ֻؽ၂जሹ.124௹ሱಖѐᆣم๙VO,IZISumNo124No6,1999ֻ6௹JOURNALOFDIALECTICSOFNATURE1999c॓࿐ᅽ࿐c߲০ᇶၬ֥Ѱᒮંଆࠣఃྙطഈ࿐ყഡmਾގਪᅋေ:ׅࣜሱಖ࿊ᄴ࿐ඪބჸ࿊ᄴંၛࢳႵࠏุ֥০ྛູb߲ંิԛ,၂۱ႵࠏุڱԛսࡎϺᇹਸ਼၂۱Ⴕࠏุ,ॖၛᄝ༯၂Ց൳ਸ਼၂۱ႵࠏุϺᇹൈࠆၭ۷նbၛՎູࠎԤ,ದૌࡹ৫ఏѓሙםဆѰᒮଆaྩᆞ֥ѰᒮଆၛࠣԝഽѰᒮଆ,ؓ҂౦ঃ༯֥০གྷའቔԛਔࢳb߲০ᇶၬѰᒮંଆ֥ྙطഈ࿐ყഡ,൞Ⴕࠏุ֥ྛູྟbྛູྟ҂Ⴟ۽ऎྟބࡎᆴྟbުؽᆀᇏྟ֥ᇶุ൞Ⴕၩ്֥ದࠇᆀದ֥ࠢ,طྛູྟᇏѩ҂ླေᇶุऎႵᇶܴࠏ,ᆺླေૌႵྛູb߲০ᇶၬ֥Ѱᒮંଆᇏ֥ࠎЧࡌק,ࡹ৫ᄝྟყഡ֥ࠎԤᆭഈbྛູྟԊࠌਔૌ๙ӈ֥ྟۀ,ᄝ০གྷའ֥࣮ᇏཁൕԛఃٚمંႪ൝bܱՍ:߲ંള࿐ᅽ࿐ྙطഈ࿐০ᇶၬѰᒮં୍࣍ࠫট,აള࿐٦ࣉ֥ؿᅚཌྷႋ,ݓ࠽ള࿐ᅽ࿐ࢸ֥࣮ၳӈࠃᄁ,໓ངնਈႤགྷ,ട֥ࠣਵთٳܼٗbݓଽ॓࿐ࢸބᅽ࿐ࢸؓႿݓ࠽ള࿐ᅽ࿐֥ࠃᄁࣟའቔԛّ֥ႋ҂؟bطᄝᆃ҂؟ّ֥ႋᇏ,70၂၂80୍սᇶေ൞ؓٳሰള࿐ᅽ࿐໙ี֥ܱᇿ,80၂90୍սᇶေ൞൪့ཟളଁ࿐ބളᅽ࿐֥ঔᅚbᆃਆ۱ٚ૫෮ട֥ࠣള࿐ؓའ,ՖԄ؇ഈुٳљ൞ളଁ֥ັܴࢲܒބޡܴགྷའ,Ֆྟᇉഈुٳљ൞Ղեളଁགྷའބളଁაഠ߶֥ܱ༢bྛູ࿐(ethofogy)֥࣮ؓའં൞ՖԄ؇ഈߎ൞Ֆྟᇉഈु,नࢺႿᆃؽᆀᆭࡗb࣍20୍ট,ၛᆃ࿐ູ॓ᇏྏ,கࠣંള࿐Ⴍః൞ྛູള࿐(behavioralecology)֩ਵთ,ྍؿགྷ֥॓࿐൙ൌaؓᆃུ൙ൌ֥ંࢳaܱႿᆃུࢳ֥ᅽ࿐ٳ༅ཌྷࢌհ,ܒӮਔ॓࿐ܴҳaඔ࿐ࡹଆaٚمંฐษ܋ࣉ֥अ૫bᆃٚ૫֥࣮ఘࣂᄝݓଽ࿐ඌࢸޓഒᇭ໓ངbЧ໓ؓᆃ၂ਵთᇏ֥߲০ᇶၬ֥Ѱᒮંଆࠣఃྙطഈ࿐ყഡࣉྛᅽ࿐ٳ༅,ၛႄზᆭሆ,՜ࣉݓଽᅽ࿐ࢸؓႿྛູ࿐ࣉᅚࠣఃᅽ࿐໙ี֥ܱᇿb.Ч໓ປӮႿቔᆀᄝКࣘն࿐॓࿐აഠ߶࣮ᇏྏቓ٠໙࿐ᆀ௹ࡗbۋ྆֝ഽཬড়࢝൱ؓЧ໓ለཿ۽ቔ֥ܱྏa՜ބᆷ֝b(൬۠ರ௹:198୍10ᄅ14ರ)၂6၂
ሱಖ࿊ᄴંაჸ࿊ᄴં֥ղغ໓ളࣉ߄ં֥ނྏ൞ሱಖ࿊ᄴ࿐ඪbοᅶᆃ۱࿐ඪ,ᇕᄝളթᆚ֥ݖӱᇏ,ࣜݖሱಖ࿊ᄴ֥ቔႨ,ᇯࡶӁളྍ֥ᇕ,ൌགྷള֥ࣉ߄bԫሱಖࢸ֥ႵུགྷའॖၛႨളթࣩᆚᆰࢩਔֹ֒ቔԛࢳbଲࠞᇝּఒثᄝ༯ඣᆭభູਔಒקඣᇏ൞ڎႵݚГ,Ⴕൈཌྷສඣᇏႚbޑູਔ૧Ԣሚᆭ७,ສສӨڸ࣍Ӯ҂ᄝӗᇏൈѽൊఃԠbՉߝᰭູൊᆭь,മᇀ࿙ᅳࠏ߶ӹוაᆭࢌ֥ྦߝᰭbᆃུ൞ളթࣩᆚ֥ࠞ؊২ሰb൞,ളࢸරެߎթᄝ০ྛູbႵ҂ഒᄝҳत֞ѽൊ٦ౚԛགྷൈ,߶ؿԛࣞࢡലಞϴฦх,ሱ࠭ၹࣞࢡಏԩႿາགֹbณଚ೦֪ਰᄝؿགྷѽൊᆀൈ,߶๙ݖ๋ᄁཟϴؿԛྐ༏,طሱ࠭Вᄝѽൊᆀ૫భb֥ࣞࢡބ֪ਰ๋֥ᄁुഈಀݺཞ൞ሱ།വྛູb൞,ᆃུྛູൌ࠽ഈ္൞۱ุ֥၂ᇕളթҦbҳत֞ѽൊ٦ౚ֥ೂݔ҂ؿԛࣞࢡ,ఃಯᄝࠃ֥ࣼ߶Ϝѽൊᆀ֥ᇿၩႄཟሱ࠭ᇛຶ,۳Їওሱ࠭ᄝଽ֥ಕջটາགbၹՎ,ؿԛࣞࢡб҂ؿԛࣞࢡ۷ݺb֒ಖ,ࣞࢡߎ൞Ⴕ၂ק֥າག,҂ݖࣞࢡൈಸၞВലჷ֥߶ФሱಖวbՎຓ,ѽൊᆀ൮࿊֥ਝ൞ಸၞѽࠆᆀ,ၹՎ֪ਰ๋֥ᄁ൞ཁൕሱ࠭ദ఼৯ሐ,ఃଢ֥ᄝႿಞѽൊᆀಀѽൊุ৯ᆀbᆃဢुট,֥ࣞࢡބ֪ਰ๋֥ᄁ҂ݖ൞oᇶܴpູሱ࠭,ग़ູܴᆀطၘbა֥ࣞࢡބ֪ਰ๋֥ᄁཌྷб,ളࢸߎഹྛሢ০ᆀമᇀoᇶܴpഈ္҂ູሱ֥࠭ሱ།വྛູbսڱԛࣚ৯aൈࡗބିਈᄓტa່အބЌሰս,طሱ࠭၂Ϯ҂֤ၭ,ᆃࠫެ൞ࢸ֥௴ђགྷའbૠځᇏ֥۽ڂሱ࠭҂ളტ,ᆺӵքᇽӗaҐૠaအႼځ֩۽ቔbೂݔმ֞ؠځૠᆀ,۽ځߎ֤Տᶹؠځૠᆀ,ሱ࠭ಏၹՏᶹᇏଽᄣԛุຓطඵວbؓႿᆃུՂե֥০ྛູ,ׅ֥ࣜሱಖ࿊ᄴ࿐ඪၛቔԛದડၩ֥ࢳ,ၹູ০֥Ⴕࠏุაପུ҂ڱԛսࡎطᄝФϺᇹᇏ൳ၭ֥Ⴕࠏุཌྷб,ᄝളթᆚᇏႋ֒Ⴕਜ൝ط҂ିࣉ߄b෮ၛԚुഈಀ,රެࢤ൳ሱಖ࿊ᄴඪࣼ҂ିӵಪ০ྛູ֥թᄝ,ط൙ൌഈᆃᇕྛູಒಖթᄝbູਔࢳ০ྛູ֥թᄝ,ݱૡغؘ(WiilamHamilton)ิԛਔჸ࿊ᄴં,ѩࡹ৫ਔཌྷႋ֥ඔ࿐ଆqߘ,ުট֡ࣁථ(RichardDawkins)ؓఃࠎЧනམቔਔࣉ၂҄ӂؿb[s]ࡥֆඪট,ᆃ۱ંಪູ,࣍ᆭࡗ০ྛູ֥թᄝބࣉ߄,൞ႮႿႵࠏุᆺ൞ࠎၹ֥ᄛุbሱ֥ࠎၹ॥ᇅሢ۱ุ֥ྛູ,ሱ֥࠭ॊН֤֞Ќթބնਈَᆲ,ط࣍ऎႵ܋ࠎၹ֥б২ն,ᆃࣼथקਔ࣍ᆭࡗᄝсေൈေҐ౼০ྛູbսളტބڢအሰսሱ࠭҂֤ၭ,൞ၹູሰս֥ࠎၹটሱڳุބଛุ֥۲ᅝb1/2۽ځሱ೪ྟֹЌځૠ,൞ၹູӗᇏაႵཌྷս֥ૠځ֥ࠎၹႵ1/2ა֥ཌྷ,ѩᆃུૠځ֥ሰս֥ࠎၹߎႵ1/4ა֥ཌྷbູਔཌྷࠎၹ֥০ၭ,сྶቓԛ།വbჸ࿊ᄴં҆ٳࢳਔ࣍ᆭࡗթᄝ০ྛູ֥གྷའ,൞ಏ҂ିࢳ٤࣍Ⴕࠏุᆭࡗթᄝ֥০ྛູb[n]ѓሙםဆѰᒮଆ૫ׅؓࣜሱಖ࿊ᄴඪބჸ࿊ᄴඪ૫ਢ֥,ള࿐ࡅૌුᇭ߲০ᇶၬbԚֹࢃ,߲০ᇶၬᆭ෮ၛࣉ߄,൞ၹູ၂۱ႵࠏุڱԛսࡎϺᇹਸ਼၂۱Ⴕࠏุ,ॖၛᄝ༯၂Ց൳ၭႿਸ਼၂۱Ⴕࠏุ֥Ϻᇹ,ᆃဢࠆၭ۷նbᆃ,o߲০ᇶၬp൞ᆷਆ۱Ⴕࠏุᆭࡗࢌߐൡކ؇(fitness)սࡎބ০ၭ֥ྛູbູਔࣚಒֹؿᅚᆃ၂නམ,ള࿐ࡅૌܼٗႨѰᒮંi7i
ଆbᄝᆃུѰᒮંଆ֒ᇏ,ၛؽದםဆѰᒮቋູࠎЧbѰᒮჷሱܱႿਆ۱ކࠄٕቌᆀ֥Ԯඪb}5rᆃਆ۱Фѽ֥ᄝࣞٚ૫భေહކቔ(ЌӻӦଏ,)ေહМஒ(ฌϢ,)҂ॖॆऋbೂݔؽದЌӻӦଏ,ૌᄝ൳ബ௹ࡗࣼ߶ԩႿ࣌оሑ,ᄝ҂Ӊ֥ൈࡗбೂඪ6۱ᄅᆭުࣼ߶ࠆbೂݔؽದᇏ֥၂ದ܂ԛٕؓ҂০֥ᆣऌ,(ࠇෲ)ࣼࡼቔູᆣದᝌဪمຓ,طਸ਼၂۱ᄵ҂֤҂ӵքಆ҆مੰᄳ,ைೂؖ5୍ࡓსbೂݔਆ۱ฌϢ,ؽᆀࡼӵքؖ2୍হ֥ྗ൙ᄳbཁಖ,Мஒ൞ቋࡄ࿊ᄴ,൞,ೂݔؽದӦଏࣼ߶бؽದМஒ֥ࢲݔ۷ݺbႿ൞,ކቔߎ൞Мஒ,ࣼӮູ၂۱ؽbᆃ۱Ѱᒮख़߃ԛѰᒮᆀ০ၭ҆ٳԊ֥౦ঃ,Фྸ؟࣮ਵთቔູ၂ᇕႵི֥ٳ༅൭؍طܼٗҐႨbऌ࠹,ఘ1950୍ᆸ,ܱႿѰᒮ֥॓࿐ԛϱၘղඔత(҆)ᆭ؟b[6]หڠථ(RobertTrivers)ቋᄪҐႨѰᒮ,ิԛਔ૭ඍ߲০ᇶၬྛູ֥ሱಖ࿊ᄴଆbھଆඪૼਔሱಖ࿊ᄴᄝ༢ᇏೂޅ҂০Ⴟௌሰ(٤߲ᆀb)[v]έक़ೖغઅ֣(RobertAxelrod)აݱૡغؘ[8]ၛѰᒮঃᇏ֥ࣉ߄໗קҦۀູࠎԤ,ؿᅚਔᆃ۱ଆbᆃਆં໓ၘࣜӮູགྷսׅࣜ,ႄႨૌ֥໓ངၘ࣍తbᄝᆃਆં໓֥ࠎԤഈ,ܱႿ߲ྟ֥ࡹଆ۽ቔ҂؎ധದbႨѰᒮ֥ეটඪ,Ⴕࠏุ֥ྛູ൳ఃҐ౼֥Ҧᆦ,طᆃᇕҦࣼ൞ႨކቔაМஒ൭؍֥ܿᄵbைೂಆМஒҦ,Ѱᒮᆀᄝૄ၂҄ѰᒮᇏМஒbᄜೂ၂Бߎ၂БҦ,Ѱᒮᆀᄝֻ၂҄ކቔ,ಖުҐႨఃؓ൭ᄝഈ၂҄ҐႨ֥൭؍bᄝ٤ਬބѰᒮᇏ,ܛ৫ֹु,҂թᄝቋࡄҦbҦ֥Ⴊਜ౼थႿھҦЧദၛࠣაᆭᄥმ֥ᇕᇕҦ֥ྟᇉ,ߎ౼थႿᄥმ֥֞۲ᇕҦཌྷቔႨ֥ൎbέक़ೖغઅ֣ቆᆮਔਆՑ࠹ෘࠏࣩ,Ⴎሱ჻ҕᆀิࢌѰᒮҦӱҕbਆՑࣩᇏิࢌ֥ӱٳљႵ14ބ62۱,ࢲݔ൞၂Бߎ၂Бࠆ഻bࢡ၂Бߎ၂БିܔӮۿ,൞ၹູႄႺؓ൭ކቔ,ط֒Ϻᇹ֤֞ؓ൭֥Ⴕ่ࡱБճൈ,ᆃဢ֥ϺᇹࣼႵ০bཁಖ,ᆃ൞၂۱ࠎႿކቔ֥Ҧbࣉ၂֥҄ંٳ༅іૼ,ၛ߲ྟູࠎԤ֥ކቔିܔᄝ၂۱ሱ֥ൗࢸᇏष,ߎିܔᄝაٓຶܼ֥ٗఃҦཌྷቔႨ֥ൈྖഹఏট,ѩିܔؓॆఃҦ֥ٕbqn0]၂ུܴҳࢲݔࣉ၂҄ಒᆣ,ીႵჸܱ༢֥Ⴕࠏุᆭࡗ֥ކቔॖၛ൞໗ק֥b؉ऎႵՉྦਆྟఖܲ,ԉ֒Չྟ࢘ࣼေۚሧ(Ӂ,)ԉ֒ྦྟ࢘ᄵ൞֮ሧ(۳൳ࣚb)ਆແ؉ᆭࡗ֥ࢌնᇁ൞ੀԉ֒Չྦྟ࢘,ೂݔྟ࢘ٳ۽҂֩,ପહᆃᇕܱ༢ࣼ߶ਚb}ԫޞ༷ಕၞႿᄥ൳ಽൊ֥ࣉ۾,෮ၛႵൈࣼླေႵ၂ਆແޞ༷ಕฐҳಽൊ൞ڎႵࣉ۾֥༵ᅸbೂݔਆແޞᶺభສฐҳ,ପહૄແޞ༷Ⴕࢤ࣍ھಽൊ(ކቔ)ބໆ෪҂భ(Мஒ)ਆᇕ࿊ᄴbೂݔਆແޞᶺൈฐҳ,ପહਆແޞ༷Фӹו֥າགࣼ߶ࡨഒbqn2rᄝྛູ࿐ᇏ,ѰᒮॖႨၛ༯ᆦڱइᆔіൕ:Ѱᒮᆀ2ކRTRቔsМsൃTൃஒѰᒮᆀᆦڱ(payof)൞ਆ۱Ѱᒮᆀᄝൌീ၂ק֥Ҧުԛགྷ֥ުݔbaaRTpބSіൕؓႵࠏุ֥ൡކ؇ᆦڱbૄ၂ؓުݔᇏֻ֥၂۱ሳଛіൕؓႿѰᒮᆀ1֥ᆦڱ,ֻؽ۱ሳଛіൕؓႿѰᒮᆀ2֥ᆦڱbR൞ؓؽᆀކቔ֥ࢂৣ,(reward)T൞ؓМஒ֥Ⴚࠈ,(temPtation)ൃ൞ؓؽᆀМஒ֥Ӳـ,(Punishment)s൞ؓ೮ܨ(sucker)֥௺ௌbधն؟ඔള࿐໓ངಪק,Ⴎਆ۱сေ่ࡱथק,ᆃࣼ൞:(l)ؓ൭ކቔ,ሱ࠭Мஒࢲݔቋݺ,ؓ൭Мஒ,ሱ࠭ކቔࢲݔ၂8၂
ቋҵ,චٚކቔбචٚМஒࢲݔေݺ,ࣼ൞ඪᆦڱᆴ֥նཬඨູT>R>ൃ>bSᆃ൞ᆷ่ࡱb(2)ؓචٚކቔ֥ࢂৣбؓМஒ֥Ⴚࠈބؓ೮ܨ֥௺ௌ֥नིݔݺ,ࠧR>(T+bS)/2ᆃ൞ّЉཤ่ࡱbડቀᆃਆ۱่ࡱ֥Ѱᒮ,ࣼФӫູѓሙbᄝᆃਆ۱่ࡱᇏ,ᆷ่ࡱѰᒮᆀ૫ਢ,ّЉཤ่ࡱѰᒮᆀ҂ି๙ݖੀཌྷЉཤটϥຂbᄝֆअྟ֥ၛࠣअඔ၂ק֥Ѱᒮᇏ,ෙಖཌྷކቔбཌྷМஒݺ,ૄ၂۱Ѱᒮᆀ๙ݖМஒಏॖၛቋնཋ؇ֹᄹࡆሱദ֥০ၭ,ྛູሱ֥Ⴕࠏุႋ֒б০ᇶၬᆀቓ֤۷ݺb[m3rކቔᆭ෮ၛࣉ߄,൞ၹູѰᒮචٚߎႵཌྷმ֥ࠏ߶,Ѱᒮߎॖၛ؟ՑࣉྛbᄝᇗگՑඔ҂ק֥Ѱᒮ,ࠧםဆѰᒮᇏ,ކቔॖၛԛགྷѩିܔ໗ק༯টbཞ၂Бߎ၂БҦ֥Ӯۿ,ࣼࢳਔᄝჸބಕุ࿊ᄴໃؿള֥౦ঃ༯ކቔॖၛэ֤໗ק֥ჰၹb߲০ᇶၬ֥сေ่ࡱέक़ೖغઅ֣ބݱૡغؘႨѓሙםဆູٳ༅߲০ᇶၬ֥ࣉ߄קਔࠎԤᆭު,ള࿐ࡅૌؓᆃ۱ࠎԤ֥ࡔൌྟᄻࣜิԛݖ၂ུၐ໙,ఃᇏቋᇶေ֥Ⴕਆׄ,၂൞ಪູֆअіൕ֥൞ᇹط҂൞߲,ؽ൞ಪູ߲০ᇶၬླေ০ᇌުؿള֥ࠏ߶bqm4rᆌؓᆃུ,Ѱ၈֣(RobertBoyd)ิԛ,םဆᇏ֥߲ྛູ൞ᇌު֥ѩؿളႿ࿃֥ൈࡗᆭᇏ,Ֆطູቔູ߲০ᇶၬ֥ఞ֒ଆቔਔѐb}n5]ቋ࣍,ರЧ࿐ᆀ࣮ਔׄᆔࢲܒᇕಕᇏކቔ֥ࣉ߄qn6r,ೋׅ࿐ᆀิԛਔ࣮םဆѰᒮ֥ሑॢࡗم[n7x,֩֩bᆃུ۽ቔ֥ࠎԤ,൞ѓሙଆb[norಖط,Ѱ၈֣֥۽ቔᆺඪૼѰᒮᇀഒॖၛႨটࡹ৫ଖུ౦ঃ༯֥߲০ᇶၬଆ,ѩ҂ၩሢࡹ৫၂్౦ঃ༯֥߲০ᇶၬଆсྶ০ႨᆃᇕѰᒮbູਔฐ෬ఃྙൔ֥ଆ,ᅽ࿐ࡅථֺٯථ(ChristoPherstePhens)Ֆ၂Ϯၩၬഈ֤ԛਔ߲০ᇶၬ෮сေ֥٤ྙൔ่ࡱ,ٳ༅ᆷԛѓሙѰᒮ֥сေ่ࡱѩ҂൞߲০ᇶၬ֥сေ่ࡱ,ط۳ԛਔ߲০ᇶၬ֥сေྙൔ่ࡱb߲০ᇶၬ֥٤ྙൔ่ࡱ,ࣼ൞҂ࢹᇹඔ࿐(ᆃ൞Ѱᒮં)ଆটקၬ߲০ྛູ෮сྶژކ֥थקྟหᆘbطႨѰᒮંეіղᆃུหᆘ,ь֤ԛ߲০ᇶၬ෮сྶડቀ֥ྙൔ่ࡱbථֺٯථิԛ,߲০ᇶၬ֥หᆘႵඹ۱bᆃࣼ൞:(l)ھྛູсྶࡨഒଖ۱܂ุ(ࠧิ܂Ϻᇹᆀ)֥აଖ۱ሱ֥ठᄴႵܱ֥ൡކ؇;(2)൳ุ(ࠧࢤ൳Ϻᇹᆀ)֥ൡކ؇ཌྷؓႿ٤൳ุсྶФิۚ;(3)ھྛູ֥ປӮсྶ҂၇ঠႿଖ۱ᆰࢤ০ၭ֥ࢤ൳a;(4)่ࡱ(1)(2)ބ(3)сྶൡႨႿҕა߲Ϻᇹ֥ਆ۱۱ุbᆃ,่ࡱ(l)ބ(2)൞ھྛ่ູ߲֥ࡱb่ࡱ(3)Ϝ߲০ᇶၬაᇹᇶၬљषট,ၹູᄝᇹᇶၬᇏᆺႵ൳ุ҄ิ܂ଖ۱߭Б০ၭ,܂ุҌҐ౼ྛb่ࡱ(4)০ᇶၬ߲bᆃඹ۱หᆘٳष൞߲০ᇶၬ֥сေ่ࡱ,ކఏট൞߲০ᇶၬ֥ԉٳ่ࡱb൞,ࣇႵᆃ4۱่ࡱߎ҂ܔ,߲০ᇶၬေିܔࣉ߄,ߎсྶႵࣉ၂่֥҄ࡱཋᇅbථֺٯථิԛ,߲০ᇶၬࣉ߄ေડቀ֥сေ่ࡱ൞:(5)сྶթᄝҳतoௌሰp֥ࠏᇅ;(6)сྶթᄝࢌߐϺᇹ֥նਈ(҂ק)ࠏ߶bཁಖ,ીႵ่ࡱ,(5)٤০ᇶၬᆀࣼ߶ሹ൞ᅝ০ᇶၬᆀ֥ьၒ,ᆃဢ߲০ᇶၬࣼ҂߶ࣉ߄;Ⴕਔᆃ۱่ࡱ,০ᇶၬᆀࣼႵਔӲـ҂ކቔ֥Ⴕࠏุ֥ϷمbીႵ่ࡱ,(6)Ѱᒮࣼ൞ֆअ֥,Ѱᒮᆀᅝᇶֹ໊֥֝࿊ᄴࣼ൞Мஒ;Ⴕਔᆃ۱่ࡱ,ࣼЌᆣਔѰᒮ֥अඔ҂קb۴ऌ߲০ᇶၬࠣఃࣉ߄֥ഈඍ6۱сေ٤ྙൔ่ࡱ,ٳ༅ѓሙםဆѰᒮ֥၂9၂
сေ่ࡱ,ॖၛؿགྷЧ໓ֻؽࢫิّ֥֞Љཤ่ࡱࠧR>(T+S)/2ѩ҂൞෮сေ֥,طᆷ่ࡱࠧT>R>ൃ>S္҂൞߲০ᇶၬ෮сေ֥bࣼ൞ඪ,ॖၛϜѓሙѰᒮଆ٢߲֞০ᇶၬࣉ߄ଆᆭ၂,മᇀ൞ଆᆭ၂໊֥ᇂഈ,ط҂൞߲০ᇶၬ֥၂Ϯଆ໊֥ᇂഈbૌՖٳ༅ّЉཤ่ࡱषbᆃ۱่ࡱ൞ູਔЌᆣ֥թᄝ,ၹູؓචٚކቔ֥ࢂৣбؓМஒ֥Ⴚࠈބؓ೮ܨ֥௺ௌ֥नིݔݺ,൞ᄝםဆ֥౦ঃ༯ೂݔ,R(T+5)/2ಯಖթᄝbRm(T+S)/2ၩሢ၂ؓႵࠏุੀࠆ֤T(Ⴚࠈ)ބS(௺ௌ)߭Бི֥ݔ҂߶бੀࠆ֤R(Бӊ)ི֥ݔҵ,ᆃ൞၂۱ᄍྸѰᒮᆀࢌูЉཤ่֥ࡱb๙ֹඪ,ᆃՑӹ༯Ցӹ,Ⴕൈ߶бਆՑ҂ӹ֥नིݔߎݺbၹՎ,ಀוّЉཤ่ࡱ,҂߶ཤކቔ֥ࠎԤbൌ࠽ഈ,ࢌูЉཤӮਔކቔ֥၂ᇕྙൔb҂ݖ,ᆃ֥ކቔ҂൞ᆰࢤކቔط൞ᇌުކቔ,Ѱᒮᆀᄍྸሱ࠭ФЉཤ൞ູਔࢌߐЉཤਸ਼၂۱Ѱᒮᆀ֥ࠏ߶b֒ಖ,ࢌูЉཤေղ֞бචٚކቔݺི֥ݔ,ߎླေ၂่ུࡱܿק4۱ᆦڱᆴ֥ཌྷؓնཬ,ᆃࣼടࠣ֞ᆷ่ࡱ֥onϜ߲০ᇶၬྛູ֥٤ྙൔ่ࡱྙൔ߄,ॖၛ֤֞ೂ༯ᆦڱइᆔ:Ѱᒮᆀ2ކቔМஒRAT>ѰᒮᆀAൃSᆃ֥ᆴіൕᆺ൞ؓѰᒮᆀ1֥ൡކ؇ᆦڱbཁಖ,٤ྙൔ่ࡱ(l)ၹູT>RP>Sط֤֞ડቀb่ࡱ(2)ၹູR>ST>PࠇᆀࣇࣇT>ൃطႵིbᆃུ٤ྙൔ่ࡱ,҂ંֆߎ൞၂ఏ,҂сေᆷࠇّЉཤ่ࡱbϜᆃུ٤ྙൔ่ࡱऎุ߄,ථֺٯථ֤֞Їওѓሙଆᄝଽ֥5۱߲০ᇶၬଆbקၬᆃུଆ่֥ࡱٳљ൞ྌ:ଆ1:T>R>ൃ>SR>(T+S)/2;ଆ2:T>R>ൃ>SRર(Ts/)2;ଆ3:T>P>R>Sൃ>(T+S)/2;ଆ4:T>p)R>Sൃۋ(T+s)/2;ଆ5:T>ൃ>S>Rpೊ(Tb+S)/2ଆ1ࣼ൞ѓሙѰᒮbଆ2൞ࣜථֺٯථྩᆞਔ֥Ѱఙbః3۱ଆ൞ථֺٯථิԛ֥oԝഽѰᒮpbྩᆞ֥ѰᒮଆބԝഽѰᒮଆᄝଆ1֥౦ঃᇏၛࠣଆ2֥ଖུ౦ঃᇏ,০ᇶၬіགྷູ҄ކቔ;ᄝ෮Ⴕః౦ঃ༯,߲০ᇶၬіགྷູᇌުކቔb၂Ϯඪট,ϺᇹؓႿФϺᇹᆀമᇀؓႿචٚটඪ൞ݺ൙b൞,ࠞсّ,Ⴕൈݖ؟֥Ϻᇹّطᄦbଆ3၂5ख़߃֥ࣼ൞ᆃᇕ౦ঃ,ၹູᄝᆃ3۱ଆᇏ҄ކቔ֥ᆦڱᆴ(R)ཬႿ҄Мஒ֥ᆦڱᆴ(ൃb)ᆃࣼཞݖ؟֥ԝഽ߶۞ᄦ၂ݑณ၂ဢb෮ၛථֺٯථϜᆃᇕ౦ঃӫᆭູԝഽѰᒮb҂ݖ,ᄝᆃᇕ౦ঃ༯,ෙಖ҄ކቔ҂߶Ѱᒮᆀ൳ၭ,൞٤҄ކቔߎ൞߶ཌྷ൳ၭ֥,෮ၛ߲০ᇶၬಯಖթᄝbᄝ3۱ԝഽଆᇏ,ଆ3൞҂໗ק֥ԝഽѰᒮ,ၹູਆ۱ѰᒮᆀႮႿ҄Мஒطቓ֤۷ݺbଆ4ᇏRરP,൞఼ԝഽѰᒮbཌྷбࢠط,ଆ5ࣼᆺିӫູԝഽѰᒮਔbྩᆞ֥Ѱᒮބ఼ԝഽѰᒮࠧଆa24ބ,5іൕ֥ࣼ൞ᇌުކቔॖି໗ק֥۲ᇕ߲০ᇶၬbᆃ3۱ଆॖၛႨটٳ༅ބࢳ၂ུൌ࠽֥ܴҳࢲݔb.ථֺٯථીႵႨ෪ཿሳଛط൞Ⴈᇏྟሳଛіൕ4۱ᆦڱᆴbЧ໓҂ҐႨථֺٯථ֥іൕم,ಯခႨ๙ྛ֥ᆦڱᆴіൕሳଛb၂10၂
ஂक़.(CPacker)ᄻࣜБ֝,၂ᇕྦྟᣃᢡڔڔqࠧਝപڔڔ(ൃ१ൃibanubis)]ྙӮ৳ૐ֥ྛູડቀ߲০ᇶၬ֥ऌbqm9r၂ᆺྦڔڔູਔა၂ᆺՉڔڔࢌ,ᄝაࣩᆚ֥ڔڔ֥ᆚᇏӈӈ౨ਸ਼၂ᆺྦڔڔ֥ϺᇹbطФ౨֥ྦڔڔᄵॖၛቔԛϺᇹაڎ֥࿊ᄴbᄝ౨ᆀ(၂ᆺྦڔڔ)ࢤ࣍Չڔڔ֥ൈ,Ф౨ᆀ(ਸ਼၂ᆺྦڔڔ)۳ჍϺᇹ҂ሱ࠭҂ࠆ০طߎሱ࠭ԩႿવགሑbཁಖ,ᆃ֥߲Ϻᇹ൞٤֥҄,ၹູᄝ၂ՑϺᇹᇏᆺႵ၂ᆺڔڔ֤֞Бӊ,ਸ਼၂ᆺڔڔࣇࣇٮϺᇹսࡎbॖၛϜֆअѰᒮঔᅚູֆםဆѰᒮ,ࠧၛֻ၂۱Ѱᒮᆀ֥ྛቔູष,ၛֻؽ۱Ѱᒮᆀ֥ྛቔູࢲඏbႿ൞,Ⴕࠏุࡊᄝֻ၂अѰᒮᇏϺᇹႵࠏุၙطၙᄝֻؽअᇏϺᇹࡊ,ࣼॖၛ֒ቔ၂ՑםဆটԩູؽᆀކቔਔbჅোb൞,Ⴈଧ၂ᇕଆ૭ඍᆃᇕϺᇹࢠఞ֒,ᄵ౼थႿࣜဒ༥ࢫbೂݔᄝֆםဆѰᒮᇏ,ิ܂Ϻᇹ֥ྦڔڔવ֥ڄག҂ն,ࠧR>(T+S)/2ູᆇ,ପહࣼေႨѓሙଆট૭ඍb൞,ೂݔิ܂Ϻᇹ֥ྦڔڔવ֥ڄགն֞R<(T+S)/2֥ӱ؇,ѓሙଆࣼିູ৯,طေႨྩᆞ֥Ѱᒮଆਔbॕᰲၛ་ൊః֥࿓ູള,ೂݔ৵࿃ਆ၀ӹ҂֞࿓ࣼ߶صඵb൞ѩ٤ૄᆺڴᰲૄ၀ି་֞࿓,ીႵՖఃദഈ་֞࿓֥ᷠᰲླေՖႵ࿓֥ᷠᰲପ֤֞࿓bຯغࣁ೦.(Gerald5Wilkinson)ᄝۢථղࡆܴҳਔ့᧡ᰲ֥࿓၁ّѿྛູbqz0]၂ᆺ᧡ᰲϜ࿓۳ఃᆞᄝίص֥ڴᰲ൞ູਸ਼၂ᆺᰲ֥ൡႋ০ၭط།വሱ֥࠭ൡႋ(ᄝ؋௹ଽ)টٳཚ࿓၁֥၂ᇕྙൔb࿓၁֥ԛაঌᄼമᇀؿളᄝ٤උᆭࡗ,ط,ᰲ҂࿃ཟପུ҂Бճ֥۱ุঌᄼ࿓၁bॖ,ᆃ൞߲০ᇶၬྛູ,ථֺٯථॉ੮֞۳ԛބࢤ൳࿓၁൪ႚႵބླေ࿓၁طק,ൈॉ੮֞ࡲूࠆၭა࿓၁ࠆၭѩ٤ၛཌྟٚൔཌྷܱ,ၛᇁϜ၂קਈ֥࿓ෂ۳၂ᆺᆞᄝίص֥ଷᰲбෂ۳၂ᆺႵپڶ࿓၁֥ᰲ۷ᆴ֤,ႮՎ۳҄ކቔބ҄Мஒਆᇕࢲݔᆷקਔཌྷ֥ᆴbqn81ႮႿpؽ,Rᆃ۱Ѱᒮࣼ൞၂ᇕ఼ԝഽbථֺٯථഡམਔ၂ᇕ౦ঃbᆃᇕ౦ঃࣼ൞,၂ؓႵྟَᆲ֥Ⴕࠏุᇏ֥ૄ۱Ӯჴေહൊ,ေહᄝࡅЌႼር૧ᄥѽൊbൊཁಖ൞ކቔྛູbुࡅႮႿ҂сཨݻିਈҐࠢൊࠇᆀવѽൊڄག,ॖၛुӮ٤ކቔྛູbࡌഡӮ୍ႵࠏุಸၞϜھಽൊᆀ༲,طႼርᄵ҂൞ھಽൊᆀ֥ؓ൭bೂݔචൈൊ,ႼርࣼԩႿФଖ۱ಽൊѽൊ֥າགᆭᇏ,ࢲݔ҄ކቔб၂۱Ⴕࠏุൊطఃुࡅൌ࠽ഈေᄦbቋݺ֥ࢲݔ൞၂۱Ⴕࠏุुࡅطఃಀൊ;Ցݺ֥ࢲݔ൞ؽᆀुࡅ;ֻݺ֥ࢲݔ൞ھႵࠏุಀൊఃुࡅ;طؓھႵࠏุটඪቋᄦ֥ࢲݔ൞ؽᆀಀൊ,༯҂ഡٝಽൊᆀ֥ӗbࣼ൞ඪ,ᆦڱᆴ֥ཌྷؓնཬ൞bT>ൃ>S>Rᆃࣼ൞ԝഽѰᒮ֥౦ঃbථֺٯථߎࣜݖקਈ࠹ෘ,бࢠਔ߲০ᇶၬ֥ѓሙ໗ק৯࿐ა֥ྍଆ໗ק৯࿐,ཋႿږ,ᆃؓՎ҂ቔٳ༅b൞,ૌၘࣜॖၛुԛ,֥۽ቔູյѓሙםဆѰᒮᄝ߲০ᇶၬଆᇏ၂฿༯֥अ૫קਔࠎԤ,ູ࿙ᅳ۲ᇕྍ֥ଆิ܂ਔఓ҂bѰᒮંଆ֥ྙطഈ࿐ყഡ߲০ᇶၬ֥࣮ିܔӮູၳӈࠃᄁ֥ਵთ,֤ၭႿѰᒮં۽ऎb൞,Ѱᒮંቔູඔ࿐֥၂۱ٳᆦ,Чദѩ҂ᆰࢤิ܂ؓႿൌ࠽໙ี֥ٳ༅ބࢳճbඔ࿐ଆ൞ඔ࿐۽ऎაൌ࠽໙ี֥ࢲކb၂Ϯඪট,ඔ࿐ଆऎႵ3۱หᆘ:ൌ࠽໙ี֥ඔ࿐іඍaམଆ֥ۀࠎԤaൌ࠽໙ีაඔ࿐ࢲܒ֥ؓႋb[zl~ᄝ߲০ᇶၬ֥ࡹଆݖӱᇏ,Ⴕࠏุᆭࡗ֥ܱ༢Фіඍ၂11၂
ູ٤ਬބѰᒮ,ႵࠏุФམ߄ູᆺႵൡކ؇֥Ѱᒮᆀ,طൡކ؇֥ࠆၭაѰᒮᆀ֥ᆦڱ၂၂ؓႋbႮႿ٤ਬބѰᒮა০໙ี֥৳༢,Ѱᒮંᇏ֥၂ུభิᄝᆃؿളਔэ߄,Ⴟ൞߲০ᇶၬ֥ѰᒮંଆࣼႵਔห֥ྙطഈ࿐ყഡbᆃᇕყഡ֥ࠎЧׄࣼ൞Ⴕࠏุ֥ྛູྟbྛູྟ҂Ⴟݓଽ࿐ඌࢸ୍࣍টษંࢠູಣਛ֥෮໌۽ऎྟބࡎᆴྟ,ၹູ۽ऎྟაࡎᆴྟაѰᒮંᇏ෮ඪ֥ྟࠎЧഈીႵ؟ഒཌྷᙣᆭԩbૌ֥ື၂ᇶุ൞Ⴕၩ്֥ದࠇದ֥ࠢbѰᒮંᇏ֥Ѱᒮᆀ൞Ⴕၩ്֥अᇏದ,൞Ⴕ০ݝܱ༢֥ؓअᆀ,൞ື၂ᆺܱྏሱ֥࠭ᆦڱ֥ྟᇶุb൞,ᄝ߲০ᇶၬ֥Ѱᒮંଆᇏ,ᆃਆ۱หྟၘࣜնն߄മᇀཨാ,ၹູᆃུଆѩ҂ླေႵࠏุႵᇶܴࠏ,ᆺླေૌႵྛູbைೂ,༥ऩѩીႵնଷ,൞ૌؓః߄࿐ߌಏۚ؇ૹۋb֒ಖ,ૌᄝభ૫֥ษંᇏᄻ఼ࣜט,ᄝֆअྟѰᒮᇏ,ෙಖѰᒮචٚކቔбૌМஒ֥ࢲݔေݺ,ᅝႪ൝֥࿊ᄴಯಖ൞МஒbေЌᆣކቔିܔࣉ߄,сྶЌᆣᆃᇕѰᒮ൞םဆ֥,طअඔ҂קbᆃරެࣼؓႵࠏุิԛਔਆ۱ေ:ֻ၂,ᆃུႵࠏุсྶऎႵཌྷ്љ֥ି৯,ၛЌᆣૌ༯Ցཌྷმൈ҂ᇀႿ۞հؓའ,ᅦܳպ;ֻؽ,ૌсྶିܔ࠺ᇾၛສ֥Ѱᒮൎ,ၛЌᆣૌ҂ഈௌሰ֥֒,ൈؓീ߲ᆀ۳ၛ߭Бbఃൌ,ᆃਆ۱ေѩ҂൞сྶ֥,۷҂сေႵࠏุ၂ק֤Ⴕၩ്bದބଖུܥಖऎႵя്ః۱ุބ࠺ၫݖສൎ֥Чਵb൞,҂ऎႵᆃਆᇕି৯֥Ⴕࠏ္ุॖၛ๙ݖଖᇕࠏᇅটЌᆣაఃཌྷቔႨ֥൞၂۱۱ุbைೂ,҂ളའऍྂބݚঈ֥߲܋ളགྷའ,ࣼ൞ൌགྷᆃᇕࠏᇅ֥ྙൔᆭ၂bᄜೂ,འྦྟਵֹᄝః໗ק֥ਵֹᇏაఃձ֥֓ۚۀੱቔႨ,္൞ᆃᇕࠏᇅ֥၂ᇕྙൔbᆃ,ҕაކቔࠇМஒ֥ႵࠏุႵྛູطॖၛၩ്bؓႿႵࠏุটඪ,ൡކ؇ᆦڱ൞ື၂Ⴕࡎᆴ֥ת༆bࣼ൞ඪ,ᆃ֥ྟ,൞ളթၩၬഈ֥bྟ֥Ѱᒮᆀྟ֥ྛູ,၂్ຶಡൡކ؇ᆦڱᅚषb҂ં൞ކቔߎ൞Мஒ,ູਔࠆ֤ൡႋ০ၭ,҂ᄴ൭؍bᆃུଆ҂ॉ੮ࠏaႶၱaᇑӴaᇉaਅྏ֩֩bѰᒮᆀᆺܤሱ֥࠭෮֤,҂ܵఃؓ൭֥෮ാb֒ಖ,Ѱᒮᆀ֥ؓ൭္൞ྟ֥,္ᆺοሱ֥࠭ൡކ؇০ၭҐ౼ྛbૄ۱Ѱᒮᆀ෮ஷ֥֞൞၂۱൭؍҂ٳഈ༯֥ؓ൭bᄝྛູྟყഡ֥ࠎԤഈ,߲০ᇶၬ֥ѰᒮંଆࣼႵਔ၂ུсྶ֥ࠎЧࡌקbைೂ,ѰᒮᆀᄝളթѰᒮᇏൌീຯཽࠇቔԛྸ୶ીႵޅၩၬ,෮ၛૌॖၛҐ౼ޅҦ,֒ಖ૫္֥ؓ൞ႵॖିҐ౼۲ᇕҦ֥ؓ൭bಆМஒaಆކቔa၂Бߎ၂Б,ਆБߎ၂Бaކቔ-Мஒࢌูa႓၂๔აൻ၂ሇ֩֩,۲ᇕҦ߶ᆦႵࠏุ֥ྛູbᄜೂ,҂թᄝჭؓҦ֥ࡌקbᆃ۱ࡌקஆԢਔಒקؓ൭ᄝѰᒮᇏҐ౼ଖᇕҦ֥ॖିྟ,္ஆԢਔՖؓ൭აఃѰᒮᆀ֥ѰᒮᇏྙӮ֥ྐუটಒקሱ֥࠭Ҧ࿊ᄴ֥ॖିྟbၹՎ,Ⴕࠏุॖି০Ⴈ֥ື၂ྐ༏ࣼ൞ა၂۱ؓ൭ཌྷቔႨ֥ൎbః၂ུࡌק,ೂ҂ିᇏԛؓअa҂ିཨؓ൭a҂ିڿэሱ࠭ބؓ൭֥ᆦڱᆴ֩֩,္აྛູྟყഡႵܱbྛູྟყഡ֒ಖԊࠌਔૌ๙ӈ֥ྟۀ,ᆃ൞ླေಪᆇ࣮֥b҂ݖ,ૌᄝᆃေ఼ט֥൞,ᆃ۱ყഡᄝ߲ྟ֥࣮ᇏཁൕԛٚمંႪ൝bૌᆩ֡,ܱႿႵࠏุކቔ֥໙ี,ᄪࣼႵದᇿၩ֞bᆟکᇶၬᆀक़ਗ਼ஞหࣁᄻࣜิԛݖᇹં,ᇶᅦളࣉ߄֥৯൞ކቔb൞,ԢਔؓႿކቔቔႨ֥ݖٳ఼טᆭຓ,ܱႿކቔЧദ֥૭ඍބࢳ္ޓଆbࢹᇹႿѰᒮં,߲ྟ֥૭ඍაࢳэ֤ࣚಒఏটbᄝѰᒮંଆᇏ,ᆺॉ੮ྛູ҂ॉ੮ࠏ,ᆃࣼԛਔఃᇏ֥Чᇉྟ໙ี,ѩᆭ֤֞ࡥ߄,ູႵֹི০Ⴈဆၶٚمิ܂ਔॖିྟbطဆၶԛ֥ᄏݤ,х૧ਔหഡྟࡌඪ,ၹՎ൞ປಆऎႵॖဒྟ֥bᆃᇕଆა࠹ෘࠏ൭؍ࢲކఏট,ഡ࠹ԛ҂֥Ҧ֥ࣩᆚ}9rၛࠣؓҦࣩᆚ֥ള࿐ଆ}22r,ь൞၂ᇕࡗࢤဒbطದ၂12၂
ૌؓ؟ᇕކቔބМஒྛູ֥ൌဒ൩ܴҳބ့ຓܴҳ,ᄵॖၛಒᆣࠇڎᆣཌྷܱଆbႮႿᆃᇕႪ൝,߲০ᇶၬ֥Ѱᒮંࡹଆ۽ቔҌӯགྷԛଢభۚ൭ᄉࠢaӮݔםԛ֥अ૫bࠣൈϜᆃ۱ਵთ֥ࣉᅚ,ၐ߶ؿडԛྍ֥ᅽ࿐໙ี,ննषখૌ֥ᅽ࿐൪့,پڶᅽ࿐࣮ଽಸbҕॉ໓ངq1rղغ໓ᇷ,ᇛࡹದaွᱦሌaٚሷ༄ၲ,ွᱦሌྩר,uᇕఏჷv,Кࣘ:അༀႆܶ,1995୍,ֻ145်bq2rHamilton..,WH,oTheGenetiealEvolutionofSocialBehaviourp,طurnalofTऴremicalB.zᓾ,Vol7.,,(1964)၂c52qc3rDawkins,,RichardTheSelfishཫ,neZnde,doxfoྏNewYork:oxfordUnive/rsity,pres1989q4rTrivers,RobertL.,oTheEvofutionofRecip,rocउAltruispmThe१uarterlyRe,icoofBᆭౡ.,vol46,(1971),၂.,W,ThePrᅟonern:Dilemma,NewYork:Doubleday,1992q.,,6rSmale5oTheprisonernsDඪmmaandDynamiၛSystemsAssociatedtoNoncooϴrativeGamesp,-E.,conometr,icaVol48(1980)ࠧ.1617၂.,Rr,obetL,oTheEvolutionofReciprocሩAltrsmp,TӋQuar,erlyRe,ႼwofBlᓾ.,Vol46.,,(1971)၂.57q.,,8rAxelrodRobert,andHamiltonWa,mDoTheEvolutionofCoopera,tip,onseႼb.,Vol211(1981)No.॓,89ࠧ.1390၂.96q9rAxelr࠺,Robert,oEfᇙྡtiveChoiceintທpnnsoenr5Dilemmap,JoornalofCoᓾictResolb.:٠n,Vol24.,(1950)pp3၂25;oMoreEfetciveCheoicintheprisonernsDۃmmap,JournalofConflic:Rlumсn,,.,Vol24(1980)ࠧ.c379၂403q.,,10rAxelrodRobert,TheEoolu,nofGᓽperatnNewYork:BoieBoks,,,Inc1984ࠧ.55၂.ጿ,EricA,oTheُti0IએᣃMatillgSystem~andSimdtal߃uS,hrࢼtmmintheCordRჾF,ishӆᙞ,trum֗~(ှmطmp)AnimmᅺၛၛUr,,28(1980)ࠧ.620၂.33q12rDu..t,kin,LAoDoGuppiesyTITFoRTATduringpreatordlnsҧٕtionVisitsp,?&,rၛ-E,coluླྀandྻbࠣ,(1988)No.,၂.99q..13rwउciams,GC,AdaptarnandNaturalseٖਔ,n,princeton:princetonUnivers,itypres1966.(14rpacker,C,oWhatEverHႆdtoReciprocalAlt૫smp,?TrendSinEpࠣલandEoolurn,ocVll..,(1986)pp142၂43q,15rBoydRobert,o15theReஐtedprisonern5DilemmaaGoodMoيofreciprOC༝dtsham?p,ᅺ©ӞᆭՉ᳒.andྻ,bࠣླྀ.,Vol9(1988)၂.,4ppZll၂22q16rNakama,ruM.,,daHandIwm.,Y,oTheEvolutionofCooലrationinaLattice၂Structuredpopulation,n,JournalofTmᓾretೂIB,2ှ,(1997)No..l,ࠧ.65၂81q17rLeimar,olo,foReฌtedGames:AStateAࠧrp,oachJournalofTᆩpreticalB.,zύ᳒,Vof184(1997)No.,4ࠧ.471၂.98q18rstephens,Christopher,oModelingReciprocalAltruismp,BririshJourna,lrfothePhilಯႆhyofScisnceo..,Vl47(1996)No..,4pp533၂51q19r.,paocker...,C,,ReciProealAltطsminp,Anubp,Nature,(1977)No5593pp41၂43q20rWilkinson.,Gerald5,,Noၜure,o,Vl308(1984).,5955pp181၂84q21rཬড়,oଆiགྷս॓࿐֥ނྏٚمp,uᅽ࿐࣮v,193୍ֻ2௹,ֻ2၂26်bq22rAxe,lrodRobert,oTheEmergeoncefCooperationamongEgoistsp,AmericanPoli,icalseicnceReoic,,..,Vol75(1981)pp306၂.18Cቔᆀࡥࢺr:ਾގਪ,୯,1958୍ള,ᇏഽٓն࿐॓࿐ൎა॓࿐ᅽ࿐࣮ᇏྏڬ࢝൱,॓࿐ඌᅽ࿐ህြණൖ࣮ള֝ഽb๙ֹᆶ:,430079ݱ݉ሰ,ᇏഽٓն࿐॓࿐ൎა॓࿐ᅽ࿐࣮ᇏྏb(Ч໓ᄳщࠠޱྍބ)13
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