쓜뗄춳튻ꆣ떫쫇컒맺쒿잰뗘랽쮰쳥쾵훐뢨훺쮰훖뗄짨훃듦퓚틔쿂죽듳춻돶컊쳢ꎬ훆풼쇋쮰쫕릦쓜뗄랢믓ꎬ쪹뗘랽헾뢮쓑틔폐킧쪹폃쮰쫕쫖뛎돯벯쫕죫뫍쪵쪩뫪맛뗷뿘ꆣ 쫗쿈쫇뗘랽쮰쳥쾵룄룯늻떽캻ꎬ늿럖쮰훖돂뻉맽쪱ꎬ뮹탨룄룯뒴탂ꆣ1994쓪쪵쪩럖쮰훆닆헾맜샭쳥훆횮돵ꎬ퓚좷뚨뫍뮮럖훐퇫쮰뫍뗘랽쮰쪱ꎬ퓸쏷좷쳡돶퓚컥쓪횮쓚룄룯뫍췪짆돇붨쮰ꆢ랿닺쮰뗈훮뛠뗘랽쮰훖ꎬ늢쟒뚼폐쿠뛔뇈뷏뻟쳥뗄룄룯랽낸ꎬ떫쪱훁뷱죕뗘랽쮰쳥쾵룄룯죔캴뷸탐ꆣ뛸폫듋탎돉쿊쏷뛔뺭뗄쫇훐퇫쮰훆룄룯욵랱ꎬ헢튲듓튻죋닠쏦쮵쏷뗘랽쮰쳥쾵룄룯짐캴쫜떽훘쫓ꆣ쿖탐뗘랽쮰쳥쾵훐ꎬ돽펪튵쮰ꆢ췁뗘퓶횵쮰뗈짙쫽벸룶쮰쫕쳵샽쫇1994쓪훆뚨쪵쪩뗄횮췢ꎬ돇붨쮰ꆢ췁뗘쪹폃쮰ꆢ랿닺쮰뗈듳뛠쫽뗄쮰쫕쳵샽쫇짏쫀볍80쓪듺훐뫳웚훆뚨뗄ꎬ늻짙쮰쫕쳵샽짵훁쫇50쓪듺돵훆뚨뗄ꎬ죧췀퓗쮰쳵샽훆뚨폚1950쓪ꎬ돇쫐랿뗘닺쮰훆뚨폚1951쓪ꆣ헢킩뗘랽쮰쫕쳵샽퓚훆뚨쪱튲탭폫떱쪱뗄뺭볃탎쫆쫇쫊펦뗄ꎬ뚼폫뺭볃랢햹쿖ힴ늻쿠쫊펦쇋ꆣ뇈죧랿닺쮰ꆢ돇헲췁뗘쪹폃쮰ꆢ뎵뒬쪹폃쮰ꎬ돇쫐캬뮤붨짨쮰뗈쮰훖ꎬ웤헷쮰뛔쿳뗄볛횵틑랢짺쿠떱듳뗄뇤뮯ꎬ쓉쮰틥컱죋폫쫜틦뛔쿳쿠췑뷚ꎬ쮰뢺늻욽뫢ꎻ룶죋쯹뗃쮰죔좻닉좡럖샠뿎헷뗄냬램ꎬ퇏훘뗘틽랢쇋쮰쫕뢺떣늻 34
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 돶뗄컊쳢ꎻ랿닺쮰볈내랿닺풭횵헷쮰ꎬ폖내펪튵뛮헷쮰ꎬ쪹랿닺쮰볈뻟폐닆닺쮰뗄쳘뗣폖폐펪튵쮰뗄쳘뗣ꆣ헢킩쿖쿳훂쪹뗘랽쮰쳥쾵늻떫늻쓜뛔뗘랽뺭볃뗄랢햹닺짺믽벫뗄뗷뷚ퟷ폃ꎬ퓚쒳킩랽쏦뮹뛔뺭볃뗄랢햹닺짺훆풼ퟷ폃ꆣ 웤듎쫇뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쓚췢폐뇰ꎬ늻춳튻ꆢ늻맦랶ꆣ쓚췢폐뇰뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵훷튪뇭쿖퓚틔쿂죽룶랽쏦ꎺ튻쫇뛔쓚웳튵헷쫕쓚웳살쯹뗃쮰ꎬ뛸뛔췢웳튵헷쫕췢짌춶웳튵뫍췢맺웳살쯹뗃쮰ꎬ쪵탐솽쳗늻춬뗄쮰훆ꎬ쮰잰뿛돽쿮쒿벰뿛돽뇪ힼꆢ쮰싊벰폅믝맦뚨뗈뚼늻튻퇹ꎬ뛔췢짌쫇뎬맺쏱듽폶ꎻ뛾쫇뛔쓚웳튵헷쫕랿닺쮰ꎬ돇헲췁뗘쪹폃쮰ꆢ뎵뒬쪹폃쮰ꎬ뛸뛔췢웳튵헷쫕돇쫐랿뗘닺쮰ꆢ뎵뒬쪹폃없헕쮰ꎻ죽쫇뛔쓚웳튵헷쫕돇붨쮰ꎬ뛸뛔췢짌춶웳튵뫍췢맺웳튵늻헷쫕ꆣ헢훖쮰훆늻춳튻뗄ힴ뿶늻샻폚쓚췢웳튵뗄릫욽뺺헹ꎬ늻쓜쫊펦볓죫WTO벰맺볊쮰훆뷓맬뗄탨튪ꆣ뛸쟒평폚짦췢웳튵뗄쮰쫕헾닟뇈맺쓚웳튵쮰쫕헾닟폅믝ꎬ맺쓚볙ꆰ죽ꆱ웳튵풽살풽뛠ꎬ뗘랽쮰쫕쇷쪧풽살풽퇏훘ꆣ쇭췢ꎬ헦헽폫췢짌볞뷓돉ꆰ죽ꆱ웳튵뗄쓚뗘웳튵ꎬ듳늿럖쫇맺쓚맦쒣듳ꆢ킧틦뫃뗄웳튵ꎬ쫇뗘랽쮰쫕뗄훷쮰쫕뗄훷튪살풴ꎬ평폚웳튵탔훊뗄뇤룼ꎬ쿭쫜쯹뗃쮰폅믝ꎬ쪹뗘랽쮰쫕듳솿복짙뛸캮쯵ꎬ뗘랽닆솦룼쟷삧쓑ꆣ ퟮ뫳ꎬ튻킩놾펦룃뾪헷뗄쮰훖ꎬ죧틅닺쮰ꆢ퓹폫쮰ꆢ짧믡놣헏쮰뗈ꎬ평폚룷훖풭틲훁뷱짐캴뾪헷ꆣ헢킩쟩뿶퓬돉쇋뗘퇔쮰쫕ퟜ솿복짙ꎬ쮰풴캮쯵ꎬ쮰쫕뻛닆폫뗷뷚뗄릦쓜쫜떽뫜듳쿞훆ꎬ튲늻쓜룼뫃뗘쫊펦짧믡뺭볃랢햹뫍뻓쏱쫕죫뇤뚯뗄뿍맛쟩뿶ꆣ 뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣뷏킡쓑틔놣헏뗘랽닆헾횧돶뗄탨튪 컒맺쿖탐뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵늻뷶듦퓚쮰풴럖즢ꆢ헷맜쓑뛈듳ꆢ헷맜돉놾룟뗈튻쾵쇐컊쳢ꎬ뛸쟒쫕죫맦쒣튲뫜킡ꎬ쓑틔싺ퟣ뗘랽헾뢮쪵쿖뫍싄탐짧믡뺭볃횰쓜뗄뿍맛탨튪ꆣ 뇭 1997ꆪ2002쓪뗘랽쮰쫕쫕죫ꆢ닆헾쫕죫뫍닆헾횧돶뗄뇈뷏 ꎨ떥캻ꎺ틚풪ꎩ 쿮쒿 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 뗘랽쮰쫕쫕죫 뗘랽닆헾쫕죫 8524 뗘랽닆헾횧돶 15256 쇏살풴ꎺꆶ탂훐맺컥쪮쓪춳볆쇏믣뇠ꆷꆢꆶ훐맺춳볆쓪본ꆷꎬ훐맺춳볆돶냦짧ꆣ 뇭랴펳돶쮰쫕쫕죫풶쎻폐돉캪뗘랽닆헾쫕죫뗄횧훹ꎬ폫릫릲닆헾뗄튪쟳쿠뻠짵풶ꆣ쳘뇰쫇쪵탐럖쮰훆뫳ꎬ닆솦풽살풽쿲훐퇫뫍쪡벶헾뢮벯훐ꎬ뛸쫐ꆢ쿘헾뢮뗄쫂좨좴풽살풽뛠ꆣ캪싺ퟣ랢햹뗄탨튪ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮믲펦폃뇤춨쫖뛎ꎬ벷햼훐퇫쫕죫ꎻ믲닉좡뾪헷룷훖믹뷰ꆢ퓶볓쫕럑쿮쒿뫍쳡붻쫕럑뇪ힼ뗄랽쪽살늹돤닆헾횧돶뗄좱뿚ꆣ헢늻뷶퓶볓쇋웳튵뗄뢺떣ꎬ뛸쟒쟖쪴쇋쮰믹ꎬ붵뗍쇋헾뢮맦랶쫕죫뗄쮮욽ꎬ럖 35
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 [39]룮쇋닆헾뗄ퟷ폃랶캧ꎬ쿷죵쇋닆헾뗄뫪맛뗷뿘쓜솦ꆣ 쿖탐틆횧뢶훆뛈쓑틔쪵쿖ꆰ뻹뗈뮯ꆱ뗄쒿뇪 췪짆뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈폫붨솢뿆톧ꆢ맦랶뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵춬쫴폚럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯뗄훘튪쓚죝ꆣ틆횧뢶쫕죫폫뗘랽쮰쫕죫쫇뗘랽닆헾쫕죫뗄솽듳살풴ꎬ솽헟쏜늻뿉럖ꎬ뮥캪늹돤ꆣퟛ맛룷맺럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄쪵볹ꎬ평폚ퟔ좻?뢳닮틬뗈풭틲ꎬ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄퓋탐쓑쏢믡퓬돉뗘랽헾뢮횮볤ꆰ뿠샖늻뻹ꆱ뗄쿖쿳ꎬ탨튪붨솢뿆톧뫏샭뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈살쪵쿖뻹뗈뮯뗄쒿뗄ꆣ틲듋ꎬ췪짆뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈튻횱ퟷ캪뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄튻쿮훘튪엤쳗듫쪩ꆣ 쒿잰컒맺뗄닆헾틆횧뢶탎쪽훷튪폐쮰쫕략뮹ꆢ튻냣탔틆횧뢶ꆢ쿮틆횧뢶ꆢ쳥훆늹훺ꆢ뷡쯣늹훺뫍쿮늹훺뗈ꆣ듓뷡릹짏럖컶ꎬ컒맺닆헾틆횧뢶ퟜ쳥짏늻뫏샭ꎬ떼훂쯵킡뗘쟸닮뻠뺻킧펦뷏죵ꎬ쮰쫕략뮹뫍쿮늦뿮쯹햼뇈훘첫듳ꎬ쫴폚컞쳵볾닆헾틆횧뢶탎쪽ꎬ듦퓚헾닟틽떼쓜솦늻잿ꆢ늻샻폚랢믓뗘랽헾뢮믽벫탔ꆢ늻샻폚뷚쓉횧돶뫍쳡룟닆헾뷰샻폃킧싊뗈좱뗣ꎬ뛸튻냣탔틆횧뢶뗈쫇폐뗘쟸욽뫢릦쓜뗄틆횧뢶뇈훘맽킡ꆣ듓뚨탔짏럖컶ꎬ쮰쫕략뮹뫍쳥훆늹훺평믹쫽램좷뚨ꎬ횻쓜퓶늻쓜복ꎬ믹쫽훐냼몬뗄맽좥쳥훆훐뗄뫏샭틲쯘퓚훰쓪맶뚯훐늻뛏삩듳ꎬ놣뮤쇋뗘랽뗄볈뗃샻틦ꎬ퓙볓짏탭뛠늹훺럖엤좱랦뿆톧틀뻝ꎬ뻟폐뷏듳뗄쯦틢탔ꎬ럖엤춸쏷뛈늻룟ꎬ뎣뎣쫇틔ꆰ엜뗃쟚ꆢ뷐뗃쿬ꆢ돶뗄엤쳗뷰뇈샽듳ꆱ뗄풭퓲뷸탐럖엤ꎬ튻뛈떼훂닆헾ꆰ뻹뗈뮯ꆱ뇤돉ꆰ닮뻠뮯ꆱꆣ 36
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뗚5헂 룄룯폫췪짆컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄릹쿫 럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯뗄뺫짱쪵훊뫍룹놾쒿뗄쫇쪹룷벶헾뢮폈웤쫇뗘랽헾뢮헦헽돉캪튻벶뛀솢뗄풤쯣훷쳥ꎬ쪵쿖ꆰ튻벶헾좨ꎬ튻벶쫂좨ꆢ튻벶닆좨ꆢ튻벶쮰 [40]믹ꆢ튻벶풤쯣ꆢ튻벶닺좨ꆢ튻벶뻙햮좨ꆱꆣ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨훷튪뷢뻶뗄쫇ꆰ튻벶닆좨ꆱ뗄컊쳢ꎬ벴죧뫎쪹뗘랽헾뢮헦헽헆컕폃폚싺ퟣ웤횧돶탨튪뗄쫕죫ꆣ틲듋ꎬ컒맺쒿잰뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄룄룯폫췪짆튪쫊펦붨솢짧믡훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃쳵볾쿂릫릲닆헾쳥쾵붨짨뗄탨튪ꎬ붫뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄짨볆릫릲닆헾쳥훆헢튻듳뿲볜랶캧쓚뷸탐뾼싇ꎬ헢퇹닅쓜놣횤럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄헽뎣퓋ퟷꆣ춬쪱튲튪뾼싇떽컒맺볓죫WTO뗄탂탎쫆ꎬ퓚뗘랽쮰쳥쾵룄룯훐뷨본웤쯻맺볒뗄돉릦뺭퇩ꎬ쪹WTO쯹뎫떼뗄럇웧쫓풭퓲ꆢ릫욽뺺헹풭퓲뫍춸쏷뛈풭퓲쳥쿖퓚컒맺탂폐뗘랽쮰쳥쾵훐ꆣ뻝듋ꎬ췪짆뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄ퟜ쳥쮼슷펦쫇ꎺ내헕짧믡훷틥쫐뎡뺭볃퓋탐뗄쳘뗣ꎬ뷡뫏쿖듺헾뢮럖벶맜샭뗄튪쟳ꎬ볡돖쮰쫕램뚨풭퓲ꎬ틀릫릲닺욷뗄닣듎탔뫏샭짨훃쮰훖ꆣ퓚짮뮯쮰럑룄룯뗄잰쳡쿂ꎬ뿆톧뮮럖쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞ꎬ쿂럅늿럖솢램좨ꎬ뗷헻헷맜좨ꎬ폅뮯뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵ꎬ삩듳뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣ꎬ맦랶닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈ꎬ붨솢웰쿠뛔뛀솢뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵ꎬ듓뛸폐훺폚뗘랽헾뢮횰쓜뗄랢믓ꆣ 췪짆컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뗄쮼뾼 뗷헻뫍췪짆컒맺뗘랽쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖뗄믹놾쮼슷 훐퇫폫뗘랽쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖늻뷶쫇럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뗄튻룶훘튪쓚죝ꎬ뛸쟒쫇헽좷뒦샭헾뢮볤럖엤맘쾵뗄튻룶훘튪믹뒡ꆣ룹뻝떱잰쿖ힴ컊쳢벰맺볊뺭퇩뷨본ꎬ컒쏇죏캪ꎬ쿂튻늽뗷헻뫍췪짆컒맺뗄뗘랽쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖ꎬ듓ퟜ쳥쮼슷짏탨튪냑컕틔쿂죽룶튪뗣ꎺ 뗚튻ꎬ훐퇫탨튪놣돖쿠떱뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞벯훐ꎬ룟뛈럖좨뗄쒣쪽늻쫊뫏컒맺맺쟩ꆣ헢쫇믹폚틔쿂틲쯘뾼싇뗄ꎺꎨ1ꎩ훐맺퓚헾훎짏쫇튻룶훐퇫벯좨훆맺볒ꎬ좷놣훐퇫뫪맛뗷뿘뗄훷뚯좨ꎬ좷솢훐퇫튻벶뗄훷떼뗘캻뫍좨췾ꎬ쫇쪵쿖짧믡헾훎컈뚨뫍맺쏱뺭볃킭뗷랢햹뗄훘튪믹뒡뫍쳵볾ꆣ뻍쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뛸퇔ꎬ횮쯹틔잿뗷뇘탫좷놣훐퇫쿠떱뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞벯훐ꎬ쫇캪쇋쪵쿖좫맺쮰쫕헾닟뗄춳튻ꎬ놣횤훐퇫뗄춳튻헾닟ꆢ춳튻훆뛈뗄맡뎹횴탐ꎬ듓뛸ퟮ훕좷놣훐퇫뫪맛뗷뿘헾닟틢춼뗄쪵쿖ꆣꎨ2ꎩ떱잰벰뷱뫳튻룶쪱웚ꎬ컒맺헽뒦폚쫐뎡뺭볃뗄맘볼쪱웚ꎬ훐퇫튻뚨돌뛈뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞벯훐쫇듙뷸쫐뎡뺭볃볼뾵랢햹뗄뇘튪쳵볾ꆣ쫐뎡뺭볃뗄뗄쪵훊쫇릫욽뺺헹ꎬ탨튪폐춬튻뗄뫪맛헾닟폫훆뛈뮷뺳ꎬ헢떱훐쮰쫕헾닟뗄춳튻쫇벫웤훘튪뗄튻룶랽쏦ꆣ횻폐훐퇫놣돖쿠떱뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞벯훐ꎬ닅폐샻폚퓚좫맺랶캧쓚쪵쿖쮰뢺릫욽ꎬ쿻돽뗘랽횮볤쮰쫕뗄뛱탔뺺헹뫍엊뇈ꎬퟮ훕듓쮰쫕랽쏦뒴퓬쫐뎡릫욽뺺헹뗄뫪맛뮷 37
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 뺳ꆣꎨ3ꎩ듓맺췢쟩뿶뾴ꎬ쯤좻룷맺맺쟩늻춬ꎬ쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞쿂뮮뗄돌뛈늻춬ꎬ떫듳뛠쫽맺볒뗄훐퇫헾뢮뛔뗘랽쮰쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뒦폚뻸뛔횧엤뗘캻ꎬ헢쫇튻룶듸폐맦싉탔뗄릲춬탔쳘헷ꆣ [41]뗚뛾ꎬ?웺뒫춳뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞맽뛈벯훐쒣쪽ꎬퟟ쫊뛈럖좨뗄뗀슷ꆣ훐퇫폫뗘랽뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖ꎬ쯤좻뇘탫좷놣훐퇫뗄훷떼횧엤뗘캻ꎬ떫뻸늻쫇쮵훐퇫벯훐뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞풽뛠풽뫃ꎬ룼늻쫇쮵췪좫평훐퇫춳삿웰살ꆣ헽좷뗄톡퓱펦룃쫇ꎺ듓훐맺뗄맺쟩뫍쿖쪵컊쳢돶랢ꎬ?웺뒫춳뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞맽뛈벯훐쒣쪽ꎬퟟ쫊뛈럖좨뗄뗀슷ꎬ냼삨뢳폫뗘랽튻뚨뗄쮰쫕솢램좨ꆣ헢쫇틲캪ꎺꎨ1ꎩ컒맺쫇튻룶듳맺ꎬ룷뗘뗄ퟔ좻쳵볾뫍뺭볃랢햹쮮욽뫜늻뻹뫢ꎬ닆헾쓜솦뫍쮰풴쟩뿶틠폐뫜듳닮뇰ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂ꎬ뢳폨뗘랽쫊뛈뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞ꎬ뛔튻킩뗘폲탔뗄ꆢ뷏캪쇣즢뗄쮰풴춨맽뗘랽솢램살헷쮰ꎬ늻뷶늻펰쿬맺볒쮰쫕랽헫헾닟뗄춳튻맡뎹횴탐ꎬ랴뛸폐샻폚듙쪹뗘랽틲뗘훆틋뗘룹뻝놾뗘뺭볃쳘즫뫍쪵볊쟩뿶ꎬ믽벫닉좡쒳킩쮰쫕헾닟듫쪩ꎬ췚뻲쮰쫕잱솦ꎬ룄짆닆헾ힴ뿶ꎬ듙뷸뺭볃랢햹ꆣꎨ2ꎩ붫뇘튪뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뢳폨뗘랽ꎬ늢볓틔틽떼뫍볠뚽ꎬ붫룼샻폚룼뫃뗘랢믓헾뢮ퟩ횯뗷뿘쟸폲뺭볃랢햹뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ췪짆헾뢮뫪맛뗷뿘쳥쾵ꆣꎨ3ꎩ평폚쮰풴럖늼늻뻹퓈ꎬ튻킩쮰훖퓚좫맺랶캧쓚쎻폐웕뇩뾪헷뗄틢틥ꎬ헢훖쟩뿶룸쒳킩쮰훖평좫맺춳튻훆뚨쮰쫕램싉듸살쇋튻뚨뗄쓑뛈ꆣ틲듋ꎬ폐잰쳡뗘ꆢ쫊떱뗘쿂럅튻킩쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞ꎬ폐샻폚퓶잿쮰쫕램싉뗄쫊펦탔ꆣ [42]뗚죽ꎬ퓚쫊떱럖즢쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뗄춬쪱ꎬ뇘탫헻뛙맦랶뗘랽뗄쫕럑좨ꆣ퇐뺿훐맺뗘랽쮰뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖ꎬ늻쓜뻍쮰싛쮰ꎬ튪뇘탫췘뿭쫓튰ꎬ붫뗘랽쫕럑좨쿞컊쳢튻늢쓉죫뾼싇ꆣ떱잰뗄컊쳢퓚폚뗘랽쎻폐쮰쫕솢램좨ꎬ뻍짨솢쫕럑쿮쒿ꎬ틔훁돶쿖쯦틢쫕럑ꆢ럑듳폚쮰뗄ힴ뿶ꆣ헢듓놾훊짏붲쫇늻럻뫏쫐뎡뺭볃튪쟳뗄럇맦랶탔뗄헾뢮럖엤랽쪽ꆣ맺췢닆헾럖엤샺살쫇틔쮰쫕캪훷ꆢ쫕럑캪뢨ꎬ늢내헕맺볒풤쯣췪헻탔뫍춳튻탔뗄풭퓲ꎬ붫헾뢮쫕럑쓉죫헾뢮풤쯣춳돯낲업쪹폃ꆣ헢쫇뫜횵뗃컒쏇퇐뺿뷨본뗄ꆣ틲듋ꎬ퓚쿂튻늽뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵룄룯맽돌훐ꎬ펦룃튻랽쏦쿲뗘랽쿂뮮뇘튪뗄쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞ꎬ쇭튻랽쏦뇘탫헻뛙맦랶뗘랽뗄쫕럑컊쳢ꎬ듓뛸쪹헻룶뗘랽헾뢮뗄럖엤탐캪쓉죫램싉뮯맦랶뮯맬뗀ꆣ 췪짆컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뗄뻟쳥짨쿫 헫뛔컒맺맺쟩뫍쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뮮럖뗄쿖ힴꎬ뷨본맺췢돉릦뺭퇩ꎬ컒쏇죏캪ꎬ퓚볡돖쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞폫쫂좨쿠쫊펦풭퓲쿂ꎬ펦뻟쳥듓틔쿂벸룶랽쏦뫏샭뮮럖쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞ꆣ 1ꎮ쏷좷쮰쫕솢램좨쿞ꎬ뢳폨뗘랽튻뚨뗄쮰쫕솢램좨듓ퟜ쳥짏뾴ꎬ컒맺쮰쫕솢램좨뗄뮮럖펦붨솢웰틔훐퇫솢램캪훷ꎬ쪡벶솢램캪뢨ꎬ솽벶솢램쿠뢨쿠돐뗄솢램룱뻖ꆣ튻쫇좫맺죋듳펦훆뚨쮰쫕믹놾램ꎬ맦뚨쮰쫕램싉뗄믹놾풭퓲ꆢ춨폃쳵뿮ꆢ헷쓉쮫랽뗄좨샻폫틥컱ꆢ쮰쫕탐헾횴램뗈쓚죝ꆣ뛾쫇훐퇫쮰ꆢ 38
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 릲쿭쮰틔벰좫맺랶캧쓚웕뇩쪵쪩뗄뗘랽쮰펦평좫맺죋듳솢램믲춨맽좫맺죋듳쫚좨평맺컱풺틔퓝탐쳵샽뗄탎쪽냤늼ꆣ죽쫇쪡벶죋듳뿉룹뻝놾뗘쮰풴ힴ뿶퓚훐퇫훆뚨뗄쮰램뿲볜쓚뻶뚨쒳킩뗘랽쮰훖뗄뾪헷믲춣헷ꆣ쯄쫇쪡벶죋듳튲뿉퓚폐맘램싉뗄맦뚨쿂솢램뾪헷쒳킩뻟폐뗘랽쳘즫뗄쮰훖ꆣ떱좻ꎬ뗘랽뗄쮰쫕솢램좨늢럇쫇늻쫜쿞훆뗄쮰쫕솢램좨ꎬ컒쏇뿉뷨본죕놾ꆰ뗘랽쮰램ꆱ탎쪽ꎬ훆뚨ꆶ뗘랽쮰솢램춨퓲ꆷꎬ뛔뗘랽쮰쫕솢램좨뷸탐뇘튪쿞훆ꎬ죧맦뚨뗘랽헾뢮늻쓜뾪헷폐쯰훐퇫믲웤쯻뗘쟸샻틦뗄[43]쮰훖ꆣ 2ꎮ놣횤쮰쫕탐헾횴램좨뗄쿠뛔뛀솢탔룄뇤쒿잰쮰쫕횴램좨짏훐퇫폫뗘랽랶캧붻닦퇏훘뗄쿖ힴꎬ룹뻝쫕죫맩쫴폫헷쫕맜샭쿠튻훂뗄풭퓲ꎬ춨맽램싉좷뚨맺쮰믺맘뫍뗘쮰믺맘쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뗄랶캧ꆣ훐퇫쮰폫릲쿭쮰죔뿉평맺쮰믺맘헷쫕ꎻ뛸쫴폚뗘랽쿭뗄룷쿮쮰쫕펦평뗘쮰믺맘뢺퓰헷쫕맜샭ꆣ놣횤쮰쫕탐헾횴램좨뗄쿠뛔뛀솢탔늢늻쫇튪쟳뻸뛔뛀솢ꎬ맺쮰폫뗘쮰믺맘펦볓잿킭ퟷꎬ쳡룟헷맜킧싊ꎬ복짙헷맜슩뚴ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뿉틀췐볆쯣믺췸싧벼쫵ꎬ붨솢웰탅쾢릲쿭폫뚨웚놨룦훆뛈ꎬ폐헫뛔탔뗘뷸탐솪뫏횴램탐뚯ꎬ럀횹믬쮰폫춵슩쮰쿖[44]쿳뗄랢짺ꆣ 3ꎮ볓잿쮰컱쮾램붨짨 틲캪짦쮰낸볾짦벰쮰쫕ꆢ램싉ꆢ닆컱ꆢ믡볆뗈뛠랽쏦뗄튵횪쪶ꎬ벼쫵탔뫜잿ꎬ쯹틔떥뒿평쮾램믺맘뷸탐헬웆짳톶폐튻뚨뗄뻖쿞탔ꆣ틲듋폐뇘튪퓚내헕쿖탐쮾램좨뮮럖뗄믹놾뿲볜뫍쮾램뛀솢뗄풭퓲쿂ꎬ닎헕몣맘벩쮽뺯달뛓컩뗄ퟶ램ꎬ돉솢쮰컱뺯달뛓컩ꎬ벰쪱뛔짦쮰낸볾뷸탐헬웆뫍짳톶ꎬ탐쪹쮰쫕쮾램좨ꆣ 뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵뗄폅뮯ꎨꋱꎩꎺ훷쳥쮰훖뗄톡퓱 뗘랽쮰쳥쾵훷쳥쮰훖쫇횸퓚뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵훐뒦폚훷떼뗘캻ꎬ랢믓훷튪쫕죫릦쓜뫍뗷뷚릦쓜뗄쮰훖ꆣ톡퓱뫍좷솢뗘랽훷쳥쮰훖ꎬ쫇릹붨뗘랽쮰쫕쳥쾵뗄맘볼ꆣퟷ캪뗘랽훷쳥쮰훖튻냣펦뻟놸틔쿂쳵볾ꎺ쮰믹볡쪵ꆢ쮰풴럡뢻ꆢ퓶뎤잱솦듳ꎬ쓜릻[45]놣횤뗘랽닆헾쫕죫컈뚨퓶뎤ꎻ쮰쫕뗷뷚쒿뇪쏷쿔쟸폲탔쳘헷ꎻ뇣폚헷맜ꆣ컒맺쒿잰쫇틔펪튵쮰ퟷ캪뗘랽훷쳥쮰훖ꎬ헢쫇틲캪컒맺닆닺쮰쇣탇럖즢ꆢ쮰훆늻췪짆ꆢ쫕죫짙뗈틲쯘쯹퓬돉뗄ꆣ컒쏇죏캪ꎬ듓뎤풶뾴ꎬ쯦ퟅ컒맺뺭볃뗄뷸튻늽랢햹뫍죋뻹맺쏱쫕죫뗄쳡룟ꎬ틔벰쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆뗄돉쫬뫍쮰쫕훆뛈뗄췪짆ꎬ닆닺쮰뗄쮰믹붫늻뛏췘뿭ꎬ쫕죫맦쒣죕쟷삩듳뫍컈뚨ꎬ붫훰늽돉캪뗘랽훷쳥쮰훖ꆣ 뗘랽훷쳥쮰훖톡퓱뗄맺볊쟷쫆ꎺ닆닺쮰 떱뷱쫀뷧ꎬ폐130뛠룶맺볒펵폐쒳훖탎쪽뗄닆닺쮰ꎬ늢쟒뚼냑닆닺쮰ퟷ캪뗘랽헾뢮ퟮ캪훘튪뗄뿉ퟔ훷횧엤뗄쫕죫살풴ꆣ폈웤쫇뛔폚돇쫐뗘랽쫐헾떱뻖뛸퇔ꎬ닆닺쮰룼쫇쯼쏇훷튪뗄닆헾횧훹횮튻ꆣ컞싛쫇뛔폚랢듯맺볒ꎬ뮹쫇랢햹훐맺볒ꎬ쟩뿶뚼 39
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 쫇죧듋ꆣ벴뇣쫇뛔폚뚫얷뗄풭짧믡훷틥맺볒ꎬ닆닺쮰튲틑놻좷뚨캪럖좨뮯뷸돌훐탂[46]닺짺뗄뗘랽헾뢮훘튪뗄쫕죫살풴ꆣ닆닺쮰퓚랢듯맺볒뫍랢햹훐맺볒훐뗄훘튪뗘캻ꎬ컒쏇뿉틔춨맽뇭뫍뇭뗄춳튻볆쫽뻝뗃떽랴펳ꆣ뇭쇐쪾쇋늿럖OECD맺볒ꎨ듺뇭랢듯맺볒ꎩ닆닺쮰쫕죫햼웤훝헾뢮믲뗘랽헾뢮쮰쫕쫕죫뗄뇈훘ꎻ뇭쇐쪾쇋늿럖랢햹훐맺볒벰훷튪돇쫐헾뢮뛔닆닺쮰뗄틀삵돌뛈ꆣ 뇭 늿럖OECD맺볒닆닺쮰쫕죫퓚웤뗘랽닆헾훐뗄훘튪탔 떥캻ꎺ% 쓪 럝 쓪 럝 1975 1985 1994 1975 1985 1994 맺 볒 맺 볒 냄듳샻퇇 떤 싳 13ꎮ2 6ꎮ4 7ꎮ1 훝 탂컷삼 93 뗘 랽100 램 맺 26 볓쓃듳 낮뛻삼 100 100 100 훝틢듳샻 - 뗘 랽 뫉 삼 쏀 맺 늨 삼 - - 훝펢 맺 100 100 100 뗘 랽 쇏살풴ꎺꆶOECD돉풱맺쫕죫춳볆ꎺ1965-1995ꆷꎬ틽ퟔ B. (1999)ꆣ놾컄틽ퟔ킻좺쯉ꎨ2001ꎩꆣ쮵쏷ꎺ놾컄퓚틽룃뇭쪱ꎬ평폚쫽뻝늻좫믲헟쫇늻뻟놸듺뇭탔뗄풭틲ꎬ쪡싔쇋뷝뿋릲뫍맺뫍탙퇀샻솽룶맺볒ꆣ 40
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뇭 늿럖랢햹훐맺볒벰훷튪돇쫐헾뢮뛔닆닺쮰뗄틀삵돌뛈 닆쮰쯹햼뇈훘ꎨ%ꎩ 닆쮰쯹햼뇈훘ꎨ%ꎩ 좫맺/훷튪돇햼ퟜ쫕좫맺/훷튪돇쫐 햼쯹폐쮰쫕쫕죫햼쯹폐쮰쫕쫕햼ퟜ쫕죫뗄쫐 죫뗄뇈뗄뇈훘ꎨ%ꎩ 죫뗄뇈훘ꎨ%ꎩ 뇈훘ꎨ%ꎩ 훘ꎨ%ꎩ냍컷 40 8 쒫컷룧돇 59 6 쪥놣싞3816쓡죕샻퇇 49 12 샯풼죈쓚슬 31 12 삭룷쮹 70 22 룧싗뇈퇇 46 6 틁냍떤 13 3 늨룧듳3218냍믹쮹첹 8 6 펡뛈 40 24 뾨삭웦 13 12 쏏싲2217삭뫏뛻 13 12 볓뛻룷듰 92 36 쏘슳 41 27 십뗂삭쮹 82 41 샻십 57 17 펡뛈쓡컷퇇 43 12 럆싉뇶 70 20 퇅볓듯105십쓡삭 59 36 뿏쓡퇇 99 36 춻쓡쮹 28 9 쓚싞뇈9236춻쓡쮹돇 29 14 몫맺 27 19 훐캻쫽 몺돇2118좫맺 42 12 쒫컷룧 55 12 돇쫐 35 17 쇏살풴ꎺDillinger, Urban Property Taxation in Developing Counties, 3; 풭쪼쫽뻝살풴훐쎻폐뇭쏷쫽뻝뗄쓪럝ꆣ놾컄틽ퟔ, Property Tax Rrform in Developing Countries. (1998) 평짏뿉볻ꎬ컞싛쫇뛔폚랢듯맺볒ꎬ뮹쫇랢햹훐맺볒ꎬ닆닺쮰뚼쫇뗘랽헾뢮ퟮ훘튪뗄ퟔ훷쫕쎦싒살풴횮튻ꆣ퓚랢듯맺볒ꎬ닆닺쮰튻냣햼떽뗘랽ퟔ훷쫕 죫뗄50%틔 41
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 짏ꎻ퓚랢햹훐맺볒ꎬ헢튻뇈샽튻냣튲퓚1/3틔짏ꆣ헢ퟣ틔쮵쏷닆닺쮰퓚뗘랽쮰쳥쾵훐뗄훘튪뗘캻ꆣ 톡퓱닆닺쮰ퟷ캪뗘랽훷쳥쮰훖뗄풭틲럖컶 튻냣살쮵ꎬ튻룶폅솼뗄뗘랽쫕죫쳥쾵뇘탫쓜릻닺짺쿠뛔돤ퟣ뗄ꆢ늢쟒컈뚨뗄쫕죫쇷ꎻ헢쳗쫕죫쳥쾵뛔쮽죋늿쏅뺭볃뻶닟뗄펰쿬쿠뛔뛸퇔쫇훐탔뗄ꎻ헢쳗쫕죫쳥쾵쫇볲떥뗄ꆢ뿉풤닢뗄ꆢ늢쟒쫇릫욽뗄ꆣ폫웤쯻잱퓚뗄뗘랽쫕죫살풴쿠뇈ꎬ뗘랽닆닺쮰퓚쯹폐헢벸룶뇪ힼ짏뗄뇭쿖뚼쫇폅솼뗄ꆣ틲듋ꎬ죎뫎뗘랽쫕죫쳥쾵뚼펦룃냑닆닺쮰ퟷ캪튻룶훘튪뗄ퟩ돉늿럖ꆣ 1.쫕죫컈뚨뿉뾿ꎬ늻틗랢짺훜웚탔늨뚯ꆣ 평폚랿컝뗈늻뚯닺늻쓜쯦틢틆뚯ꎬ틾뻓뇈뷏삧쓑ꎬ맊랿닺쮰뗈닆닺쮰쮰풴뇈뷏뿉뾿ꆣ쯦ퟅ죋뿚뗄퓶볓뫍뺭볃뗄랢햹ꎬ랿컝뗈닆닺퓚늻뛏퓶볓ꎬ웤볛횵퓲틲쪱듺뇤잨폫쓉쮰죋폐킧탨쟳뗄퓶볓뛸늻뛏쳡짽ꆣ웤쓉쮰쏦뿭ꎬ훷튪짦벰떱뗘뻓쏱ꎬ죝틗뿘맜ꎬ쮰풴뿉뾿뛸돤풣ꆣ뛸쟒뛔폚웳튵뫍뻓쏱룶죋뛸퇔ꎬ만뚨닺듺뇭쇋튻훖쿠뛔뎤풶뗄놾춶탎쪽ꎬ쮰믹컈뚨ꎬ늻믡랢짺쮰믹뗄듳솿뗘쟸탔틆ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뛔닆닺뗄[47]쮰뿉틔돉캪뗘랽헾뢮뗄튻룶쿠떱럡뢻뗄쮰쫕살풴ꎬ웤쫕죫늻틗랢짺훜웚탔늨뚯ꆣ 2.쮰쫕훐탔ꎬ뛔쮽죋늿쏅뺭볃뻶닟뗄틢췢펰쿬ퟮ킡ꆣ 튻냣죏캪ꎬ쓑틔쳓뇜뗄쮰쫕뛔쮽죋늿쏅뺭볃뻶닟뗄틢췢펰쿬ퟮ킡ꆣ뇈죧랿뗘닺쮰쫇룹뻝쓉쮰죋헦쪵뗄랿뗘닺움맀볛횵볆쯣뗄ꎬ뛌웚쓚ꎬ랿뗘닺쫇늻뿉틔틆뚯뗄ꎬ틲듋랿뗘닺뗄쯹폐헟뫜쓑쳓뇜헢룶쮰훖ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뛌웚쓚랿뗘닺쮰뛔폚쯻쏇뗄뺭볃뻶닟펰쿬뷏킡ꆣ쳘뇰쫇퓚랿뗘닺쮰뗄쮰믹뷧뚨뷏뿭쪱ꎬ쟩뿶룼쫇죧듋ꆣ돽랿뗘닺쮰췢ꎬ[48]웤쯻닆닺쮰튲믹놾뻟폐헢훖쳘탔ꆣ 3.닆닺쮰쮰믹뻟폐뗘폲탔뫍웕뇩탔뗄쳘뗣ꎬ뛔웤헷쮰ퟮ럻뫏쫜틦풭퓲ꆣ 틔랿닺쮰헢퇹뗤탍뗄늻뚯닺쮰캪샽ꎬ웤뻟폐만뚨뗄ퟸ실뗘뗣ꎬ늻쓜쯦틢틆뚯ꎬ뗘폲탔잿ꎬ뛸쟒랿닺폫쎿룶볒춥ꆢ쎿룶죋뚼쾢쾢쿠맘ꆣ틲듋ꎬ틔랿뗘닺뗈닆닺ퟷ캪쮰믹헷쮰쿠떱폚뛔쾽쟸쓚쎿튻뻓쏱헷쮰ꆣ뛸쟒닆닺쮰쮰믹뗄럇쇷뚯탔폫뗘폲탔쳘뗣폖쪹뗃웤쮰믹뻟폐쿠뛔뛀솢탔ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ랿닺ꆢ췁뗘뗈닆닺뗄퓶횵벰쫕틦뗄룟뗍폫떱뗘뗄믹뒡짨쪩ꆢ뗘랽헾뢮릫릲럾컱뗄폅쇓쏜쟐쿠맘ꆣ늻싛쫇웳튵닆닺뮹쫇룶죋닆닺ꎬ뚼쿭폐뗘랽닆헾쳡릩뗄릫릲럾컱ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뛔쾽쟸쓚뗄닆닺쒱쮰ꎬ쏷쿔뗘쳥쿖돶쇋쫜틦풭퓲ꎬ웳튵뫍뻓쏱샭펦돐떣쿠펦뗄쓉쮰틥컱ꆣ 4.볲떥ꎬ뇣폚헷맜ꎬ쮰쫕퓋탐돉놾뗍ꆣ 튻훖쮰죧맻맽폚뢴퓓ꆢ쓑틔맜샭ꎬ쯼뻍뿉쓜틽웰뺭볃풴럖엤뗄얤쟺ꆣ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂ꎬ쓉쮰죋늻뗃늻뮨럑듳솿뗄풴좥ퟱ듓쮰램ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮튲탨튪뮨듳솿뗄풴좥맜샭쯼ꎬ붫믡떼훂쮰쫕퓋탐돉놾뗄퓶볓ꆣ폫웤쯻쮰훖쿠뇈ꎬ튻냣살쮵ꎬ닆닺쮰늻탨튪뮨럑듳솿뗄풴좥볠뚽ꆢ맜샭ꎬ틲듋쮰쫕퓋탐돉놾뗍ꆣ 42
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 5.폐샻폚쏖늹좫맺춳튻쮰훆뗄늻ퟣꆣ 닆닺쮰쫇뛔닆닺듦솿뫍퓶솿뗄쒱쮰ꎬ뛔짧믡퓙짺닺뗄뢺쏦펰쿬뷏킡ꆣ뛸쟒ꎬ닆닺쮰쫇횱뷓쮰ꎬ쮰뢺늻틗볞ꆣ틲듋ꎬ닆닺쮰쓜폐킧쏖늹쯹뗃쒱 쮰뫍짌욷쒱쮰솽듳쮰쾵뗄릦쓜탔좱쿝ꎬ듓뛸폫뛾헟쿠뮥솪쾵ꎬ쿠뮥늹돤ꎬ듓뛸릹돉튻맺췪헻뗄쮰쫕쳥쾵ꆣ 췪짆컒맺뗘랽훷쳥쮰훖뗄짨쿫 헽좷톡퓱뗘랽쮰훷쳥쮰훖쫇붨짨뫍췪짆뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄훘튪쓚죝ꎬ튲쫇뷸튻늽짮뮯럖쮰훆풤쯣맜샭쳥훆룄룯뗄뿍맛튪쟳ꆣ룹뻝잰컄럖컶ꎬ뗘랽쮰훷쳥쮰훖뗄톡퓱펦싺ퟣ솽룶믹놾쳵볾ꎺ쮰풴돤ퟣ컈만ꆢ쮰믹뻟폐웕뇩탔ꆣ톡퓱ퟷ캪뗘랽쮰뗄훷쳥쮰훖웤쯻펦냑컕뗄풭퓲쫇ꎺ쮰믹늻펦뻟폐뫜듳뗄쇷뚯탔ꎬ럱퓲쓉쮰죋뻍믡듓쮰뢺룟뗄뗘쟸틆떽쮰뢺뗍뗄뗘쟸ꎻ톡폃뗄쮰훖펦쓜돯벯ퟣ릻뗄쫕죫틔싺ퟣ뗘랽헾뢮뗄탨튪쟒쫕죫컈뚨ꎻ쮰쫕쫕죫뗄듳늿럖펦뻟폐늻뿉틆탔ꎬ틔쏢쿷죵뗘랽쮰쫕폫뗘랽짧믡뢣[49]샻횮볤뗄맘쾵ꎻ펦뇣폚뗘랽헾뢮헷쫕맜샭ꆣ 믹폚틔짏풭퓲ꎬ룹뻝컒맺쒿잰뗄뺭볃랢햹쮮욽뫍쮰훆뷡릹쿖ힴꎬ뷸튻늽뷨본맺볊뺭퇩ꎬ컒쏇죏캪ꎬ퓚캴살랢햹맽돌훐ꎬ쯦ퟅ뺭볃뗄뷸튻늽랢햹ꎬ닆닺쮰붫훰늽돉캪컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄훷쳥쮰훖ꆣ 컒맺쿖탐닆닺쮰훆뛈냼삨랿닺쮰ꆢ돇쫐랿뗘닺쮰ꆢ웵쮰뗈ꎬ틔벰짐캴뾪헷ꆢ퓍쓰쪵쪩뗄틅닺쮰ꆣ쫗쿈횵뗃힢틢뗄쫇랿닺쮰뫍돇쫐랿뗘닺쮰ꆣ컒맺랿뗘닺쫐뎡퓌님ퟅ뻞듳뗄잱솦ꎺ쫗쿈ꎬ쯦ퟅ훐맺돇쫐쿖듺뮯늽랥뗄볓뿬ꎬ훐맺얩듥죋뿚욽뻹쎿쓪틔 1%뗄쯙뛈펿죫돇쫐ꎬ퓙볓짏죋뿚퓶볓뗄틲쯘ꎬ웕춨힡햬뫍웤쯻랿뗘닺붫늻뛏퓶뎤ꎻ웤듎ꎬ랿컝볛횵틲쪱듺뇤잨ꆢ폐킧탨쟳뗄퓶볓뛸쳡룟ꎬ쯹틔랿닺쮰쮰풴돤ퟣ컈뚨ꆣퟮ뫳ꎬ랿닺폐만뚨뗘뗣ꎬ늻쓜쯦틢틆뚯ꆢ늻뿉틾쓤ꎬ뗘폲탔잿ꎬ뇣폚뿘훆뫍맜샭ꆣ쯦ퟅ뺭볃뗄랢햹뫍룶죋쫕죫쮮욽뗄쳡룟ꎬ뷉쓉뎵뒬쮰ꎨ뎵뒬쪹폃쮰뫍뎵뒬쪹폃없헕쮰붫살믡뫏늢헷쫕춳튻뗄뎵뒬쮰ꎩ뗄쓉쮰죋믡풽살풽뛠ꎬ뎵뒬쮰뗄퓶뎤늻죝뫶쫓ꆣ쯦ퟅ뺳쓚틆췁뗘ꆢ랿컝좨쫴뗈붻틗탐캪뗄퓶볓ꎬ웵쮰튲믡돊쿖퓶뎤쟷쫆ꆣ뛸뷼쓪살쯦ퟅ룄룯뾪럅뗄짮죫ꎬ튻늿럖죋틑믽뻛웰듳솿뗄쮽죋닆뢻ꎬ쫊쪱뾪헷틅닺쮰틑뻟[51]놸쇋쿠펦뗄뿍맛쳵볾ꎬ뛸쟒캴살틅닺쮰쫕죫튲믡뫜뿉맛ꆣ ퟛ짏쯹쫶ꎬ닆닺쮰뻟폐쮰풴뗄맣랺탔ꆢ헷쫕뗄쟸폲탔뫍만뚨탔뗈쳘뗣ꎬ늢쟒닆닺쮰뮹뻟폐뫜잿뗄뗷뿘뺭볃뗄쓜솦ꎬ헷쫕돉놾폖뇈뷏뗍ꎬ틲듋캴살닆닺쮰뇘붫돉캪뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄훷쳥쮰훖ꆣ본폚컒맺쿖탐닆닺뿎쮰훆뛈뗄쮰훖짨훃늻좫ꆢ뇈훘맽뗍ꆢ쮰훆늻췪짆뗈컊쳢ꎬ룄룯뫍췪짆컒맺닆닺뿎쮰훆뛈펦듓틔쿂솽랽쏦죫쫖ꆣ 튻튪맦랶뫍퓶볓닆닺쮰쮰훖ꆣ쯦ퟅ쫐뎡뺭볃뗄늻뛏췆뷸ꎬ컒맺닆닺뗄쮽폐뮯돌뛈틑폐쯹쳡룟ꎬ닆닺쮰뗄쮰풴퓶볓ꎬ쮰믹삩듳ꎬ펦쫊쪱퓶볓닆닺뿎쮰쮰훖ꎬ쫊떱뗷헻쒳킩쮰훖뗄헷쫕랶캧ꎬ뗷헻쮰쒿쮰싊ꆣ평폚컒맺릫쏱쓉쮰틢쪶떭놡ꎬ헷맜쮮욽뷏 43
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 뗍뗈풭틲ꎬ컒맺뗄닆닺쮰훆틋닉폃내늻춬닆닺럖뇰뿎헷뗄룶뇰닆닺쮰훆ꎬ뛸늻쫇ퟛ뫏쯹폐닆닺뿎헷뗄튻냣닆닺쮰ꆣ컒맺닆닺쮰훆펦냼삨뗄쮰훖폐ꎺ랿닺쮰ꆢ췁뗘쮰ꆢ뎵뒬쮰ꆢ웵쮰ꆢ틅닺쮰뫍퓹폫쮰ꆣ 뛾튪볓잿폐맘닆닺뿎쮰훆뛈뗄짨볆ꆣꎨ1ꎩ췪짆랿닺쮰뗄짨쿫ꆣ쫗쿈룄룯쓚췢폐뇰뗄랿닺쮰훆뛈ꎬ뛔췢헷쫕뗄랿뗘닺쮰룄캪폫쓚춳튻뗄랿닺쮰ꎬ쓚췢튻쫓춬죊ꆣ웤듎ꎬ삩듳쮰믹ꆣ쯦ퟅ힡햬짌욷뮯뗄랢햹뫍죋쏇쫕죫쮮욽뗄쳡룟ꎬ쮽죋펵폐뗄랿닺붫믡늻뛏퓶볓ꎬ펦퓚튻뚨쳵볾쿂ꎬ뛔쮽죋펵폐튻뚨쫽솿뗄랿닺뿎쮰ꎬ삩듳랿닺쮰쮰믹ꎬ쮰싊뿉쫊떱듓뗍ꆣ퓙듎ꎬ붨솢뫍췪짆랿닺맀볛훆뛈ꆣ볓잿뛔랿닺움맀랽램뗄퇐뺿ꎬ훰늽탎돉튻쳗럻뫏컒맺맺쟩뗄랿닺움볛랽램쳥쾵ꎬ캪랿닺쮰뗄볆헷쳡릩뿆톧뗄틀뻝ꆣퟮ뫳ꎬ랿닺쮰틋닉폃뗘쟸닮뇰뇈샽쮰싊ꆣ뿉퓚쮰싊뗄훆뚨짏폐훐퇫헾뢮좷뚨쮰싊럹뛈ꎬ룷뗘틀뻝놾뗘쟸뗄쟩뿶뫍랿컝뗈벶ퟮ뫳좷뚨쮰싊ꆣ헢퇹볈놣횤훐퇫[52]폐튻뚨뗄뫪맛뗷뿘좨ꎬ폖쓜쳥쿖뫍헕맋룷뗘늻춬뗄쪵볊쟩뿶ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ췪짆췁뗘쮰뗄짨쿫ꆣ듓볓잿뛔췁뗘뗄좡뗃ꆢ햼폃뫍죃뗈룷뮷뷚뷸탐폐킧뗄뗷뷚뫍뿘훆뗄뷇뛈돶랢ꎬ쫗쿈ꎬ룄룯쿖탐뗄돇헲췁뗘쪹폃쮰ꎬ뛔좫맺랶캧쓚췁뗘풴뗄햼폐쪹폃헷쫕튻냣췁뗘쮰ꎬ헷쮰랶캧듓돇헲삩햹떽얩듥ꆣ쮰싊뗄짨볆짏뿉퓚쿖탐내헕췁뗘캻훃뇪ힼ믹뒡짏ꎬ춬쪱닉폃췁뗘폃춾뇪ힼꎬ쪹잰헟웰떽뗷뷚벶닮쫕죫뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ뫳헟듯떽뗷뷚췁뗘쪹폃뷡릹뗄쒿뗄ꆣ웤듎ꎬ삩듳웵쮰뗄헷쫕랶캧ꎬ놣뮤떥캻뫍룶죋틀램좡뗃췁뗘쪹폃좨뗄좨샻ꆣ돽튪뛔좫쏱ꆢ벯쳥쯹폐훆떥캻릺싲랿컝ꎬ돇헲횰릤헷쫕웵쮰췢ꎬ뛔돐쫜돶죃ꆢ죃돇헲맺폐췁뗘쪹폃좨뗄냼삨췢맺죋ꆢ뮪쟈릺싲랿컝ꆢ돐쫜돶죃췁뗘쪹폃좨튲헷쫕웵쮰ꆣퟮ뫳ꎬ듓뫏샭쪹폃췁뗘풴ꎬ돤럖샻[53]폃컒맺폐쿞뗄룻뗘돶랢ꎬ쫊쪱뾪헷췁뗘쿐훃쮰뫍췁뗘믄컟쮰ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ췪짆뎵뒬쮰뗄짨쿫ꆣ뎵뒬쮰룄룯뗄ퟜ쳥쮼슷쫇붫뎵뒬쪹폃쮰뫍뎵뒬쪹폃없헕쮰뫏뛾캪튻ꎬ뛔쓚췢웳튵춳튻헷쫕뎵뒬쮰ꆣ쳡룟뒬늰뛖캻뗄짏쿞ꎬ삭듳쮰뛮벶뻠ꆣ내헕웻뎵뗄훖샠짨볆룟뗍늻춬뗄쮰뛮ꎬ틔쳥쿖뛔룟떵웻뎵뛠헷쮰ꎬ뛔뗍떵웻[54]뎵짙헷쮰뗄풭퓲ꆣ늢쟒튪냑뛔뎵솾쪹폃뮷뷚뫏샭뗄쫕럑폫헷쮰뷸탐ퟛ뫏뾼싇ꆣ ꎨ4ꎩ뾪헷틅닺쮰뫍퓹폫쮰ꎬ뗷뷚룟쫕죫ꆣ쫗쿈뺡퓧벰쪱뾪헷틅닺쮰뫍퓹폫쮰ꆣ듓췪짆쮰훆ꆢ닆헾쫕죫ꆢ릫욽짧믡닆뢻럖엤ꆢ맄샸쟚샍훂뢻뗈랽쏦뾼싇헷쫕솽쮰뚼벫캪뇘튪ꆣ웤듎퓚쮰훆쒣쪽짏톡퓱ퟜ틅닺쮰훆뫍ퟜ퓹폫쮰훆ꆣ컒맺뗄틅닺볌돐컞탨뺭맽램풺뗄죏뚨ꎬ볌돐죋뿉ퟔ탐럖룮붻뷓ꎬ춬쪱컒맺릫쏱뗄쓉쮰틢쪶뛌웚쓚컞램쳡룟ꆣ믹폚헢킩쪵볊쟩뿶ꎬ컒맺틋톡퓱ퟜ틅닺쮰훆뫍ퟜ퓹폫쮰훆ꎬ벴뛔놻볌돐죋뗄틅닺ퟜ뛮헷쫕틅닺쮰ꎬ뛔퓹폫죋뗄닆닺헷쫕퓹폫쮰ꎬ볈놣횤쮰풴뿉뾿ꎬ쮰쫕쫕죫벰쪱ꎬ폖볲뇣틗탐ꆣ퓙듎ꎬ뿎쮰뛔쿳랶캧펦냼삨뚯닺뫍늻뚯닺ꎬ틔뎬뛮샛뷸쮰싊늢맦뚨쫊떱뗄웰헷뗣ꎬ뫏샭좷뚨뿛돽쿮쒿ꎬ죧짨즥퓡럑폃뿛돽ꆢ틅닺맜샭럑폃뿛돽ꆢ햮컱뿛[55]돽ꆢ뻨퓹뿛돽뗈ꆣퟮ뫳ꎬ훆뚨폐맘늿쏅쿠뮥킭뗷엤뫏뗄헷맜듫쪩ꆣ 44
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹쳥쾵뗄폅뮯ꎨꋲꎩꎺ뢨훺쮰훖뗄췪짆 췪짆컒맺뗘랽뢨훺쮰훖뗄튻냣풭퓲 릫욽풭퓲폫킧싊풭퓲 헢샯뗄릫욽풭퓲쫗쿈쫇횸쫜틦뇪ힼꆣ룹뻝샻틦쮵ꎬ쮰쫕쫇헾뢮캪쓉쮰죋쳡릩릫릲욷뫍릫릲럾컱뗄볛횵늹뎥ꎬ쓉쮰죋펦룹뻝헾뢮쳡릩뗄릫릲욷뫍릫릲럾컱ꎬ틔벰쳡릩릫릲욷뫍릫릲럾컱뗄뛠짙살뻶뚨쫇럱쓉쮰ꆢ쓉뛠짙쮰ꆣ틲듋ꎬ퓚좷뚨뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뢨훺쮰훖쪱ꎬ튪룹뻝헾뢮쳡릩릫릲욷뫍릫릲럾컱쪱뗄뗘쟸릫릲쫜틦돌뛈살좷뚨ꎬ벴쎿룶쫜틦쟸폲뗄돉풱펦룃캪룃쟸폲쳡릩뗄릫릲욷뫍릫릲럾컱뢶돶쿠펦뗄쮰쫕듺볛ꆣ뻟쳥살쮵ꎬ뻍쫇좫맺탔뗄쮰쫕훷튪캪좫맺탔뗄릫릲욷뫍릫릲럾컱쳡릩뷰ꎻ뗘쟸탔뗄쮰쫕훷튪캪쟸폲탔뗄릫릲욷뫍릫릲럾컱쳡릩뷰ꆣ돽쇋쫜틦뇪ힼꎬ릫욽풭퓲뮹폐ꆰ릫헽ꆱ뇪ힼ뗄몬틥ꎬ벴뗘랽뢨훺쮰훖뗄짨볆쟸폲쓚췢튪릫욽ꎬ틔샻폚짌욷뫍튪쯘퓚쟸폲쓚췢뫏샭쇷뚯ꎬ캪쓉쮰죋뒴퓬릫욽뗄쓉쮰뮷뺳뫍뺺헹뮷뺳ꆣ쯹캽킧싊풭퓲쫗쿈쫇횸풴엤훃킧싊ꎬ벴퓚쫐뎡뷸탐풴엤훃폐킧쪱ꎬ펦복짙믲뇜쏢쮰쫕뛔뺭볃풴엤훃뗄룉풤ꎻ랴횮ꎬ퓚쫐뎡뷸탐풴엤훃컞킧믲뗍킧쪱ꎬ뿉틔퓋폃쮰쫕살룄짆풴엤훃뗄킧싊ꆣ뛔뗘랽쮰훖톡퓱뛸퇔ꎬ뻍튪쟳뗘랽쮰훖뷡릹뗄릹붨뇘탫폐훺폚풴뗄폐킧엤훃ꆢ폐샻폚웳튵뺭볃뷡릹뗄뗷헻뫍듙뷸뗘랽뺭볃뗄랢햹ꆣ돽쇋풴엤훃킧싊췢ꎬ킧싊풭퓲뮹냼삨쮰쫕뗄헷쫕킧틦ꎬ벴퓚놣횤쮰뿮벰쪱ퟣ뛮죫뿢뗄춬쪱ꎬ붵뗍쮰쫕뗄헷쓉돉놾ꆣ 컈뚨풭퓲폫떯탔풭퓲 쯹캽컈뚨풭퓲쫇횸쮰쫕쫕죫펦떱쓜놣돖컈뚨퓶뎤ꎬ늻쓜틲뺭볃훜웚뗈뗄뇤뮯뛸돶쿖듳럹뛈늨뚯ꆣ헢뻍튪쟳뗘랽쮰쳥쾵훐튪냼삨튻킩늻틗쫜뺭볃늨뚯펰쿬뗄쮰훖ꎬ늢쟒헷쫕헢늿럖쮰훖쯹뗃뗄쮰쫕쫕죫햼뗘랽ퟜ쮰쫕쫕죫뗄뇈샽펦뷏듳ꎬ닅쓜놣횤퓚뺭볃랢짺뇤뚯쪱캬돖튻뚨솿뗄뗘랽쮰쫕죫ꆣ쯹캽떯탔풭퓲쫇횸쮰쫕튪쓜뛔뺭볃웰튻뚨뗄뗷뷚ퟷ폃ꆣ퓚뺭볃랢짺늨뚯쪱ꎬ뿉틔웰떽ꆰퟔ뚯컈뚨웷ꆱ뗄ퟷ폃ꎺ퓚뺭볃맽죈쪱ꎬ믡ퟔ뚯퓶듳쓉쮰죋뗄쮰쫕뢺떣ꎻ랴횮ꎬ퓚뺭볃쿴쳵쪱ꎬ믡ퟔ뚯복쟡쓉쮰죋뗄쮰쫕뢺떣ꆣ헢뻍튪쟳뗘랽쮰쳥쾵훐튪냼삨튻킩뿉틔뛔뺭볃늨뚯폐솼뫃뗷뷚ퟷ폃뗄쮰훖ꎬ룶죋쯹뗃쮰뗈ꆣ 쫊뛈풭퓲 쯹캽쫊뛈풭퓲ꎬ쫇횸뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣펦쓜싺ퟣ뗘랽헾뢮릫릲횧돶뗄탨튪ꎬ볈늻맽뛈헷쫕떼훂쮰풴뿝뷟ꎬ튲늻쓜헷쫕맽짙ꎬ쪹뗘랽헾뢮릫릲횧돶닆솦늻ퟣꎬ떼훂헾뢮횰쓜좱캻ꆣ훐퇫폫뗘랽헾뢮뗄늻춬횰쓜랶캧ꎬ횱뷓뻶뚨쇋룷벶헾뢮뗄횧돶맦쒣폫랶캧ꎬ쯹틔뗘랽헾뢮횰쓜랶캧뗄좷뚨쫇릹붨뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쪱뇘탫뾼싇뗄틲쯘ꆣ뿉볻ꎬ뫏 45
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 샭톡퓱뗘랽뢨훺쮰훖ꎬ좷뚨뗘랽쮰쫊뛈맦쒣ꎬ쫇놣횤뗘랽헾뢮틔헽떱쫖뛎퓋폃닆좨쫂좨뗄훘튪놣횤ꆣ 볲뇣풭퓲 쯹캽볲뇣풭퓲쫇횸뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄짨볆펦쫊뛈볲뮯ꎬ뇣폚헷쓉쮫랽ퟱ톭횴탐ꆣ볲뇣풭퓲쫇쮰훆쳥쾵짨볆쪱뇘탫뾼싇뗄틲쯘ꎬ횻폐ퟱ톭볲뇣풭퓲ꎬ닅쓜붵뗍쮰쫕돉놾ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ췪짆뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뮹튪힢훘ꆰ틲뗘훆틋ꆱ풭퓲ꎬ벴룹뻝늻춬뗘쟸뗄쪵볊쟩뿶살좷뚨뻟쳥헷쫕랽쪽ꎬ헢튲쫇볲뇣풭퓲뗄튻룶훘튪쳥쿖ꆣ 쿖폐쮰훖뗄뗷헻 쯹뗃쮰뗄뗷헻 2002 쓪틔잰ꎬ쯹뗃쮰ꎨ냼삨웳튵쯹뗃쮰뫍룶죋쯹뗃쮰ꎩ쫇뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄훘튪쮰훖ꎬ쯹뗃쮰쫕죫쫇뗘랽쮰쫕쫕죫뗄훘튪살풴ꆣ듓 2002쓪 1 퓂 1 죕웰ꎬ쯹뗃쮰룄캪훐퇫폫뗘랽릲쿭쮰ꎬ늻퓙쫴뗘랽쮰훖ꆣ듓퇏룱틢틥짏쮵ꎬ늻쓜냑쯹뗃쮰맩캪뗘랽쮰쳥쾵ꎬ떫쫇퇐뺿뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뇘탫맘힢쯹뗃쮰컊쳢ꆣ헢쫇틲캪내헕훐퇫폫뗘랽럖쿭뇈샽ꎨ2002 쓪훐퇫럖쿭 50%ꆢ뗘랽럖쿭 50%ꎻ2003쓪훐퇫럖쿭 60%ꆢ뗘랽럖쿭 40%ꎩꎬ뗘랽ퟮ훕쓃떽뗄쯹뗃쮰쫕죫쫇쿠떱듳뗄ꎬ늢쟒룶죋쯹뗃쮰뻟폐뫜듳뗄퓶뎤잱솦ꎬ웳튵뺭펪탎쫆뗄뫃튲믡췆뚯웳튵쯹뗃쮰쫕죫뗄퓶뎤ꆣ냩쯦ퟅ뺭볃뗄돖탸랢햹뫍죋쏱짺믮쮮욽뗄늻뛏쳡룟ꎬ쯹뗃쮰쫕죫햼뗘랽쮰쫕쫕죫뗄뇈훘믡훰붥퓶듳ꆢ컈늽쳡룟ꆣ틲듋췪좫업돽쯹뗃쮰컊쳢살퇐뺿뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨쫇늻췪헻뗄ꆣ 틲듋춳튻쓚췢웳튵쯹뗃쮰훆ꎬ뷢뻶쓚췢웳튵쮰뢺늻릫욽ꆢ퇘몣뗘쟸뫍쓚뗘쮰뢺뗄늻릫욽ꎬ볈쫇떱잰룄룯웳튵쯹뗃쮰뗄떱컱횮벱ꎬ튲쫇뗘랽쮰쳥쾵췪짆뗄훘튪[56]뻙듫ꆣ뻟쳥듫쪩죧쿂ꎺꎨ1ꎩ춳튻쓚췢웳튵쯹뗃쮰ꎬ붫쿖탐웳튵쯹뗃쮰폫췢짌춶웳튵뫍췢맺웳튵쯹뗃쮰뫏늢ꎬ훆뚨춳튻뗄웳튵쯹뗃쮰램ꎬ룄웳튵쯹뗃쮰훆캪램죋쯹뗃쮰훆ꆣꎨ2ꎩ퓚뫏늢쓚췢웳튵쯹뗃쮰뗄믹뒡짏쫊떱붵뗍웳튵쯹뗃쮰뗄쮰싊ꆣ컷랽맺볒웳튵뗄놾뢺햮싊듳듳뗍폚컒맺춬샠웳튵ꎬ뮹듻냼뢤뷏쟡ꎬ쮰뫳랢햹쓜솦뷏잿ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ퓚컒맺웳튵쯹뗃쮰싊폫컷랽맺볒웳튵쯹뗃쮰싊믹놾쿠춬뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ컒맺웳튵쮰뫳뗄ퟔ컒믽샛뫍ퟔ컒랢햹쓜솦쏷쿔죵폚컷랽맺볒뗄웳튵ꆣ퓙퓲ꎬ컒맺웳튵쯹뗃쮰쏻틥쮰싊풶풶룟폚쪵볊쮰싊ꎬ죴붵뗍쮰싊뫳볓잿헷맜ꎬ늻뷶늻믡퓬돉쯹뗃쮰맦쒣뗄듳럹뛈복짙ꎬ뮹뿉틔맦랶쮰쫕헷쓉훈탲ꎬ캬뮤쮰램뗄좨췾탔ꆣꎨ3ꎩ룄룯쮰쫕폅믝랽쪽ꎬ뗷헻폅믝랽쿲ꆣ룄룯뫳뗄쮰쫕폅믝펦쳥쿖맺볒뗄닺튵헾닟ꎬ폐훺폚컒맺닺튵뷡릹뗄폅뮯뫍닺튵짽벶ꎬ붫춶틽쿲뛔맺볒뺭볃랢햹폐틦ꆢ믲?탨랢햹뗄쳘뚨닺튵ꆢ룟뿆벼닺튵ꎬ틔듸뚯헻룶맺쏱뺭볃뗄랢햹ꆣ 컒맺쿖탐뗄룶죋쯹뗃쮰훆뛈쫇뺭맽좫맺죋듳냋뷬쯄듎뎣캯믡탞뚩뫳탎돉뗄ꎬ1999 쓪 12 퓂 1 죕폖믖뢴헷쫕샻쾢쯹뗃쮰ꎬ탎돉쇋룶죋쯹뗃쮰뫍샻쾢쮰늢탐뗄룱 46
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뻖ꆣ쒿잰ꎬ뺡맜룶죋쯹뗃쮰퓶뎤톸쯙ꎬ떫퓚쮰쫕쫕죫훐쯹햼뗄뇈훘뮹럇뎣뗍ꎬퟩ횯[57]닆헾쫕죫뗄릦쓜폐쿞ꎬ붵뗍쇋룶죋쯹뗃쮰뗄뗷뷚ퟷ폃ꆣ컒맺쿖탐룶죋쯹뗃쮰펦훷튪듓틔쿂랽쏦뷸탐뗷헻ꎺꎨ1ꎩ퓚뛔룶죋쯹뗃쮰쒣쪽뗄톡퓱짏ꎬ펦톡퓱쪵탐ퟛ뫏뿎헷쯹뗃쮰훆ꎬ붫쒳튻쓪뛈뗄룷쿮쯹뗃믣ퟜ뫳ꎬ춳튻내헕맦뚨뗄샛뷸쮰싊볆쯣헷쫕ꆣꎨ2ꎩ퓚럑폃뿛돽랽쏦ꎬ펦퓶볓럑폃뿛돽쿮쒿ꎬ뿛돽쪵탐횸쫽뮯뗷헻ꆣ룶죋쯹뗃쮰뗄뇘튪뿛돽럑폃펦냼삨죽룶늿럖ꎺ웤튻ꎬ캪좡뗃쫕죫쯹뇘탫횧뢶뗄폐맘럑폃ꎻ웤뛾ꎬ쳘탭뿛돽ꎬ뇈죧퇸샏뷰ꆢ튽쇆럑ꆢ뷌폽럑뗄뿛돽ꎻ웤죽ꎬ캬돖샍뚯솦볲떥퓙짺닺뗄ꆰ짺볆럑ꆱꎬ헢늿럖럑폃펦룹뻝쓉쮰죋진퇸죋뿚뗄뛠맑ꆢퟓ얮뗄룶쫽뗈뷸탐뿛돽ꆣꎨ3ꎩ튪춨맽쮰싊짨볆ꎬ볓듳뛔쫕죫럖엤뗄뗷뷚솦뛈ꆣꎨ4ꎩ웤쯻펦닉좡뗄듫쪩ꎺ냼삨쫊떱복짙쮰쫕폅믝ꎬ맦랶쮰컱듺샭릤ퟷꎻ췆탐쪵쏻훆뫍틔탅폃뾨캪훷뗄횧뢶훆뛈ꎬ볓잿춬틸탐ꆢ웳튵뗈늿쏅뗄솪쾵ꎻ쳡룟릫쏱뗄쓉쮰틢쪶ꎻ쳡룟쮰컱늿쏅뗄헷맜쮮욽뫍민뫋쮮욽뗈ꆣퟜ횮튪훰늽췪짆룶죋쯹뗃쮰뗄쿠맘엤쳗듫쪩ꎬ볡뻶ퟶ떽펦쫕뺡쫕ꎬ돤럖랢믓룶죋쯹뗃쮰뛔뺭볃뗄뗷뷚ퟷ폃ꆣ 돇쫐캬뮤붨짨쮰뗄뗷헻 컒맺뗄돇붨쮰훆뚨폚 1985 쓪ꎬ떫죧뷱뗄뺭볃탎쫆폫떱돵쿠뇈틑랢짺쇋뫜듳뗄뇤뮯ꎬ웤쯹틀삵뗄ꆰ죽쮰ꆱꎨ퓶횵쮰ꆢ쿻럑쮰뫍펪튵쮰ꎩ쮰훖벰헷쫕뚼랢짺쇋룹놾뗄룄룯ꎬ떫돇붨쮰좴튻횱좱랦뇤뮯ꎬ돊쿖돶훖훖늻쫊펦탔ꆣ 틲듋ꎬ룄룯뫍췪짆돇붨쮰뗄쫗튪풭퓲ꎬ쫇붫웤듓튻룶뢽볓쮰룄캪뛀솢뗄쮰훖ꎬ돉캪튻룶헦헽틢틥짏뗄뗘랽쮰훖ꆣ웤듎ꎬ쓉쮰죋뗄좷뚨ꎬ내헕쮭쫜틦쮭뢺쮰ꆢ쫜틦폫뢺떣쿠튻훂뗄풭퓲ꎬ펦냼삨쿭쫜릫릲짨쪩뫍짧믡릫틦럾컱뗄쯹폐떥캻뫍룶죋ꎬ튲냼삨췢짌춶웳튵뫍췢맺웳튵ꆣ뗚죽ꎬ볆쮰틀뻝뿉틔톡퓱쓉쮰죋뗄쿺쫛쫕죫믲펪튵쫕죫ꎬ틔놣헏쮰풴뗄쿠뛔컈뚨뫍헷쫕뗄볲뇣틗탐ꆣퟮ뫳ꎬ쮰싊뿉틔쪵탐뗘쟸럹뛈뇈샽쮰싊ꎬ뻝돇쫐짨쪩뗄뻟쳥쟩뿶뫍돇쫐맦쒣ꎬ평뗘랽헾뢮퓚튻뚨럹뛈쓚ퟔ탐뻶뚨놾뗘쟸뗄뻟쳥쮰싊ꆣ맺볒횻듓ퟜ쳥짏냑컕쮰싊뗄럹뛈ꎬ틔럀횹뗘쟸볤쮰뢺맽럖탼쫢ꆣ헢퇹ꎬ돇붨쮰뗄쫕죫맦쒣믡훰붥퓶듳ꎬ캪뗘랽돇쫐캬뮤붨짨쳡릩듳솿뷰ꎬ튲캪뗘랽뺭볃랢햹힢죫믮솦ꆣ 풴쮰뗄뗷헻 풴쮰쫇훐퇫폫뗘랽릲쿭쮰ꎬ퇏룱살쮵ꎬ풴쮰늻쫴뗘랽쮰쳥쾵ꆣ떫평폚웤횻폐몣퇳쪯폍풴쮰쫴폚훐퇫쫕죫ꎬ틲듋튻냣붫풴쮰ퟷ캪뗘랽쮰뷸탐뾼싇ꆣ쿖탐풴쮰쳵샽쫇퓚 1994 쓪뛔풭풴쮰쳵샽뷸탐탞뚩뫳랢늼쪵쪩뗄ꎬ쯼쪵볊짏쫇뿳닺풴쮰뫍퇎쮰ꎬ헷쮰랶캧늻뿭ꆣ듓놣뮤풴ꆢ뫏샭샻폃풴뗄뷇뛈살뾴ꎬ풴쮰쫇뫜폐잰춾뗄쮰훖ꆣ쒿잰ꎬ펦뷡뫏ꆰ럑룄쮰ꆱ쪵볹ꎬ냑뿳닺풴럑룄캪헷쫕풴쮰ꎬ늢뷸튻늽삩듳헷쫕랶캧ꎬ냑쮮풴ꆢ즭쇖풴뫍몣퇳닺욷풴뻹쓉죫헷쮰랶캧ꆣ쯦ퟅ뺭볃뗄뷸튻늽랢햹ꎬ뿉틔냑돇헲췁뗘쪹폃쮰쓉죫풴쮰뗄랶돫ꎬ틔샻폚놣뮤췁뗘 47
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 풴ꎬ듙뷸췁뗘뗄뫏샭뾪랢뫍샻폃ꆣ뛔쿐훃ꆢ샋럑췁뗘뗄ꎬ뿉틔볓놶헷쫕ꎬ틔복짙샋[58]럑ꎬ쳡룟풴뗄샻폃킧싊ꆣ 좡쿻틑늻쫊쪱뗄쮰훖 튻쫇좡쿻쾯쮰ꆣ쾯쮰쫇폚 1988 쓪뾪헷뗄ꎬ1993 쓪좫맺릲폐 16 룶쪡쫐헷쫕ꎬ1994 쓪쿂럅떽뗘랽뫳ꎬ횻폐뫚쇺붭ꆢ쇉쓾뫍쓚쏉맅죽룶쪡헷쫕ꎬ쿖퓚횻폐쓚쏉맅뮹퓚헷쫕ꎬ늢쟒헷쫕킧맻늻뫃ꎬ쮰쫕쫕죫튲뫜폐쿞ꆣ뛾쫇뛔만뚨닺춶랽쿲뗷뷚쮰뫍췁뗘퓶횵쮰뗈뺭볃뗷뷚킧쓜닮ꎬ햼닆헾쫕죫뇈훘뗍뗄쮰훖폨틔럏돽ꆣ죽쫇뛔ퟨ낭뷢뻶ꆰ죽얩ꆱ컊쳢뗄췀퓗쮰폨틔좡쿻ꆣ좡쿻쾯쮰뗈튻킩늻뫏쪱틋뗄뗘랽쮰훖뛔폚뗘랽쮰쫕죫뫍뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄붨짨쎻폐뢺쏦펰쿬ꎬ뮹뿉틔볲뮯쮰훆ꆣ 쫊쪱뾪헷탂쮰훖 뷡뫏맺볒뗄뫪맛뺭볃헾닟ꎬ뾼싇뗘랽헾뢮뛔닆솦뗄탨쟳ꎬ룹뻝뺭볃랢햹뗄쟷쫆ꎬ쫊쪱뾪헷쒳킩탂쮰훖ꎬ볈뿉틔삩듳뗘랽쮰쫕죫ꎬ폖뿉틔뷸튻늽뗷뿘뺭볃ꆣ 뾪헷짧믡놣헏쮰 1986 쓪틔잰ꎬ컒맺뗄짧믡놣헏훆뛈쪵탐뗄쫇ꆰ웳튵놣헏ꆱꆣ쿖탐뗄퇸샏ꆢ쪧튵뗈짧믡놣헏훆뛈쫇듓 1986 쓪뾪쪼뗄ꎬ틔퓚횰횰릤뗄릤쫕죫캪볆솿믹뒡ꎬ룶죋뫍웳튵내헕맦뚨뗄뷉럑싊볆쯣펦뷉쓉뗄춳돯럑폃ꎬ평웳튵뷸탐듺뿛듺뷉ꆣ캪캬뮤짧믡컈뚨ꎬ놣헏맣듳샍뚯헟뗄믹놾좨틦뫍믹놾짺믮ꎬ뇘탫짮뮯짧놣훆뛈룄룯ꎬ볓뿬췪짆짧믡놣헏쳥쾵뗄늽랥ꎬ늢좷놣웤폐킧퓋탐ꆣ뛸뷨본맺췢짧믡놣헏쮰뗄뺭퇩ꎬ늢퓱믺평쮰컱늿쏅춳튻헷쫕짧믡놣헏쮰ꎬ쪵탐ꆰ럑ꆱ룄ꆰ쮰ꆱꎬ샻폃쮰쫕뗄맦랶탔퓶잿짧놣뷰돯벯맽돌훐뗄풼쫸솦ꎬ뇜쏢뛠춷돯벯짧놣뷰뗄믬싒뻖쏦ꎬ붵뗍짧믡놣헏돯[59]돉놾ꎬ컞틉쫇컒맺짧놣훆뛈붨짨뗄쏷훇톡퓱ꆣ짧믡놣헏쮰쫇횸놻놣헏죋벰웤쯹퓚떥캻룹뻝폐맘램싉맦뚨ꎬ내튻뚨릤킽뇈샽쿲짧믡놣헏훷맜믺맘믲웤쯻쫚좨떥캻뷉[60]쓉뗄놣쿕럑ꆣ 1.쓉쮰죋뗄좷뚨ꆣ듓ꆰ좫쏱놣헏ꆱ뷇뛈뾴ꎬ맍풱ꆢ맍훷ꆢퟔ평횰튵헟뫍헾뢮맙풱뚼쫇짧믡놣헏쮰뗄쓉쮰죋ꆣ퓚믹놾쳵볾퓊탭뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ쓉쮰죋뢲룇쏦틔뿭캪틋ꎬ펦냼삨췢웳튵ꆢ췢맺웳튵ꆢ쏱펪웳튵ꆢ쮽펪웳튵ꆢ쿧헲웳튵벰웤횰릤ꆢ얩쏱룶죋뗈ꆣ 2.쮰믹뗄좷뚨ꆣ룹뻝맺볊맟샽ꎬ짧믡놣헏쮰뗄쮰믹펦캪쓉쮰죋뗄릤킽쫕죫ꆣ뻟쳥럖캪룶죋쓉쮰쮰믹뫍떥캻쓉쮰쮰믹ꆣ잰헟캪퓂쪵볊릤킽쫕죫ퟜ뛮ꎬ뫳헟캪퓂좫늿횰릤펦쮰릤킽횮뫍ꆣ캪뇜쏢닺짺쮰쫕헹틩ꎬ퓂쪵볊릤내맺볒춳볆뻖맦뚨쇐죫릤ퟜ뛮뗄쿮쒿볆쯣ꆣ뛔쫕죫뷏쓑뫋쪵뗄쏱펪웳튵훷ꆢ룶쳥샍뚯헟뫍얩쏱룶죋뗈닉폃뚨뛮쮰싊ꎬ룹뻝퓂욽뻹쫕죫쮮욽뫍쮰싊볆쯣돶펦쓉쮰뛮ꆣ닎헕쫀뷧룷맺짧믡놣헏쮰뗄ퟶ램ꎬ뛔룶죋릤쫕죫뎬맽욽뻹릤튻뚨쿞뛈뗄늿럖ꎬ쏢폚헷쮰ꆣ쒿잰컒맺펦쮰릤 48
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뗄ퟮ룟쿞뛮뿉틔맦뚨캪욽뻹릤뗄 3 놶ꆣ 3.쮰쒿뗄좷뚨ꆣ듓컒맺뗄맺쟩돶랢ꎬ뾪헷짧믡놣헏쮰튪훘뗣뷢뻶샍뚯헟믹놾뗄퇸샏ꆢ쪧튵ꆢ릤짋벰튽쇆놣헏탨튪ꆣ틲듋ꎬ쒿잰뾼싇펦쿈붫퇸샏ꆢ쪧튵ꆢ릤짋뫍튽쇆쯄쿮쓉죫짧믡놣헏쮰뗄뷉쮰랶캧쓚ꆣ퓚짧믡놣헏쮰떥뛀쮰쒿쿂ꎬ뿉틔짨솢쯄룶듎벶쮰쒿ꆣ 4.쮰싊뗄좷뚨ꆣퟷ캪튻룶랢햹훐맺볒ꎬ쒿잰컒맺뗄짧믡놣헏쮰싊늻틋맽룟ꆣ헢훷튪쫇믹폚틔쿂풭틲뗄뾼싇ꎺ쫗쿈ꎬ훐맺뗄웳튵뷼쓪살헽뒦폚닺욷뷡릹뗷헻쪱웚ꎬ쫐뎡탨쟳쳘헷랢짺쇋뇤뮯ꎬ쿻럑톡퓱탔볓잿ꆣ뫜뛠웳튵뛔듋뫜늻쫊펦ꎬ뺭볃벨킧쿂붵ꎬ쳘뇰쫇맺폐웳튵ꎬ죔폐늻짙뒦폚뿷쯰ힴ첬ꎬ맽룟뗄짧믡놣헏뷉뿮횻쓜볓훘웳튵뗄뢺떣ꆣ웤듎ꎬ훐맺뗄룟닣듎쿻럑헽퓚삩햹ꎬ힡랿ꆢ퇸샏ꆢ뷌폽뗈붫뮯캪짌욷ꎬ헢믡듙쪹훐맺뻓쏱뗷헻횧돶뷡릹ꆣ틲듋ꎬ죧맻죃릤킽뷗닣돐떣뷏룟뗄짧믡놣헏뷉뿮ꎬ쫆뇘풼쫸헻쳥쿻럑뷸늽뫍쫐뎡뮯룄룯ꆣ퓚쮰싊짨볆짏ꎬ뮹펦ퟱ톭닮뇰쮰싊늢볦맋쓉쮰죋뗄돐쫜쓜솦ꎬ퓚쒿잰룷훖뺭볃맘쾵짐캴췪좫샭쮳뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ뿉틔내헕늻춬뗄놣헏쿮쒿럖뇰짨볆쮰싊ꎬ벴럖뇰훆뚨퇸샏놣쿕쮰싊ꆢ쪧튵놣쿕쮰싊ꆢ릤짋놣쿕쮰싊뫍튽쇆놣쿕쮰싊ꆣ죧뫎듓풭폐짧놣믹뷰쳥훆욽컈맽뛉떽짧믡놣헏쮰ꎬ쫇퇐뺿짧놣쮰쪱뇘탫뾼싇뗄컊쳢ꆣ뾼싇컒맺뗄쿖쪵쟩뿶ꎬ뿉틔냑퇸샏놣쿕쮰싊뚨캪 15%ꎬ웳튵뢺떣 10%ꎬ룶죋뢺떣 5%ꆣ쪧튵놣헏쮰싊뿉뚨캪 3%ꎬ웳튵뢺떣 2%ꎬ룶죋뢺떣 1%ꆣ튽쇆놣헏쮰싊뿉뚨캪 7%ꎬ웳튵뢺떣 5%ꎬ룶죋뢺떣 2%ꆣ뛔폚쫕죫뷏쓑뫋쪵뗄룶쳥샍뚯헟뫍얩쏱룶죋ꎬ뿉틔닉폃뚨뛮쮰싊ꆣ 5.엤쳗듫쪩ꆣ냼삨돶첨쿠맘뗄쮰쫕폅믝헾닟ꎻ붨솢짧믡놣헏탅췐훆뛈ꎬ냑뒢놸믽샛믹뷰뗄튻늿럖ퟷ캪탅췐닆닺붻룸탅췐틸탐ꎬ쪵쿖짧놣믹뷰뗄퓶횵뗈ꆣ 붨솢뮷뺳쮰훆ꎬ뾪헷뮷놣쮰 쯦ퟅ뿉돖탸랢햹샭싛죕틦뗃떽맺볊짧믡뗄맣랺죏춬ꎬ짺첬뮷뺳컊쳢놶쫜룷맺헾뢮뗄훘쫓ꆣ맺볊짏튻냣붫뮷놣쮰짨캪훐퇫폫뗘랽릲쿭쮰ꆣ듓컒맺뗄뻟쳥쪵볹살뾴ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮췹췹룼뾴훘뗄쫇샻틦ꎬ뛸늻쫇뮷놣ꆣ틲듋퓚쫊뛈춳튻쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ돤럖뗷뚯뗘랽뗄믽벫탔ꎬ랢믓뗘랽헆컕탅쾢뷏돤럖뗄폅쫆ꎬ닅쓜듯떽뾪헷뮷놣쮰틔맄샸뮷놣ꆢ쿞훆컛좾뗄쒿뗄ꆣ틲듋퓚뗘랽쮰쳥쾵췪짆훐뻍뮷놣쮰컊쳢뷸탐첽쳖[61]럇뎣뇘튪ꆣ 1.쓉쮰죋뗄좷뚨ꆣ틀뻝ꆰ쮭컛좾쮭훎샭ꆱꆢꆰ쮭컛좾쮭뢶럑ꆱ뗄풭퓲ꎬ뮷뺳놣뮤쮰뗄쓉쮰죋펦냼삨훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺뺳쓚튻쟐폐컛좾컯믲럏웺컯업럅탐캪틔벰짺닺폐풤웚컛좾뗄닺욷뗄웳튵ꆢ탐헾쫂튵떥캻ꆢ짧믡췅쳥뫍룶죋ꆣ 2.뿎쮰뛔쿳뗄좷뚨ꆣ내헕맺볊춨탐뗄ퟶ램ꎬ뮷놣쮰뗄뿎헷뛔쿳펦쫇횱뷓컛좾뮷뺳뗄탐캪뫍퓚쿻럑맽돌풤웚믡퓬돉풴?랦믲뮷뺳컛좾뗄닺욷ꆣ떫뾼싇떽컒맺쒿잰좱랦헢튻쮰훖뗄훆뛈짨볆뫍헷쫕맜샭뺭퇩ꎬ틲듋ꎬ뾪헷듋쮰뗄돵웚ꎬ뿎헷랶캧늻틋 49
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 맽뿭ꆣ쿖뷗뛎ꎬ쫗쿈펦냑업럅룷훖럏웸ꆢ럏쮮뫍만쳥럏컯ꎨ냼삨릤튵짺닺훐닺짺뗄럏퓼벰룷샠컛좾뮷뺳뗄릤튵사미ꎩ뗄탐캪쇐죫뮷뺳놣뮤쮰뗄헷쫕랶캧ꆣ웤듎펦냑쓇킩폃쓑틔붵뷢뫍퓙믘쫕샻폃뗄닄쇏훆퓬뗄룷훖냼ힰ컯욷쓉죫헷쫕랶캧ꆣ 3.볆쮰틀뻝뗄좷뚨ꆣ뛔펦쮰업컛탐캪ꎬ펦틔컛좾컯뗄쪵볊업럅솿캪볆쮰틀뻝ꎬ닉폃뚨뛮쮰싊ꎬ쪵탐듓솿뚨뛮뿎헷ꆣ 4.쮰싊뗄톡퓱ꆣ듓뫪맛짏붲ꎬ뮷놣쮰뗄뢺떣펦틔싺ퟣ헾뢮캪쿻돽쓉쮰죋쯹퓬돉뗄컛좾뛸횧뢶뗄좫늿럑폃ꎬ벴늹뎥웤췢늿돉놾캪ퟮ뗍쿞솿ꆣ듓캢맛짏붲ꎬ뻍컛좾컯업럅탐캪뛸퇔ꎬ펦룟폚웳튵캪훎샭컛좾닉좡벼쫵듫쪩뗄풤웚뇟볊돉놾ꆣퟜ뗄풭퓲쫇ꎬ쮰싊늻쓜첫뗍ꎬ뻍ꆰ죽럏ꆱ뗄업럅탐캪뛸퇔ꎬ펦룟폚쿖탐업컛럑뗄쫕럑뇪ힼꆣ떫튲늻틋내ꆰ좫돉놾ꆱ뚨볛ꎬ냑쮰싊뚨뗃첫룟ꎬ틔쏢틖훆짺닺ꆣ 5.엤쳗듫쪩ꆣ튪뷡뫏ꆰ럑룄쮰ꆱ쪵볹ꎬ췪짆컒맺뮷놣쿠맘램싉ꆢ램맦ꎬ쳡룟뮷놣쮰뗄램싉뗘캻ꎬ뷚쪡헷쫕돉놾ꆣ뮷놣쮰쫇튻훖쏅탔쒿뗄쮰ꎬ펦볡돖뿮폃풭퓲ꎬ붫헷쫕짏살뗄쮰뿮쏅폃폚뮷놣붨짨쫂튵ꎬ튻랽쏦폃폚컛좾풴뗄훎샭ꎬ쇭튻랽쏦뿉폃폚캪뮷놣뿆벼늿쏅쳡릩뿆퇐뺭럑ꆣ튪볓잿쮰컱늿쏅폫뮷뺳놣뮤늿쏅뗄솪쾵폫킭ퟷꆣ튪볓듳뛔싌즫닺튵뗄쮰쫕폅믝솦뛈ꆣ쇭췢ꎬ뮹튪볓잿탻뒫ꎬ퓶잿릫훚뗄뮷놣틢쪶뫍쓉쮰틢쪶ꆣ 쟥럑솢쮰ꎬ뾪헷뷌폽쮰 컒맺쒿잰평뗘쮰늿쏅헷쫕뗄뷌폽럑뢽볓ꎬ뛔횧돖뷌폽쫂튵웰떽튻뚨뗄믽벫ퟷ폃ꆣ떫평폚웤쫇뢽볓럑뗄탔훊ꎬ좱랦뛀솢볆쮰틀뻝ꎬ틲듋뛔컒맺뷌폽쫂튵뗄랢햹뫍쪵쪩뿆뷌탋맺햽싔랢믓뗄ퟷ폃럇뎣폐쿞ꆣ뛸죧맻붫뷌폽럑뢽볓룄캪뷌폽쮰ꎬ퓲뿉틔맦랶헷쫕ꎬ쳡릩컈뚨뗄쮰쫕쫕죫ꆣ늢쟒평폚폐뛔뷌폽럑뢽볓뷸탐헷쫕뗄쪮뛠쓪쪵볊뺭퇩ꎬ룄룯돉뷌폽쮰뗄ퟨ솦늻듳ꆣ퓚헷쮰뛔쿳뗄좷뚨뫍볆쮰틀뻝뗄좷뚨짏ꎬ뿉틔톡퓱쇷쮰쓉쮰죋뗄짺닺뺭펪쫕죫ꆣ퓚쮰싊뗄좷뚨짏ꎬ펦쪵탐닮뇰뇈샽쮰싊ꎬ쮰훆볈[62]쿠뛔볲뮯ꎬ뇣폚헷맜ꎬ폖쳥쿖룹뻝쓉쮰죋뢺떣쓜솦쮮욽쟸뇰뛔듽뗄풭퓲ꆣ 뗘랽쮰맦쒣뗄뫏샭좷뚨ꎺ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵룄룯뗄훘튪쓚죝 좷뚨뗘랽쮰쫕죫맦쒣펦룹뻝뗘랽쪵볊쟩뿶ꎬ냼삨쟸폲짺닺솦랢햹쮮욽뫍뗘랽헾뢮풤쯣횧돶뗄탨튪뗈뗈ꆣ틲듋뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣뗄룟쿞쫇짧믡쪣폠닺욷뗄ퟜ솿ꎬ웤뗗쿞쫇뗘랽헾뢮뺭뎣탔횧돶뗄맦쒣ꆣ떱잰컒맺뗘랽헾뢮뗄쫕죫훷튪살ퟔ쮰쫕ꆢ룷쿮헾뢮쫕럑뫍훐퇫틆횧뢶뗈ꆣ잰컄틑뺭횸돶컒맺쒿잰뗘랽쮰쫕죫맽킡ꆢ햼뗘랽닆헾쫕죫뗄뇈훘욫뗍ꎬ컞램싺ퟣ놣헏뗘랽뺭뎣탔뾪횧뗄탨튪ꆣ죧맻뗘랽쮰쫕죫싺ퟣ늻쇋뗘랽헾뢮죕뎣퓋뗄믹놾탨튪ꎬ헽뎣뗄뺭볃훈탲뫍짧믡훈탲뻍뫜쓑캬돖ꆣ죧맻잿탐캬돖ꎬ뿉쓜믡훺뎤듳맦쒣싒쫕럑쿖쿳틔쏖늹쮰쫕쫕죫뗄늻ퟣꆣ죧맻뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣듳듳킡폚뗘랽헾뢮퓋뗄믹놾탨튪ꎬ늻떫믡듬짋웳튵퓙춶뗄믽벫탔ꆢ뛔뺭볃닺짺뢺킧펦ꎬ 50
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뛸쟒믡붵뗍헾뢮탐헾킧싊ꎬ죴퓙좱랦뇘튪뗄볠뿘쳥훆ꎬ믡폕랢뢯냜쿖쿳ꆣ틲듋뿍맛짏튪쟳퓶듳뗘랽쮰쫕죫ꎬ쳡룟웤햼뗘랽닆헾쫕죫뗄뇈훘ꆣ쇭췢ꎬ쪵탐럖쮰훆닆헾맜샭쳥훆뗄튪횼ꎬ뻍퓚폚좷솢뫍맦랶뗘랽헾뢮ퟷ캪쿠뛔뛀솢뗄닆헾훷쳥뗄뗘캻ꎬ쪹뗘랽틔웤놾짭뗄뗘랽쮰쫕죫ퟷ캪믹놾놣헏ꎬ뛸훐퇫횻쫇춨맽튻뚨쫽뛮뗄틆횧뢶욽뫢룷뗘뗄릫릲횧돶쮮욽ꎬ쪵쪩뇘튪뗄뫪맛뗷뿘ꆣ죧맻뗘랽쮰쫕죫맦쒣욫뗍ꎬ튲컞램쫊[63]펦럖쮰훆맜샭쳥훆뗄튪쟳ꆣ 뻍컒맺쿖뷗뛎뛸퇔ꎬ삩듳뗘랽쮰맦쒣펦볡돖틔쿂벸쳵풭퓲ꎺ 튻쫇뺭볃엤뇈풭퓲ꆣ뺭볃쫇쮰쫕뗄뻶뚨탔틲쯘ꎬ뗘랽쮰맦쒣튪폫뗘랽뺭볃뗄랢햹ힴ뿶쿠쫊펦ꎬ튪틔뗘랽쮰폫뗘랽뺭볃쿠맘탔닎쫽캪믹놾틀뻝ꆣ뻟쳥살쮵ꎬ뗘랽헾뢮퓚훆뚨폐맘뗘랽쮰쫕맦쒣뗄햽싔랽헫쪱ꎬ튻튪힢틢쿖쪱뗘랽쮰쫕죫햼뗘랽맺쏱쫕죫뗄뇈훘ꎻ뛾튪힢틢춬쪱웚뻓쏱믹놾짺믮럑폃햼뻓쏱쫕죫뗄뇈훘ꎻ죽튪힢틢뗘랽쮰풴폫뗘랽쮰쫕쫕죫뗄퓶뎤뇈ꎻ쯄튪힢틢웳튵킧틦폫쮰쫕쫕죫뗄퓶뎤뇈ꆣ헢킩뇈샽쫇럱쫊떱ꎬ쫇뾼싇삩듳뗘랽쮰맦쒣뗄잰쳡쳵볾ꆣ 뛾쫇닆헾뢺떣풭퓲ꆣ닆헾뢺떣냼삨솽쿮쓚죝ꎺ튻쫇닆헾쫕죫ퟜ뢺떣ꎬ벴냼삨맺쮰쫕죫ꆢ뗘쮰쫕죫틔벰웤쯻럇쮰닆헾탔쫕죫뗈ꎻ뛾쫇쓉쮰죋죋뻹뢺떣ꎬ벴쓉쮰죋뢺떣뗄맺쮰ꆢ뗘쮰ꆢ웤쯻닆헾쫕죫틔벰탐헾탔쫕럑뗈뗄죋뻹쫽뛮ꆣ퓚삩듳뗘랽쮰맦쒣쪱ꎬ뛔헢솽쿮뢺떣쫇럱듯떽뻓쏱뺭볃폫쓉쮰죋풱뗄돐쫜쓜솦ꎬ쫇럱폐삩듳뗘랽쮰맦쒣뗄뿕볤뫍잱솦ꎬ뇘탫뷸탐좫쏦ꆢ짮죫뗄럖컶ꆢ퇐뺿ꆣ 죽쫇맦랶탔풭퓲ꆣ퓚쫐뎡뺭볃쳵볾쿂ꎬ쓉쮰죋듦퓚폚쫐뎡ꎬ뺺헹폚쫐뎡ꎬ튪퓚뻧쇒뗄쫐뎡뺺헹훐짺듦ꎬ쟳랢햹ꎬ헢뻍탨튪맦랶뗄쫐뎡뮷뺳ꎬ폈웤쫇쮰쫕뮷뺳ꆣ쮰쫕훆뛈짨볆벰웤쮰컱맜샭튻떩쪧좥맦랶탔뻍믡틽웰튻쾵쇐뗄짧믡컊쳢ꎬ춬쪱튲믡룸쮰컱맜샭놾짭듸살쓑쳢ꆣ쯦ퟅ쫐뎡뺭볃뗄늻뛏짮뮯뫍췪짆ꎬ삩듳뗘랽쮰맦쒣뗄쎿튻룶짨볆랽낸벰쎿튻룶뮷뷚뚼뇘탫폐뿆톧뗄샭싛틀뻝ꎬ쓜탅럾폚맣듳쓉쮰죋ꎬ헢쫇탂탎쫆쿂삩듳뗘랽쮰맦쒣뗄뇘튪풭퓲ꆣ뻟쳥살쮵ꎬ퓚뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨맽돌훐ꎬ튻튪힢틢뾪헷탂뗄뗘랽쮰훖튪폐튻뚨맦쒣뿉헷쫕뗄쮰풴ꎻ뛾쫇뗘랽쮰뗄헷쫕랽램릫욽뫏샭ꎬ늻훁폚닺짺맽뛠뗄쮰뢺믻쟡믻훘쿖쿳ꆣ 뿆톧뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈ꎺ뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄훘튪늹돤 뿆톧뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈쫇뗘랽쮰쳥쾵쓜럱랢믓ퟷ폃뗄훘튪놣헏ꎬ튲쫇뗘랽쮰쳥쾵폅뮯뗄훘튪쓚죝ꆣ퓚컒맺붨솢뿆톧뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈ꎬ펦럖컶뫍뷨본쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒뗄돉릦뺭퇩ꎬ늢돤럖뾼싇컒맺뗄맺쟩ꆣ릹붨쫊뫏컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵룄룯뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈ꎬ펦ퟱ톭튻뚨뗄풭퓲늢닉좡뫏쫊뗄룄룯듫쪩ꆣ 틆횧뢶훆뛈짨볆펦ퟱ톭뗄풭퓲 1.볦맋릫욽폫킧싊ꆣ벴훐퇫헾뢮춨맽뻹뫢횧돶훆뛈ꎬ쫊떱뗷뷚룷뗘랽헾뢮뗄탐 51
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 헾탐캪쓜솦닮틬ꎬ좷놣룷뗘뻓쏱쿭쫜듳쳥쿠떱뗄릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱ꎬ쪵쿖짧믡랢햹뗄릫욽쒿뇪ꆣ춬쪱ꎬ춨맽쿮틆횧뢶쯹룸폨뗄닆솦늹돤ꎬ듙쪹뗘랽헾뢮럅웺웤캪놣뮤ퟔ짭샻틦뛔짧믡풴폅뮯엤훃뛸쪵쪩뗄뗖뒥헾닟ꎨ죧뺺쿠돶첨늻뫏샭뗄쮰쫕폅믝헾닟뗈뛱탔뗄쮰쫕뺺헹ꎩꎬ좡뛸듺횮뗄쫇쓜릻믽벫맡뎹횴탐훐퇫헾뢮뗄뫪맛뗷뿘ꆢ뗘쟸킭뗷뫍닺튵폅뮯뗄뺭볃헾닟ꎬퟮ훕쪵쿖뺭볃컈뚨퓶뎤뗄킧싊쒿뇪ꆣ 2.뢻폚떯탔ꆣ훐퇫헾뢮뛔뗘랽헾뢮뗄틆횧뢶뗄뛮뛈ꆢ탎쪽ꆢ뷡릹쎻폐뇘튪ꆢ튲늻뿉쓜놣돖튻닣늻뇤ꎬ펦뺡솿뇜쏢만뮯훐퇫헾뢮뗄횧돶뷡릹ꎬ뛸캪퓶잿훐퇫헾뢮뗄뫪맛뗷뿘쇴폐폠뗘ꆣ 3.쳥쿖뿍맛탔ꆣ틆횧뢶뛮뛈뗄좷뚨펦틀뻝뿍맛뗄뇪ힼꎬ뺡뿉쓜뗘맦랶뮯ꆢ릫쪽뮯ꎬ뺡솦업돽죋캪틲쯘뗘룉죅ꆣ튪펦폃뿆톧뗘랽램쫕벯쫽뻝ꎬ튪붨솢뫏쫊뗘탅쾢랴삡쾵춳ꎬ솦헹틆횧뢶뗄솦뛈춬헾닟쒿뇪쿠튻훂ꆣ 틆횧뢶훆뛈폅뮯뗄훷튪듫쪩 붨솢맦랶뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈쫇튻룶뎤웚뗄ꆢ붥뷸뗄맽돌ꆣ맦랶뮯뗄닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈뗄믹놾뿲볜펦냼삨죧쿂쓚죝ꎺ맦랶뗄닆헾틆횧뢶펦닉좡ퟝ쿲뫍뫡쿲틆횧뢶쿠뷡뫏뗄쒣쪽ꎻ펦닉좡튻냣탔틆횧뢶ꆢ쿮틆횧뢶뫍쳘쫢탔틆횧뢶쿠뷡뫏뗄탎쪽ꎻ폃ꆰ틲쯘램ꆱ훰늽좡듺ꆰ믹쫽램ꆱ살뫋쯣틆횧뢶뛮뛈ꆣ뷼웚뿉뛔쿖탐뗄틆횧뢶훆뛈ퟷ돶죧쿂뗄뗷헻ꎺ 1.볲뮯틆횧뢶탎쪽ꆣ뿉뾼싇붫쳥훆늹훺ꆢ쳥훆짏뷢ꆢ뷡쯣늹훺훐뗄뚨뛮뷡쯣늿럖ꆢ만뚨쫽뛮뗄쿮짏뷢늢죫쮰쫕략뮹ꆣ춨맽맩늢ꎬ훐퇫닆헾뿉복짙쮰쫕퓶솿략뮹ꎻ춬쪱ꎬ훐퇫닆헾뿉복짙뛔쳥훆짏뷢뗘쟸ꎨ튻냣쫇닆솦뷏돤풣뗄뗘쟸ꎩ뗄쮰쫕퓶솿략뮹ꎬ퓶볓뛔쳥훆늹훺뗘쟸ꎨ춨뎣쫇닆솦뷏놡죵뗄뗘쟸ꎩ뗄쮰쫕퓶솿략뮹ꎬ퓚쒳훖돌뛈짏듯떽뗷뷚뗘쟸볤닆헾쓜솦닮틬뗄쒿뗄ꆣ 2.볓듳맽뛉웚틆횧뢶솦뛈ꎬ쏷좷맽뛉웚틆횧뢶뗄맦쒣ꆣ뿉틔뾼싇붫맽뛉웚틆횧뢶맦쒣폫훐퇫벯훐ꆰ솽쮰ꆱ퓶솿맒릳ꆣ헢퇹ꎬ훐퇫벯훐퓶솿폺뛠ꎬ뫪맛뗷뿘쓜솦폺잿ꎬ폃폚뗘쟸닆솦뻹뫢뗄솦뛈폺듳ꎬ볈럻뫏쇋쓜솦풭퓲ꎬ폖쳥쿖쇋ꎨ뗘랽ꎩ릱쿗폫쫜틦뛔돆풭퓲ꆣ 3.볓잿쿮늦뿮뗄맜샭ꆣ펦내헕뿘훆ퟜ솿ꆢ폅뮯뷡릹ꆢ좷놣훘뗣ꆢ맦랶맜샭뗄풭퓲ꎬ뛔쿮늦뿮볓틔쟥샭ꆢ헻뛙ꆣ 4.붫볓뿬틆횧뢶훆뛈룄룯폫뷢뻶떱잰닆헾퓋탐훐뗄춻돶컊쳢뷡뫏웰살ꆣ퓚떱잰쟩뿶쿂ꎬ펦붫틆횧뢶훆뛈룄룯폫뷢뻶뗘랽닆헾삧쓑뗄컊쳢뷡뫏웰살ꆣ퓚튻냣탔틆횧뢶뮹늻뿉쓜좫쏦틽죫틲쯘램뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ펦싊쿈붫뗘랽헾뢮뗄믹놾탐헾뺭럑뫍뷌폽뺭럑ퟷ캪믹놾틲쯘틽죫튻냣탔틆횧뢶ꎬ놣횤뗘랽헾좨뗄쮳샻퓋ꆣ 52
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뷡 싛 럖쮰훆쫇룹뻝쫐뎡뺭볃풭퓲뫍릫릲닆헾샭싛좷솢뗄튻훖럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆ꎬ쫇뒦샭훐퇫폫뗘랽닆헾럖엤맘쾵뗄튻훖뷏캪맦랶뗄랽쪽ꆣퟷ캪쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒웕뇩쪵탐뗄튻훖닆헾럖엤쳥훆ꎬ럖쮰훆쫇붫튻룶맺볒뗄좫늿쮰훖퓚짏쿂벶헾뢮횮볤뷸탐뮮럖ꎬ틔듋살좷뚨훐퇫폫뗘랽뗄닆헾쫕죫랶캧ꎬ웤쪵훊쫇룹뻝룷벶헾뢮뗄쫂좨좷뚨웤쿠펦뗄닆좨ꎬ춨맽쮰훖뮮럖탎돉훐퇫뫍뗘랽솽룶쫕죫쳥쾵ꎬ캪룷벶헾뢮탐쪹쿠펦뗄쫂좨쳡릩컈뚨뗄쫕죫살풴ꆣ쪵탐럖벶닆헾폐샻폚킭뗷훐퇫폫뗘랽뗄닆헾럖엤맘쾵ꎬ폐샻폚듙뷸늻춬쫐뎡훷쳥뗄릫욽뺺헹뫍욽뗈랢햹ꎬ폐샻폚퓶잿훐퇫헾뢮뗄뫪맛뗷뿘쓜솦ꎬ뮹폐샻폚헽쿲벤샸뗘랽뫏샭랢햹뺭볃ꎬퟮ훕퓶볓닆헾쫕죫ꎬ듙뷸쟸폲뺭볃짧믡뗄킭뗷폫뿉돖탸랢햹ꆣ럖쮰훆쯹튪뷢뻶뗄믹놾컊쳢믲뫋탄컊쳢ꎬ쫇내쮰훖뮮럖룷벶헾뢮뗄쫕죫ꎬ늢퓚뮮쟥훐퇫폫뗘랽쫂좨믹뒡짏뢳폨뗘랽튻뚨뗄ꆢ뇘튪뗄쮰좨ꎬ붨솢훐퇫폫뗘랽솽쳗쮰훆뫍쮰쫕쳥쾵ꎬ쪵탐럖쮰ꆢ럖좨ꆢ럖헷뫍럖맜ꆣ퓚쮰훖뮮럖짏ꎬ훷튪쪹룷벶헾뢮릩룸릫릲욷뗄맦쒣뫍킧싊탎돉욽뫢ꎬ튲쳥쿖헾뢮럖벶폫닆헾럖좨쿠쫊펦뗄믹놾쳘헷ꆣ뛸쮰좨뗄뮮럖퓲틀릫릲욷뗄닣듎탔쳘뗣ꎬ퓚쏷좷뮮럖쫂좨뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ쿠펦룸폨뗘랽튻뚨뗄쮰쫕솢램좨뫍웤쯻쮰쫕맜샭좨ꎬ쪵쿖쫂좨폫닆좨뗄킭뗷춳튻ꎬ듓뛸캪뗘랽쮰쫕쳥쾵뗄폐킧퓋탐쳡릩뇘튪뗄훆뛈놣횤ꆣ룹뻝럖벶닆헾쳥훆뗄쓚퓚튪쟳ꎬ붨솢튻룶퓚샭싛짏ꆢ훆뛈짏폫웤쿠킭뗷튻훂ꆢ췪헻춳튻뗄뗘랽쮰쫕쳥쾵ꎬ쫗쿈펦쏷좷헢튻쳥쾵뻟폐쓄킩뫏샭쓚뫋ꆣ컒쏇죏캪ꎬ룄룯뫳뗄뗘랽쮰쫕쳥쾵펦뻟폐틔쿂탂뗄쳘헷ꎺ 뗚튻ꆢ쫊뛈쿂럅쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞 쯹캽쫊뛈쫇횸쮰좨쿂럅쫇폐잰쳡ꆢ닣듎뗄ꆣ헢룶잰쳡뗄뇪ힼ폐뛾ꎬ튻쫇쪹쮰좨폫닆좨ꆢ쫂좨쿠욥엤ꎬ뛾쫇볈폐샻폚훐퇫벯좨맜샭ꎬ폖폐샻폚뗷뚯뗘랽뗄믽벫탔ꆣ쯹캽쫊쪱쫇횸헾뢮볤뗄쮰좨엤훃튲펦폫쪱뻣뷸ꎬ쫊쪱룄룯ꆣ헢쫇틲캪퓚쫐뎡뺭볃쳵볾쿂ꎬ릫릲탨튪뗄닣듎탔뫍쫜틦탔뻶뚨쇋헾뢮볤뗄쮰좨폐듳폐킡ꎬ믲헟쮵헾뢮쓜룉뛠듳ꎨ뛠짙ꎩ뗄쫂ꎬ뻍펦폐쿠펦뗄뛠듳ꎨ뛠짙ꎩ닆솦닆좨ꆣ쫊뛈쿂돁쮰좨ꎬ튻쫇폐샻폚룼뫃뗘랢믓뗘랽ퟩ횯늢뗷뿘뺭볃킭뗷랢햹뗄ퟷ폃ꎻ뛾쫇폐샻폚쪹뗘랽쓜틲뗘훆틋뗘뾪뇙탂쮰풴ꆢ룄짆닆헾ힴ뿶ꆢ듙뷸뺭볃랢햹ꆢ쯵킡뗘쟸닮틬ꎻ죽쫇폐샻폚퓶잿컒맺쮰훆뗄쫊펦탔ꎬ뷢뻶훐퇫쮰쫕춳튻솢램쓑틔췪좫쫊펦뗘랽쪵볊쟩뿶뗄쎬뛜ꆣ쯹틔ꎬ탂뗄뗘랽쮰쫕쳥쾵ꎬ펦돤럖쳥쿖ꆰ튻벶헾좨ꆢ튻벶쫂좨ꆢ튻벶쮰믹ꆢ튻벶닆좨ꆱ헢퇹엤쳗킭뗷뗄럖벶럖쮰훆뗄믹놾튪쟳ꆣ 뗚뛾ꆢ쮰쫕쳥쾵뗄컈뚨탔 듓닆헾뗄뷇뛈뾴ꎬ뗘랽쮰쫕훆뛈튻뺭좷솢ꎬ벴퓋탐폚튻뚨뗄뺭볃뮷뺳훐ꎬ펦놣돖웤쿠뛔뗄컈뚨탔ꎬ퓚튻뚨쪱웚쓚놣횤뗘랽헾뢮믱좡믹놾탨튪뗄쫕죫솿뛈ꆣ뛸듓릫 53
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 욽뫍킧싊뗄뷇뛈뾴ꎬ튲펦퓚튻뚨뗄돌뛈짏쓜릻ꆰ욽ꆱ뺭볃늨뚯뗄킧펦ꎬ튻맡뗘캬뮤쫐뎡훷쳥볤릫욽뗄믹놾첬쫆ꎬ놣돖풴뗄폐킧엤훃ꆣ벴뇣짧믡뺭볃뮷뺳폐뇤뮯ꎬ떫횻튪늻쫇룹놾탔뗄ꎬ뻍늻펦욵랱뇤룯쮰쫕훆뛈ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뗘랽쮰쫕쳥쾵뗄짨볆뫍룄룯늻뷶튪퇐뺿뗘랽쮰쫕뗄쓚퓚맦싉ꎬ룼훘튪뗄쫇튪퇐뺿뗘랽쮰훆퓋탐훐뗄짧믡뺭볃맦싉뫍헾뢮럖벶맜샭쿖쪵ힴ뿶벰웤쿠뮥펰쿬ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ탂뗄뗘랽쮰쫕쳥쾵볈쓜놣횤뗘랽닆헾쫕죫뗄컈뚨탔ꎬ폖쓜춨맽쮰훆쓚짺뗄뗷뷚믺훆살듙뷸맺볒뫍뗘랽뺭볃뗄킭뗷탔폫뿉돖탸탔랢햹ꆣ 뗚죽ꆢ쮰훆뷡릹뗄췪헻탔 쮰훆뷡릹뇘탫맡뎹훐퇫쳡돶뗄ꆰ볲쮰훆ꆢ뗍쮰싊ꆢ뿭쮰믹ꆢ퇏헷맜ꆱ뗄풭퓲ꎬ돤럖뾼싇훐퇫쮰ꆢ릲쿭쮰ꆢ뗘랽쮰뷡릹뗄춳튻탔ꆢ췪헻탔뫍퇏쏜탔ꆣ뗘랽쮰훆볈폐맺볒쮰훆릲탔뗄쓚죝ꎬ튲폐웤ퟔ짭쳘폐뗄쓚죝ꆣ뗘랽쮰훆뷡릹훐룷훖튪쯘ꎨ죧쮰훖ꆢ쮰싊ꆢ쮰쒿뗈ꎩ뗄엤훃펦쿠뢨쿠돉ꆢ뮥늹춳튻ꎬ늢폫맺볒쮰훆탎돉튻룶폐믺뗄헻쳥ꆣ튻룶뫏샭뗄뗘랽쮰훆뷡릹ꎬ춨맽쮰훆튪쯘뗄뿆톧엤훃ꎬ볈뇭쿖캪훐퇫폫뗘랽쮰훖짨훃뗄뮥늹탔ꎬ튲뇭쿖캪맺볒뫍뗘랽쮰훆뗄킭뗷탔ꎬ벴ꎺ볈늻쓜쿠뮥훘뗾ꎬ튲늻뿉쿠뮥췑뷚ꎻ쓜뢲룇쯹폐쮰믹ꎬ폖늻탎돉훘뢴헷쮰ꎻ뗷뷚랶캧맣ꎬ퓶쫕쓜솦잿ꎬ웤쓚췢킧폃랢믓돤럖ꆣ퓚쮰훖짨훃짏펦쳥쿖쫕죫룕탔폫떯탔ꆢ쮰훆훐탔폫럇훐탔쿠뷡뫏뗄풭퓲ꎬ쪹뫪맛쮰뢺폫짧믡뺭볃랢햹쮮욽쿠쫊펦ꎻ퓚쮰헾짏펦뺡뿉쓜뗘붵뗍ꆢ죵뮯쮰훆뛔풴엤훃뗄얤쟺킧펦ꎬ퓶잿훐퇫폫뗘랽뗄뫪맛뗷뿘쓜솦ꆣ 뗚쯄ꆢ뗘랽쮰쫕죫맦쒣뗄뫏샭탔 튻냣살쮵ꎬ튪컈뚨뗘랽헾뢮믹놾쫕죫살풴뫍맦랶헾뢮돯탐캪ꎬ뗘랽쮰쫕죫뻍뇘탫놣돖쫊떱뗄맦쒣ꆣ횻폐냑컕헢룶ퟜ솿ꎬ닅쓜뛔뗘랽쮰훆뷡릹뫍쮰쫕쳥쾵폐튻룶춨엌뾼싇ꎬ닅쓜뛔튻킩룶솿컊쳢뻟쳥퇐뺿ꆣ틲듋ꎬ탂뗄뗘랽쮰쫕쳥쾵펦뫏샭짨훃훐퇫폫뗘랽쮰벶뷡릹ꎬ훐퇫튪췋돶뗘랽쮰훖뗄쫕죫럖엤ꎬ쪹뗘랽쮰췪헻“맩캻”뗘랽ꎬ늢쓜릻쪹횮돉캪뗘랽닆헾쫕죫뗄훷튪살풴뫍틀뾿ꆣ헢볈쳥쿖쇋럖쮰ꆢ럖좨ꆢ럖퓰뗄풭퓲ꎬ폖폐훺폚퓶잿훐퇫뗄뫪맛뗷뿘쓜솦ꎬ쪹헻룶뺭볃쮰쫕닺돶킧싊듯떽ퟮ폅ힴ첬ꆣ 뗚컥ꆢ닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈뗄맦랶탔 뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄붨솢폫퓋탐쓑쏢믡떼훂룷뗘틲쮰풴ힴ뿶늻춬뗈틲쯘뛸닺짺뗄ꆰ뿠샖늻뻹ꆱ쿖쿳ꆣ캪쇋뻹뫢뗘랽닆솦ꎬ춬쪱캪쇋늹뎥뗘랽헾뢮쳡릩뻟폐킧폃뗘쟸췢틧탔릫릲닺욷뗄돉놾ꎬ닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈돉캪뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄튻룶뇘탫쟒폐틦뗄늹돤ꆣ룹뻝컒맺뺭볃랢햹ힴ뿶틔벰짧믡랢햹쒿뇪ꎬ컒맺헾뢮볤닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈짨볆뗄쒿뇪캪ꎺ훐퇫헾뢮냑룷벶헾뢮뚼쫓캪튻룶헻쳥ꎬ늢룹뻝늻춬닣듎헾뢮떣뢺쫂좨쯹탨횧돶폫웤닆헾쓜솦뗄닮뛮ꎬ뛔늻춬닣벶헾뢮뷸탐늹훺ꎬ틔쿻돽늻춬닣벶헾뢮쯹듦퓚뗄ퟝ쿲늻욽뫢컊쳢ꎬ쪹룷벶헾뢮뻟폐헽뎣쪩헾쯹탨뗄닆솦ꎻ뫏샭뷢뻶뻓힡퓚늻춬뗘쟸뗄뻓쏱횧뢶늻춬쮰쫕뛸쿭쫜춬뗈쮮욽뗄럾컱믲쫇횧뢶춬퇹뗄쮰쫕뛸쿭쫜늻춬쮮욽뗄럾컱뗈컊쳢ꎬ쿻돽룷뗘랽헾뢮볤듦퓚뗄쮰쫕쓜솦폫믹놾탨쟳뾪횧뗄뫡쿲늻욽뫢ꎬ 54
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 솦쟳놣횤룷뗘쟸볤짧믡릫릲럾컱쮮욽뗄믹놾튻훂탔ꎻ뛔뗘랽쯹쳡릩뗄쫜틦뎬돶웤탐헾맜쾽랶캧뗄쒳킩뻟폐쳘뚨틢틥뗄릫릲닺욷뫍럾컱뷸탐늹훺ꎬ틔뫏샭뗘뷢뻶쫜틦췢틧탔컊쳢ꎬ듙뷸룷뗘쟸볤샻틦뗘뻹뗈뮯ꆣ 럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨쫇튻룶쿠떱뢴퓓뗄쾵춳릤돌ꎬ풭쾣췻컄헂쓜릻퓚럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆뫍뗘랽쮰쳥쾵솽헟횮볤뗄쓚퓚솪쾵랽쏦폐쯹뒴탂뫍랢햹ꎬ떫쫇틲캪놾죋샭싛릦뗗늻릻퓺쪵ꎬ폖좱짙쪵볊릤ퟷ뺭퇩ꎬ쯹틔닻쫍잷짮죫ꆣ폚욪럹ꎬ뛔탭뛠컊쳢뗄럖컶싛횤뮹폐듽뷸튻늽뗄짮죫ꎬ쯹쳡돶뗄뛔닟붨틩뮹좱랦뷏잿뗄헫뛔탔ꆣ 55
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 닎뾼컄쿗 th[1] David Finance, 4 , Inc. 1999,597-601 [2] George Stigler. Tenable Rang of Functions of Local Government. In Federal Expenditure Policy for Economic Growth and Stability,213-219 [3] 맺뮪.컒맺폫컷랽맺볒뗘랽쮰훆뗄뇈뷏럖컶.쟠떺횰튵벼쫵톧풺톧놨, 2003 (1)ꎺ28-30 [4] 욽탂쟇.닆헾풭샭폫뇈뷏닆헾훆뛈.짏몣죽솪돶쫩뗪,1992,360 [5] Wallance E Federalism. Harcourt Brace Jovanovish Inc,35 [6] Tie bout. A Pure Theory of Local Expenditure. Journal of Political Economy. 1956 [7] Donald Phares. The Role of Tax Burden Studies in State Tax Policy. Reforming State Tax Systems. National Conference of State Legislatures. 1986,67-88 [8] Harold A Tax Competition and Economic Development:Reforming State Tax Conference of State Legislatures,1986,67-78 [9] Larry C. Ledebur and William W. Hamilton. The Failure of Tax Concessions as Economic Development Incentives. National Conference of State Legislatures. 1986 ,100-118 [10] 샮웫퓆. 럖벶닆헾쳥훆퇐뺿.뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧,2003,61-149 [11] 췵캰.뗘랽쮰훆듦퓚뗄컊쳢벰룄룯쮼슷.닆믡퇐뺿,1996ꎨ9ꎩ12-14 [12] 샮뒫폀.뛔훘릹컒맺훐퇫뫍뗘랽쮰훆쳥쾵뗄쮼뾼.짦췢쮰컱,1997ꎨ11ꎩꎺ16-18 [13] 슽럡좪.맘폚뗘랽쮰훆붨짨벸룶샭싛컊쳢뗄퇐뺿.닆뺭퇐뺿,1994ꎨ12ꎩꎺ26-27 [14] 뚭컄틣.싛컒맺뗘랽쮰훆붨짨[J].닆뺭컊쳢퇐뺿,1998ꎨ12ꎩꎺ37-38 [15] 퇮뇳.맘폚뗘랽쮰훆붨짨벰헷맜컊쳢뗄쮼뾼.쮰컱폫뺭볃,1998ꎨ4ꎩꎺ42-44 [16] 췵붨쫩. 룄룯뫍췪짆뗘랽쮰훆뗄믹놾릹쿫.훐맺닆헾, 2004(4)ꎺ37-39 [17] 컩뫬.췪짆컒맺뗘랽쮰훆뗄돵늽짨쿫.붭컷닆쮰폫믡볆,2003ꎨ2ꎩꎺ21-22 [18] 뫺뾡삤. 컒맺뗘랽쮰훆듦퓚뗄컊쳢벰룄룯붨틩.뫪맛뺭볃퇐뺿, 2004(7) ꎺ 47-49 [19] 붹맺뮪.럖쮰훆닆헾쳥훆ꎺ움볛폫붨틩.닆뺭싛듔,2003ꎨ6ꎩꎺ42-47 [20] 쏗붨맺, 엓럯쾲. 룄룯닆닺쮰훆펦돉캪췪짆뗘랽쮰훆뗄춻웆뿚.쮰컱퇐뺿, 2004(4)ꎺ35-38 [21] 뫾놱뗘랽쮰컱뻖뿎쳢ퟩ.룄룯뫍췪짆컒맺뗘랽쮰쳥쾵뗄맺볊뷨본퇐뺿.샭싛퓂뾯,2004ꎨ5ꎩꎺ56-59 [22] 뚭샱쪤. 컷랽랢듯뗄솪냮훆맺볒닆헾욽뫢훆뛈뇈뷏퇐뺿.훐릲쓏뺩쫐캯떳킣. 쓏뺩쫐탐헾톧풺톧놨, 2004(1)ꎺ17-19 56
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 [23] 헅싗싛.뛔컒맺닆헾틆횧뢶훆뛈맦랶뮯뗄싟벭쮼뾼.뺭볃쳥훆룄룯,2005ꎨ2ꎩꎺ18-21 [24] 폠폀뚨,헅폮퇠ꎬ횣뇼컄.컷랽뺭볃톧.뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧,2003ꎬ95 [25] 웫횾뫪.뛠벶닆헾쳥훆뇈뷏퇐뺿.훐맺닆헾뺭볃돶냦짧, 2003ꎬ27-87 [26] 쇵붨쏱.훐맺쮰훖뷡릹폅뮯컊쳢퇐뺿.훐맺뺭볃돶냦짧, 2001ꎬ257-307 [27] and Federal Deficit Tax Journal, 1987(40):299-313 [28] 맾캬·S·싞즭.닆헾톧.훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧,2000,468 [29] 헅.닆헾솪냮훷틥샭싛뗄탂랢햹.닆헾뿆톧,2004ꎨ5ꎩ:104-107 [30] Mintz and Tulkens. Commodity tax competition between member states of a federation: Equibriun and Efficiency . Journal of Public Economics, 1986ꎨ29ꎩ:133-172 [31] Marini. P H, La .concurrence fiscale en Europe. Rapport du Senat no 483, 1998-1999,9. [32] Jeremy Edwards, Michael competition and Leviathan. European Economic Review,1996(40):115 [33] 믆뚭솼.맘폚릫릲닆헾뿲볜뗄죴룉쮰쫕컊쳢첽쳖. 닆뺭싛듔, 2004ꎨ2ꎩ:36-40 [34] 췵펺뻽,헅횾뮪.헾뢮볤닆헾맘쾵뺭볃톧.훐맺뺭볃돶냦짧,1998,145-216 [35] 샮횾믛,헅퇳몣.쮰좨뮮럖뗄맺볊뇈뷏뫍뷨본.뫾쓏쮰컱룟뗈뿆톧킣톧놨,2005ꎨ1ꎩꎺ9-10 [36] 쯯뾪.닆헾쳥훆룄룯퇐뺿.뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧,2004,6 [37] 퇮횾폂.뗘랽쮰쳥쾵릹붨뗄믹놾샭싛럖컶.쮰컱퇐뺿,2000ꎨ7ꎩꎺ56-58 [38] 훐맺닆헾톧믡.탂쫀볍 탂첽쳖ꆪꆪ뗚쪮컥듎좫맺닆헾샭싛쳖싛믡컄톡.훐맺닆헾뺭볃돶냦짧,2002,459-464 [39] 쇵캰쯄.뗘랽쮰쫊뛈맦쒣폫뗘랽쮰훆룄룯.뫾쓏쮰컱룟뗈뿆톧킣톧놨2001ꎨ1ꎩꎺ15-16 [40] 볖뾵.뗘랽닆헾컊쳢퇐뺿.뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧,2004,88-92 [41] 몫샶뮪.첽쳖ퟮ폅쮰훆뷡릹톡퓱췪짆뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨.쮰컱퇐뺿,2000ꎨ12ꎩꎺ59-63 [42] 탌뢣뾡,돉벪.잿뮯뗘랽헾뢮쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞뗄뛔닟첽쳖.훐퇫닆뺭듳톧톧놨2000ꎨ3ꎩꎺ40-43 [43] 샮늨.맘폚컒맺쮰쫕솢램좨뮮럖뗄쮼뾼.훐맺닆헾, 2004(2)ꎺ18-19 [44] 훬쏅쳭.쮰쫕맜샭좨쿞엤훃ꆢ쮰컱쇷돌폫쮰컱맜샭믺릹짨훃.짦췢쮰컱,2004ꎨ2ꎩꎺ22-24 [45] 헅뒺맢.맘폚뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨뗄첽쳖.쇉쓾쮰컱룟뗈뿆톧킣톧놨,2004ꎨ4ꎩꎺ4-5 57
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 [46] 퇮즭욽,컢웩폒.뗘랽쮰:훆뛈폫뷡릹.쓏톧놨ꎨ헜톧짧믡뿆톧ꎩ,2003ꎨ3ꎩꎺ18-22 [47] 훬쿩쇖.볓뿬컒맺돇쫐닆닺쮰룄룯늽랥헾닟톡퓱.닆헾퇐뺿, 2004(2)ꎺ19-20 [48] Ronald C Fisher. State and Local Public Finance. Richard D Irwin Inc. 1993 ,99-144 [49] 쳆쿲.릹붨릫릲닆헾뿲볜쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵.뺭볃컊쳢첽쯷,2002ꎨ7ꎩꎺ27-30 [50] 엡폽.맘폚좷솢뗘랽쮰훷쳥쮰훖뗄쮼뾼.쮰컱폫뺭볃,1998ꎨ1ꎩꎺ31-35 [51] 십뿋뫍.췪짆컒맺쿖탐뗘랽쮰훆죴룉짨쿫.닆헾퇐뺿,2005ꎨ4ꎩꎺ18-22 [52] 슬탣뮪,뺮쏷. 컒맺랿뗘닺쮰훆쳥쾵룄룯붨틩.훐맺닆헾, 2004(10)ꎺ46-47 [53] 튶짙좺.붨솢뢴뫏췁뗘쮰훆쫆퓚뇘탐.랢햹퇐뺿,2005ꎨ2ꎩꎺ24-26 [54] 뢶쫧쟙.폅뮯컒맺닆닺쮰훆뗄첽쳖.뗘랽뺭쎳,2004ꎨ6ꎩꎺ42-43 [55] 뫎헱튻,퇖삤.틅닺쮰훆짨볆훐뗄훮튪쯘뻱퓱.닆쮰쳥훆룄룯퇐뺿컄벯,뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧,1999ꎬ452-464 [56] 헔열량.듓쮰쫕폫뺭볃뗄뮥뚯킧펦첸컒맺웳튵쯹뗃쮰뗄룄룯.뺭볃쪦2005ꎨ2ꎩꎺ61 [57] 탬뷸.맘폚룶죋쯹뗃쮰훷쳥쮰뗘캻뗄뇈뷏폫럖컶. 닆쮰쳥훆룄룯퇐뺿컄벯,뺭볃뿆톧돶냦짧,1999,412-421 [58] 맘탣컄.맘폚컒맺풴쮰뗄룄룯짨쿫.쮰쫕폫웳튵,2001ꎨ9ꎩꎺ42-44 [59] 힣솦.컒맺짧믡놣헏룄룯뗄헏낭뫍뷢뻶횮뗀.샭싛뷧,2005ꎨ8ꎩꎺ34-37 [60] 컩뿋쪤.뛔짧믡놣헏쮰쮰훆믹놾뿲볜뗄릹쿫.쮰컱퇐뺿,2003ꎨ11ꎩꎺ44-45 [61] 럫컄죙.뾪헷뮷놣쮰뗄뿉탐탔럖컶벰뿲볜릹쿫.뎤냗톧뾯,2005ꎨ4ꎩꎺ34-37 [62] 쇵뺲ퟋ.맘폚컒맺뷌폽쮰솢램컊쳢뗄쮼뾼. 맣컷헾램맜샭룉늿톧풺톧놨,2000ꎨ3ꎩꎺ26-28 [63] 낲컄,쇖욽.뗘랽쮰맦쒣싛.쮰컱폫뺭볃,1998ꎨ4ꎩꎺ33-35 58
쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 훂 킻 뺭맽튻쓪뛠뗄쇏쫕벯뫍헻샭ꎬ냫쓪쪱볤뗄낸샍짱ꎬ훕돉듋컄ꆣ퇶췻탇뿕ꎬ퇚뻭뛸쮼ꎬ탄훐늻쏢룐뾮췲럖ꆣ퓚퓀슴즽쿂ꆢ쿦붭뫓엏쟳톧뗄헢쇹쓪훐ꎬ샏쪦뗄뛷쟩ꆢ춬톧뗄폑쟩ꆢ볒죋뗄쟗쟩ꎬ뗣뗣뗎뗎ꎬ믣돉튫퇛뗄맢쎢ꎬ폖튻듎퓚퇛잰직쮸ꆣ 쫗쿈훔탄뗘룐킻컒뗄뛷쪦샮횾믛뢱뷌쫚ꆣ벸쓪살ꎬ샮샏쪦뛔컒맘뮳놸훁ꎬ쯽뺡솿톡퓱ퟮ뫍뮺뗄폯퇔살횸돶컒뗄늻ퟣꎬ룸폨쇋컒퇐뺿짺뗀슷짏쒪듳뗄맘뮳뫍횸떼ꎬ쪹컒쫜틦솼뛠ꆣ놾컄듓톡쳢떽뚨룥ꎬ컞늻쟣힢쇋뛷쪦뗄탄톪ꎬ헽쫇폐쇋쯽뗄횸떼뫍맄샸ꎬ닅쪹헢욪싛컄뗃틔돉릦떮짺ꆣ퓚짺믮짏ꎬ샮샏쪦뫍탭샏쪦룼쫇룸폨쇋컒컞캢늻훁뗄맘뮳ꎬ죃컒헢룶욯늴뗄폎ퟓ뺭뎣쓜룐쫜떽볒뗄컂?ꆣ 춬쪱컒튲쿲맹욽뷌쫚쿗짏컒ퟮ돏횿뗄킻틢뫍ퟮ쏀뫃뗄힣풸ꆣ퓚샮샏쪦췢돶뷸탞웚볤ꎬ맹샏쪦쿪쾸뗘탞룄쇋컒뗄싛컄ꆣ맹샏쪦퓺쪵뗄톧쫵릦뗗ꆢ첤쪵뗄톧쫵ퟷ럧ꆢ쏴죱뗄톧쫵쮼캬틔벰룟뛈뗄뺴튵뺫짱쪹컒쫜틦럋잳ꆣ 릥뛁쮶쪿톧캻웚볤ꎬ컒뮹폐탒뗃떽톧킣뫍믡볆톧풺훚뛠쇬떼뫍샏쪦뗄횸떼ꆢ맘탄뫍냯훺ꆣ퓚듋쳘쿲풺뎤췵짆욽뷌쫚ꆢ햲붨횪쫩볇ꆢ돂볍뷌쫚ꆢ쇵몮늨뷌쫚ꆢ쇵붨쏱뢱뷌쫚ꆢ싞뫪뇳뢱뷌쫚ꆢ닜퇠욼뢱뷌쫚ꆢ첷맢죙뢱뷌쫚ꆢ쇵췰뎿뢱뷌쫚ꆢ헅퇞뒿뢱뷌쫚ꆢ붭ퟓ뢣샏쪦ꆢ믆훒짨샏쪦ꆢ킻쫷폱샏쪦ꆢ럫뇸볆샏쪦ꆢ쯯뫬쾼샏쪦ꆢ샨뾡샏쪦ꆢ퇯췾샏쪦틔벰퇐뺿짺풺뫍믡볆톧풺뗄쯹폐샏쪦뇭쪾돏횿뗄룐킻ꆣ 컒뮹튪훔탄룐킻컒뗄춬뒰뫃폑색컄쳬ꆢ닌뇌뫬ꆢ훓헱잿ꆢ샮맺믔ꆢ퇮쏹ꆢ얷퇴맢믔ꆢ돂뚬쓝ꆢ샮쾣컄ꆢ샮랼ꆢ뗋싺풴ꆢ훓ꆢ뫎욽뻹ꆢ훜뫬쎷ꆢ뗋펢ꎬ췵ퟋ삼ꆢ돂펢ꆢ십뮪뮪ꆢ쇎좺럦벰웤쯻춬톧ꆣ폫뫃폑뗄쳖싛쪱뎣뢳폨컒쇩룐ꎬ뫍쯻쏇퓚튻웰뗄죕ퟓ컞폇뛸돤싺샖좤ꎬ풸컒쏇폑틪폀만ꆣ룐킻쪦뗜붭뷜ꆢ쪦쏃틗폱퓚쇏쫕벯짏쯹쳡릩뗄냯훺ꆣ 컒훔탄뗘룐킻컒뗄볒죋캪컒쯹뢶돶뗄튻쟐ꆣ룐킻풶퓚쳬맺뗄췢릫ꆢ쓌쓌뫍쓪싵뗄튯튯ꆢ췢웅ꎬ쫇쯻쏇쓍탄뗄뷌폽쪹컒헢룶췧쇓뗄폗춯뗃틔ퟂힳ돉뎤ꎻ룐킻컒뗄뢸쒸ꎬ뢸뛷훘죧즽ꎬ쒸낮짮쯆몣ꎬ쎿쎿쿫떽탁쟚샍ퟷ뗄뢸쒸ꎬ컒뎣뎣룐떽컞틔믘놨뛸쓚뻎ꎻ룐킻컒뗄쏃쏃ꎬ쯽뗄뚮쫂듙쪹ퟅ컒좥얬솦ꆣ 컒뮹튪훔탄룐킻쯹폐맘탄맽컒뗄죋ꎬ튻슷ퟟ살ꎬ폐헢쎴뛠뗄죋헕맋ꎬ컒늻룐볅쒯ꆣ뷨듋믺믡뇭듯컒뛔쯹폐맘탄컒뗄죋쏇뗄짮짮뗄킻틢ꎬ풸뫃죋튻짺욽낲ꆣ 슴즽캡캡ꆢ쿦쮮ꎬ컞싛쯪퓂쇷쫅뛠뻃뛠풶ꎬ컒틀좻믡볇웰헢튻뛎퓀슴즽쿂ꆢ쿦붭뫓엏뗄쟳톧슷ꆣ죴뢡퓆폐틢ꆢ닝쒾폐쟩ꎬ쟫쳦컒틱뇓헢튻뿩컒쯹죈낮뗄췁뗘뫍헢샯뗄죋쏇ꆣ 헅퇳몣 2005쓪10퓂폚퓀슴즽쿂 59
럖벶풤쯣맜샭쳥훆쿂뗄뗘랽쮰쳥쾵붨짨퇐뺿 뢽슼A 릥뛁쮶쪿톧캻웚볤랢뇭뗄싛컄 [1] 샮횾믛,헅퇳몣.잿뮯닆헾볠뚽뗄뛔닟퇐뺿.뫾쓏쮰컱룟뗈뿆톧킣톧놨,2004(1):9-10 [2] 샮횾믛,헅퇳몣.쮰좨뮮럖뗄맺볊뇈뷏폫뷨본.뫾쓏쮰컱룟뗈뿆톧킣톧놨,2005(1):9-10 [3] 컢붨쏱,샮횾믛,헅퇳몣.룄룯뫍췪짆컒맺닆헾춶죚쳥훆맺볊뷨본퇐뺿.뫾쓏쮰컱룟뗈뿆톧킣톧놨,2005(3):7-8 60
