듓횰튵움볛폫퓱튵좡쿲뾴훐맺짧믡뷡릹뇤잨 탭타타 쓚죝쳡튪ꎺ놾컄틔ퟷ헟1999쓪7ꆫ8퓂퓚훐맺63 룶돇쫐돩퇹뗷닩믱뗃뗄쫽뻝캪틀뻝ꎬ럖컶쇋2599쏻16쯪틔짏돇쫐뻓쏱뗄횰튵움볛폫퓱튵좡쿲ꎬ늢춨맽폫늻춬쪱웚뗷닩뷡맻뗄뇈뷏뫍듓쓪쇤ꆢ뷌폽돌뛈틔벰뻓힡쟸폲뗈뷇뛈뷸탐뗄늻춬짧믡좺쳥뗄뇈뷏ꎬ뿌뮮돶훐맺짧믡뷡릹뇤잨뗄뚯첬맽돌폫랢햹쟷쫆ꆣ헢훖뇤잨훷튪퇘ퟅ솽쳵훡쿟퓚퓋탐ꎺ튻쳵쫇쫐뎡뮯뗄훡쿟ꆣ튻랽쏦ꎬ쯦ퟅ볆뮮뺭볃쳥훆쿲쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆뗄맬ꎬ쫐뎡쫊펦솦잿뗄ꆰ쳥훆췢ꆱ횰튵풽살풽놻죋쏇쯹뾴훘ꎻ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ평폚쫐뎡믺훆뗄늻췪짆뫍좨솦풼쫸믺훆뗄늻떽캻ꎬ뿘훆폫맜샭맺폐닺뗄좨솦늿쏅뗄횰튵웹뷱죔놻탭뛠죋쫓캪폐샻뗄풴믱뗃캻훃ꆣ쇭튻쳵쫇닺튵뷡릹뗷헻뗄훡쿟ꆣ퓚좫쟲뮯닺튵뷡릹뗷헻폫짽벶뗄맽돌훐ꎬ냩쯦쫀뷧뺭볃듓릤튵뺭볃쿲횪쪶뺭볃뗄뇤뷸돌ꎬ룷훖폫횪쪶뫍룟탂벼쫵뷴쏜솪쾵뗄훇쓜탍횰튵틑뾪쪼쇬떼훐맺횰튵뷡릹뇤잨폫짧믡쇷뚯뗄탂뎱쇷ꆣퟮ뫳ꎬퟷ헟룹뻝훐맺짧믡뗄믹놾쳘헷ꎬ릹퓬쇋폃폚췆닢떱잰훐맺횰튵뗘캻뗄짧믡뺭볃뗘캻횸쫽랽돌ꆣ 쯦ퟅ룄룯뾪럅뗄늻뛏짮죫ꎬ싵쿲21쫀볍뗄훐맺헽퓚랢짺뻞듳뇤뮯ꆣ뺭볃쳥훆뗄맬ꆢ닺튵뷡릹뗄뗷헻ꆢ럖엤쒣쪽뗄룄뇤틔벰뛠훖뺭볃탎쪽뗄탎돉폫랢햹ꎬ퓬돉쇋듳솿짧믡풴뗄훘탂럖엤폫짧믡풴럖엤쳥쾵뗄훘ퟩꆣ헢훖짧믡풴뗄햼폐ꆢ럖엤틔벰럖엤맘쾵뗄뇤뚯늻뷶틽랢쇋훐맺짧믡돉풱볤풭폐샻틦룱뻖뗄훘듳뇤룯ꎬ뛸쟒떼훂쇋헻룶뺭볃짧믡뷡릹뗄짮뿌뇤잨ꆣ튪뷒쪾뫍냑컕헢튻뇤잨맽돌벰웤랢햹쟷쫆ꎬ듓죋쏇뗄횰튵움볛폫퓱튵좡쿲ퟅ쫖컞틉쫇ퟮ뫃뗄쟐죫뗣ꆣ 튻ꆢ훐맺돇쫐뻓쏱뗄횰튵움볛 횰튵짹췻ퟷ캪릤튵뮯짧믡뫋탄볛횵뗄튻훖랴펳ꎬ튻횱놻짧믡톧볒맣랺쪹폃ꎬ틔듓짧믡닣 쏦닢솿짧믡뷡릹럖뮯뗄랽쿲뫍돌뛈ꆣ횰튵짹췻평룶죋짹췻틽짪뛸살ꎬ뛾헟뚼쫇훘튪뗄짧믡쿖쿳ꆣ쯹캽룶죋짹췻ꎬ쫇횸퓚죕뎣짺믮훐ꎬ죋폫죋횮볤뗄붻췹떼훂쇋뛔쯻죋쓜솦ꆢ욷훊ꆢ펰쿬솦뗈랽쏦뗄움볛ꎬ훚죋움볛뗄ퟛ뫏벴캪놻움볛헟뗄짹췻ꆣ짹췻룟헟쫜죋ퟰ훘ꎬ짹췻뗍헟퓲췹췹놻죋쟡쫓ꆣ캪듋ꎬ짹췻쳡릩쇋짧믡움볛폫짧믡럖닣뗄돟뛈ꆣ 퓚쿖듺짧믡훐ꎬ쯦ퟅ뿆톧벼쫵뗄뷸늽ꎬ짺닺ퟩ횯죕틦좡듺볒춥돉캪죋쏇ퟮ훷튪뗄믮뚯뎡쯹ꎬ쯦ퟅ죋쏇믮뚯뎡쯹뗄삩듳ꎬ훮뛠뇪횾룶죋퓚짺닺ퟩ횯훐짭럝폫뗘캻뗄횰튵돉쇋죋쏇ퟮ훷튪뗄짧믡뗘캻뇪횾ꎬ평횰튵췅쳥쯹릹돉뗄짧믡뷗닣퓚짧믡뷡릹훐뗄훘튪탔폫죕뻣퓶ꆣ뿉틔쮵ꎬ퓚탭뛠랽쏦ꎬ횰튵좺쳥뚼뻟놸쇋짧믡뷗닣뗄펦폐쳘헷ꎺ좺쳥쓚뻟폐뷏룟뗄춬훊탔ꎬ뛸퓚늻춬뗄횰튵좺쳥볤퓲듦퓚ퟅ뷏룟뗄틬훊탔ꎬ좺쳥횮볤닮틬쏷쿔ꆣ틲듋ꎬ퓚쿖듺짧믡훐ꎬ횰튵짹췻뇣좡듺룶죋짹췻돉캪짧믡럖닣뗄훘튪돟뛈ꆣ 횰튵짹췻ퟷ캪튻훖짧믡톧퇐뺿뒫춳ꎬ쫇틔뷢쫍짧믡뗘캻폫짧믡럖닣맘쾵캪웤훷쿟뗄ꆣ십뿋쮹ꆤ캤늮쫇ퟮ퓧쳡돶폃짹췻ퟷ캪짧믡럖닣뇪ힼ횮튻뗄톧헟ꆣ캤늮틔뫳뗄짹췻퇐뺿듓샭싛짏붲죔캧죆퓚짹췻뷢쫍짧믡럖닣뷡릹훐뗄틢틥뫍릦쓜랽쏦ꎬ늻맽룼짮죫튻닣ꆣ룅삨살붲ꎬ튻쫇뛔짹췻뷸탐쇋뺭퇩퇐뺿뫍쪵볊닢뚨ꎨWarnerꎬ1963ꎩꆣ뛾쫇붫짧믡춳볆톧랽램퓋폃떽짧믡럖닣퇐뺿ꎬ랢햹돶뛠훖횰튵짹췻솿뇭ꎨNORC, 1947ꎻ Duncanꎬ1961ꎩꆣ죽쫇붫짹췻퇐뺿뗄돉맻틽죫웤쯻쏅뗄짧믡톧쇬폲ꎬ웤훐ퟮ폐듺뇭탔뗄쫇뗘캻믱뗃쒣탍ꎨBlau and Duncanꎬ1967ꎩ뫍짧믡췸싧샭싛ꎨLaumann and Pappi, 1976ꎩꆣ쯄쫇춨맽횰튵짹췻뷸탐늻춬맺볒뫍뗘쟸컄뮯닮틬뗄뇈뷏퇐뺿ꎨTreimanꎬ1977ꎩꆣ헢킩퇐뺿늻뷶퓚랽램짏룼볓맦랶ꎬ뛸쟒듓샭싛짏쳡돶쇋튻킩탂뗄뾴램뫍뷢쫍ꎬ럡뢻늢췘햹쇋짧믡럖닣뗄퇐뺿쇬폲ꆣ떫ퟜ뗄살붲ꎬ틔췹뗄횰튵짹췻퇐뺿뛠ퟅ 1
퇛폚뺲첬뗄짧믡뷡릹럖컶ꎬ놾퇐뺿퓲쫔춼퓋폃횰튵짹췻솿뇭폫캴살퓱튵좡쿲쿠뷡뫏뗄랽램ꎬ뷒쪾탍쪱웚훐맺짧믡뷡릹뇤잨뗄뚯첬맽돌폫랢햹쟷쫆ꆣ 캪쇋쇋뷢벴붫늽죫21쫀볍뗄훐맺돇쫐뻓쏱죧뫎움볛룷샠횰튵ꎬ뇊헟폚1999쓪7ꆫ8퓂퓚좫맺63룶1돇쫐훐뛔2599쏻16쯪틔짏뗄돇쫐뻓쏱뷸탐쇋튻듎돩퇹ꎨ닉폃룅싊돉뇈샽돩퇹랽쪽ꎬ벴PPSꎩ컊뻭뗷닩 ꎨ놾컄훐돽쳘뇰힢쏷췢ꎬ쯹폐쫽뻝뻹살풴폚헢듎뗷닩ꎩꆣ컊뻭훐튻릲짨볆쇋69훖횰튵ꎬ쟫놻럃헟룹뻝룷ퟔ뗄훷맛룐뻵뛔쯹쇐횰튵뗄볛횵뷸탐움볛ꆣ쎿튻횰튵뗄볛횵뻹뿉럖캪5룶뗈벶ꎬ늢닉폃쏀맺짧믡톧볒억쮹폫맾쳘뇪ힼ뢳폨튻뚨뗄럖쫽ꎬ틀듎캪ꎺꆰퟮ병횰튵ꎨ100럖ꎩꆱꆢꆰ뷏뫃횰튵ꎨ80럖ꎩꆱꆢꆰ튻냣ꆱ뗄횰튵ꎨ60럖ꎩꆢꆰ뷏닮횰튵ꎨ40럖ꎩꆱꆢꆰퟮ닮횰튵ꎨ20럖ꎩꆱꆣ붫뗷닩뷡맻믣ퟜ뫳ꎬ쟳돶쎿튻횰튵뗄욽뻹뗃럖ꎬ뻝듋ퟷ돶훐맺뗄횰튵짹췻솿뇭ꎨ쿪볻뇭1ꎩꆣ 2뇭1 훐맺돇쫐뻓쏱횰튵짹췻솿뇭 뗷닩퇹놾ꎺ2599죋 업탲 횰 튵 짹췻뗃럖 뇪ힼ닮 업탲횰 튵 짹췻뗃럖 뇪ힼ닮1 쫐뎤 36 듳웳튵믡볆 2 헾뢮늿뎤 냣룉늿 37 떳헾믺맘튻 3 듳톧뷌쫚 쮽펪룟뿆벼웳튵맍풱 38 4 뗧쓔췸싧릤돌쪦 39 횤좯릫쮾횰풱 5 램맙 13 떼폎 .94 40 6 볬달맙 뷌쪦 41 쮽솢톧킣 7 싉쪦 42 떳헾믺맘킡뎵쮾믺 8 룟뿆벼웳튵릤돌쪦 13컄뮯룶쳥뮧 .50 43 9 떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿 풱 44 놣쿕릫쮾횰 10 ퟔ좻뿆톧볒 웳쫂튵떥캻헾릤룉늿 45 11 랭틫 46 릤짌룶쳥뮧 12 쮰컱맜샭죋풱 16 죽웳튵횰풱 .15 47 13 짧믡뿆톧볒 48 뮤쪿 14 튽짺 돸쪦 49 랹뗪 15 볆쯣믺죭볾짨볆쪦 50 돶ퟢ웻뎵쮾믺 16 ퟷ볒 16 폊뗝풱 .22 51 17 볇헟 뎵쮾믺 릫릲웻 52 18 랿뗘닺뺭펪뾪랢짌 53 짧쟸럾컱죋풱 19 맺폐듳훐탍웳튵뎧뎤ꆢ뺭샭 릤죋 54 막럝훆웳튵 20 춶릫쮾뺭샭 틇망릤죋 55 21 루뎪퇝풱 56 뇶망럾컱풱 22 뇠벭 짌뗪쫛믵풱 57 23 능틴풱 뎵쫛욱풱 릫릲웻 58 24 틸탐횰풱 폐듳훐탍웳튵릤죋 59 맺 25 쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 릤죋 60 뮷컀 1 뗷닩퇹놾ퟜ쳥뗄믹놾릹돉쟩뿶캪ꎺꋙ탔뇰럖늼ꎺ쓐탔햼%ꎬ얮탔햼%ꎻꋚ쓪쇤럖늼ꎺ16ꆫ29쯪헟햼%ꎬ30ꆫ39쯪헟햼%ꎬ40ꆫ49쯪헟햼%ꎬ50ꆫ59쯪헟햼%ꎬ60쯪틔짏헟햼10ꎥꎻꋛ쫜뷌폽돌뛈럖늼ꎺ킡톧벰킡톧틔쿂헟햼5%ꎬ돵훐돌뛈햼%ꎬ룟훐돌뛈햼21ꎥꎬ벼킣ꆢ훐ꆢ횰룟돌뛈햼%ꎬ돉죋룟뗈뷌폽돌뛈햼15ꎥꎬ좫죕훆듳ꆢ듳톧벰틔짏돌뛈햼%ꎻꋜ헾훎쏦쎲ꎺ훐릲떳풱햼%ꎬ릲쟠췅풱햼%ꎬ쏱훷떳엉햼%ꎬ컞떳엉좺훚햼%ꆣ뗷닩캯췐맺볒쳥룄캯짧믡뗷닩쾵춳뻟쳥쪵쪩ꆣ 2 솿뇭훐쯹쇐69훖횰튵퓚뗷닩컊뻭훐놻럖캪AꆢB솽늿럖ꎬ웤훐A뻭폫B뻭룷몬35훖횰튵ꆣ캪뷸탐뇈뷏ꎬ퓚AꆢB뻭훐뻹짨볆쇋튻룶쿠춬뗄횰튵ꎬ벴ꆰ쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒ꆱꆣ춳볆뷡맻쿔쪾ꎬ놻뗷닩헟뛔AꆢB뻭훐ꆰ쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒ꆱ뗄움럖럇뎣뷓뷼ꎬA뻭ꎨ뗷닩퇹놾1283죋ꎩ훐룃횰튵뗄짹췻뗃럖캪ꎬ뇪ힼ닮캪ꎻB뻭ꎨ뗷닩퇹놾1316죋ꎩ훐룃횰튵뗄짹췻뗃럖캪ꎬ뇪ힼ닮캪ꆣ맊뛻ꎬ폐샭평퓚늻뺭맽볓좨뗄쟩뿶쿂붫AꆢB뻭뫏늢릹돉듋솿뇭ꆣ 2
26 펰쫓뻧퇝풱 19 .53 61 얩쏱 27 뿕훐킡뷣 15릤죋 .87 62 쿧헲웳튵 28 릤짌맜샭죋풱 15랹뗪헐듽 .41 63 29 뗧쓔췸싧쾵춳맜샭풱 폐킡웳튵릤죋 64 맺 30 맺솢훐킡톧뷌쪦 쏱)펪웳튵릤죋 65 쮽( 31 맣룦짨볆쪦 66 벯쳥웳튵릤죋 32 뺯달 67 룶쳥뮧맍릤 33 믺킵릤돌쪦 놣쒷 68 34 맺폐킡웳튵뎧뎤 붨훾튵쏱릤 69 35 퓋뚯풱 힢ꎺ놾횰튵솿뇭퓚짨볆쪱퓸뗃떽듷붨훐ꆢ샮슷슷ꆢ샮엠쇖ꆢ샮잿ꆢ짲풭뗄횸뗣ꎬ쳘퓚듋훂킻ꆣ 놾솿뇭퓚횰튵뗄톡퓱짏훷튪뾼싇쇋쯄랽쏦풭퓲ꎺ튻쫇놣횤쯹톡횰튵폫웤쯻맺쓚췢폐맘뗷닩뻟폐뿉뇈탔ꎻ뛾쫇펦캪듳뛠쫽놻럃헟쯹쫬쾤ꎻ죽쫇쓜릻뷒쪾돶훐맺짧믡쯹뛀뻟뗄튻킩쳘헷ꎬ죧쯹폐훆샠탍뗈ꎻ쯄쫇튪쪹쯹톡횰튵쓜릻랴펳돶쿊쏷뗄쪱듺쳘헷ꎬ죧ꆰ뗧쓔췸싧릤돌쪦ꆱꆢꆰ볆쯣믺죭볾짨볆쪦ꆱꆢꆰ뗧쓔췸싧쾵춳맜샭풱ꆱ뗈ꆣ 뇭1쿔쪾ꎬ캻폚잰21캻뗄횰튵뗃럖뚼퓚80럖틔짏ꎬ쟒돽ꆰ루뎪퇝풱ꆱ뗄뇪ힼ닮ꎨꎩ뷏듳췢ꎬ웤폠20룶횰튵뗄뇪ힼ닮뻹퓚13ꆫ횮볤ꎬ쮵쏷컒맺돇쫐뻓쏱뛔헢킩횰튵뗄릲쪶뫜룟ꆣ룅삨헢튻ퟩ횰튵뗄쳘헷ꎬ뿉틔뾴떽벸룶뫜쏷쿔뗄뇪횾ꎺ벴헾훎좨췾ꆢ뿆톧횪쪶ꆢ뢴퓓뗄횰튵벼쓜뫍뷏룟뗄쫕죫ꆣ돽듋횮췢ꎬ뻟폐쪱듺쿳헷뗄탂탋닺튵쯆뫵튲쫇헢ퟩ횰튵뗄튻룶쳘헷ꎬ죧ꎺꆰ뗧쓔췸싧릤돌쪦ꆱꎨ럖ꎩꆢꆰ룟뿆벼웳튵릤돌쪦ꆱꎨ럖ꎩ뫍”볆쯣믺죭볾짨볆쪦”ꎨ럖ꎩ헢3룶뻟폐쏷쿔횪쪶뺭볃쪱듺쳘헷뗄횰튵뗃럖뻹풶풶룟폚ꆰ믺킵릤돌쪦ꆱꎨ76럖ꎩ헢튻쫴폚릤튵뺭볃쪱듺뗄횰튵ꎬ뺡맜웤튲탨튪뢴퓓뗄벼쓜랽쓜쪤죎ꆣ ꆰ쫐뎤ꆱꆢꆰ헾뢮늿뎤ꆱ뫍ꆰ듳톧뷌쫚ꆱ쫇짹췻ퟮ룟뗄3룶횰튵ꎬ뗃럖뻹퓚90럖틔짏ꆣ듓헢3룶횰튵쯹뻟폐뗄쳘헷뾴ꎬ헾훎좨솦ꆢ짧믡퓰죎뫍뷌폽쮮욽쯆뫵쫇훐맺쫐쏱퓚뷸탐횰튵움볛쪱ퟮ캪뾴훘뗄뇪ힼꆣ늻맽ꎬ듓ꆰ뗧쓔췸싧릤돌쪦ꆱ헢튻ퟔ90쓪듺틔뫳닅퓚훐맺듳뗘짏돶쿖뗄횰튵뺹쓜퓚솿뇭쯹폐69룶횰튵훐캻뻓뗚쯄살뾴ꎬ훐맺돇쫐뻓쏱뛔쏷쿔뻟폐쪱듺쳘헷뗄탂탋횰튵튲틑뇭쿖돶룟뛈죏춬ꆣ 웤듎ꎬ횰튵짹췻퓚60럖틔짏ꆢ80럖틔쿂뗄횰튵릲28룶ꎬ뿉쫓캪훐뗈짹췻뗄횰튵ꆣ룅삨헢튻떵듎횰튵뗄쳘헷ꎬ믹놾짏캪냗쇬횰튵ꎬ웤좨솦ꆢ횪쪶쮮욽뫍벼쓜쮮욽뻹뷏짏튻떵듎튪뗍ꆣ횵뗃힢틢뗄쫇ꎬ탭뛠뒫춳볆뮮뺭볃ꆰ쳥훆췢ꆱ뗄횰튵튲퓚헢튻떵ꎬ죧ꎺꆰ쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒ꆱꆢꆰ쮽펪룟뿆벼웳튵맍풱ꆱꆢꆰ쮽솢톧킣뷌쪦ꆱꆢꆰ컄뮯룶쳥뮧ꆱ뫍ꆰ릤짌튵룶쳥뮧ꆱ뗈ꆣ헢쮵쏷ꎬ훐맺돇쫐뻓쏱뗄쯹폐훆맛쓮틑뺭뾪쪼떭뮯ꎬ뛔폚ꆰ쳥훆췢ꆱ듓튵헟뗄웧쫓틑뺭쏷쿔복죵ꆣ 뗃럖퓚60럖틔쿂뗄횰튵릲20룶ꎬ틔듓쫂쳥솦샍뚯뗄삶쇬횰튵캪훷ꆣ쿔좻ꎬ죋쏇뛔폚뷏짙튵통솷ꆢ뷏뗍뷌폽쮮욽ꆢ샍뚯잿뛈듳뗄횰튵튻냣움볛뷏뗍ꆣ 늻맽ꎬ폐튻뗣퓚듋탨튪쳘뇰힢틢ꎺ퓚뇭1뗄횰튵솿뇭훐쇐돶쇋3룶횰튵탔훊쿠춬ꎬ뛸쯹폐훆탎쪽늻춬뗄횰튵ꎬ벴ꆰ떳헾믺맘킡뎵쮾믺ꆱꆢꆰ돶ퟢ웻뎵쮾믺ꆱ뫍ꆰ릫릲웻뎵쮾믺ꆱꎬ죽헟뗄짹췻뗃럖돊쿖돶쏷쿔닮틬ꆣ짹췻ퟮ룟뗄쫇ꆰ떳헾믺맘킡뎵쮾믺ꆱꎨ럖ꎩꎬ웤듎쫇ꆰ돶ퟢ웻뎵쮾믺ꆱꎨ럖ꎩꎬ짹췻ퟮ뗍뗄쫇ꆰ릫릲웻뎵쮾믺ꆱꎨ럖ꎩꆣ죴싛쫕죫ꎬ죽헟횮훐ꆰ돶ퟢ웻뎵쮾믺ꆱ컞틉쫇ퟮ룟뗄ꎬ떫웤횰튵짹췻좴풶풶뗍폚릤ퟷ퓚떳헾믺맘캪쫗뎤뾪뎵뗄ꆰ킡뎵쮾믺ꆱꎻ죴싛벼쫵쓑뛈ꎬ뾪듳뎵뗄ꆰ릫릲웻뎵쮾믺ꆱ볝쪻횴헕ퟮ쓑뾼ꎬ떫웤횰튵짹췻좴캻뻓죽춬탐횮ퟮ쒩ꆣ쿔좻ꎬ퓚헢샯ꎬ웰뻶뚨ퟷ폃뗄늻쫇쫕죫ꎬ늻쫇벼쫵쮮욽ꎬ튲늻췪좫쫇샍뚯잿뛈ꎬ뛸쫇뷓뷼헾훎좨췾뗄뻠샫ꆢ릤ퟷ뗄컈뚨탔뫍뷺짽뗄믺믡ꦤꦤ쫂쪵짏ꎬ퓚훐맺ꎬ떳헾믺맘쏘쫩폫쮾믺?짽횮뿬틑쫇쮾뿕볻맟ꆣ 3
뛾ꆢ훐맺늻춬쪱웚횰튵짹췻솿뇭뇈뷏 뛔늻춬쪱웚뗷닩뷡맻뗄뇈뷏ꎬ뿉틔폐훺폚뷸튻늽쇋뷢훐맺짧믡뷡릹뗄뇤잨ꆣ뇭2쫇4룶늻춬쪱웚평늻춬퇐뺿죋풱퓚훐맺늻춬뗘쟸쯹뷸탐뗄횰튵짹췻솿뇭뗄뇈뷏ꆣ웤훐ꎬ쇖폫킻컄뗄뗷닩췪돉폚1983쓪ꎬ헻룶솿뇭몬50룶횰튵ꎬ좫늿뗷닩퇹놾뻹좡ퟔ놱뺩쫐ꎨLin Nan and Xie Wen, 1988ꎩꎻ훐맺뺭볃쳥훆룄룯퇐뺿쯹ꆰ훐맺짧믡럖닣퇐뺿ꆱ뿎쳢ퟩ뗄뗷닩췪돉폚1987쓪ꎬ솿뇭릲몬85룶횰튵ꎬ뗷닩퇹놾좡ퟔ놱뺩뫍짲퇴솽쫐ꎨ탭타타ꎺ2000bꎩꎻꆰ훐맺뻓쏱볒춥짺믮뗷닩ꆱ뿎쳢ퟩ뗄뗷닩췪돉폚1993쓪ꎬ헻룶솿뇭평100룶횰튵ퟩ돉ꎨ돂펤펤ꎺ1995ꎩꎬ뗷닩퇹놾좡ퟔ10룶쿘ꎨ쫐ꎩꎨ헛쿾튶ꆢ돂펤펤ꎬ1995ꎩꆣ캪뇣폚뇈뷏ꎬ뇭2뷶쇐돶4 듎뗷닩훐쯹몬쿠춬횰튵뗄짹췻뗃럖ꆣ 쏀맺짧믡톧볒쳘삳싼퓚뛔60룶맺볒폫뗘쟸뗄횰튵짹췻뷸탐뇈뷏뫳랢쿖ꎬ평폚짧믡뷡릹놾짭쯹뻟폐뗄릦쓜뇘튪탔ꎨfunctional imperativeꎩ뫍ퟩ횯뇘튪탔ꎨorganizational imperativeꎩ쯹훂ꎬ룷맺/뗘쟸뛔횰튵짹췻룟뗍뗄움볛럇뎣뷓뷼ꎬ웤쿠맘쾵쫽풼듯 ꎨTreimenꎬ1977ꎩꆣ훐맺뗄쟩뿶틠늻샽췢ꎬ4듎뗷닩쯤좻췪돉폚늻춬쪱웚ꆢ늻춬뗘쟸ꎬ떫춨맽뛔룷뗷닩쯹몬쿠춬횰튵뗄뇈뷏뿉횪ꎬ짹췻뗃럖뗄쿠맘뛈뫜룟ꎺ1999쓪뇊헟뛔좫맺63룶돇쫐2599쏻돇쫐뻓쏱뗄뗷닩폫1983쓪쇖폫킻컄놱뺩쫐뗷닩뗄쿠맘쾵쫽캪 ꎻ1999쓪뗷닩폫쳥룄쯹ꆰ훐맺짧믡럖닣ꆱ뿎쳢ퟩ1987쓪뗷닩뗄쿠맘쾵쫽캪 ꎻ1999쓪뗷닩폫1993쓪ꆰ훐맺뻓쏱볒춥짺믮뗷닩ꆱ뗄쿠맘쾵쫽캪 ꆣ 뇭2 늻춬쪱웚횰튵짹췻솿뇭뇈뷏 뇊헟1999쓪퓚좫맺63룶돇쇖폫킻컄훐맺뺭볃쳥룄쯹뿎쳢ퟩ훐맺뻓쏱볒춥짺믮뗷닩 횰 튵 쫐뗄돩퇹뗷닩 1983쓪뗷닩 1987쓪뗷닩 뿎쳢ퟩ1993쓪뗷닩 쫐뎤 헾뢮늿뎤 듳톧뷌쫚 램맙 볬달맙 싉쪦 111 떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿 ퟔ좻뿆톧볒 랭틫 짧믡뿆톧볒 튽짺 ퟷ볒 볇헟 맺폐듳훐탍웳튵뎧뎤뺭샭 릤짌/쮰컱맜샭죋풱 루뎪퇝풱 뇠벭 능틴풱 틸탐횰풱 쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 펰쫓뻧퇝풱 뿕훐킡뷣 맺솢훐킡톧뷌쪦 4 뺯달 믺킵릤돌쪦 맺폐킡웳튵뎧뎤 퓋뚯풱 듳웳튵믡볆 떳헾믺맘튻냣룉늿 4
떳헾믺맘킡뎵쮾믺 컄뮯룶쳥뮧 웳쫂튵떥캻헾릤룉늿 릤짌튵룶쳥뮧 뮤쪿 랹뗪돸쪦 돶ퟢ웻뎵쮾믺 폊뗝풱 55 릫릲웻뎵쮾믺 틇망릤죋 짌뗪쫛믵풱 릫릲웻뎵쫛욱풱 맺폐듳훐탍웳튵릤죋 뮷컀릤죋 얩쏱 쿧헲웳튵릤죋 랹뗪헐듽 맺폐킡웳튵릤죋 벯쳥웳튵릤죋 룶쳥뮧맍릤 놣쒷 붨훾릤죋 뗷닩퇹놾2599죋1632죋753죋3012죋 1. 듋뒦캪풭솿뇭훐ꆰ떳헾믺맘뻖벶룉늿ꎨ믲쮾뻖뎤ꆢ룟벶맙풱ꎩꆱ폫ꆰ떳헾믺맘뒦벶룉늿ꎨ믲뒦뎤ꆢ훐벶맙풱ꎩꆱ솽횰튵뗄욽뻹럖ꆣ 2. 듋뒦캪풭솿뇭훐ꆰ쮰컱맜샭죋풱ꆱ폫ꆰ릤짌맜샭죋풱ꆱ솽횰튵뗄욽뻹럖ꆣ 3. 듋뒦캪풭솿뇭훐ꆰ훐톧뷌쪦ꆱ폫ꆰ킡톧뷌쪦ꆱ솽횰튵뗄욽뻹럖ꆣ 4. 듋뒦캪풭솿뇭훐ꆰ릫낲죋풱ꆱ뗄뗃럖ꆣ 5. 듋뒦캪풭솿뇭훐ꆰ쮾믺ꎨ믲웻뎵쮾믺ꎩꆱ뗄뗃럖ꆣ 6. 듋뒦캪풭솿뇭훐ꆰ듳짌뗪쫛믵풱ꆱ폫ꆰ킡짌뗪쫛믵풱ꆱ솽횰튵뗄욽뻹럖ꆣ 7. 듋뒦캪풭솿뇭훐ꆰ붨훾튵쏱릤ꆱ뗄뗃럖ꆣ 좻뛸ꎬ 뺡맜폐ퟅ뷏잿뗄쿠맘ꎬ놻럃헟뛔웤훐튻킩횰튵뗄움볛좴퓚늻춬쪱웚돊쿖돶쏷쿔닮틬ꆣ쫗쿈ꎬ맘폚ꆰ떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿ꆱ뗄움볛ꆣ퓚1999쓪뇊헟쯹ퟶ뗄좫맺돇쫐뻓쏱뗷닩훐ꎬ헢튻횰튵짹췻뗃럖캪ꎬ룟폚ꆰퟔ좻뿆톧볒”ꎨꎩ뫍ꆰ짧믡뿆톧볒”ꎨꎩ뗈튪쟳튵횪쪶쮮욽뷏룟횰튵뗄짹췻ꎻ뛸퓚1983쓪룃횰튵짹췻뗃럖캪ꎬ 1987쓪캪ꎬ1993쓪캪ꎬ뻹듳듳뗍폚샺듎뗷닩훐ꆰퟔ좻뿆톧볒ꆱ폫ꆰ짧믡뿆톧볒ꆱ뗄횰튵짹췻ꎬ늢쟒뗍폚ꆰ맺폐듳훐탍웳튵뎧뎤뺭샭ꆱ뫍ꆰ믺킵릤돌쪦ꆱ뗄짹췻ꆣ 웤듎ꎬꆰ릤짌/쮰컱맜샭죋풱ꆱ뫍ꆰ뺯달ꆱ뗄횰튵짹췻퓚1999쓪뗷닩훐튲뚼폐쇋뷏듳럹뛈뗄쳡룟ꎺ1983쓪쪱ꎬꆰ뺯달ꆱ뗄짹췻뗍폚ꆰ퓋뚯풱ꆱꆢꆰ믡볆ꆱꆢꆰ떳헾믺맘튻냣룉늿ꆱꆢꆰ뮤쪿ꆱꆢꆰ폊뗝풱ꆱ뗈횰튵ꎻ1987쓪ꎬꆰ뺯달ꆱ짹췻뗍폚ꆰ맺폐킡웳튵뎧뎤ꆱꆢꆰ뮤쪿ꆱꆢꆰ랹뗪돸쪦ꆱꆢꆰ돶ퟢ뎵쮾믺ꆱ뫍ꆰ릫릲웻뎵쮾믺ꆱꎻ벴쪹떽쇋1993쓪ꎬꆰ뺯달ꆱ뗄짹췻튲뮹뗍폚ꆰ믺킵릤돌쪦ꆱ뫍ꆰ웳쫂튵떥캻헾릤룉늿ꆱ뗄짹췻ꆣ떫쫇1999쓪뗷닩퓲쿔쪾ꎬꆰ뺯달ꆱ헢튻횰튵뗄짹췻틑쏷쿔룟폚짏쫶쓇킩횰튵ꆣ늻뷶죧듋ꎬ듓뇭2훐뮹뿉틔뾴떽ꎬꆰ릤짌/쮰컱맜샭죋풱ꆱ뗄횰튵짹췻짏짽럹뛈튲뫜듳ꎺ1987쓪쪱ꎬꆰ릤짌/쮰컱맜샭죋풱ꆱ뗄짹췻뗍폚ꆰ뇠벭ꆱꆢꆰ틸탐횰풱ꆱꆢꆰ훐킡톧뷌쪦ꆱꆢꆰ맺폐킡웳튵뎧뎤ꆱ뫍ꆰ랹뗪돸쪦ꆱꎻ1993쓪ꎬ웤짹췻뗍폚ꆰ뇠벭ꆱꆢꆰ뺯달ꆱꆢꆰ믺킵릤돌쪦ꆱ뫍ꆰ웳쫂튵떥캻헾릤룉늿ꆱꎻ뛸떽1999쓪ꎬ웤짹췻틑쏷쿔룟폚헢킩횰튵ꆣ 쿠뛔폚웤쯻횰튵살붲ꎬ퓚훐맺ꎬꆰ떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿ꆱꆢꆰ릤짌/쮰컱맜샭죋풱ꆱ뫍ꆰ뺯달ꆱ헢3룶횰튵뻹펵폐뷏듳뗄쳘좨ꎬ잰헟쫇훐맺ퟮ룟좨솦믺릹뗄죎횰헟ꎬ뫳솽헟퓲쫇헾뢮훘튪횰쓜늿쏅뗄죎횰헟ꆣ헢3룶횰튵짹췻뗄쿔훸쳡룟ꎬ쯆뫵쮵쏷죋쏇퓚움볛횰튵짹췻쪱뛔횰튵쯹펵폐뗄좨솦쳘헷틔벰쫐뎡믺훆쿂 5
횰튵뗄컈뚨탔룼볓뾴훘ꆣ 쇭췢ꎬ뇭2쫽뻝쿔쪾ꎬ폫틔잰3듎뗷닩쿠뇈ꎬ횰튵짹췻퓚1999쓪폐뷏듳쳡룟뗄횰튵뮹냼삨ꆰ쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒ꆱꆢꆰ루뎪퇝풱ꆱꆢꆰ펰쫓뻧퇝풱ꆱꆢꆰ컄뮯룶쳥뮧ꆱ뫍ꆰ릤짌튵룶쳥뮧ꆱꆣ헢킩횰튵뚼쫴폚뷼쓪살쫐뎡틲쯘째춸뷏뛠ꆢ쫕죫퓶뎤뷏뿬뗄횰튵ꆣ평듋뿉볻ꎬ뺭볃쫕죫폫쫐뎡쫊펦솦퓚죋쏇뛔횰튵볛횵뷸탐에뛏쪱뗄ퟷ폃폐쇋쏷쿔퓶볓ꆣ 듋췢ꎬꆰ맺솢훐킡톧뷌쪦ꆱ뗄횰튵짹췻퓚1999쓪뗷닩훐튲폐뷏듳뗄쳡룟ꎨ폫ꆰ뺯달ꆱꆢꆰ믺킵릤돌쪦ꆱꆢꆰ맺폐킡웳튵뎧뎤ꆱ쿠뇈ꎩꆣ쿔좻ꎬ뷌폽닺튵뗄랢햹ꆢ훐킡톧뷌쪦쫕죫뗄쳡룟뫍훐맺쳘폐뗄뛀짺ퟓ얮헾닟ꦤꦤ틔벰평듋닺짺뗄훐킡톧뷌쪦뗷뚯볒뎤좨솦폫풴쓜솦뗄퓶잿ꦤꦤ뚼캪헢튻횰튵퓶쳭쇋싫ꆣ 쿠뇈횮쿂ꎬ맺폐웳튵릤죋뗄횰튵짹췻퓲퓚쏷쿔붵뗍ꆣ1987쓪뫍1993쓪뗄뗷닩쿔쪾ꎬꆰ맺폐듳훐탍웳튵릤죋ꆱ뗄횰튵짹췻룟폚ꆰ룶쳥샍뚯헟ꆱꆢꆰ폊뗝풱ꆱꆢꆰ쫛믵풱ꆱ뫍ꆰ쫛욱풱ꆱ뗈럾컱탔횰튵ꎻꆰ맺폐킡웳튵릤죋ꆱ뗄짹췻튲퓚ꆰ쫛믵풱ꆱꆢꆰ쫛욱풱ꆱꆢꆰ뮷컀릤죋ꆱꆢꆰ쿧헲웳튵릤죋ꆱꆢꆰ랹뗪헐듽ꆱ뗈횰튵횮짏ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ1999쓪뗷닩쫽뻝좴쿔쪾ꎬ맺폐웳튵릤죋뗄횰튵짹췻퓚횱쿟쿂붵ꎬ틑뺭뗴떽쇋헢킩횰튵횮쿂ꆣ쿔좻ꎬ뷼쓪살쯦ퟅ맺폐웳튵룄룯뗄짮뮯뫍닺튵뷡릹뗷헻늽랥뗄볓뿬ꎬ맺폐웳튵쿂룚릤죋죕붥퓶뛠ꎬ훂쪹맺폐웳튵횰릤뗄뺭볃짧믡뗘캻톸쯙쿂붵ꆣ 춨맽뇈뷏늻쓑뾴돶ꎬ횰튵뗄짧믡뺭볃쳘헷쫇믡랢짺뇤뮯뗄ꎬ죋쏇뛔폚횰튵뗄움볛튲믡쯦횮랢짺뇤뮯ꆣ퓚훐맺ꎬ횰튵짹췻뗄짽붵쫜훆뛈뇤잨뗄펰쿬웄짮ꆣ 죽ꆢ늻춬짧믡좺쳥뗄횰튵움볛뇈뷏 평폚횰튵짹췻훷튪랴펳죋쏇뛔쒳횰튵뗄훷맛뾴램ꎬ늻춬뗄죋돶폚ퟔ짭뺭샺ꆢ뮷뺳ꆢ맛쓮뗈랽쏦뗄늻춬뛔폚쿠춬뗄횰튵췹췹믡닺짺늻뺡쿠춬뗄뾴램ꆣ틲듋ꎬ캪쇋뷸튻늽쇋뷢늻춬짧믡좺쳥뛔룷훖횰튵뗄움볛ꎬ쿂쏦럖뇰듓쓪쇤ꆢ쫜뷌폽돌뛈ꆢ돇쫐맦쒣폫랢햹ힴ뿶뷇뛈돶랢뛔뗷닩퇹놾뷸탐쇋쟸럖ꎬ뷥틔헒돶늻춬좺쳥퓚횰튵움볛짏쯹듦퓚뗄닮틬ꆣ ꎨ1ꎩ 늻춬쓪쇤좺쳥뗄뇈뷏 뇭3쫇늻춬쓪쇤좺쳥횰튵짹췻움볛뗄뇈뷏ꎬ움럖뷓뷼뗄횰튵캴폨쇐돶ꎬ뇭훐쯹쇐횻쫇닮틬뷏쿔훸헟ꆣ듓뇭3쿔쪾뗄쫽뻝뾴ꎬ16쯪ꆫ35쯪헢튻쓪쟡ퟩ폫36쯪틔짏쓪뎤ퟩ쿠뇈ꎬ쓪쟡ퟩ뗄헾훎좨솦좡쿲쯆뫵뷏죵ꎬ쯻쏇뛔쓇킩쿳헷헾훎좨솦뗄횰튵ꎨ죧ꆰ쫐뎤ꆱꆢꆰ헾뢮늿뎤ꆱꆢꆰ떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿ꆱ뗈ꎩ늻쿳쓪뎤ퟩ쓇퇹뾴뫃ꎬ쯻쏇룸폨헢킩횰튵뗄짹췻럖뻹뗍폚36쯪틔짏ퟩꆣ웤듎ꎬ쓪쟡ퟩ뛔쓇킩쯤좻폐뷏룟뿆톧횪쪶쮮욽뫍뷏룟벼쫵뢴퓓탔ꆢ떫쫕죫뷏뗍뗄횰튵ꎬ움볛튲늻쿳쓪뎤ퟩ쓇퇹룟ꎬ죧웤뛔ꆰ듳톧뷌쫚ꆱꆢꆰ짧믡뿆톧볒ꆱꆢꆰ랭틫ꆱꆢꆰퟷ볒ꆱ뗄움럖뻹뗍폚쓪뎤ퟩꆣ듋췢ꎬ쯤좻짧믡폟싛웕뇩죏캪훐맺뗄쓪쟡죋뛠쫇ꆰힷ탇ퟥꆱꎬ뛔듋폇탄헟늻짙ꎬ떫뇭3훐뗄쫽뻝좴룦쯟컒쏇ꎬ쯻쏇뛔ꆰ루뎪퇝풱ꆱ뫍ꆰ펰쫓뻧퇝풱ꆱ뗄욽뻹횰튵움럖뇈36쯪틔짏쓪뎤ퟩ럖뇰뗍쇋럖뫍럖ꎬ쿔좻ꎬ뛔폚헢샠훷튪욾쳬뢳좡쪤뗄횰튵쯻쏇늢늻쿳쓪뎤헟쓇퇹뾴뫃ꆣ 쿠뇈횮쿂ꎬ쓪쟡ퟩ뛔쓇킩뻟폐쿊쏷쪱듺쳘헷탨튪룟탂벼쫵뗄횰튵퓲웄캪쟠ꆣ뇭3쫽뻝쿔쪾ꎬ쯻쏇뛔ꆰ뗧쓔췸싧쾵춳맜샭풱ꆱꆢꆰ맣룦짨볆쪦ꆱꆢꆰ볆쯣믺죭볾짨볆쪦ꆱ뫍ꆰ쮽펪룟뿆벼웳튵맍풱ꆱ뗄횰튵움볛뻹룟폚쓪뎤ퟩꆣ쇭췢ꎬ쯻쏇뛔폚냩쯦룄룯뾪럅늽랥뛸죕붥ힳ듳뗄뒫춳볆뮮뺭볃ꆰ쳥훆췢ꆱ뗄럇릫폐훆늿쏅횰튵쯆뫵늢컞욫볻ꎬ듓뇭3뗄쫽뻝훐뿉틔쏷쿔뾴돶ꎬ16ꆫ35쯪쓪쇤ퟩ뛔ꆰ쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒ꆱꆢꆰ쮽/쏱펪웳튵릤죋ꆱ뫍ꆰ쮽펪룟뿆벼웳튵맍풱ꆱ뗄움볛뻹룟폚36쯪틔짏쓪뎤ퟩꆣ폈웤쫇붫쯻쏇뛔ꆰ쮽솢톧킣뷌쪦ꆱꎨꎩ뫍ꆰ맺솢훐킡톧뷌쪦ꆱꎨꎩ뗄움볛폫36쯪틔짏쓪뎤ퟩ뛔헢솽룶횰튵뗄움볛ꎨ잰헟캪ꎬ뫳헟캪ꎩ쿠뇈뷏ꎬ룼뿉뾴돶쯻쏇뛔럇릫폐훆늿쏅뗄늻뮳돉볻ꎺ퓚쓪쟡ퟩ뗄움볛훐ꎬꆰ쮽솢톧킣뷌쪦ꆱ뗄횰튵짹췻횻뇈ꆰ맺솢훐킡톧뷌쪦ꆱ뗍럖ꎻ뛸퓚쓪뎤ퟩ뗄움볛훐ꎬ잰헟좴뇈뫳헟뗍쇋 6
럖ꆣ헢튻뷡맻컞틉퓚쿲컒쏇헑쪾ꎬ폫쓪뎤헟쿠뇈ꎬ훐맺뗄쓪쟡죋쫇튻룶뷏짙뒫춳맛쓮ꆢ뷏짙좨솦틢쪶ꆢ뷏뛠쫐뎡좡쿲ꆢ뷏뛠뒴탂뺫짱뫍뷏뛠럧쿕틢쪶뗄좺쳥ꆣ 뇭3 늻춬쓪쇤좺쳥횰튵움볛닮틬뇈뷏 16-35쯪ퟩ횰튵짹췻움럖 36쯪틔짏ퟩ횰튵짹췻움럖 횰 튵 (1) (2) (1) - (2) 쫐뎤 떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿 헾뢮늿뎤 ꎣ 쮰컱맜샭죋풱 릤짌맜샭죋풱 떳헾믺맘킡뎵쮾믺 짧믡뿆톧볒 맺솢훐킡톧뷌쪦 뇠벭 듳톧뷌쫚 랭틫 ퟷ볒 능틴풱 펰쫓뻧퇝풱 루뎪퇝풱 틸탐횰풱 틇망릤죋 뗧쓔췸싧쾵춳맜샭풱 + 맣룦짨볆쪦 +볆쯣믺죭볾짨볆쪦 +쮽솢톧킣뷌쪦 +ꎣ 쮽펪룟뿆벼웳튵맍풱 +쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 +ꎣ 쮽/쏱펪웳튵릤죋 +짌뗪쫛믵풱 +놣쒷 + 맺폐듳훐탍웳튵릤죋 +벯쳥웳튵릤죋 +뗷닩죋쫽ꎨ죋ꎩ 104415442588 힢ꎺ 쯹폐닮틬뻹퓚 .05쮮욽짏쿔훸ꎬ돽쇋쓇킩듸폐ꆰꎣꆱ볇뫅헟ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ 늻춬쫜뷌폽좺쳥횰튵움볛뇈뷏 뇭4쫇늻춬뷌폽돌뛈놻럃헟뗄횰튵짹췻움볛뇈뷏ꎬ웤훐룟훐틔쿂ퟩ훐냼삨훐ꆢ훐벼톧킣뇏튵짺퓚쓚ꎬ듳틔짏ퟩ훐냼삨뷓쫜돉죋룟뗈뷌폽헟ꎨ죧ꎺ뗧듳ꆢ특듳ꆢ몯듳ꎩ퓚쓚ꆣ 듓뇭4쿔쪾뗄쟩뿶뾴ꎬퟜ뗄살붲ꎬ뷌폽쮮욽뷏뗍뗄룟훐틔쿂ퟩ돉풱뗄횰튵짹췻움볛웕뇩룟폚뷌폽쮮욽뷏룟뗄듳틔짏ퟩ돉풱ꆣ퓚뗷닩컊뻭쇐돶뗄좫늿69룶횰튵훐ꎬ룟훐틔쿂ퟩ돉풱뛔39룶횰튵룸돶쇋쏷쿔룟폚듳틔짏ퟩ뗄짹췻움럖ꆣ 캨뛀샽췢뗄쫇ꎬ뛔ꆰ쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒ꆱꆢꆰ쮽펪룟뿆벼웳튵맍풱ꆱꆢꆰ횤좯릫쮾횰풱ꆱ뫍ꆰ맣룦짨볆쪦ꆱ헢4룶횰튵ꎬ듳틔짏ퟩ룸돶쇋쏷쿔룟폚룟훐틔쿂ퟩ뗄움럖ꆣ죧맻뛔헢4룶횰튵뗄릲춬쳘헷ퟷ룶룅삨ꎬ쓇쎴ꎬ뗚튻ꎬ헢4룶횰튵뚼쫇ퟔ룄룯뾪럅횮뫳닅펿쿖ꎨ믲퓙쿖ꎩ돶살뗄탨튪뷏룟튵횪쪶닅쓜쪤죎뗄횰튵ꎻ뗚뛾ꎬ헢킩횰튵뗄죎횰헟듳뚼쫴폚훐맺뒫춳볆뮮뺭볃쳥훆췢돉풱ꆣ튲뻍쫇쮵ꎬ퓚훐맺ꎬ뷌폽돌 7
뛈풽룟뗄죋쫐뎡좡쿲풽잿ꎬ뛔튵횪쪶뗄욫뫃풽잿ꎬ쫜뒫춳쯹폐훆맛쓮뗄쫸뢿풽죵ꆣ 뇭4 늻춬쫜뷌폽좺쳥횰튵움볛닮틬뇈뷏 횰 튵 룟훐틔쿂ퟩ짹췻움럖(1) 듳틔짏ퟩ짹췻움럖(2) (1) - (2) 맺솢훐킡톧뷌쪦 +볬달맙 +컄뮯룶쳥뮧 + 뇠벭 +떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿 +짧쟸럾컱죋풱 + 틇망릤죋 +틸탐횰풱 +맺폐킡웳튵뎧뎤 + 랭틫 +릫릲웻뎵쮾믺 +뇶망럾컱풱 + 펰쫓뻧퇝풱 +루뎪퇝풱 +짌뗪쫛믵풱 + 믺킵릤돌쪦 +떳헾믺맘킡뎵쮾믺 +얩쏱 + 능틴풱 +램맙 +뺯달 + 듳톧뷌쫚 +ퟷ볒 +뮤쪿 + 릤짌튵룶쳥뮧 +벯쳥웳튵릤죋 +떳헾믺맘튻냣룉늿 + 룶쳥뮧맍릤 +쿧헲웳튵릤죋 +쫐뎤 + 듳웳튵믡볆 +퓋뚯풱 +쮽/쏱펪웳튵릤죋 + 웳쫂튵떥캻헾릤룉늿 +룟뿆벼웳튵릤돌쪦 +뿕훐킡뷣 + 맺폐듳훐탍웳튵릤죋 +릫릲웻뎵쫛욱풱 +뮷컀릤죋 + 쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 횤좯릫쮾횰풱 맣룦짨볆쪦 쮽펪룟뿆벼웳튵맍풱 뗷닩죋쫽ꎨ죋ꎩ 1690 885 2575 힢ꎺ 쯹폐닮틬뻹퓚 .05쮮욽짏쿔훸ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ늻춬뗘쟸뻓쏱횰튵움볛뇈뷏 8
뇭5쫇훐맺뚫ꆢ훐늿뗘쟸듳돇쫐벰뚫쓏퇘몣뗘쟸늿럖뾪럅돇쫐ꎨ냼삨놱뺩ꆢ짏몣ꆢ쳬뷲ꆢ훘쟬ꆢ맣훝ꆢ커몺ꆢ뎤즳ꆢ몣뿚ꆢ쿃쏅ꆢ듳솬ꆢ몼훝ꆢ쟠떺ꆢ뎣훝뗈23룶돇쫐ꎩ폫웤쯻40룶돇쫐ꎨ냼삨컷늿뗘쟸뗄튻킩쪡믡퓚쓚ꎬ죧ꎺ컚슳쒾웫ꆢ쓏쓾ꆢ맳퇴뗈ꎩ놻럃헟횰튵짹췻움볛뗄뇈뷏ꆣ헢튻럖컶쯹믹폚뗄볙짨쫇ꎺ훐맺뗄뗘쟸룅쓮늻쫇튻룶볲떥뗄뿕볤룅쓮ꎬ뛸퓚쿠떱돌뛈짏쫇튻룶쪱볤룅쓮ꆣ뚫ꆢ훐늿듳돇쫐폫퇘몣뾪럅돇쫐평폚뷏퓧쪵탐뾪럅헾닟ꆢ뷏퓧틽죫쫐뎡믺훆ꎬ틲뛸헢킩돇쫐뗄뻓쏱뛔폚룄룯뾪럅듸살뗄뇤뮯폐ퟅ룼뛠뗄죏쪶폫룼듳뗄돐쫜솦ꎬ웤볛횵맛쓮뗄뇤뷏횮컷늿돇쫐/훐킡돇쫐뻓쏱튲룼뿬ꆣ 뇭5 뚫ꆢ훐늿듳돇쫐/랢듯돇쫐폫컷늿돇쫐/훐킡돇쫐뻓쏱횰튵움볛닮틬뇈뷏 횰 튵 듳돇쫐벰퇘몣뾪럅돇쫐(1) 훐킡돇쫐(2) (1) - (2) 쮽솢톧킣뷌쪦 +쮽펪룟뿆벼웳튵맍풱 +쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 + 춶릫쮾뺭샭 +릤짌튵룶쳥뮧 +쿧헲웳튵릤죋 + 헾뢮늿뎤 +떳헾믺맘튻냣룉늿 +떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿 + 랹뗪돸쪦 +뿕훐킡뷣 릫릲웻뎵쫛욱풱 틇망릤죋 릫릲웻뎵쮾믺 놣쿕릫쮾횰풱 폊뗝풱 ퟔ좻뿆톧볒 짧믡뿆톧볒 ꎣ 맺솢훐킡톧뷌쪦 능틴풱 떼폎 뗷닩죋쫽ꎨ죋ꎩ 94516432588힢ꎺ 쯹폐닮틬뻹퓚 .05쮮욽짏쿔훸ꎬ돽쇋쓇킩듸폐ꆰꎣꆱ볇뫅헟ꆣ 뇭5뗄쫽뻝쮵쏷럖컶쯹틀뻝뗄볙짨믹놾돉솢ꆣ뚫ꆢ훐늿뗘쟸듳돇쫐벰퇘몣돇쫐뻓쏱횰튵짹췻움럖쏷쿔뗍폚훐킡돇쫐뗄횰튵뛠캪뒫춳횰튵ꎻ뛸뛔폚훐맺룄룯뾪럅횮뫳펿쿖돶살뗄쫐뎡즫닊뷏얨뗄탂탋횰튵ꎬ뚫ꆢ훐늿뗘쟸듳돇쫐벰퇘몣돇쫐뻓쏱퓲룸폨쇋뷏룟뗄움볛ꎬ죧쯻쏇뛔ꆰ쮽솢톧킣뷌쪦ꆱꆢꆰ쮽펪룟뿆벼웳튵맍풱ꆱꆢꆰ쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒ꆱꆢꆰ릤짌튵룶쳥뮧ꆱꆢꆰ쿧헲웳튵릤죋ꆱ뫍ꆰ춶릫쮾뺭샭ꆱ뗄움볛뻹룟폚컷늿돇쫐/훐킡돇쫐뻓쏱ꆣ 늻맽ꎬ듓뚫ꆢ훐듳돇쫐벰퇘몣뾪럅돇쫐뻓쏱뛔ꆰ헾뢮늿뎤ꆱꆢꆰ떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿ꆱ뫍ꆰ떳헾믺맘튻냣룉늿ꆱ뗄움럖웕뇩룟폚컷늿돇쫐/훐킡돇쫐뻓쏱살뾴ꎬ횰튵쯹펵폐뗄헾훎좨솦틔벰뿘훆짧믡풴뗄쓜솿튲쫇쯻쏇움볛횰튵짹췻쪱뷏캪뾴훘뗄뇪ힼꆣ헢튻뗣쯆뫵웄죃죋룐떽럑뷢ꎬ좻뛸ꎬ쯼좴듓쇭튻룶뷇뛈퓙듎뷒쪾쇋훐맺뗘쟸룅쓮훐뗄ꆰ쪱볤ꆱ쓚몭ꆣ훐맺뗄뺭볃룄룯ꎬ듓쳥훆짏살붲ꎬ벴쫇뇤볆뮮뺭볃쳥훆캪쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆ꎬ웤쪵훊뻍쫇뛔짧믡풴훘탂엤훃ꎬ뛔룷훖샻틦맘쾵훘탂뗷뷚ꆣ쯹캽ꆰ풴ꆱ뿉럖캪폐탎풴뫍컞탎풴솽훖ꆣ폐탎풴죧췁뗘ꆢ볆뮮컯훊뗈ꎻ컞탎풴퓲쫇튻킩뺭펪쳘탭좨ꎬ죧랿뗘닺뺭펪좨ꆢ쒳샠컯훊뗄뷸돶뿚좨ꆢ막욱짏쫐좨ꎬ뗈뗈ꆣ퓚훐맺ꎬ듺탐풴맜샭폫엤훃듳좨뗄쫇룷벶떳헾믺맘ꎬ평폚탍쪱웚훐좨솦풼쫸믺훆뗄늻붡좫ꎬ훂쪹뇤훊뗄좨솦횮쫖뗃틔뷩죫풴엤훃뗄좫맽돌뛸듓훐폦샻ꆣ헢훖 9
좨솦쫐뎡뮯쿖쿳컞틉퓚룄룯뾪럅뷏퓧뗄뗘쟸뇭쿖뗃룼춻돶ꆢ룼쏷샊ꎬ틲듋ꎬ헢킩뗘쟸뗄뻓쏱뛔듋폐ퟅ룼짮뿌ꆢ룼춸뎹뗄죏쪶폫쳥믡ꎬ늢퓚횰튵움볛훐랴펳돶살튲뻍쫇ퟔ좻뛸좻뗄쇋ꆣ 쯄ꆢ훐맺돇쫐뻓쏱뗄퓱튵좡쿲 훐맺뺭볃ꆢ짧믡뷡릹뇤잨뗄맽돌폫쟷쫆늻뷶뿉틔듓죋쏇뗄횰튵짹췻움볛랽쏦뷸탐뾼달ꎬ뛸쟒뿉틔듓죋쏇뗄퓱튵좡쿲짏랴펳돶살ꆣ1983쓪ꎬ쇖폫킻컄퓚놱뺩쫐쯹ퟶ뗄횰튵짹췻퇐뺿뷡싛쿔쪾ꎬ퓚훐맺ꎬ죋쏇뗄ퟮ훕쒿뇪쫇퓚맺폐믲벯쳥쯹폐훆늿쏅훐믱뗃튻룶릤ퟷꎨLin and Xie, 1988ꎩꆣ쓇쎴뷱쳬ꎬ헢튻뷡싛뮹쓜볌탸돉솢싰ꎿ퓚뇊헟1999쓪뛔좫맺63룶돇쫐뻓쏱뷸탐뗄돩퇹뗷닩훐ꎬ쯹폐놻럃헟뚼놻튪쟳믘듰헢퇹튻룶컊쳢ꎺꆰ볙죧쓺쓜릻훘탂톡퓱ꎬ쓇쎴쓺붫톡퓱듓쫂쪲쎴횰튵ꎿꆱ헢쫇튻뗀뾪럅쳢ꎬ쎻폐룸돶죎뫎쿞뚨듰낸ꎨ쯤좻늻업돽믘듰헟믡퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏쫜떽컊뻭훐닢솿횰튵짹췻쪱쯹쇐횰튵뗄펰쿬ꎩꆣ룹뻝믘듰헟뗄뷌폽돌뛈뫍헾훎쏦쎲뷸탐럖ퟩꎬ뿉틔훆ퟶ돶뇭6ꆣ 뇭6쫇늻춬뷌폽돌뛈놻럃헟폫늻춬헾훎쏦쎲놻럃헟캴살퓱튵좡쿲잰냋캻뗄업탲ꆣ듓훐늻쓑뾴돶ꎬ쯤좻퓚룷좺쳥뗄톡퓱훐ꎬ맺폐늿쏅뗄횰튵죔좻쫜떽쟠ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ쏷쿔쫴폚뒫춳볆뮮뺭볃ꆰ쳥훆췢ꆱ뗄ꆰ쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒ꆱ횰튵좴뾪쪼놻룷좺쳥뾴뫃ꆣ퓚ꆰ돵훐틔쿂ꆱꆢꆰ좫죕훆듳/듳톧틔짏ꆱ틔벰ꆰ럇훐릲떳풱ꆱ헢3룶좺쳥뗄캴살퓱튵좡쿲훐ꎬꆰ쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒ꆱ뻹업퓚뗚죽캻ꎻ뛸퓚ꆰ룟훐/훐/훐벼ꆱ뫍ꆰ돉죋뷌폽ꎨ특듳/몯듳뗈ꎩꆱ헢솽룶좺쳥뗄퓱튵좡쿲훐ꎬꆰ쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒ꆱ놻업퓚뗚쇹캻ꎻ벴쪹퓚ꆰ훐릲떳풱ꆱ헢튻훐맺ퟮ룟헾훎뗘캻좺쳥뗄훘탂뻍튵톡퓱훐ꎬꆰ쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒ꆱ튲놻업퓚쇋뗚냋캻ꆣ쿔좻ꎬ뺭샺쇋20쓪뗄룄룯뾪럅뫳ꎬ죋쏇틑늻퓙냑쒱횰뗄ퟮ훕쒿뇪쯸뚨퓚맺폐믲벯쳥쯹폐훆늿쏅ꆣ쫐뎡쯤좻돤싺럧쿕ꎬ좴튲퓐폽ퟅ컞쿞쾣췻ꎬ뛔폐횾헟살쮵ꎬ쓇틑돉캪쪩햹짭쫖뒴튻랬캰튵뗄샭쿫쯹퓚ꆣ 뇭6 늻춬쫜뷌폽좺쳥벰늻춬헾훎쏦쎲헟캴살퓱튵좡쿲 퓱튵좡쿲룟훐/훐 돉죋뷌폽 좫죕훆듳 업탲 돵훐틔쿂 /훐벼뗈 (특듳/몯듳뗈) /듳톧틔짏 훐릲떳풱 럇훐릲떳풱 뗚튻캻 떳헾믺맘쇬떼떳헾믺맘쇬떼떳헾믺맘쇬떼 떳헾믺맘쇬떼 떳헾믺맘쇬떼 떳헾믺맘쇬떼 룉늿 룉늿 룉늿 룉늿 룉늿 룉늿 % % % % % % 뗚뛾캻 릤짌/쮰컱맜샭릤짌/쮰컱맜샭뗧쓔릤돌쪦 뗧쓔릤돌쪦 릤짌/쮰컱맜샭 뗧쓔릤돌쪦 죋풱 죋풱 % % 죋풱 % % % % 뗚죽캻 쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 램맙 싉쪦 쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 뗧쓔릤돌쪦 쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 % % % % % % 뗚쯄캻 램맙 뗧쓔릤돌쪦 릤짌/쮰컱맜샭 릤짌/쮰컱맜샭 싉쪦 릤짌/쮰컱맜샭 % % 죋풱 죋풱 % 죋풱 % % % 뗚컥캻 튽짺 싉쪦 램맙 듳톧뷌쫚 램맙 램맙 % % % % % % 뗚쇹캻 볬달맙 쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 ퟔ좻뿆톧볒 튽짺 싉쪦 % % % % % % 뗚웟캻 떳헾믺맘튻냣 튽짺 튽짺 싉쪦 볬달맙 튽짺 룉늿 % % % % % % 뗚냋캻 싉쪦 볬달맙 볬달맙 볇헟 쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 맺솢훐킡톧뷌쪦 % % % % % 벰볬달맙 룷햼% 뗷닩퇹놾 655죋 944죋 375죋 493죋 830죋 1629죋 힢1ꎺ뇭훐ꆰ떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿ꆱ냼삨톡퓱ꆰ쫐뎤ꆱ벰ꆰ헾뢮늿뎤ꆱ헟퓚쓚ꆣ 힢2 : 뇭훐ꆰ뗧쓔릤돌쪦ꆱ쪵캪톡퓱ꆰ뗧쓔췸싧릤돌쪦ꆱ뫍ꆰ볆쯣믺죭볾짨볆쪦ꆱ솽쿮뗄볓ퟜꆣ 10
힢3ꎺ뇭훐ꆰ쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒ꆱ냼삨톡퓱ꆰ릤짌튵룶쳥뮧ꆱ헟퓚쓚ꆣ 힢4ꎺ뇭훐ꆰ릤짌/쮰컱맜샭죋풱ꆱ쪵캪톡퓱ꆰ릤짌맜샭죋풱ꆱ폫ꆰ쮰컱맜샭죋풱ꆱ솽쿮뗄볓ퟜꆣ 늻맽ꎬ뇭6훐ퟮ캪쟀퇛뗄뮹쫇룷좺쳥캴살퓱튵뗄뗚튻좡쿲ꎬ컞싛내뷌폽돌뛈뮮럖ꎬ뮹쫇내헾훎쏦쎲뮮럖ꎬ업퓚쫗캻뗄쟥튻즫뚼쫇ꆰ떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿ꆱꎬ컞튻샽췢ꆣ늻뷶죧듋ꎬ퓚잰쏦뇭1뗄횰튵짹췻움볛훐ꎬꆰ듳톧뷌쫚ꆱꎨꎩ쫇뗃럖뷶듎폚ꆰ쫐뎤ꆱ뫍ꆰ헾뢮늿뎤ꆱ캻뻓뗚죽뗄횰튵ꎬ떫쫇퓚뇭6햹쪾뗄훐맺돇쫐뻓쏱캴살퓱튵좡쿲훐ꎬ돽ꆰ좫죕훆듳/듳톧틔짏ꆱ좺쳥붫웤쇐캪뗚컥캻톡퓱췢ꎬ웤쯻좺쳥뛔웤늢늻뾴뫃ꆣ떹쫇횰튵움볛쏷쿔퓚웤횮쿂뗄ꆰ릤짌ꎨꎩ/쮰컱ꎨꎩ맜샭죋풱ꆱ놻죋쏇웕뇩뾴뫃ꎨ퓚ꆰ돵훐틔쿂ꆱꆢꆰ룟훐/훐/훐벼뗈ꆱ틔벰ꆰ훐릲떳풱ꆱ좺쳥훐ꎬ쇐뻓뗚뛾캻ꎻ퓚ꆰ돉죋뷌폽”ꆢꆰ좫죕훆듳/듳톧틔짏ꆱ틔벰ꆰ럇훐릲떳풱ꆱ좺쳥훐쇐뻓뗚쯄캻ꎩꆣ헢튻뷡맻럖쏷쫇퓚룦쯟컒쏇ꎺ퓚훐맺ꎬꆰ헾훎좨솦ꆱ늻뷶쫇죋쏇뷸탐횰튵움볛뗄훘튪뇪ힼꎬ뛸쟒쫇죋쏇훘탂톡퓱횰튵쪱폨틔뾼싇뗄튻룶훘튪틲쯘ꆣ 쿖듺짧믡훐ꎬ짧믡쇷뚯닺짺뗄쳵볾듳훂뿉럖캪솽샠ꎬ튻쫇짧믡뷡릹뗄뇤뮯ꎬ뛾쫇짧믡뾪럅탔뗄퓶볓ꆣ짧믡뷡릹뇤뮯뛔쇷뚯폐횱뷓뗄펰쿬ꎬ웤뇤뮯쯹틽웰뗄캻훃퓶복붫떼훂짧믡돉풱퓚늻춬짧믡캻훃짏뗄탂뗄럖늼ꎻ짧믡뾪럅탔뗄퓶볓퓲믡복짙쇷뚯뗄헏낭ꎬ듓뛸캪짧믡돉풱뇤뮻웤짧믡캻훃쳡릩룼뛠뗄믺믡ꎬ뛔쇷뚯닺짺볤뷓펰쿬ꆣ룄룯뗄짮죫랢햹ꎬ늻뷶떼훂훐맺뺭볃짧믡뷡릹뗄뻞듳뇤잨ꎬ쪹듓튵헟뗃틔퓚뺭볃랢햹폫쯹폐훆뷡릹뗷헻쯹뒴퓬돶뗄듳솿탂뗄짧믡캻훃훐뷸탐쇷뚯ꎬ뛸쟒떼훂뒫춳볆뮮뺭볃쳥훆쳵볾쿂훖훖쿞훆죋쏇ퟔ평쇷뚯뗄짭럝훆뇚생ꎨ탭타타ꎬ2000ꎩ뗄췟뷢ꎬ캪맣듳듓튵헟훘탂퓱튵쳡릩쇋풶뷏룄룯잰룼뛠뗄믺믡ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ뻟쳥떽ꆰ떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿ꆱ헢튻횰튵살쮵ꎬ쯦ퟅ뷼쓪살훐퇫떽뗘랽룷벶떳헾믺릹뗄뗷헻ꎬ웤뛔죎횰헟뗄탨쟳솿늢캴퓶뛠ꎬ뛸쫇퓚훰붥복짙ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뇭6쯹햹쪾뗄룷좺쳥뻹붫캴살횰튵뗄뗚튻톡퓱뚨캪ꆰ떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿ꆱ컞틉폫쿖쪵뿉쓜쿠ꎬ쪹뗃컒쏇폐샭평뛔웤헦쪵탔쳡돶훊틉ꆣ폈웤쫇ꆰ럇훐릲떳풱ꆱ좺쳥훐튲폐ꎥ뗄죋붫ꆰ떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿ꆱퟷ캪훘탂퓱튵뗄뗚튻좡쿲ꎬ퓲룼쇮죋삧믳쓑뷢ꆣ본폚듋ꎬ폐샭평ퟷ돶헢퇹뗄췆뛏ꎬ벴ꎺ웤훐쿠떱튻늿럖죋뿖엂캴뇘쫇돶폚헦헽뗄탐캪뚯믺ꎬ믲탭횻쫇튻훖쓦랴쟩탷믲좨솦쟩뷡뗄랴펳뛸틑ꆣ뛔헢킩죋살붲ꎬ헢튻좡쿲폫웤쮵쫇컱쪵ꎬ떹늻죧쮵쫇퓚컱탩ꆣ 쓇쎴ꎬ쮭폐뿉쓜쫇퓚헦헽컱쪵쓘ꎿ죃컒쏇냑쒿맢쿲뇭7ꆣ뇭7쫇맘폚늻춬쓪쇤좺쳥캴살횰튵톡퓱뗄업탲ꆣ쯤좻듓뗷닩퇹놾ퟜ쳥뾴ꎬ업퓚뗚튻캻뗄죔좻쫇ꆰ떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿ꆱꎨ볻뇭7ퟮ폒뇟튻쇐ꎩꎬ떫쫇ꎬ떱쯹폐놻럃헟내쓪쇤듳킡놻럖돉ꆰ16ꆫ30쯪ꆱꆢꆰ31ꆫ45쯪ꆱ뫍ꆰ46쯪틔짏ꆱ3룶ퟩ쪱ꎬ닮틬뇣쿔쪾돶살ꆣ듓3룶늻춬쓪쇤좺쳥뗄뇈뷏뾴ꎬ16ꆫ30쯪헢튻ퟮ쓪쟡좺쳥뗄헾훎좨솦좡쿲ퟮ죵ꎬ폫웤쯻솽룶뷏쓪뎤좺쳥쿠뇈ꎬ쯻쏇뗄뗚튻캻톡퓱늻쫇ꆰ떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿ꆱꎬ뛸쫇탨튪췪췪좫좫욾볢뛋뿆톧횪쪶뫍뢴퓓벼쫵쮮욽ꆢ뇘탫춶죫듳솿죋솦놾뫳랽쓜쪤죎뗄ꆰ뗧쓔릤돌쪦ꆱꎨ벴ꆰ뗧쓔췸싧릤돌쪦ꆱ믲ꆰ볆쯣믺죭볾짨볆쪦ꆱꎩꆣ늻뷶죧듋ꎬ퓚쯻쏇뗄잰냋캻톡퓱훐ꎬ놻웤쯻좺쳥웕뇩뾴뫃뛸캻뻓듎쾯뗄ꆢ컞탨뢶돶첫뛠죋솦놾ꆢ뷶욾헆훐좨솦벴뿉캪ퟔ벺듳뾪랽뇣횮쏅듓뛸믱뗃럡뫱믘놨뗄ꆰ릤짌/쮰컱맜샭죋풱ꆱ횰튵뺹좻냱짏컞쏻ꆣ횮쯹틔믡헢퇹ꎬ룹놾풭틲뿖엂퓚폚쿠뛔살붲헢쫇튻룶좱랦짧믡볇틤뗄좺쳥ꎬ쯻쏇듓뚮쫂웰뇣뾪쪼뷓쫜쫐뎡뺭볃ꦤꦤ뺡맜짐늻맦랶ꦤꦤ뗄톬쳕ꎬ틲뛸룼쓜룐쫜떽쪱듺뗄싶늫ꎬ뛸뷏짙뒫춳맛쓮뗄펡뫛폫쫸뢿ꆣ떱뷱쫀뷧틑뷸죫탅쾢쪱듺ꎬ폫릤튵쪱듺늻춬ꎬ탅쾢쪱듺쫇튻룶뇤룯뗄쪱듺ꎬ짺믮퓚헢퇹튻룶뇤룯쪱듺뗄쓪쟡죋ꎬ쯻쏇틑뺭늻쓜뷓쫜즭퇏뗄뗈벶뷡릹ꆢ듴냥뗄훐닣맜샭ꆢ붩뮯뗄싛업놲뫍톭탲붥뷸뗄짽잨돌탲ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뛔쯻쏇살붲ꎬꆰ캪맙ꆱ늻퓙뿉쓜쫇훕벫쒿뇪ꎬ쯻쏇쏎쏂틔쟳뗄튲탭쫇욾뷨ퟔ짭횪쪶123폫쓜솦돉캪훐맺뗄뇈뛻ꆤ룇듄 ꆢ쟇늼쮹ꆢ퇮훂풶ꆭꆭꆣ틲캪ퟝ맛죋샠샺쪷ꎬ돽쇋뺺벼쳥폽뫍뇭퇝틕 1 쫀뷧훸쏻죭볾릫쮾ꆰ캢죭릫쮾ꆱ뒴쪼죋ꎬ돉캪쫀뷧쫗뢻쪱늻맽40쯪ꆣ 2 쫀뷧훸쏻볆쯣믺릫쮾ꆰ욻맻릫쮾ꆱ뒴쪼죋ꎬ19쯪뒴냬욻맻릫쮾ꆣ떱웤뒴냬뗄릫쮾짏쫐뫳막욱볛횵듯떽뷼18틚쏀풪ꎬ뎬맽뢣쳘웻뎵릫쮾쪱ꎬ쓪랽24쯪ꆣ 3 쫀뷧훸쏻췸싧릫쮾ꆰ퇅뮢릫쮾ꆱ뒴쪼죋횮튻ꎬ돉캪틚췲뢻컌쪱쓪뷶27쯪ꆣ 11
쫵췢ꎬ헒늻떽튻룶쇬폲뿉틔쿱탅쾢닺튵헢퇹ꎬ랴뢴뗘죃ꆰ짙쓪톡쫖ꆱ돉캪쇬탤뫍듳쪦ꆣ헢쫇튻좺룕룕뷸죫믲벴붫뷸죫샍뚯쫐뎡뗄짺솦뻼ꎬ펦룃쮵ꎬ쯻쏇뗄톡퓱닅ퟮ폐뿉쓜헦헽쫇퓚컱쪵ꎬ쯻쏇뗄퓱튵좡쿲닅룼쓜랴펳돶훐맺캴살뺭볃짧믡뷡릹뇤잨뗄쟷쫆ꆣ 뇭7 늻춬쓪쇤좺쳥캴살횰튵톡퓱업탲 퓱튵좡쿲업탲 16ꎭ30쯪 31ꎭ45쯪 46쯪틔짏 퇹 놾 ퟜ 쳥 뗚튻캻 뗧쓔릤돌쪦 떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿 떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿 떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿 % % % % 뗚뛾캻 떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿 릤짌/쮰컱맜샭죋풱 릤짌/쮰컱맜샭죋풱 뗧쓔릤돌쪦 % % % % 뗚죽캻 쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 램맙 릤짌/쮰컱맜샭죋풱 % % % % 뗚쯄캻 싉쪦 싉쪦 쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 % % % % 뗚컥캻 램맙 램맙 튽짺 램맙 % % % % 뗚쇹캻 맺솢훐킡톧뷌쪦 뗧쓔릤돌쪦 싉쪦 싉쪦 % % % % 뗚웟캻 뺯달 튽짺 볬달맙 튽짺 % % % ꎥ 뗚냋캻 볬달맙 볬달맙 맺솢훐킡톧뷌쪦 볬달맙 % % % ꎥ N 701죋1004죋772죋2477죋 춬뇭6힢ꆣ 떱좻ꎬ헢샯컞틢럱죏31ꆫ45쯪ퟩ뫍46쯪틔짏ퟩ헢솽룶쓪쇤좺쳥캴살퓱튵좡쿲뗄컱쪵탔ꆣ쫂쪵짏ꎬ쯻쏇뗄톡퓱퓚쿠떱돌뛈짏랴펳돶웤헦헽뗄탐캪뚯믺ꆣ헢솽룶좺쳥횮쯹틔붫ꆰ떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿ꆱ뫍ꆰ릤짌/쮰컱맜샭죋풱ꆱퟷ캪캴살퓱튵뗄뗚튻ꆢ뛾캻좡쿲ꎬ쿔좻폫웤짺쏼샺돌횱뷓쿠맘ꆣ뎤웚짺믮퓚훐퇫룟뛈벯좨뗄볆뮮뺭볃쳥훆쿂ꎬ쫜맙놾캻뗄펰쿬ퟔ좻룼뛠ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ퓲랴펳돶쯻쏇뛔탍쪱웚뗄훐맺짧믡쳘헷폐ퟅ뇈쓪쟡죋룼짮뿌뗄샭뷢폫죏쪶ꆣ볆뮮뺭볃쿲쫐뎡뺭볃뗄맽뛉늻뿉쓜튻뛸뻍ꎬ싾뎤뗄탍맽돌훐ꎬ평폚좨솦풼쫸믺훆뗄죭뮯ꎬ훂쪹뇤훊뗄좨솦횮쫖뷩죫풴럖엤ꆣ쇋뷢훐맺맺쟩뗄죋뚼횪뗀헢퇹뗄쫂쪵ꎺ80쓪듺ꎬ퓚볛룱쮫맬훆뗄ퟷ폃쿂ꎬ훐맺퓸탋웰맽맦쒣뿕잰뗄ꆰ릫쮾죈ꆱ뫍ꆰ뎴엺컄죈ꆱꎻ뷸죫90쓪듺틔뫳ꎬ훐맺폖쿠볌돶쿖쇋벸듳춶믺탐튵ꎺ막욱쫐뎡ꆢ랿뗘닺쫐뎡ꆢ웚믵쫐뎡ꆣ헢벸듳ꆰ죈ꆱ뫍벸듳춶믺탐튵뗄탋웰ꎬ쪹뗃튻늿럖죋뿉틔틀뾿좨솦뫍놾뗄춶죫ꎬ뷸탐짧믡닆뢻뗄퓙럖엤ꆣ퓚헢벸듎놾풭쪼믽샛뗄룟뎱훐ꎬ훐맺펿쿖쇋튻듳엺냙췲ꆢ잧췲쓋훁틚췲뢻컌ꎬ웤돖탸쪱볤횮뛌ꎬ믽샛쯙뛈횮뿬ꎬ벯뻛닆뢻횮뻞ꎬ뾰돆쫀뷧횮ퟮꆣ뺿웤풭틲훷튪퓚폚ꎬ폫쫀뷧랢듯놾훷틥맺볒늻춬ꎬ훐맺떱듺뗄놾풭쪼믽샛훐쿠떱튻늿럖쫇틔맺폐닺캪싓뛡뛔쿳ꎬ쫇늿럖쳘좨뷗닣뫍첰맙컛샴헢킩짧믡풴맜샭헟폫룷훖늻램럖ퟓ쿠릴뷡ꎬ틔룷훖랽쪽쟉좡뫀뛡ퟔ벺뾴쫘뗄짧믡닆뢻ꎬ쪹횮듓맺뿢ꆰ뫍욽ꆱ틆떽쮽쓒ꆣ헢훖틆볈늻탨튪뷨훺ꆰ믰뫍붣ꆱ좥췪돉ꎬ튲쎻폐돠싣싣뗄놩솦뫍톪탈캶ꆣ헽틲캪죧듋ꎬ쯼닅룼폐틾뇎탔ꎬ룼뻟폕믳솦ꆣ뛔폚뎤웚퓚볆뮮뺭볃쳥훆쿂짺믮뫍릤ퟷ뗄죋살붲ꎬ튪퓚쫐뎡뺭볃훐뒴퓬닆뢻쫇볾쒰짺뛸볨뿠뗄쫂쟩ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ죴폐뿉쓜뷸죫좨솦늿쏅ꎬ돉캪쳘좨퓚컕뗄죎횰헟ꎬ듓뛸뿉틔쟡뛸틗뻙냑쫖짬뷸ꆰ죋쏱닆닺ꆱ헢횻ퟔ벺돤떱뾴쫘죋뗄뿚듼샯믱좡닆뢻ꎬꆰ뷼쮮슥첨쿈뗃퓂ꆱꎬ폖뫎샖뛸늻캪ꎿ떱좻ꎬ헢샯쮿뫁컞틢뇡뗍쓇킩솢횾퓚훐맺헾훎컨첨짏쪩햹놧뢺헟뗄탐캪뚯믺ꎬ뇏뺹ꎬꆰ늻쿫떱붫뻼뗄쪿뇸늻쫇뫃쪿뇸ꆱꎬ룼뫎뿶뇤잨쪱웚뗄훐맺헽퓚캪폐횾헟듮붨뿉짏퇝ퟮ탛ힳퟮ헰몳죋탄뻧쒿뗄컨첨ꆣ 컥ꆢퟜ뷡폫쳖싛 12
ퟛ짏쯹쫶ꎬ뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ죋쏇횰튵짹췻움볛뗄뇤뮯뫍캴살퓱튵뗄좡쿲랴펳돶훐맺짧믡뷡릹짮닣뗄뇤뚯맽돌ꆣ헢훖뇤뚯훷튪퇘ퟅ솽쳵훡쿟퓚퓋탐ꎺ튻쳵쫇쫐뎡뮯뗄훡쿟ꆣ퓚쳥훆맬맽돌훐ꎬ튻랽쏦ꎬ쫐뎡쫊펦솦잿뗄횰튵풽살풽놻죋쏇쯹뾴훘ꆣ헢튻뗣볈퓚죋쏇늻춬쪱웚뛔뒫춳ꆰ쳥훆췢ꆱ횰튵움볛뗄짏짽ꎨ죧ꎺꆰ쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒ꆱꆢꆰ컄뮯룶쳥뮧ꆱꆢꆰ릤짌튵룶쳥뮧ꆱ뗈ꎩ훐랴펳돶살ꎬ폖퓚죋쏇뗄캴살퓱튵좡쿲훐뷸튻늽쳥쿖ꎬ죧ꆰ쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒ꆱ틑돉캪룷좺쳥훘탂퓱튵쪱웕뇩뾴뫃뗄횰튵ꆣ폫듋춬쪱ꎬ쯦ퟅ쫐뎡럧쿕뗄퓶볓ꎬ폐컈뚨놣헏뗄횰튵튲뇈틔잰룼쫜쟠ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ쯦ퟅ볆뮮뺭볃쿲쫐뎡뺭볃뗄맬ꎬ훐맺짧믡뾪쪼쇋듓ꆰ죋훎ꆱ짧믡쿲ꆰ램훎ꆱ짧믡탍뗄맽돌ꆣ좻뛸ꎬ평폚뒫춳쳥훆뗄맟탔ퟷ폃ꎬ훐맺쒿잰뗄쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆횻쓜돆횮캪ꆰ쒣쓢쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆ꆱꆣ늻춬폚헦헽뗄쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆훐풴엤훃뗄릦쓜평쫐뎡헢횻ꆰ뾴늻볻뗄쫖ꆱ쯹돐떣ꎬ쒿잰뗄훐맺평폚훖훖컞램맦뇜뗄샺쪷풭틲ꎬ풴엤훃뗄릦쓜죔좻평헾뢮늿쏅헢횻ꆰ뾴뗃볻뗄쫖ꆱ퓚돐떣ꆣ평폚맬쪱웚좨솦풼쫸폫볠뚽믺훆뗄좱캻ꎬ쪹뗃뇤훊뗄좨솦횮쫖뗃틔랽뇣뗘뷩죫풴럖엤ꎬ틔훂훐맺짧믡훁뷱죔뒦폚ꆰ죋훎뗄램훆짧믡ꆱꎬ뛸캴헦헽돉캪ꆰ램훎뗄램훆짧믡ꆱꆣ틲듋ꎬ뿘훆폫맜샭맺폐닺뗄좨솦늿쏅뗄횰튵ꎨ죧ꎺꆰ떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿ꆱꆢꆰ쮰컱맜샭죋풱ꆱ뫍ꆰ릤짌맜샭죋풱ꆱ뗈ꎩ웹뷱죔좻놻죋쏇쫓캪폐샻뗄풴믱뗃캻훃ꆣ 쇭튻쳵쫇닺튵뷡릹뗄훡쿟ꆣ컒쏇헽뒦퓚튻룶쫀볍붻쳦뗄쪱듺ꆣퟝ맛샺쪷ꎬ죋샠짧믡랢햹훁뷱뺭샺쇋죽룶컄쏷뗄쪱듺ꎬ죴내닺튵뷡릹뮮럖ꎬ뿉틔럖캪얩튵뺭볃쪱듺ꆢ릤튵뺭볃쪱듺뫍횪쪶뺭볃쪱듺ꆣ얩튵뺭볃쫇쪵컯뺭볃ꎬ릤튵뺭볃쫇믵뇒뺭볃ꎬ횪쪶뺭볃쫇탅쾢뺭볃ꆣ뷱쳬ꎬ쫀뷧뺭볃헽뒦퓚릤튵뺭볃쿲횪쪶뺭볃뇤뗄쪱듺ꆣퟷ캪맺볊듳볒춥뗄튻풱ꎬ훐맺퓚뺭볃좫쟲뮯뇤룯훐뇭쿖뗃늢늻쫇첫실컩ꆣ퓚쫀뷧탔닺튵뷡릹뗷헻폫짽벶뗄맽돌훐ꎬ룷훖폫횪쪶뫍룟탂벼쫵뷴쏜솪쾵뗄훇쓜탍횰튵틑뾪쪼쇬떼훐맺횰튵뇤잨폫짧믡쇷뚯뗄탂뎱쇷ꆣ늻뷶랴펳쪱듺쳘헷뗄ꆰ뗧쓔췸싧릤돌쪦ꆱꆢꆰ룟뿆벼웳튵릤돌쪦ꆱꆢꆰ볆쯣믺죭볾짨볆쪦ꆱ뗈횰튵뗃떽쇋죋쏇룟뛈움볛ꎬ뛸쟒퓚죋쏇뗄캴살퓱튵좡쿲훐ꎬ헢킩횰튵튲틑돉캪탭뛠쿳헷훐맺캴살뗄쟠짙쓪뗄쫗톡횰튵ꆣ 컣펹훃틉ꎬ릤튵뺭볃폫횪쪶뺭볃폐놾훊뗄쟸뇰ꆣ뛾헟횮볤ퟮ룹놾뗄늻춬퓚폚릤튵뺭볃쫇폘믘뺭볃ꎬ뛸탅쾢뺭볃쫇횱뷓뺭볃ꆣ쿈뷸뗄벼쫵뇘좻폫쿈뷸뗄릤ퟷ랽쪽뫍ퟩ횯탎쪽쿠솪쾵ꆣ퓚틔놾캪뫋탄뗄폘믘뺭볃쿲틔탅쾢ꎨ횪쪶ꎩ캪뫋탄뗄횱뷓뺭볃뇤맽돌훐ꎬ냩쯦웳튵ퟩ횯탎쪽듓힢훘퇏뷷ꆢ맦뻘ꆢ맦랶뗄붩뮯뿆닣훆쿲틔쏴룐탔믲펦뇤쓜솦ꎨSensitivityꎩ캪쳘헷뗄톸쯙쫊펦탂벼쫵폫탂뮷뺳뗄ꆰ톧쾰탔ퟩ횯ꆱꎨLearning Organizationꎩ뫍ꆰ믮뗄ퟩ횯ꆱꎨ Living Organizationꎩ뗄뇤ꎬꆰ췲캬췸잰죋죋욽뗈ꆱ뗄짱뮰붫쪹헻룶짧믡뷡릹듓떥쿲솴쪽솪뷡뗄뷰ퟖ쯾탍뒹횱뷡릹뇤캪뛠쿲솪뷡뗄욽탐췸ힴ쪽뷡릹ꆣ쯦ퟅ짧믡뗄랢햹ꎬ횪쪶붫돉캪닆뢻뗄풴좪ꆣ잡죧쫀뷧틸탐뢱탐뎤죰쮹닩뗂쯹퓆ꎬ횪쪶쫇뇈풭닄쇏ꆢ놾ꆢ샍뚯솦ꆢ믣싊룼훘튪뗄뺭볃틲쯘ꎨꆶ닎뾼쿻쾢ꆷꎬ1998쓪6퓂30죕ꎩꆣ횪쪶폫짺닺횮볤맘쾵뗄룄뇤ꎬ쫆뇘뚯튡뻉폐뺭볃폫헾훎짺믮뗄믹뒡ꎬ헾훎좨췾붫훰붥죃캻폚횪쪶좨췾ꆣퟷ캪횪쪶뗄퓘쳥ꎬ죋퓚횪쪶뺭볃훐뗄뗘캻뇈틔췹죎뫎쪱뫲뚼룼볓훘튪ꆣ틲듋ꎬ뿉틔풤웚ꎬ쯦ퟅ룄룯뾪럅뗄볌탸짮죫ꎬ쯦ퟅ램훆붨짨뗄훰늽붡좫폫췪짆ꎬ훐맺짧믡뷡릹뗄뇤뮯붫죕틦폫쪱듺뇤잨쟷춬ꆣ캴살뗄훐맺ꎬ죋쏇붫룼힢훘폚죋솦놾뗄춶죫ꎬ뷌폽뫍쫕죫퓚뻶뚨죋쏇횰튵움볛폫횰튵톡퓱훐쯹웰뗄ퟷ폃붫컈늽짏짽ꎬ헾훎좨솦뗄ퟷ폃붫훰늽쿂붵ꆣ횻폐쇋뷢쇋헢훖뇤뚯쟷쿲ꎬ컒쏇닅쓜퓚21쫀볍룼뫃뗘냑컕힡믺폶ꎬ펭뷓쪱듺뗄쳴햽ꆣ 뢽슼A 훐맺뗄짧믡뺭볃뗘캻횸쫽 평폚죎뫎솿뇭뚼늻뿉쓜붫쯹폐횰튵쓒삨퓚쓚ꎬ폚쫇ꎬ뛔횰튵짹췻뗄샭뷢폫닢솿뮹떼훂쇋짧믡뺭볃뗘캻ꆢ좨췾폫좨솦틔벰웤쯻폐맘뗘캻닢솿돟뛈뗄랢햹ꆣ쏀맺훸쏻짧믡톧볒뗋뿏폃억쮹폫몣쳘솿뇭훐50룶횰튵뗄짹췻ꎬ엤틔쎿튻횰튵뗄욽뻹뷌폽돌뛈폫쫕죫ꎬ쟳뗃횰튵짹췻ꆢ뷌폽뫍쫕죫죽헟횮볤뗄믘맩랽돌ꎬ뻝듋뗃떽뿉폃폚췆쯣쎿튻횰튵짹췻뗄짧믡뺭볃뗘캻횸쫽ꎨsocio-economic indexꎬ볲돆SEIꎬO. D. Duncanꎬ 13
1961 ꎩꆣ퓚듋늻럁내헕뗋뿏뗄랽램뎢쫔붨릹훐맺뗄짧믡뺭볃뗘캻횸쫽ꆣ평폚컞램듓맺볒춳볆뻖믱뗃쎿튻횰튵뗄욽뻹뷌폽쮮욽뫍쫕죫쮮욽ꎬ좨쟒틔뇊헟1999쓪뗷닩퇹놾뗄욽뻹뷌폽돌뛈뫍놻럃헟뷓쫜뗷닩쪱뗄짏퓂욽뻹쫕죫ퟷ캪쳦듺ꎬ횰튵짹췻튲틔1999쓪뗄뗷닩쫽뻝캪ힼꆣ평듋쟳뗃훐맺뗄ꆰ뷌폽ꎭ쫕죫횸쫽ꆱꎨEIIꎬeducation-income indexꎩ믘맩랽돌죧쿂ꎺ EII = + ꎨ뷌폽ꎩ + ꎨ쫕죫ꎩ 2 헢튻짧믡뺭볃뗘캻횸쫽쒣탍뗄뷢쫍솦캪%ꎨR=ꎩꎬ뷌폽폫쫕죫뗄뇪ힼ믘맩쾵쫽럖뇰캪 뫍 ꆣ짹췻폫뷌폽뫍쫕죫횮볤뗄쿠맘쾵쫽럖뇰캪 뫍 ꆣ뗋뿏맘폚쏀맺짧믡뺭볃뗘캻횸쫽ꎨSEIꎩ뗄뷢쫍솦캪83ꎥꎨ1961ꎩꎬ웤뗘캻폫뷌폽뗄쿠맘쾵쫽캪 ꎬ뗘캻폫쫕죫뗄쿠맘쾵쫽캪 ꆣ틲듋폫횮쿠뇈ꎬ쯆뫵뿉틔헢퇹죏캪ꎺ퓚훐맺ꎬ죋쏇뛔횰튵짹췻뗄움볛쫜뷌폽뗄펰쿬듳폚쫜쫕죫뗄펰쿬ꆣ헢튻뷡맻튻랽쏦랴펳돶훐맺뗄쫕죫닮뻠쫇쫜떽쿞훆뗄ꎬ쇭튻랽쏦퓲뿉쓜쫇평폚럖컶쪱쯹폃뗄퓂쫕죫헢튻풤닢횸뇪캴쓜붫맺볒떳헾믺맘벰쫂튵떥캻죎횰헟퓚쫕죫횮췢쿭쫜뗄힡랿뗈뢣샻듽폶볆죫ꎬ폈웤쫇캴붫탭뛠죋릤킽쫕죫횮췢뗄ꆰ믒즫쫕죫ꆱ볆죫ꎬ틲뛸붵뗍쇋쫕죫뗄펰쿬킧맻ꆣ 쓇쎴ꎬ횻뾼싇뷌폽폫쫕죫뗄ퟷ폃뻍ퟣ틔뿌뮮돶훐맺뗄횰튵뗘캻싰ꎿ퓚잰쏦뗄럖컶훐ꎬ컒쏇틑늻횻튻듎뾴떽쇋죋쏇움볛횰튵짹췻폫훘탂짨뚨퓱튵좡쿲쪱뛔횰튵뗄헾훎좨솦쳘헷쯹룸폨뗄쳘뇰맘힢ꆣ훐맺쫇튻룶폐ퟅ쫽잧쓪ꆰ맙놾캻ꆱ뒫춳뗄맺볒ꆣ1949쓪훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺돉솢뫳ꎬ캪놣횤훘릤튵폅쿈랢햹햽싔뗄쪵쪩ꎬ맺볒쇬떼죋톡퓱쇋훐퇫룟뛈벯좨뗄볆뮮뺭볃쳥훆ꆣ폫쫐뎡뺭볃튪쟳ꆰ램훎ꆱ쿠랴ꎬ볆뮮뺭볃놾훊짏붲쫴폚뇘탫뾿ꆰ죋훎ꆱ살놣횤웤폐킧퓋뗄쏼쇮뺭볃ꆣ폚쫇ꎬ튻쳗틔탐헾탲쇐캪믹뒡ꆢ쓉룷탐룷튵폚웤훐뗄ꆰ맙놾캻훆ꆱ뗃틔퓚탂훐맺췆탐ꆣ쯤좻룄룯뾪럅틔살ꎬ쯦ퟅ쫐뎡뺭볃쇬폲뗄삩듳ꎬ풴믱뗃쟾뗀죕틦뛠풪뮯ꎬ맙놾캻훆뗄풴퓙럖엤릦쓜폐쯹복죵ꎬ떫쫇ꎬ평폚샺쪷뗄풭틲ꎬ훐맺쿖퓚뗄쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆횻쓜돆횮캪ꆰ쒣쓢뗄쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆ꆱꎨ뫎쟥솰ꎬ1998ꎩꎬ쯼뫍헦헽뗄쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆늢늻쿠춬ꆣ퓚쫐뎡뺭볃쳥훆훐ꎬ풴엤훃뗄릦쓜평쫐뎡헢횻ꆰ뾴늻볻뗄쫖ꆰ돐떣ꎬ뛸컒맺평폚훖훖컞램맦뇜뗄샺쪷풭틲ꎬ쒿잰뗄풴엤훃릦쓜좴죔퓚쿠떱돌뛈짏평떳헾늿쏅헢횻ꆰ뾴뗃볻ꆱ뗄좨솦횮쫖퓚돐떣ꆣ틲듋ꎬ퓚릹훾훐맺짧믡뺭볃뗘캻횸쫽쪱ꎬ탨튪붫좨솦틲쯘뾼싇퓚쓚ꆣ 1죧맻붫좨솦뇤솿틽죫 ꎬ 쓇쎴ꎬ룹뻝뷌폽ꆢ쫕죫ꆢ좨솦ꎨpowerꎩ3룶풤닢횸뇪훘탂릹돉뗄짧믡뺭볃뗘캻횸쫽ꎨPEIꎩ믘맩쒣탍붫죧쿂쯹쪾ꎺ PEIꎽ + ꎨ뷌폽ꎩ+ ꎨ쫕죫ꎩ + ꎨ좨솦ꎩ 2헢튻쒣탍뗄뷢쫍솦캪%ꎨR= ꎩꎬ폫뷶폃뷌폽뫍쫕죫뷢쫍뗄EII쒣탍쿠뇈ꎬ뷢쫍솦쳡룟쇋%ꆣ뷌폽ꆢ쫕죫ꆢ좨솦뗄뇪ힼ믘맩쾵쫽럖뇰캪ꎺꆢꆢꆣ늻쓑뾴돶ꎬ평폚좨솦뇤솿뗄뷸죫ꎬ뷌폽뛔짹췻뗄릱쿗쏷쿔쿂붵ꆣ틲듋ꎬꆰ좨솦ꆱ늻뷶뿉쫓캪펰쿬횰튵짹췻뗄뛀솢뇤솿ꎬ뛸쟒폐샭평붫웤쫓캪뷌폽 1럖컶훐좨솦뇤솿뗄뢳횵춨맽볒뗷닩램뛸좷뚨ꆣ뻟쳥ퟶ램쫇ꎺ쫗쿈ꎬ톡퓱20캻뛔훐맺짧믡폐뷏짮쇋뷢뗄볒ꎬ볒뗄톧쫵룱좷뚨캪늩쪿믲뢱퇐뺿풱ꎨ뢱뷌쫚ꎩ틔짏ꎻ웤듎ꎬ쟫볒럖뇰뻍15룶좥돽쯹폐훆틲쯘뗄훷튪횰튵샠뇰쯹펵폐뗄좨솦뷸탐움럖ꎬ럖횵맦뚨퓚0ꆫ5럖횮볤ꎬ0럖뇭쪾좨솦ퟮ킡ꎬ5럖뇭쪾좨솦ퟮ듳ꎻ퓙듎ꎬ붫볒틢볻믣ퟜ뫳쟳룷횰튵샠뇰뗄좨솦욽뻹횵ꎬ뗃떽죧쿂뷡맻ꎺꆰ떳헾믺맘뢱뒦벶틔짏룉늿ꆱ럖ꎬꆰ웳튵뢺퓰죋ꆱ럖ꎬꆰ떳헾믺맘뿆벶틔쿂룉늿ꆱ럖ꎬꆰ웳튵튻냣룉늿ꆱ럖ꎬꆰ웳튵벼쫵죋풱ꆱ럖ꎬꆰ웤쯻튵죋풱ꎨ죧컀짺ꆢ컄뮯쫂튵ꎩꆱ럖ꎬꆰ듳톧뷌쪦ꆱ럖ꎬꆰ훐킡톧뷌쪦ꆱ럖ꎬꆰ뿆톧벼쫵퇐뺿죋풱ꆱ럖ꎬꆰ췋택룉늿ꆱ럖ꎬꆰ룶쳥샍뚯헟ꆱ럖ꎬꆰ릤죋ꆱ럖ꎬꆰ컞만뚨횰튵헟ꆱ럖ꎬꆰ췋택릤죋ꆱ럖ꎬꆰ얩쏱ꆱ럖ꎻퟮ뫳ꎬ붫볒움틩뷡맻춨맽볓좨듺죫솿뇭훐룷횰튵ꎬ뻝듋릹퓬쒣탍ꆣ 14
폫횰튵짹췻횮볤뗄튻룶훐뷩뇤솿ꆣ뷌폽쮮욽캪죋쏇뷸죫폐좨솦뗄횰튵쳡릩뿉쓜ꎨ뷌폽폫좨솦횮볤뗄쿠맘쾵쫽캪 ꎩꎬ뛸횰튵쯹뻟폐뗄좨솦쳘헷퓲뻶뚨룃횰튵뗄짹췻ꆣ쿠뇈횮쿂ꎬ몬뷌폽ꆢ좨솦ꆢ쫕죫3룶펰쿬틲쯘퓚쓚뗄PEI쒣탍룼쫊폚폃ퟷ췆쯣떱잰훐맺횰튵뗘캻뗄짧믡뺭볃뗘캻횸쫽ꆣ 뢽슼B 1999쓪훐맺63룶돇쫐뻓쏱돩퇹뗷닩컊뻭훐AꆢB뻭횰튵솿뇭샠뇰쏷쾸ꎺ A뻭횰튵 ꎺ 램맙 룶쳥뮧맍릤 맣룦짨볆쪦 뺯달 릤짌맜샭죋풱 놣쿕릫쮾횰풱 듳톧뷌쫚 쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 짧믡뿆톧볒 ퟷ볒 쿧헲웳튵릤죋 쮽ꆢ쏱펪웳튵릤죋 뮤쪿 쫐뎤 웳쫂튵떥캻헾릤룉늿 릤짌튵룶쳥뮧 뗧쓔췸싧쾵춳맜샭풱 룟뿆벼웳튵릤돌쪦 헾뢮늿뎤 놣쒷 뿕훐킡뷣 벯쳥웳튵릤죋 듳웳튵믡볆 맺폐듳훐탍웳튵릤죋 맺폐듳훐탍웳튵뎧뎤뺭샭 퓋뚯풱 릫릲웻뎵쫛욱풱 떳헾믺맘튻냣룉늿 붨훾튵쏱릤 뮷컀릤죋 돶ퟢ웻뎵쮾믺 랹뗪돸쪦 볆쯣믺죭볾짨볆쪦 볇헟 횤좯릫쮾횰풱 B뻭횰튵 ꎺ 싉쪦 폊뗝풱 뗧쓔췸싧릤돌쪦 맺솢훐킡톧뷌쪦 떼폎 뇶망럾컱풱 볬달맙 ퟔ좻뿆톧볒 펰쫓뻧퇝풱 쮽솢톧킣뷌쪦 쮰컱맜샭죋풱 루뎪퇝풱 튽짺 틇망릤죋 짌뗪쫛믵풱 컄뮯룶쳥뮧 틸탐횰풱 죽웳튵횰풱 뇠벭 쮽펪룟뿆벼웳튵맍풱 믺킵릤돌쪦 떳헾믺맘쇬떼룉늿 맺폐킡웳튵뎧뎤 떳헾믺맘킡뎵쮾믺 짧쟸럾컱죋풱 랭틫 얩쏱 막럝훆웳튵릤죋 릫릲웻뎵쮾믺 춶릫쮾뺭샭 맺폐킡웳튵릤죋 쮽/쏱펪웳튵볒 능틴풱 랹뗪헐듽 랿뗘닺뾪랢뺭펪짌 훷튪닎뾼컄쿗 Blau, . and . 1967. The American Occupational Structure. New York: Wiley. Blau, . and . “Inequality of Opportunity in Urban China and America.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility , Vol. 9. Duncan, . 1961. “A Socioeconomic Index for all Occupations”, in Occupations and Social Status, ed. by A. J. Reiss. New York: Free Press. Featherman, . and . 1978. Opportunity and Change. New York: Academic. Ganzeboom, ., ect. 1992.ꆰA Standard International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Statusꆱ, in Social Science Research, Vol. 21. Ganzeboom, ., , and . 1989. “Intergenerational Class Mobility in Comparative Perspective.” In Research in Stratification and Mobility, , edited by Arne . Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Grasmock, Harold G. 1976. “the Occupational Prestige Structure : A Multidimensional Scaling Approch”, The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 17. Hall, John and D. Caradog Jones. 1950. “Social Grading of Occupations” , British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 1. Hatt, Paul K. 1950. “Occupation and Social Stratification” , American Sociology Review, Vol. 55. Hazelrigg, . and . 1976. “Occupational Mobility in Industrial Societies.” American Sociological Review , Vol. 15
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