山西财经大学硕士学位论文资源租金及其对资源型经济的影响研究姓名：李连光申请学位级别：硕士专业：西方经济学指导教师：景普秋2008-09-25
햪튪? 뿳닺풴뻟폐쾡좱탔ꆢ뿉뫄뷟탔뗄쳘뗣ꎬ틲듋퓚쪹폃쪱뇘탫캪웤횧뢶듺볛ꎬ헢훖듺볛놻돆캪풴ퟢ뷰ꆣ냩쯦ퟅ뿳닺풴뗄뾪닉ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄럖엤폫쪹폃뛔풴럡풣쟸폲닺짺훘듳펰쿬ꎺ럖엤폫쪹폃뫏샭ꎬ풴뾪닉붫믡듙뷸쟸폲뺭볃랢햹ꎻ죧맻늻뫏샭ꎬ풴럡풣쟸폲붫믡쿝죫풴폅쫆쿝?ꎬ탎돉풴탍뺭볃ꆣ풴ퟢ뷰쫇죧뫎탎돉ꎬ죧뫎쫕좡ꆢ럖엤폫쪹폃ꎬ맘쾵떽풴럡풣쟸폲뗄뿉돖탸랢햹ꆣ퓋폃뺭볃톧풭샭ꎬ뛔풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬뷸탐럖컶ꎬ뛔췪짆뺭볃톧뗄뗘ퟢ샭싛틔벰풴탍뗘쟸뺭볃탍뻟폐튻뚨뗄샭싛볛횵폫쿖쪵틢틥ꆣ 놾컄퓚뛔틑폐컄쿗쫡샭뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ훘뗣듓샭싛짏럖컶쇋풴ퟢ뷰뗄믹놾룅쓮폫훖샠ꆢ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡폫럖엤ꆢ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡폫럖엤뛔풴럡풣쟸폲뗄펰쿬벰웤뛔풴탍뗘쟸뺭볃탍뗄웴쪾ꎬ늢뷡뫏컒맺뗄쪵볊쟩뿶ꎬ틔쎺첿풴캪샽ꎬ뛔풴ퟢ뷰뗄쿠맘랽쏦뷸탐쇋쪵횤럖컶ꆣ춨맽짏쫶럖컶ꎬ훷튪뗃떽틔쿂벸뗣뷡싛ꎺ?1ꎮ풴ퟢ뷰뗄탎돉폫쫕좡ꎺ퓚풴뾪닉뗄맽돌훐ꎬ틲캪풴뗄쾡좱탔폫뿉뫄뷟탔ꎬ풴뾪닉웳튵튪쿲풴쯹폐헟횧뢶풴ퟢ뷰ꆣ틀뻝풴뗄쾡좱탔폫뿉뫄뷟탔ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뿉틔럖캪벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰뫍쾡좱ퟢ뷰죽샠ꆣ벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰쫴폚뺲첬ퟢ뷰ꎬ쾡좱ퟢ뷰쫴폚뚯첬ퟢ뷰ꎬ쿠펦뗄풴ퟢ뷰믱좡춾뺶폐뒢솿횧뢶뫍쇷솿횧뢶ꎬ퓚맺볊짏튻냣돆캪뫬샻뫍좨샻뷰ꆣ 2ꎮ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬ꎺ평폚쫜캴살풴볛룱ꆢ뾪닉돉놾뗄늻좷뚨탔떼훂뗄ퟢ뷰볆쯣뗄삧쓑ꎬ풴뾪닉웳튵쓚췢듦퓚뗄뛠훘ꆰ캯췐ꆪꆪ듺샭ꆱ컊쳢ꎬퟢ웚잩뚩쪱볤뎤뗈틲쯘뗄펰쿬ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰듦퓚ퟅ뛠훖쇷쪧ꆢ뮯탎쪽ꆣ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧믡떼훂뫜뛠풴탍뺭볃컊쳢ꎬ쯹틔붨솢뫏샭뗄풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡ꆢ럖엤ꆢ쪹폃뗄훆뛈뛔뷢뻶풴탍뺭볃컊쳢뻟폐훘튪틢틥ꆣ퓚놣돖풴탍뗘쟸뗄뺭볃랢햹뗄뿉돖탸탔뫍뺭볃탍훐ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쪹폃룼쫇뻟폐뫋탄뗄뗘캻ꆣ 3
3ꎮ컒맺쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰듦퓚쇷쪧쿖쿳ꎺ퓚뻞뛮뗄닺솿쿂ꎬ컒맺뗄쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰ퟜ뛮쪮럖엓듳ꎻ퓚쎺첿닺솿뫍볛룱늻뛏짏헇뗄쟷쫆쿂ꎬ쎺첿풴뗄떥캻ퟢ뷰뫍ퟢ뷰ퟜ뛮뮹돊쿖늻뛏짏헇뗄쟷쫆ꎻ쿖듦뗄훆뛈죔좻쎻폐냑풴ퟢ뷰좫늿쫕짏살ꎬ쫕좡뗄횻쫇뷏킡뗄늿럖ꎬퟢ뷰뮹퓚듳솿쇷쪧ꆣ컒맺뿳닺풴쪹폃훆뛈늻췪짆쫇떼훂ퟢ뷰쇷쪧뗄훷튪풭틲ꆣ 4ꎮ듓1994쓪뾪쪼ꎬ컒맺틑뺭훰늽붨솢쇋뿳닺풴뾪랢뗄폐뎥쪹폃훆뛈ꎬ떫쫇죔좻폐뫜뛠뗘랽탨튪룄룯ꆢ췪짆ꎺꎨ1ꎩ쎻폐쏷좷풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡틀뻝폫쿮쒿ꎬ뿳닺풴뾪랢뗄폐뎥쪹폃훆뛈쫇튻쾵쇐뗄쮰럑ퟩ돉ꎬ쮰럑뗄탔훊늻쏷좷ꆢ쿠뮥붻닦ꎬ쫕좡뗄틀뻝늻돤럖ꎬ뛔풴ퟢ뷰ꆢ쮰뢺뗄볆쯣뫢솿듸살뫜뛠싩랳ꎬ퓬돉풴ퟢ뷰뗄듳솿쇷쪧뫍웳튵볤뗄쮰뢺늻뻹뗈ꎻꎨ2ꎩ컒맺뗄뿳닺풴뾪랢뗄폐뎥쪹폃훆뛈쒿잰뮹횻쫇헫뛔탂붨뿳즽ꎬ듳솿뗄맺폐웳튵뮹퓚컞뎥쪹폃ꎬ헢퇹풴ퟢ뷰뗄듳솿쇷쪧뻍늻뿉뇜쏢ꎬ뛸풴탍뗘쟸뎤웚랢햹뫍뺭볃탍뗄뷰돉캪컞풴횮쮮ꎻꎨ3ꎩ컒맺쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰뗄뫄즢폫쇷쪧죔좻쪮럖퇏훘ꎬ컒맺듳솿벯쳥ꆢ룶쳥킡쎺뿳뗄듦퓚훂쪹풴ퟢ뷰듳솿뗘뫄즢ꎻꎨ4ꎩ퓚풴뾪닉뗄췢늿탔뗄훎샭짏ꎬ뮷뺳ꆢ짺첬ꆢ뻓쏱붡뾵뗄쯰쪧늹뎥뮹쎻폐좫쏦뾼싇ꎬ뛸헢킩뚼쫴폚돉놾뗄랶돫ꎬ쫇ퟮ쿈탨튪늹뎥뗄ꎻ췢늿탔뗄듦퓚훂쪹뺭볃퓶뎤폫랢햹쫇틔뮷뺳ꆢ짺첬ꆢ뻓쏱붡뾵뗄잷헋캪듺볛ꎬ헢킩헋뇤돉쇋캴살벸듺죋뗄햮컱ꆣ ꆾ맘볼듊ꆿ??풴ퟢ뷰†풴탍뺭볃†뿳닺풴†폐뎥쪹폃훆뛈? 4
Abstract The mineral resource is scarce and exhaustable,so payment for using it ,named resource rent,must be mining of resource, the assignment and using of resource rent has great effect to resource-rich it is reasonable, mining of resource will promote the regional economic growth and not,the region will fall into the trap of resource to form a resource-based resource rent to form and how it to be collected,assigned and used are crucial to the sustainable development of resource-rich economic theorems,analyzing the effect of resource rent to resource-based economy will contribute to land rent theorem and to transition of a resource-based economy. On the basis of reviewing the literatures that related the resource rent,it is discussed mainly in theorem that the concepts,tpypes, collection and assignment of resource the effect of collection and assignment of resource rent to resource-rich region and to transition of resource-based economy is the last section, resource rent of coal in Chia is tested empirically. After analyzing,the conclusions of this article are following: (1)Formation and collection of resource rent: In a resource mining process, because of scarcity and the property right of the resource,the resource mining company must pay the resource rent to the resource rent may be divided into differential rent,absolute rent and scarcity rent. Differential rent and absolute rent are stationary,but scarcity rent is dynamic. Correspondingly,the two kind of ways in which collecting resource rents are stock payments and flow payments which internationally generally be called bonuses and royalties. (2)The effect of resource rent loss to resource-based economy: Because rent computation is difficult for uncertaity of future resource price and mining cost,there is multiple principal-agent problem inside and outside the resource mining enterprise and rental period is too long, there are kinds of forms of loss and transformation for resource loss of resource rent could causes many issues of resource-based economy is important to establish the reasonable system of collection,assignment and using of the resource rents for resource-based ,the using of resource rents is centeral in sustainability development and transition of resource-based economy. (3)The loss of coal resource rent in China: With the huge production China's total coal resource rent is of great the production and price of coal are rising more and more,the unit rent and the total amout of rent of coal will continue the upward existing system did not garantee collecting the full rent which should belongs to rent that has be collected is a small part of 5
the total and the rent loss is serious of the system is the main reason for the loss of rent. (4) China has gradually established the system of compensation for using of mineral resources since 1994,but there are still many places required to reform and improve:The main problems are following:Resource rents collection is not clear system of compensation for using of mineral resources is comprised of series of taxes and fees which nature is not clear and intercrossed each other. The basis for the charge of taxes and fees is not the difficulty in comptution of resource rents,there is much rent loss and tax burden unequality in enterprises and so compensation for using of mineral resources is only for new mines now and a large number of state-owned enterprises are still free to use,so the loss of resources is contrst, long-term development of resource-based region is harmed and restructuring funds are loss and dissipation of coal resource rent is severe at China a large number of collective and individual small mines existing,caused resource rents dissipation the externality problem,environment, ecology, the compensation for the damage of health of the population,which are in the scope of cost,should be compensated firstly has not been fully taken into of growth and development from “the externality problem” sooner or later must be paid has become the debt of the future generations. ꆾKey wordsꆿ resource rent , resource-based economy , mineral resources , the system of compensation for using 6
??즽컷닆뺭듳톧?톧캻싛컄풭뒴탔짹쏷 놾죋횣훘짹쏷ꎺ쯹돊붻뗄톧캻싛컄ꎬ쫇놾죋퓚떼쪦뗄횸떼쿂ꎬ뛀솢뷸탐퇐뺿릤ퟷ쯹좡뗃뗄돉맻ꆣ돽컄훐틑뺭힢쏷틽폃뗄쓚죝췢ꎬ놾싛컄늻냼몬죎뫎웤쯻룶죋믲벯쳥틑뺭랢뇭믲킴맽뗄ퟷ욷돉맻ꆣ뛔놾컄뗄퇐뺿쯹ퟶ돶훘튪릱쿗뗄룶죋뫍벯쳥ꎬ뻹틑퓚컄훐틔쏷좷랽쪽뇪쏷ꆣ놾죋췪좫틢쪶떽놾짪쏷뗄램싉뷡맻평놾죋돐떣ꆣ ????? 톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟잩쏻ꎺ 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕 1
??즽컷닆뺭듳톧?톧캻싛컄냦좨쪹폃쫚좨쫩 놾톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟췪좫쇋뷢톧킣폐맘놣맜ꆢ쪹폃톧캻싛컄뗄맦뚨ꎬ춬틢톧킣놣쇴늢쿲맺볒폐맘늿쏅믲믺릹쯍붻싛컄뗄뢴펡볾뫍뗧ퟓ냦ꎬ퓊탭싛컄놻닩퓄뫍뷨퓄ꆣ놾죋쫚좨즽컷닆뺭듳톧뿉틔붫놾톧캻싛컄뗄좫늿믲늿럖쓚죝뇠죫폐맘쫽뻝뿢뷸탐볬쯷ꎬ뿉틔닉폃펰펡ꆢ쯵펡믲즨쏨뗈뢴훆쫖뛎놣듦뫍믣뇠놾톧캻싛컄ꆣ 놾톧캻싛컄쫴폚놣쏜ꇵꎬ늻놣쏜ꇵꆣ퓚 쓪뷢쏜뫳쫊폃놾쫚좨쫩ꆣ ꎨ쟫퓚틔짏랽뿲쓚듲ꆰꇌꆱꎩ ?????톧캻싛컄ퟷ헟잩쏻ꎺ 횸떼뷌쪦잩쏻ꎺ 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕 죕웚ꎺ 쓪 퓂 죕 2
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 뗚?헂†떼퇔?ㄮ?†컊쳢뗄쳡돶?20쫀볍50쓪듺틔살ꎬ얷쏀튻킩틔풴뾪랢캪훷뗄뗘쟸돶쿖쇋뺭볃퓶뎤뮺싽짵훁쮥췋ꆢ풴닺튵뺺헹솦쿂붵ꆢ쪧튵톹솦퓶듳ꆢ춶컼틽솦쿂붵뗈훮뛠컊쳢ꎬ튲돆풴탍뺭볃컊쳢ꎨIssue of resource-based economy developmentꎩ1ꎻ20쫀볍70-80쓪듺ꎬ랢듯맺볒뫍랢햹훐맺볒쿠볌돶쿖쇋ꆰ뫉삼늡ꆱ
Dutch disease?쿖쿳ꎬ벴풴뾪랢떼훂뗄믣싊짏짽ꆢ훆퓬튵뺺헹솦쿂붵ꆢ쪧튵퓶볓뗈ꎻ헫뛔풴럡풣폫뺭볃랢햹훍뫳헢훖쿖쿳ꎬ1993쓪Auty뗚튻듎쳡돶쇋ꆰ풴뗄ퟧ훤ꆱ?Resource Curse?뗄룅쓮ꎬ뛔듋ퟶ쇋탎쿳뗄룅삨2ꎬ쯦뫳Sachs뫍Warner솬탸랢뇭쇋죽욪컄헂뷸탐쪵횤퇐뺿ꎬ평듋풴탍뺭볃ꆢ풴탍뺭볃컊쳢돉캪랢햹뺭볃톧뗄퇐뺿죈뗣횮튻ꆣ 헅뢴쏷붫풴탍뺭볃ꎨResource-based economyꎩ뷧뚨캪ꎺ뻟폐풴?뢳쳘헷뗄맺볒믲뗘쟸ꎬ틔풴뗄뾪닉ꆢ뾪랢캪훷튪뺭볃횧훹뗄뺭볃탎첬믲럖릤쒣쪽ꎬ쫇폫볓릤탍뺭볃ꆢ럾컱탍뺭볃뫍횪쪶탍뺭볃늢돆뗄ꎬ웤뺭볃믮뚯뗄춻돶쳘헷쫇뺭볃퓶뎤맽뛈틀삵풴뗄뚯폃뫍뾪랢ꎬ풴탍닺튵퓚뺭볃뷡릹훐햼뻝훷떼뗘캻ꎬ닺튵뷡릹뗄떥튻뮯ꆢ돵벶뮯뫍룕탔뮯컊쳢쪮럖춻돶ꎬ풴뾪랢뗄뮷뺳ꆢ짺첬ꆢ짺쏼듺볛룟낺ꎬ풴닺욷퓚쎳틗뷡릹훐햼뻝훷쳥뗘캻ꎬ풴닺튵쫇춶붨짨뗄훘뗣쇬폲ꎬ풴탍뺭볃뗄탎돉폫풴늿쏅뗄랱죙쏜쟐쿠맘3ꆣ 듓풴탍뺭볃뗄돉틲짏뾴ꎬ쿖폐뗄퇐뺿뷡맻훷튪폐ꎺ훆뛈낲업쪧떱ꆢ랴릤튵뮯ꆢ놾탎돉늻ퟣꆢ뛔죋솦놾뗄벷돶ꆢ럖릤붩뮯폫뺭볃맟탔뗈ꆣ뛸헢킩틲쯘퓚풴탍뺭볃탎돉맽돌훐쯹웰뗄ퟷ폃ꎬ듳뚼폫풴뾪랢믱뗃뗄뻞뛮쫕틦폐맘ꎬ뿉틔쮵풴듸살뗄뻞뛮쫕틦쫇풴탍뺭볃탎돉뗄뫋탄틲쯘뫍맘볼뮷뷚ꆣ 풴ퟢ뷰ꎨResource rentꎩ쫇횸풴뾪닉헟캪쇋믱뗃풴뗄뾪닉좨ꎬ쿲풴쯹폐헟쯹ퟶ뗄횧뢶ꆣ풴탍뺭볃쫇붨솢퓚풴뾪닉뗄믹뒡짏뗄ꎬ쯹틔풴탍뺭볃폫풴ퟢ뷰뗄맘쾵뻍쿔뗃쪮럖쏜쟐ꆣ풴ퟢ뷰뗄룅쓮ꆢ훖샠ꎬ탎돉뗄쳵볾ꆢ죧뫎좷뚨ꎬ폫쿖폐뗄웤쯻ퟢ뷰ꆢ돉놾ꆢ쫕틦룅쓮폐뫎쟸뇰폫솪쾵ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡ꆢ럖엤ꆢ쪹폃짏죧뫎ퟮ폅낲업ꎬ헢킩컊쳢뚼뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄탎돉ꆢ탍폐뫜듳뗄펰쿬ꆣ 1 헅뢴쏷?ꆶ풴탍뺭볃—샭싛뷢쫍ꆢ쓚퓚믺훆폫펦폃퇐뺿ꆷ?놱뺩ꎺ훐맺짧믡뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ2007ꎬ뗚1튳ꆣ 2 ꎬSustaining development in Mineral Economies:the Resource Curse Thesis ,London :Routledge,1993. 3 헅뢴쏷?ꆶ풴탍뺭볃—샭싛뷢쫍ꆢ쓚퓚믺훆폫펦폃퇐뺿ꆷ??놱뺩ꎺ훐맺짧믡뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ2007ꎬ뗚1튳ꆣ 1
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 듓쓜풴뗄쿻럑뇈샽뾴ꎬ떽2004쓪뗗ꎬ뮯쪯쓜풴죔쫇쫀뷧훷튪쓜풴ꎬ퓚튻듎쓜풴쿻럑훐뮯쪯쓜풴햼%ꎬ웤훐쪯폍햼%ꎬ쎺첿햼%ꎬ쳬좻웸햼%ꎻ뛸컒맺튻듎쓜풴쿻럑훐쎺첿햼68%ퟳ폒ꎬ햼폐뻸뛔뗄폅쫆ꎬ뇈샽풶풶룟폚쫀뷧욽뻹쮮욽ꆣ듓뮯쪯쓜풴뗄뒢솿짏뾴ꎬ훐맺뗄쪯폍뒢솿햼쫀뷧뒢솿뗄%ꎬ뛸훐맺뗄쎺첿뒢솿햼쫀뷧뒢솿뗄%ꎬ컒맺쎺첿풴뗄ퟔ좻?뢳룟폚쪯폍ꆣ듓틔짏솽뗣뾴ꎬ쎺첿풴퓚컒맺뗄쓜풴쇬폲뗄뗘캻쫇럇뎣훘튪뗄ꆣ컒맺뗄쎺첿풴훷튪럖늼퓚뮪놱뫍컷놱뗘쟸ꎬ솽룶뗘쟸뗄쎺첿풴럖뇰햼좫맺쎺첿풴뗄%뫍%ꆣ듓쎺첿풴퓚컒맺쓜풴쇬폲뗄뗘캻뫍뗘샭럖늼뾴ꎬ뮪놱뫍컷놱뗘쟸튻킩쎺첿풴럡뢻뗄쪡럝쫇뷏틗랢짺풴탍뺭볃컊쳢뗄쟸폲ꆣ퓚풴탍뗘쟸뗄뷧뚨짏ꎬ낲쿩짺ퟶ맽튻룶퇐뺿ꎺ죴틔닉뻲릤튵ퟷ캪에뇰횸뇪ꎬ틔좫맺욽뻹횵볓튻룶뇪ힼ닮캪쇙뷧횵ꎬ좫맺폐뫚쇺붭ꆢ쇉쓾ꆢ즽컷죽룶쪡쟸캪풴탍쪡쟸ꎻ죴틔닉뻲튵ꆢ풭닄쇏튵캪에뇰횸뇪ꎬ횻폐즽컷튻룶캪풴탍쪡쟸1ꆣ헢죽룶쪡쟸뗄릲춬뗣쫇쯼쏇뚼쫇쎺첿풴뾪닉뗄듳쪡ꎬ쯹틔쎺첿풴쫇떼훂컒맺늿럖쪡쟸돉캪풴탍쪡쟸뗄훷튪풴ꆣ?즽컷쪡쫇뗤탍뗄풴탍뗘쟸ꎺ즽컷뺭볃뗄랢햹튻횱쫇틀삵폚뿳닺풴뗄뾪랢뫍샻폃ꎬ틔쎺첿풴캪믹뒡ꎬ탎돉쇋틔쎺첿ꎨ붹뮯ꎩꆢ뗧솦ꆢ튱뷰ꆢ붨닄ힰ놸훆퓬ꆢ탂탍쎺뮯릤캪훷떼뗄릤튵짺닺닺튵쳥쾵ꆣ쳘뇰쫇21쫀볍틔살ꎬ쫐뎡짏뛔쎺첿뗈쓜풴풴탨쟳췺쪢ꎬ쎺첿볛룱쮮욽돖탸짏짽늢뒦폚샺쪷룟캻ꎬ쿠펦뗘즽컷뺭볃퓶뎤쯙뛈럇뎣뿬ꎨ훷튪쫇풴닺튵뗄뿬쯙랢햹ꎩꎬ볓뻧쇋즽컷풴탍뺭볃뗄돌뛈ꎻ닺튵뷡릹훐풴닺튵뇈샽맽듳떼훂쇋닺튵뷡릹뗄룕탔ꎬ뛸쟒퓚풴뾪닉훐뫶쫓쇋뫏샭뗄ꆢ돖탸뗄샻폃풴ꎬ듸살쇋퇏훘뗄ퟔ좻짺첬웆뮵뫍뮷뺳컛좾ꎻ평폚쎺첿풴쫕틦뗄럖엤늻뫏샭ꎬ떼훂쇋즽컷쪡뗄쫕죫닮뻠돖탸삭듳ꎻ듳솿킡쎺뿳뗄듦퓚쪹풴믘닉싊맽뗍떼훂풴샋럑쿖쿳퇏훘ꎬ뿳닺뾪닉훐늻쪱랢짺뿳쓑뗈짧믡컊쳢ꎬ틽웰쇋좫짧믡뗄맣랺맘힢ꆣ즽컷쪡럡뢻뗄쎺첿풴볈췆뚯쇋즽컷뗄뺭볃퓶뎤ꎬ튲듸살튻쾵쇐뗄컊쳢ꎻ쎺첿풴볈쫇즽컷뺭볃랢햹뗄뚯솦2ꎬ뛸캧죆쎺첿풴탎돉뗄뺭볃뷡릹튲퓚탭뛠랽쏦훆풼쇋즽컷뗄뺭볃랢햹3ꆣ죧뫎룼뫃뗘샻폃쎺첿풴폅쫆ꎬ폐킧뗘업돽쒿잰ퟨ낭뺭볃뷸튻늽퓶뎤뗄헏낭ꎬ놣횤쎺첿풴탍뺭볃뗄돖탸ꆢ뿬쯙랢햹ꎬ쫇뺭볃톧뷧맘힢뗄샭싛컊쳢ꎬ튲쫇즽컷쪡맘힢뗄쪵볊컊쳢ꆣ 듓풴탍뺭볃뗄랶돫뾴ꎬ풴탍뺭볃뗄퇐뺿쫇룶럇뎣엓듳ꆢ뢴퓓뗄쳥쾵ꎬ틑폐뗄퇐뺿틑뺭뫜뛠ꎬ짦벰뺭볃퓶뎤ꆢ뮷뺳컛좾ꆢ톰ퟢꆢ볛룱탎돉ꆢ뛔헾훎뗄펰쿬ꆢ뛔뢣샻뗄펰쿬뗈랽쏦ꆣ 1 낲쿪짺?훐맺룷쪡쟸뺭볃뷡릹샠탍뗄뮮럖?ꆶ짺닺솦퇐뺿ꆷꎬ1998ꎬ뗚2웚ꆣ 2 뺰웕쟯?풴폅쫆쫇즽컷뺭볃랢햹뗄?ꆪꆪ즽컷벰훜뇟컥쪡럝뗄풴뇈뷏폫움볛?ꆶ짺닺솦퇐뺿ꆷ⸲〰㌬⠱⤬ㄴ??ㄴ?튳ꆣ?3 커랼쎷?ꆰ풴ퟧ훤ꆱ폫뺭볃랢햹ꆪꆪ믹폚즽컷쪡뗄뗤탍럖컶?ꆶ뺭볃컊쳢ꆷ?2007ꎬꎨ10ꎩꎬ24-27튳ꆣ 2
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 쿖퓚틑폐퇐뺿뚼쫇듓룶뇰컊쳢죫쫖뷸탐퇐뺿ꎬ랽램ꆢ쫖뛎룷늻쿠춬ꎬ짐좱랦퓋폃풴ퟢ뷰헢룶폫풴탍뺭볃쏜쟐쿠맘뗄룅쓮ꆢ샭싛ퟷ캪훐탄뗄쮼슷뫍쫖뛎뷸탐튻룶좫쏦뗄퇐뺿ꎻ듓틑폐퇐뺿헫뛔뗄풴샠탍살뾴ꎬ쿖폐뗄풴ퟢ뷰퇐뺿훷튪쫇벯훐퓚쪯폍ꆢ쳬좻웸뗈볛룱ꆢퟢ뷰뷏룟뗄죈뗣쓜풴짏ꎬ쎺첿뫍웤쯻뗄볛룱뷏뗍뗄뿳닺퇐뺿뷏짙ꎻ듓퇐뺿뗄쟸폲뾴ꎬ쿖폐뗄풴ퟢ뷰퇐뺿훷튪쫇맺췢톧헟헫뛔늻춬뗄맺볒뷸탐퇐뺿ꎬ쫇맺볊탔뗄ꎬ헫뛔맺쓚뗄뻟쳥쟩뿶퇐뺿뷏짙ꆣ 놾컄틔풴ퟢ뷰ퟷ캪훐탄쓚죝ꎬ쫗쿈뛔풴ퟢ뷰뗄룅쓮폫탎돉ꆢ풴ퟢ뷰뗄탎돉폫럖엤뗈믹놾샭싛뷸탐퇐뺿ꎬ퓚듋믹뒡짏뛔풴ퟢ뷰퓚풴탍뺭볃뗄탎돉ꆢ랢햹폫탍훐뗄ퟷ폃뷸탐럖컶ꎬퟮ뫳뷡뫏컒맺뗄쪵볊틔쎺첿풴캪샽뷸탐쪵횤퇐뺿ꆣ ㄮ?†뫍풴ퟢ뷰쿠맘뗄퇐뺿믘맋?뛔ퟢ뷰뗄퇐뺿ퟮ퓧웰풴폚뛔뗘ퟢ뗄퇐뺿ꎬ뗘ퟢ쫇맅뗤뺭볃톧훘튪뗄퇐뺿랶돫ꆣ ???⸱†맅뗤뺭볃톧뗄뗘ퟢ샭싛?뛔맅뗤뗘ퟢ샭싛ퟶ돶훘튪릱쿗뗄뺭볃톧볒폐췾솮ꆤ엤뗚ꆢ퇇떱ꆤ쮹쏜ꆢ풼몲ꆤ럫ꆤ췀쓜ꆢ햲쒷쮹ꆤ낲뗂즭ꆢ듳컀ꆤ샮볎춼ꆢ십뿋쮼뗈ꆣ퓧퓚17쫀볍뫳웚ꎬ췾솮ꆤ엤뗚뻍퓚쯻뗄쏻훸ꆶ뢳쮰싛ꆷ훐쫗듎럖컶쇋뗘ퟢ뗄돉틲쫇ꆰ쪣폠쫕죫ꆱꎬ쯻뮹듓췁뗘캻훃틔벰췁뗘럡뛈뗄닮뇰닻쫶쇋벶닮뗘ퟢꎻ퇇떱ꆤ쮹쏜듓뗘훷뛔닺뷗벶뗄뗖뾹돶랢ꎬ뿏뚨쇋뻸뛔뗘ퟢ뗄듦퓚ꎻ햲쒷쮹ꆤ낲뗂즭늻뷶럖컶쇋평췁뗘럊솦퓬돉뗄벶닮뗘ퟢꎬ뮹럖컶쇋춶폚췁뗘쯹탎돉뗄벶닮뗘ퟢꎻ듳컀ꆤ샮볎춼ퟛ뫏랢햹쇋잰죋뗄맛뗣ꎬ듓췁뗘뗄럊컖돌뛈ꆢ얩닺욷볛횵뗄좷뚨ꆢ폅뗈뗘뗄뛮췢샻죳뗈뷇뛈뒴솢쇋ꆰ닮뛮뗘ퟢꆱ톧쮵ꎬ뛔벶닮뗘ퟢ샭싛ퟶ돶쇋훘튪뗄릱쿗ꎻ풼몲ꆤ럫ꆤ췀쓜쫗듎쾵춳뗘싛횤쇋췁뗘캻훃폫뗘ퟢ뗄맘쾵ꎬ늹돤쇋샮볎춼뗘ퟢ샭싛뗄늻ퟣ1ꆣ헢킩샭싛뚼캪십뿋쮼뗄뗘ퟢ샭싛듲쿂쇋볡쪵뗄믹뒡ꆣ 십뿋쮼횸돶쇋뗘ퟢ쫇뎬뛮샻죳뗄뮯탎쪽2ꎬ늢붨솢뫍랢햹쇋평벶닮뗘ퟢ샭싛ꆢ뻸뛔뗘ퟢ샭싛뫍슢뛏뗘ퟢ샭싛죽룶늿럖릹돉뗄뗘ퟢ샭싛쳥쾵ꆣ벶닮뗘ퟢ쫇뗘ퟢ뗄훘튪ퟩ돉늿럖ꎬ퓚췁뗘쫐뎡훐벶닮뗘ퟢ춨맽췁뗘볛룱뗄닮틬뛸뗃떽쳥쿖ꎬ벶닮뗘ퟢ뿉틔럖캪벶닮뗘ퟢI뫍벶닮뗘ퟢꋲꎬ벶닮뗘ퟢI탎돉뗄풭틲쫇췁뗘럊컖돌뛈뗄닮뇰뫍췁뗘캻훃뗄닮틬ꎬ벶닮뗘ퟢꋲ닺짺뗄 1?췵캰ꎬ뗋죘ꎬ헅횾잿?ꆶ풴뺭볃톧ꆷ?놱뺩ꎺ훐맺얩튵돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〴ꎬ㌸???튳ꆣ 2?십뿋쮼?ꆶ놾싛ꆷ?뗚뛾냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ2004ꎬ뗚죽뻭693-720튳ꆣ 3
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 풭틲쫇틲캪퓚춬튻뿩췁뗘짏솬탸춶뗄샍뚯짺닺싊뗄닮틬퓬돉뗄1ꎻ뻸뛔뗘ퟢ쫇ퟢ훖죎뫎췁뗘뚼튪뷉쓉뗄뗘ퟢ2ꎻ슢뛏뗘ퟢ쫇쒳킩폅훊뗄얩닺욷횻폐퓚쒳킩쳘뚨뗄뗘쟸닅쓜짺닺돶살ꎬ헢킩췁뗘붫믡믱뗃슢뛏뗘ퟢꆣ ?⸲⸲??탂맅뗤뺭볃톧뗄풴ퟢ뷰샭싛?1931쓪훸쏻뺭볃톧볒맾싞뗂ꆤ뫀첩쇖랢뇭퓚ꆶ헾훎뺭볃톧퓓횾ꆷ짏뗄뾪뒴탔싛컄ꆶ뫄뷟탔풴뺭볃톧ꆷ훐ꎬ쫗쿈쳡돶쇋뿳닺풴뫄뷟샭싛ꎬ캪풴뺭볃톧뗄붨솢웰떽쇋뗬믹ퟷ폃ꎬ듋뫳훚뛠뺭볃톧볒뻍폐맘컊쳢랢뇭쇋튻쾵쇐뺭뗤컄쿗ꎬ쪹뗃뿳닺풴뫄뷟샭싛늻뛏랢햹뫍췪짆웰살ꆣ 풴ퟢ뷰퓧웚뗄퇐뺿훷튪쫇닠훘폚냑쯼ퟷ캪훐볤뇤솿뛔풴뗄뾪닉풭퓲폫슷뺶뗄퇐뺿ꆣ맾싞뗂ꆤ뫀첩쇖쳡돶쇋풴뒢솿늻뛏쿂붵ꆢ볛룱늻뛏짏헇뗄볙짨ꎬ쳡돶쇋풴ퟢ뷰뇘탫내샻쾢싊퓶뎤뗄풴뾪닉뗄뫀첩쇖ힼ퓲ꎬ춨맽풴ퟢ뷰쿖횵뗄ퟮ듳뮯뗃돶쇋풴ퟮ폅뾪닉슷뺶ꆣ떫쫇헫뛔헢룶샭싛뗄볙짨ꎬ폐톧헟폃쳺ꆢ춭ꆢ잦ꆢ킿ꆢ쪯폍컥훖풴1870떽1986쓪뗄볛룱뛔뫀첩쇖맦퓲뷸탐쪵횤퇐뺿ꎬ뗃돶럱뚨뗄뷡싛ꎨRonald H?Schmidtꎬ1988ꎩꆣ퓚뿳닺뒢놸훊솿늻춬뗄쳵볾쿂ꎬJohn Hartwick?Andrei Bazhanov & Zhen Song?2007?뷸튻늽퇐뺿쇋췪좫뺺헹쳵볾쿂뿳닺뒢놸훊솿늻춬떼훂ퟢ뷰뿬쯙쿂붵뗄쟩뿶쿂뗄풴뾪닉풭퓲ꆣ 퓚풴ퟢ뷰뗄룅쓮뗄퇐뺿랽쏦ꎬSittidaj Pongkijvorasin & James Roumassetꎨ2007ꎩ쟸럖쇋좨샻뷰ꎨRoyaltyꎩꆢ뇟볊쪹폃헟돉놾ꎨMarginal user costꎩꆢ펰ퟓ볛룱ꎨShadow priceꎩꆢ쾡좱ퟢ뷰ꎨScarcity rentꎩꆢ뫀첩쇖ퟢ뷰ꎨHotelling rentꎩ뗈벸룶룅쓮ꆣ돽쇋웤ퟢ뷰뗄릲춬뗣췢ꎬ죏캪좨샻뷰쫇살풴폚쯹폐헟뛔뗘쿂닆닺뗄쯹폐뗄튻룶쏻듊ꎻ뇟볊쪹폃헟돉놾쫇쿖퓚쪹폃튻훖풴쯹럅웺뗄볛횵ꎬ쫇믺믡돉놾뗄랶돫ꎬ쫇풴뺭볃톧뗄뫋탄룅쓮ꎻ틵펰볛룱살풴폚릫릲컯욷뗄릫릲뚨볛ꎻ쾡좱ퟢ뷰폫뫀첩쇖ퟢ뷰쎻폐쟸뇰ꎬ살풴폚퓚좫쏦뾼싇쪱볤뗄쟩뿶쿂뗄뺻쫕틦ퟮ듳뗄ퟢ뷰ꆣ퓚ퟮ폅뗄뾪닉쟩뿶쿂헢벸룶룅쓮뚼쿠뗈ꎬ튻냣뚼춨폃ꆣ헫뛔뮷뺳짺첬ퟢ뷰뗄퇐뺿랽쏦ꎬKurt Kratenaꎨ2007ꎩ듓풴쿞훆닺짺뗄샮볎춼ퟢ뷰뗄뷇뛈돶랢ꎬ쳡돶펦룃듓뮷뺳ꆢ짺첬뗄쿞훆탔쫕좡짺첬ퟢ뷰뗄릹쿫ꎻ폐뗄뺭볃톧볒훷헅폃싌즫뗄맺쏱헊뮧ꎨGreen National Accountingꎩ랴펳뮷뺳풴뗄웆뮵ꎬ벴냑뮷뺳짺첬ퟢ뷰쓉죫맺쏱뺭볃뫋쯣쳥쾵ꎨPeter Bartelmusꎬ1999ꎻJoy ꎬ2007ꎩꆣ 퓚풴ퟢ뷰뗄럖엤랽쏦ꎬ Anne D?Boschini, Jan Pettersson & Jesper Roine?2003?횸돶룟훊 1?십뿋쮼?ꆶ놾싛ꆷ?뗚뛾냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ2004ꎬ뗚죽뻭731-772튳ꆣ 2?십뿋쮼?ꆶ놾싛ꆷ?뗚뛾냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ2004ꎬ뗚죽뻭846-873튳ꆣ 4
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 솿뗄훆뛈폫뫏샭뗄ퟢ뷰럖엤쫇풴ퟧ훤쫇럱랢짺뗄훘튪쳵볾ꎻ뛸튲폐퇐뺿뇭쏷풴ퟢ뷰뛔훆뛈뻟폐뢯쪴ퟷ폃?Paul Collier &Anke Hoeffler?2005?ꎻ Nick Johnstone & Joshua Bishopꎨ2007ꎩ죏캪퓚랢햹훐맺볒쮽죋늿럖뗄풤웚퓚ퟔ좻풴맜샭훐뗄ퟷ폃쫇훘튪뗄ꎬ쫇믱뗃뮷뺳쫕틦뗄믹뒡ꎬ튪ퟶ뗄훷튪쫇붨솢닺좨뫍퓊탭닺좨붻틗ꆣ헫뛔풴ퟢ뷰뗄헷쮰짏ꎬBergstromꎨ1982ꎩ쳡돶퓚룷맺뚼톰쟳풴뗈닺욷돶뿚뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ뿉틔헷쫕뷸뿚쮰믱좡돶뿚맺풴ퟢ뷰뗄쿫램ꎻRobin Boadway & Frank Flatters?1993?퇐뺿뇭쏷뛔ퟢ뷰헷쫕떥튻쮰튪폅폚뛔풴뾪닉뗄튻쾵쇐뢴퓓뗄쮰ꆣ떱좻튲폐톧헟횸돶ꎺ헫뛔ퟢ뷰헷쮰ꎬ늻펰쿬뾪닉쪱볤슷뺶ꆢ춶싊ꆢ뾪닉싊뗄훐탔뗄쮰쫕쫇늻듦퓚뗄ꎨBen Smithꎬ1999?ꆣ헫뛔톰ퟢ컊쳢ꎬRobert (1986)횸돶톰ퟢ쫇뷢돽맜훆뗄헏낭ꎻNils-Petter Lagerlöf & Thomas P. Tangeråsꎨ2005ꎩ횸돶톰ퟢ믮뚯ꎨ뇈죧캪믱뗃췁뗘ꆢ풴뗄뻼쫂뺺헹뗈뗄듳솿믮뚯ꎩ쫇뫍쇣폎쾷ꎬ늻믡뒴퓬닆뢻폫뺭볃퓶뎤ꎬ횻폐샻폃죋솦놾좥쎳틗뫍짺닺닅쓜듙뷸뺭볃퓶뎤ꎬ쯹틔튪쿫뺭볃퓶뎤ꎬ톰ퟢ믮뚯뇘탫쿻쪧믲쫜떽쿞훆ꆣ 퓚풴ퟢ뷰뗄쪹폃짏ꎬ튻랽쏦쫇틑뺭믱좡뗄풴ퟢ뷰뗄쪹폃뗄퇐뺿ꎺSolowꎨ1974ꎬ1986ꎩ& Hartwickꎨ1977?횸돶풴탍맺볒ꎨ뗘쟸ꎩ튪믱뗃뿉돖탸쫕죫뗄랽램쫇믱좡풴ퟢ뷰ꎬ늢쟒춶쿲뇰뒦ꎨ럇뿳웳튵ꎩꎬ춨맽훆퓬튵볓릤뗈쪹웤퓶횵ꎬ헢닅쫇돖뻃쫕죫ꎻSimone Valenteꎨ2006ꎩ쳡돶헷쫕슢뛏ퟢ뷰쮰늢뷸탐죋퓬놾ꆢ퇐랢춶살쪵쿖풴럖엤뗄듺볊릫욽ꆣ쇭튻랽쏦쫇잱퓚뗄풴ퟢ뷰뗄쪹폃ꆪꆪ풴뗄듺볊럖엤짏뗄퇐뺿ꎺSolow?1974?ꎬHartwick?1977?짨솢쿻럑ꆢ킧폃늻뇤ힼ퓲살놣횤풴쪹폃뗄듺볊릫욽ꎬ벴Solow-Hartwick’s sustainability ruleꎻHans-Werner Sinnꎨ2007ꎩ죏캪뮯쪯쓜풴쪹폃업럅컂쫒웸쳥뗈폚잿볓폚뫳듺쏇ꆰ쿠뛔뷏뛠뗄죋퓬놾뛸뷏짙뗄ퟔ좻풴ꆱꆣ 퓚풴ퟢ뷰떼훂풴탍뺭볃뗄퇐뺿랽쏦ꎬT?Gylfasonꎨ2001ꎩ횸돶쇋풴ퟢ뷰떼훂풴탍뺭볃뗄쯄쳵슷뺶ꎺ튻쫇ꆰ뫉삼늡ꆱꎬ뛾쫇톰ퟢꎬ죽쫇맽럖ퟔ탅ꎬ죽쫇뛔뷌폽뗄뫶쫓ꎻLujalaꎬGleditsch & Gilmorer?2005ꎩ죏캪풴ퟢ뷰늻뫏샭뗄럖엤ꎬ뛔풴ퟢ뷰뗄헹뛡틽웰쓚햽놬랢ꎬ뷸뛸훆풼뺭볃퓶뎤ꎻMatthias Basedau & Wolfram Lacherꎨ2006ꎩ퇐뺿죏캪듓쪯폍뫍쳬좻웸믱뗃뗄죋뻹쫕죫뎬맽1잧쏀풪뗄맺볒쏷쿔튪뇈뗍폚1잧뗄맺볒헾훎컈뚨ꎻParthaꎬDasgupataꎬRichard Gilbert & Joseph Stiglitz?1983?죏캪풴볛룱룟헇ퟨ낭벼쫵뷸늽ꎻ뛸Lucas Bretschger& ETH Zurichꎨ2006ꎩ죏캪쓜풴볛룱짏짽늻믡ퟨ낭뺭볃퓶뎤폫랢햹ꎬ듓룼뎤풶뾴짵훁폐샻폫뺭볃퓶뎤ꆣ 5
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 ㄮ㈮㌠?맺쓚폫풴ퟢ뷰폐맘뗄퇐뺿?맺쓚폫풴ퟢ뷰폐맘뗄퇐뺿훷튪벯훐퓚뛔풴ퟢ뷰뗄룅쓮ꆢ쫕좡랽쪽ꆢ쪹폃짏ꎬ웤쯼쿠맘퇐뺿뮹폐풴ퟢ뷰뗄볆쯣ꆢ풴뾪닉뗄쯙뛈뗈랽쏦ꆣ 맺쓚뛔풴ퟢ뷰룅쓮뗄퇐뺿훷튪쫇퓚솽랽쏦ꎺ튻랽쏦쫇뛔컒맺풴ퟢ뷰뗄뻟쳥쫕좡랽쪽뗄탔훊뷧뚨짏ꎬ쇭튻랽쏦쫇퓚뿳튵좨ꆢ뿳즽뗘ퟢ뗄탔훊퇐뺿짏ꆣ헫뛔맺쓚풴ퟢ뷰뻟쳥쫕좡랽쪽탔훊뗄뷧뚨짏ꎬ듦퓚뫜듳뗄헹틩ꆣ놫죙뮪ꎨ1998ꎩꎬ헅컄뻔ꎨ2000ꎩ죏캪컒맺쿖탐뗄뿳닺풴폐뎥쪹폃훆뛈훐ꎬ뿳닺풴늹뎥럑쿠떱폚맺췢뗄좨샻뷰ꎬ뿳튵좨쪹폃럑쿠떱폚맺췢뗄뿳닺뗘ퟢ뷰ꎬ뛸뿳튵좨볛뿮샠쯆폚뫬샻ꎻ폫듋쿠랴ꎬ?붨캰뗈죋ꎨ2001ꎩ죏캪ꎬ뿳닺풴늹뎥럑퓚놾훊짏쫇뛔뾱첽ꆢ헒뿳춶죫뗄튻훖늹뎥ꎬ늻쫇뿳닺풴놾짭뗄볛횵ꎻ풴쮰쫇맺볒캪쪵쿖웤횰쓜탨튪ꎬ욾뷨헾훎좨샻좡뗃닆헾쫕죫뗄튻훖탎쪽ꎬ헢솽헟뚼늻쓜놣횤뿳닺풴뗄폐뎥쪹폃ꎬ붨틩틔헐뇪ꆢ엄싴죃뿳튵좨뗄랽쪽살쪵쿖뿳닺풴뗄폐뎥쪹폃ꆣ쳕쫷죋ꎨ2001ꎩ죏캪ꎬ풴쮰듓놾훊짏붲쫇헾뢮틔풴쯹폐좨죋뗄짭럝쿲풴쪹폃헟쫕좡뗄풴훊솿쫕틦ꎻ닉뿳좨쪹폃럑쳥쿖뗄쫇쇓뗈풴죃럑ꎻ풴늹뎥럑쫇헾뢮틔풴뾱첽춶헟뗄짭럝ꎬ쿲뿳즽웳튵쫕좡뗄뾱첽돉맻쪹폃럑ꎬ뛸쟒쿖폐뗄뿳닺풴폐뎥쪹폃훆뛈늢늻쓜돤럖캬뮤뿳닺풴뗄쯹폐헟좨틦ꎬ틲뛸쯻붨틩뫏늢풴쮰뫍풴늹뎥럑ꎬ붫웤춳돆캪폅훊풴쪹폃럑ꎬ늢볓듳쫕럑솦뛈ꎬ놣쇴뿳튵좨쪹폃럑ꆣ퓚떱잰풴폐뎥쪹폃훆뛈늻췪짆뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ닉뿳좨죃럑늻펦룃좫늿맩풴뾱첽헟쯹폐ꆣ맘럯뻾?2001?쳡돶쇋ힼ좷뷧뚨풴쮰럑뗄탔훊ꎬ뷨본맺췢뗄좨샻뷰훆뛈ꎬ볲뮯쮰럑뷡릹뗄붨틩ꆣ?퓚뿳튵좨ꆢ뿳즽ퟢ뷰뗄탔훊뗄퇐뺿짏ꎬ풬뮳폪ꎨ2003ꎩ쟸럖쇋뿳닺풴닺폫뿳튵좨닺ꎬ늢횸돶퓚컒맺뿳닺풴맩맺볒쯹폐ꎬ십뿋쮼뗄뗘ퟢ샭싛췪좫쫊폃폚뿳닺풴ꎬ퓚뾪랢횮잰뻍폐볛횵ꆣ뛸뿳튵좨닺쫇뿳닺뾱닩짧믡뇘튪샍뚯쯹뒴퓬뗄볛횵ꎬ뿳튵좨쫇폫뿳닺풴폐맘뗄쇭튻훖닺ꆣ샮췲뫠ꎨ2002ꎩ횸돶뿳튵좨?냼삨첽뿳좨뫍닉뿳좨?쫇평뿳닺풴쯹폐좨엉짺돶살뗄ꎬ평쯻죋탐쪹뗄튻훖좨쓜ꎬ쯼쫇춨맽폐뎥좡뗃뗄ꆣ뿳튵좨붻뮻볛횵쫇평뿳닺풴놾짭뗄쪹폃볛횵뫍뗘뾱돉맻볛횵솽늿럖ퟩ돉뗄ꎬ잰헟뻍쫇훊솿뿳ퟢ뫍뻸뛔뿳ퟢ?춳돆캪뿳ퟢ믲뿳즽뗘ퟢ?ꎬ쫇춨맽쫕틦쿖횵램릫쪽볆쯣돶살뗄뎬뛮샻죳ꎬ뫳헟춨뎣쫇샻폃뚨뛮샍뚯쿻뫄믲럑폃킧폃램쟳뗃뗄ꆣ컢본ꎨ2001ꎩ틔닆닺좨맜샭ꆢ뿳즽뗘ퟢ샭싛캪믹뒡ꎬ뛔쿖틑탎돉뗄폐뎥뾪닉쫕럑훆뛈쳥쾵ꆢ램싉뷢쫍쳡돶훊틉벰룄뷸붨틩ꆣ?퓚풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡랽쪽짏ꎬ웑횾훙ꎨ2008ꎩ횸돶훊솿ퟢ뫍쾡좱ퟢ늻쫇뿳닺풴ퟢ뗄릹돉ꎬ뿳닺풴ퟢ놾짭볈쫇훊솿ퟢ폖쫇쾡좱ퟢꎻ늻춬뿳즽횮볤뿳닺풴ퟢ솿뗄닮틬뻶뚨폚뿳즽ퟔ좻 6
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 쳵볾ꎬ뛸쫐뎡뎤웚릩쟳틲쯘뗄뇤뚯믡떼훂뿳닺풴ퟢ뗄훜웚탔늨뚯ꎬ뿳닺풴쯹폐헟폫춶헟뗄맘쾵ꆢ맺볒뺭볃벰쮰쫕훆뛈틲쯘뗈뚼펰쿬떽쯹폐헟쓜릻틔뿳닺풴ퟢ뗄랽쪽믱뗃뗄뿳닺풴볛횵솿ꎻ뿳닺풴쯹폐헟믱뗃뿳닺풴ퟢ뗄랽쪽뢴퓓뛠퇹ꎬ뿳닺풴뗄쯹폐좨훆뛈ꆢ짧믡뺭볃랢햹돌뛈뗈틲쯘뻶뚨ퟅ뿳닺풴쯹폐헟믱좡풴ퟢ뗄랽쪽톡퓱ꆣ돂컄뚫ꎨ2007ꎩ횸돶ꎬ컒맺1984쓪뾪헷뗄풴쮰ꎬ뻍웤탔훊뛸퇔ꎬ쫇튻훖뛔벶닮뗘ퟢ쯹헷쫕뗄쮰ꎬ폐킩샠쯆폚헢훖풴ퟢ뷰쮰ꎬ떱쪱쫇헫뛔쫕틦싊뎬맽12%?햤삸쫕틦싊?뗄뿳즽볆헷ꎬ떫쫇쿖탐뗄풴쮰훆뛈ꎬퟱ듓웕뇩헷쫕ꆢ훊솿뗷뷚ꎬ컞싛웳튵펯샻뛠짙폫쫇럱펯샻뚼튪헷쫕풴쮰ꎬ퓚튻뚨틢틥짏쿖탐풴쮰뻟폐쇋ꆰ좨샻뷰ꆱ뗄탔훊ꆣ샮맺욽ꎨ2005ꎩ쳡돶뿳닺풴늻춬닺좨훷쳥쯹듺뇭뗄룷볛횵ퟩ돉늿럖뗄폐킧늹뎥ꎬ쫇뿳튵뿉돖탸랢햹뗄맘볼ꆣ퓚돉쫬뗄쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒ꎬ뿳닺풴쯹폐헟좨틦늹뎥뗄훷튪탎쪽쫇뿳즽뗘ퟢꎬ뻟쳥탎쪽폐좨샻뷰ꆢ뿳뗘ퟢ뷰ꆢ풴뎬뛮샻죳쮰뗈ꆣ헫뛔풴믹뷰뗄퇐뺿ꎬ맹퓆쳎ꎨ2004ꎩ쳡돶쇋붨솢맺볒쎺첿햽싔뒢놸믹뷰폫맜샭믺릹ꎬ붨솢폫맺볊뷓맬뗄쎺첿풴움볛뫍맜샭쳥쾵ꎬ붨솢맺볒쎺첿햽싔뒢놸벤샸믺훆뗄붨틩ꎻ헅뢴쏷ꆢ뺰웕쟯ꎨ2006ꎩ듓췪짆쎺첿돉놾뗄뫋쯣믺훆죫쫖ꎬ퓋폃릩쟳샭싛ꎬ럖컶쇋쎺첿풴믹뷰뛔쎺첿짺닺헟ꆢ쿻럑헟탐캪뗄펰쿬ꎬ틔벰쎺첿풴믹뷰뗄짨솢뛔쎺첿쫐뎡ꆢ맘솪쫐뎡뗄펰쿬ꆣ 퓚풴ퟢ뷰뗄쪹폃짏ꎬ잮폂ꎨ2006ꎩ죏캪퓚훐맺쿖탐풴맜샭쳥훆쿂ꎬퟷ캪풴쯹폐헟뗄헾뢮쪵볊햼폐뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꎬ횻햼풴뾪닉웳튵뿉틔쳡릩풴ퟢ뷰훐뇈샽늻듳뗄튻늿럖헢훖풴ퟢ뷰럖엤훆풼쇋풴탍돇쫐뗄뿉돖탸랢햹ꆣ믹폚풴탍돇쫐뿉돖탸랢햹뗄쒿뇪뫍뇪ힼꎬ돇쫐펦틲풴뾪랢늢듓풴뾪랢훐뗃떽뛔풴뗄늹뎥ꆢ뮷뺳뗄늹뎥틔벰샍뚯헟뗄늹뎥ꆣ돂컄뚫ꎨ2007ꎩ쳡돶ퟷ캪짧믡릫릲쫕죫뛸늻쫇ퟷ캪맺폐풴ퟢ뷰뇭쿖탎쪽뗄풴쮰ꎬ붫틔뿉돖탸랢햹캪믹놾솢ퟣ뗣ꎬ폫뮷뺳놣뮤헾닟쿠엤뫏ꎬ힢폚킣헽췢늿킧펦ꆢ캬뮤듺볊풴샻폃릫욽ꆢ뗷헻쮽죋쳹쿖싊폫짧믡쳹쿖싊뗄닮틬틔벰쿻돽슢뛏뛔짧믡릫욽뗄쯰몦뫍뷚쓜붵뫄뗈쒿뇪ꎬ헢닅펦룃돉캪풴쮰뗄믹놾뚨캻뫍룄룯랽쿲ꆣ뺰웕쟯ꎬ헅뢴쏷ꎨ2007ꎩ쳡돶쇋뿉뫄뷟풴맜샭뗄룅쓮폫랽램ꆣ 퓚풴뾪닉싊뗄퇐뺿짏ꎬ퇮몣짺뗈ꎨ2006ꎩ횸돶ꎺ튻랽쏦ꎬ뗘훊쳵볾뗄늻좷뚨탔퓬돉뗄풴뒢솿뗄쯦믺늨뚯붫볓쯙풴볛룱뗄짏짽ꎻ쇭튻랽쏦?짺닺헟뇘탫퓚붵뗍캴살탨쟳늨뚯쯹퓬돉뗄쯰쪧뫍평폚풴뒢솿늨뚯듸살뗄뛮췢쫕틦횮볤ퟷ돶좨뫢ꎬ틔톡퓱쫊떱뗄뾪닉싊ꆣ뎵믜뒾ꎨ2002ꎩ횸돶ꎬ풴뫄뷟컊쳢뗄솽듳훷튪풭틲ꎬ벴ퟔ좻놾폫죋캪놾뻟폐췪좫쳦듺떯탔뗄샭싛폫헽횵쳹쿖싊헾닟ꆣ 뛔폚풴ퟢ뷰뗄볆쯣ꎬ퇮훐뚫ꆢ돂뷰죙ꎨ2008ꎩ쳡돶쇋솽훖볆쯣뗄랽램ꎺ뗚튻쫇춨맽쎺첿쫐뎡볛룱뫍짺닺돉놾횮닮살볆쯣ꎬ뗚뛾쫇춨맽헾뢮뗄첽뿳좨럑ꆢ닉뿳좨볛뿮ꆢ풴늹뎥럑 7
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 틔벰풴쮰횮뫍살볆쯣ꆣ 믹놾쮼슷폫퇐뺿랽램 ㄮ㌮?†믹놾쮼슷폫싛컄볜릹? 풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡폫럖엤랽쪽ꎬ뛔튻룶틀삵풴뾪닉뗄맺볒뫍뗘쟸뛸퇔ꎬ쫇럇뎣훘튪뗄ꎺ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡폫럖엤뫏샭ꎬ붫믡듙뷸풴럡풣맺볒믲쟸폲랢햹ꎬ럱퓲ꎬ붫믡떼훂쟸폲쿝죫풴폅쫆쿝?ꎬ탎돉풴탍뺭볃ꆣ듓풴ퟢ뷰뗄믹놾룅쓮ꆢ탔훊폫훖샠죫쫖ꎬ뛔풴ퟢ뷰뗄탎돉폫뻶뚨틲쯘ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡ꆢ럖엤폫쪹폃뗄룷룶뮷뷚뷸탐쿪쾸퇐뺿ꎻ퓚듋믹뒡짏럖컶풴ퟢ뷰뗄럖엤폫쪹폃뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃탍뗄웴쪾ꆣ놾컄뗄뻟쳥럖컶뿲볜죧춼1-1쯹쪾ꎬퟜ쳥짏틔풴ퟢ뷰ퟷ캪훷쿟ꎬ퇐뺿룷룶뮷뷚뗄믺샭ꎬ틔벰풴ퟢ뷰뛔풴럡풣쟸폲뺭볃랢햹뗄펰쿬ꎬ벰웤뛔풴탍뗘쟸뺭볃탍뗄뷨본ꆣ 쿠맘뗄컄쿗퇐뺿 풴ퟢ뷰뗄룅쓮ꆢ훖샠ꆢ탎돉 풴ퟢ뷰뗄뻶뚨 풴탍뺭볃뗄탎돉 풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡폫럖엤 풴ퟢ뷰퓚뿉돖탸랢햹폫풴풴ퟢ뷰뗄쪹폃 탍뺭볃탍훐뗄ퟷ폃 컒맺쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰뗄쪵횤퇐뺿 춼1-1 놾컄퇐뺿쮼슷뫍믹놾뿲볜 놾컄쫗쿈믘맋쇋폫풴ퟢ뷰쿠맘뗄컄쿗ꎬ좻뫳듓풴ퟢ뷰뗄룅쓮돶랢평ퟝ쿲뗄싟벭쮳탲짏럖컶쇋풴ퟢ뷰뗄룅쓮ꆢ훖샠벰웤탎돉ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄뻶뚨ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡폫럖엤ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쪹폃뗈뮷뷚ꎻ좻뫳듓뫡쿲짏럖컶쇋헢킩뮷뷚뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄탎돉뗄펰쿬ꎬ틔벰풴ퟢ뷰뗄쪹폃뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄뿉돖탸랢햹뫍탍뗄웴쪾ꎻퟮ뫳뷡뫏컒맺쪵볊ꎬ훘뗣뛔컒맺쎺첿 8
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 풴ퟢ뷰뗄쿠맘랽쏦뷸탐쇋쪵횤럖컶ꆣ ㄮ㌮?†퇐뺿랽램?ꎨ1ꎩ돩쿳뗄랽램ꎺ퓋폃뺭볃톧돩쿳뗄랽램뛔풴탍뺭볃컊쳢뷸탐쏨쫶ꆢ럖컶ꎬ퓋폃뺭볃톧샭싛뛔풴탍뺭볃컊쳢뷸탐샭싛럖컶ꎬ퓋폃춼쪾뗄랽램뛔쿠맘뗄쿖쿳ꆢ헾닟뷸탐횱맛럖컶ꆣꎨ2ꎩ쫽샭뺭볃톧뗄랽램ꎺ퓋폃쫽샭뺭볃톧뗄랽램뛔쿠맘샭싛뷸탐뇭쪾ꆢ췆떼ꎬ뗃돶맦랶뗄뇭쪾폫폐틢틥뗄뷡싛ꆣꎨ3ꎩ샭싛폫쪵볊쿠뷡뫏뗄랽램ꎺ룹뻝풴ퟢ뷰뗄샭싛럖컶ꎬ뷡뫏훐맺뗄풴폐뎥쪹폃뗄쪵볊쟩뿶살쿠뮥횧돖싛횤ꆣꎨ4ꎩ뇈뷏럖컶뫍ퟛ뫏럖컶쿠뷡뫏ꎺ뷡뫏맺쓚췢뗄풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡ꆢ쪹폃뗄훆뛈쪵볹살뛔뇈폅쇓ꆣꎨ5ꎩ뺲첬럖컶뫍뚯첬퇐뺿쿠뷡뫏ꎺ풴ퟢ뷰뗄뺲첬뻶뚨폫뚯첬뻶뚨뗄럖컶ꆣ 훷튪뒴탂폫늻ퟣ ㄮ㐮?†뒴탂뗣폫훷튪뷡싛?놾컄뗄뒴탂뗣냼삨샭싛뒴탂폫쪵횤뒴탂ꆣ샭싛뒴탂ꎺ퓋폃뺭볃톧풭샭ꎬ뛔풴ퟢ뷰뗄탎돉폫럖엤뷸탐쇋럖컶폫뷧뚨ꎻ쪵횤뒴탂ꎺ럖컶쇋컒맺쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧벰웤풭틲ꆣ 훷튪맛뗣폫뷡싛죧쿂ꎺ 1ꎮ풴ퟢ뷰뗄탎돉폫쫕좡ꎺ풴뒢솿뗄늻뿉퓶볓탔뻶뚨쇋벶닮ퟢ뷰뗄닺짺ꎬ풴뒢솿뗄뿉뫄뷟탔뻶뚨쇋쾡좱ퟢ뷰뗄닺짺ꎻ풴뾪닉뗄캢맛믹뒡ꆪꆪ풴뾪닉뗄짺닺헟뻶닟ꎬ평뫀첩쇖ힼ퓲살뻶뚨풴뾪닉뗄쫽솿ꎬ뷸뛸뻶뚨풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫽솿ꎻ퓚풴닺욷볛룱뗄릹돉훐ꎬ쾡좱ퟢ뷰폫뺭볃샻죳뗄쓑틔쟸럖쫇풴ퟢ뷰쏦쇙뗄훷튪쓑쳢ꆣ퓚짏쫶풴ퟢ뷰돉틲럖샠뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ싛컄쳡돶쇋ퟢ뷰쫕좡뗄랽램ꎬ벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰쫴폚뺲첬ퟢ뷰ꎬ쾡좱ퟢ뷰쫴폚뚯첬ퟢ뷰ꎬ쿠펦뗄풴ퟢ뷰믱좡춾뺶폐뒢솿횧뢶뫍쇷솿횧뢶ꎬ뻟쳥뿉춨맽럖뿩훰듎엄싴뗄랽쪽뫍쫕틦닺솿뗈럖쿭랽쪽쪵쿖풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡ꆣ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡듦퓚뛠훘ꆰ캯췐ꆪꆪ듺샭ꆱ맘쾵ꎺ평폚풴ퟢ뷰폫뺭볃샻죳뗄놾훊짏뗄튻훂탔ꎬ뫍뺭볃샻죳뗄믱좡튻퇹ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄믱좡쫇짦벰풴쯹폐헟ꆢ풴뾪닉웳튵쯹폐헟ꆢ풴뾪닉웳튵뺭펪헟뗄뛠훘ꆰ캯췐ꆪꆪ듺샭컊쳢ꆱꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧폫풴탍뺭볃뗄탎돉ꎺ풴ퟢ뷰듦퓚뛠훖뮯탎쪽ꎬ벴풴ퟢ뷰폫뺭볃샻죳뗄쿠뮥뮯ꆢ풴ퟢ뷰쿲릤뗄뮯ꆢ낲좫돉놾ꆢ뮷뺳돉놾ꎨퟢ뷰ꎩ쿲풴ퟢ뷰ꆢ뺭볃샻죳뗄뮯ꆢ풴ퟢ뷰쿲쮰쫕뗄뮯뗈ꆣ퓚뮯맽돌훐ꎬ탎돉풴ퟢ뷰쇷쪧ꎬ뻟쳥뇭쿖 9
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 캪톰ퟢꆢ뢯냜ꆢ튪쯘볛룱쪧헦ꆢ뺭볃듳웰듳실ꆢ킧싊쯰쪧뗈ꆣ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧늻뷶뇭쿖퓚풴ퟢ뷰뗄뮯맽돌ꎬ뮹뇭쿖퓚풴ퟢ뷰쫕틦뗄쪹폃맽돌ꎬ뻟쳥뇭쿖캪쿻럑쟣쿲쳡룟ꆢ뒢탮싊붵뗍ꆢ뺭볃뗄뎤웚퓶뎤잱솦붵뗍ꆢ믻탎쿻럑ꆢ쿻럑뗄췢쇷ꆢ럇짺닺쇬폲뗄쿻럑맽뛈뗈ꆣ풴ퟢ뷰뗄럖엤폫쪹폃뮹뿉쓜떼훂쫕죫닮뻠삩듳ꆢ췢늿탔컊쳢뗈ꆣ짏쫶컊쳢떼훂쇋풴탍뺭볃뗄탎돉ꆣ평듋ꎬ뛔풴탍뺭볃탍뗄웴쪾쫇ꎺ뫏샭뗷헻풴ퟢ뷰뗄럖엤폫쪹폃ꎬ죧복짙풴ퟢ뷰쫕틦뗄쿻럑쪹폃ꎬ쳡룟풴ퟢ뷰쫕틦쿲죋솦놾뗄춶ꎬ쪵쿖늢볓쯙풴탍뺭볃탍ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ맘폚컒맺풴폐뎥뾪닉쿠맘쮰럑뗄뺭볃탔훊뗄뷧뚨ꎺꎨ쫐뎡돶죃쪱뗄ꎩ첽뿳좨볛뿮닉뿳좨볛뿮ꆢ첽뿳좨쪹폃럑ꆢ닉뿳좨쪹폃럑ꆢ쎺첿퓋쿺쾵춳쫕럑ꆢ쎺첿볛룱뗷뿘믹뷰ꆢ뿳닺풴늹뎥럑ꆢ뿳닺풴쮰뻹쫴폚풴ퟢ뷰탔훊ꎬ쎺첿뿉돖탸랢햹믹뷰ꆢꎨ럇쫐뎡돶죃쪱뗄ꎩ첽뿳좨볛뿮닉뿳좨볛뿮쫴폚늿럖풴ퟢ뷰탔훊ꎬ뿳즽뮷뺳훎샭믖뢴놣횤뷰ꆢ쎺뿳닺랢햹뷰ꆢ풭쎺쾴쎺붹쎺쮮풴늹뎥럑ꆢ붹첿짺닺업컛럑뻹늻쫴폚풴ퟢ뷰탔훊ꎻ뛔컒맺풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧폫ퟢ뷰뫄즢뷸탐럖컶뷧뚨ꎬ쿖듦뗄훆뛈죔좻쎻폐냑풴ퟢ뷰좫늿쫕짏살ꎬ쫕좡뗄횻쫇뷏킡뗄늿럖ꎬ쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰듦퓚뷏듳맦쒣쇷쪧쿖쿳ꆣ ㄮ㐮?†늻ퟣ?풴ퟢ뷰뗄볆쯣쫇룶캢맛뗄룅쓮ꎬ탨튪뻟쳥뗄웳튵쫽뻝ퟷ캪횧독ꎬ평폚퇐뺿뗄뻖쿞폫웳튵쫽뻝믱좡쓑뛈뷏듳ꎬ놾컄풴ퟢ뷰뗄볆쯣훷튪닉폃쇋쯻죋뗄볆쯣돉맻ꎬ쫇럖컶훐뗄늻ퟣ횮튻ꆣ웤듎ꎬ럖컶훘뗣럅퓚풴ퟢ뷰ꎬ뛔컒맺풴탍뗘쟸뗄탍럖컶뮹훷튪뻖쿞폚풴ퟢ뷰쫓뷇뗄샭싛닻쫶ꎬ좱랦쪵횤쫽뻝뗄횧독ꆣퟮ뫳퓚풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡쫽솿ꎨ뇈샽ꎩ짏ꎬ죔좻횻쫇뺭퇩쫽뻝ꎬ듓샭싛짏뛔풴ퟢ뷰쫽솿뗄좷뚨뮹폐듽뷸튻늽퇐뺿ꆣ 10
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 뗚2헂 풴ퟢ뷰뗄룅쓮벰웤탎돉 ퟔ좻풴뗄쳘뗣폫럖샠 풴쫇놻죋랢쿖뗄폐폃춾뫍폐볛횵뗄컯훊1ꆣퟔ좻ힴ첬뗄뫍캴볓릤맽뗄풴뻍쫇ퟔ좻풴ꎨNatural resourcesꎩꎬ뿉놻쫤죫짺닺맽돌ꎬ뇤돉폐볛횵뗄컯훊ꎬ튲뿉틔횱뷓뷸죫쿻럑맽돌룸죋쏇틔쫦쫊뛸닺짺볛횵ꆣ 룹뻝ퟔ좻풴늻춬뗄쳘뗣ꎬ뿉틔붫웤뷸탐럖샠ꎬ뻟쳥죧뇭2-1쯹쪾ꆣ 뇭2-1 ퟔ좻풴뗄럖샠 ퟔ좻풴뗄훖샠 뿉퓙짺럱 뿉뫄뷟럱 뿉훘뢴샻폃럱 뿉쳦듺럱 췁뗘 럱 럱 쫇 럱 웸쿳웸뫲 럱 럱 쫇 럱 쮮 쫇 쫇 쫇 럱 즭쇖풴 쫇 쫇 쫇 럱 ퟷ컯 쫇 쫇 럱 럱 슽뗘뚯컯 쫇 쫇 럱 럱 폦튵풴 쫇 쫇 럱 럱 뿳닺풴ꎨ럇좼쇏ꎩ 럱 쫇 쫇 럱 뿳닺풴ꎨ좼쇏ꎩ 럱 쫇 럱 쫇 뇭2-1내풴뿉퓙짺럱ꆢ뿉뫄뷟럱ꆢ뿉훘뢴샻폃럱ꆢ뿉쳦듺럱헢벸룶럖샠뇪ힼ뛔웤뷸탐럖샠ꆣ웤훐ꎬퟔ좻풴쫇럱뿉틔퓙짺쫇웤럖샠뗄훘튪틀뻝ꆣ뇭2-1훐뗄뻅샠풴훐폐쯄샠쫇늻뿉퓙짺뗄ꎬ벴췁뗘ꆢ웸쿳웸뫲ꆢ럇좼쇏샠뿳닺풴ꆢ좼쇏샠뿳닺풴ꎬ뛸췁뗘ꆢ웸쿳웸뫲폖쫴폚뿉틔훘뢴샻폃뫍늻뿉뫄뷟뗄ꎻ솽샠뿳닺풴쫴폚늻뿉퓙짺ꆢ뿉뫄뷟풴ꎬ웤훐좼쇏샠뗄뿳닺풴폖쫇늻뿉훘뢴샻폃뗄ꎬ쯦ퟅ쪱볤쇷쫅붫뇤뗃룼캪쾡좱ꆣ 1 낢삼ꆤ삼뗂뛻훸?쪩틔헽틫?ꆶ풴뺭볃톧ꆪꆪ듓뺭볃뷇뛈뛔ퟔ좻풴뫍뮷뺳헾닟뗄첽쳖ꆷ?놱뺩ꎺ짌컱펡쫩망ꎬㄹ㠹ꎬ11-12튳ꆣ 11
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 놾컄훘뗣퇐뺿뗄쎺첿풴쫴폚좼쇏샠뿳닺풴(Mineral resources)ꎬ쫴폚뿉뫄뷟ꆢ늻뿉퓙짺ꆢ늻뿉훘뢴샻폃ꆢ뿉쳦듺뗄풴ꆣ헫뛔쎺첿쫴폚뗄늻뿉퓙짺풴ꎨNon-renewable resourcesꎩ뗄튻킩쳘뗣ꎺꎨ1ꎩ쳘뚨훊솿뗄풴뗄쳬좻펵폐ꎻꎨ2ꎩ쯦쪱볤췆틆뒢솿쿂붵ꎻꎨ3ꎩ뛔뿳닺뛸퇔ꎬ랢쿖ꎨ뾱첽ꎩꆢ뾪닉돉놾낺맳ꎬ벼쫵뷸늽붫붵뗍뾱첽ꆢ뾪닉돉놾ꆣ 늻뿉퓙짺풴뾪닉뗄튻킩맘볼뷡싛ꎺ컯훊뒢솿쯦쪱볤쿂붵ꎬ볛룱ퟮ훕쯦쪱볤짏짽ꎬ벼쫵뷸늽돵쪼쪱쪹볛룱쿂붵ꎬ떫ퟮ훕믡짏짽ꎬ죧춼2-1ꎬ춼2-2쯹쪾ꆣ?Stock P O O t t 춼2-1†늻뿉퓙짺풴뒢솿쯦쪱볤뗄뇤뮯†††?춼2-2†늻뿉퓙짺풴뗄볛룱? 풴ퟢ뷰뗄룅쓮 듓샺쪷짏뾴ꎬퟢ뷰쫇뛔닺욷믲헟풴뗄맽뛈탨쟳닺짺뗄ꆣ떱죋샠뗄믮뚯랶캧풽살풽듳ꎬ룷훖풴훰붥늻릻쪹폃쪱ꎬ풴쯹폐좨뗄헹뛡ꆢ좷솢뻍뾪쪼쇋ꎬ평풴뗄쯹폐좨뛸튪쟳뗄쫕틦ꆪꆪퟢ뷰뻍닺짺쇋ꆣ 헫뛔풴ퟢ뷰닺짺뗄풭틲뫍살풴ꎬ십뿋쮼죏캪ꎺꆰ랲쫇ퟔ좻솦쓜놻슢뛏늢놣횤쪹폃쯼뗄닺튵볒뗃떽뎬뛮샻죳뗄뗘랽ꎨ늻싛쫇웙늼ꎬ쫇뢻죄뗄뿳즽ꎬ쫇쪢닺폣샠뗄쮮폲ꎬ뮹쫇캻훃폐샻뗄붨훾뗘뛎ꎩꎬ쓇킩틲캪뛔튻늿럖췁뗘쿭폐좨샻뛸돉캪헢훖ퟔ좻컯훊쯹폐뗄죋ꎬ뻍믡틔뗘ퟢ탎쪽ꎬ듓횴탐횰쓜뗄놾쓇샯냑헢훖뎬뛮샻죳뛡ퟟꆣꆱ1헢뻍횸쏷쇋룷훖ퟢ뷰뚼쫇살풴폚ꆰ뎬뛮샻죳ꆱꎬ닺짺뗄풭틲쫇쯹폐좨뗄듦퓚ꆣ샠쯆폚췁뗘뗄뗘ퟢꎬ냑헢킩릩룸쫽솿춬퇹만뚨늻뇤뗄튻냣풴뗄럾컱볛룱뷐ퟶퟢ뷰2ꎬ웤쪵튲뻍쫇맣틥짏뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꆣ 뺭볃ퟢ뷰ꎨEcomomic rentꎩ쫇뛔릩룸솿만뚨뗄닺쯹ퟶ뗄횧뢶ꎬ뗈폚튪쯘쫕죫폫믺믡돉놾횮닮ꎬ죧맻듓룃튪쯘뗄좫늿쫕죫훐복좥헢튻늿럖늻믡펰쿬튪쯘뗄릩룸ꎬ쫇ퟮ튻냣뗄ퟢ뷰룅 1?십뿋쮼?ꆶ놾싛ꆷ?뗚뛾냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ2004ꎬ뗚죽뻭874튳ꆣ 2 룟뫨튵?ꆶ컷랽뺭볃톧ꆷ?뗚죽냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〴ꎬ㌰?튳ꆣ 12
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 쓮ꎬ웤놾훊쫇맽쪣볛횵ꎨSurplus valueꎩꆢ뎬뛮샻죳ꎨSuper-profitꎩꆣힼퟢ뷰ꎨQuasi-rentꎩ쫇뛔릩룸솿퓝쪱만뚨뗄짺닺튪쯘뗄횧뢶ꎬ벴만뚨짺닺튪쯘뗄횧뢶1ꎬힼퟢ뷰랴펳뗄쫇웳튵뗄맜샭쓜솦ꎬ쯹틔튲뷐웳튵볒ퟢ뷰ꎨEntrepreneurial rentꎩꎬ쫇횸평폚웳튵볒닅쓜믲헟맜샭춶떼훂뗄볛룱짽룟믲헟돉놾뗄붵뗍쯹탎돉뗄ퟢ뷰ꎬ쫇뺭볃ퟢ뷰뗄쳘샽ꆣ 풴ퟢ뷰ꎨResource rentꎩ쫇횸풴뾪닉헟캪쇋믱뗃풴뗄뾪닉좨ꎬ쿲풴쯹폐헟쯹ퟶ뗄횧뢶ꆣ풴ퟢ뷰뗄놾훊쫇틲캪풴뗄쾡좱탔뛸풴뾪닉헟쯹쓜믱뗃뗄뺭볃샻죳ꎨEcomomic profitꎩꎬ뺭볃샻죳폫헽뎣샻죳ꎨNormal profitꎩ쿠뛔펦ꎬ뎬뛮샻죳폫욽뻹샻죳ꎨAverage profitꎩ쿠뛔펦ꎬ뺭볃샻죳폫뎬뛮샻죳쫴늻춬뗄랶돫ꎬ폐튻뚨뗄쿠쯆탔ꎬ튲쫇뺭볃ퟢ뷰뗄쳘샽ꆣ뗘ퟢꎨLand rentꎩ쫇평폚췁뗘뗄쾡좱ꎬ췁뗘쪹폃헟쿲췁뗘쯹폐헟쯹ퟶ뗄횧뢶ꎬ쫇튲뺭볃ퟢ뷰뗄쳘샽ꆣ 풴ퟢ뷰뗄탎돉뫍훖샠 ㈮㌮ㄠ?풴뾪닉뗄짺닺헟뻶닟?풴쯹폐헟틔쪲쎴퇹뗄닺솿믲헟쯙뛈뾪닉풴쓘ꎿ뫀첩쇖ꎨㄹ㌱ꎩ쳡돶쇋ꆰ뗘쿂풴ퟢ뷰뻍튪쟳내샻쾢싊퓶뎤2ꎬ헢퇹풴폫놾볤뗄뮯닅쓜뻹뫢ꆱ뗄ힼ퓲ꆣ벴풴뾪닉돶살뿉틔믱뗃풴ퟢ뷰ꎬ틑뺭믱뗃뗄풴ퟢ뷰뿉틔내샻쾢싊퓶횵ꎻ풴늻뾪닉쇴퓚뗘쿂ꎬ잱퓚뗄풴ퟢ뷰뿉틔믱뗃풴볛룱퓶뎤듸살뗄ퟢ뷰퓶횵ꆣ죧맻뗘쿂풴ퟢ뷰퓶뎤싊싽폚샻쾢싊ꎬ퓲볓쯙뾪닉ꎻ죧맻뗘쿂풴ퟢ뷰퓶뎤싊뿬폚샻쾢싊ꎬ퓲복쯙뾪닉3ꎻ뛾헟쿠뗈쪱뾪닉폫럱뚼튻퇹ꎬ듯떽뻹뫢ꆣ?죧춼2-3쯹쪾ꎬ볙짨풴쯹폐헟ퟔ벺뾪닉풴ꎬ쿖퓚뗄볛룱쫇P0ꎬ캴살뗄풴볛룱캪P*ꎬr캪샻쾢싊ꆣ죧맻웳튵늻쫇뿉뫄뷟풴뾪닉웳튵ꎬ믡퓚E1뗣벴MC=P0뒦짺닺ꎬ닺솿캪Q1ꆣ죧맻웳튵쫇뿉뫄뷟풴웳튵뻍탨튪내뫀첩쇖ힼ퓲뷸탐좷뚨ꎺ퓚튻룶쪱웚맽뫳ꎬ캴뾪닉뗄뗘쿂풴P*ퟢ뷰퓶뎤싊*−P0r=P0−MCꎨ?ꎩꎬ풴뾪닉돶살믱뗃뗄풴ퟢ뷰퓶뎤싊캪rꆣ퓚Q3뗣ꎬ평폚ퟢ뷰뷏룟ꎬ퓚춬뗈뗄볛룱짏헇훐ꎬ*r<rꎬ헢뗣뗄풴튪뾪닉ꎻ퓚Q4뗣ꎬ평폚ퟢ뷰뷏뗍ꎬ퓚춬뗈뗄볛룱짏헇훐ꎬ*r>rꎬ헢뗣뗄풴늻튪뾪닉ꎻ쓇쎴ퟜ폐헢쎴튻뗣Q0ꎬ퓚룃뗣*r=rꎬ풴뾪 1 룟뫨튵?ꆶ컷랽뺭볃톧ꆷ?뗚죽냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〴ꎬ㌰?튳ꆣ 2 Harold Hotelling, “The Economics of Exhaustible Resources”,Journal of Political Economy , 1931,39(April),ꆫ175. 3?욽뗒뿋ꎬ슳뇶럆뛻뗂훸?헅뻼뗈틫?ꆶ캢맛뺭볃톧ꆷ?뗚쯄냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〰⸹ꎬ㐸?튳ꆣ 13
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 닉늻뾪닉쫇튻퇹뗄ꎬ헢뗣뻍쫇풴짺닺뗄ퟮ폅뗣ꆣ MC P* P0 E0 E1 O Q3 QQ4 QQ 0 1 춼2-3 풴뾪닉뗄짺닺헟뻶닟 틔짏럖컶뷡싛뗄몬틥폐ꎺꎨ?ꎩ풴뗄뾪닉쮳탲쫇쿈뾪닉ퟢ뷰뷏룟뗄폅훊풴ꎬ뫳뾪닉ퟢ뷰뷏뗍뗄쇓훊풴ꎻꎨ?ꎩ늻춬뗄풴뾪닉웳튵쏦뛔늻춬뗄뇟볊돉놾ꎬ쯹틔웤짺닺뗣튲믡늻춬ꎻꎨ?ꎩ풴뾪닉웳튵뗄ퟮ폅뻶닟닺솿Q0튪킡폚죧맻쯼쫇럇풴뾪닉웳튵쪱뗄ퟮ폅닺솿Q1ꆣ?㈮㌮?†풴ퟢ뷰뗄탎돉?뿉뫄뷟풴뗄볛룱뻶뚨폫쿖듦뗄풴뒢솿쏜쟐쿠맘ꎬ틲캪죋뚼쫇샭탔뗄ꎬ뛔붫살뗄샭탔풤웚ꆢ샭탔뗄풴뾪랢쯙뛈ꎬ뚼믡쪹뒢솿돉캪풴볛룱뗄훘튪뻶뚨틲쯘ꎬ뛸늻뷶뷶쫇릩탨뗄솿ꆣ쿖퓚볙짨ꎺ쫀뷧헻룶풴뗄뒢솿ꎬ쯦ퟅ뾪닉뗄뷸탐ꎬ풴뗄컯훊뒢솿훰붥복짙ꎬ뇟볊뾪닉돉놾훰붥짽룟ꎬ볛룱폫뒢솿랴랽쿲뇤뮯ꆣ?P Choke price D Backstop price P2 b d P1 Mc C a b O R2 R1 R 춼2-4 풴ퟢ뷰뗄탎돉 14
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 죧춼2-4쯹쪾ꎺR듺뇭풴뒢솿ꎬ뒢솿늻쯦볛룱뇤뮯ꆢ쫇췢짺뗄쯹틔뒹횱폚뫡훡ꎬ풴뾪닉쪹풴뒢솿쿂붵ꎬ평웚돵뗄R1쿂붵캪웚쒩뗄R2ꎻ탨쟳쟺쿟D쿲폒쿂쟣킱듺뇭풴뒢솿복짙풴볛룱짏짽ꎬ웤훐횧돖볛룱ꎨBackstop priceꎩ쫇횸쳦듺욷뗄듳솿닺짺뗄볛룱ꎬ훏쾢볛룱ꎨChoke priceꎩ쫇횸풴볛룱듯떽쪹탨쟳쿻쪧뗄볛룱ꎻ뇟볊뾪닉돉놾쟺쿟MC쿲폒쿂쟣킱듺뇭쯦ퟅ풴뒢솿복짙뾪닉돉놾훰늽짏짽틔벰풴쿈듓폅훊풴뾪쪼뾪닉1ꆣ뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ뺭맽튻룶쪱웚뗄뾪닉ꎬ풴뒢솿평R1쿂붵캪R2ꎬ볛룱평P1짏짽떽P2ꎻ춨맽뛔풴볛룱뗄럖뷢ꎬ돽좥뇟볊뾪닉돉놾aꎬ퓝늻뾼싇뇟볊짧믡돉놾ꎬ쓇쎴쪣폠뗄늿럖bꆢcꆢd뻍쫇틑뺭뾪닉뗄풴뿉틔믱뗃뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꆣ웤훐b뫍뾪닉돉놾뇤뮯폐맘ꎬ랴펳뗄쫇풴뗄훊솿닮뇰ꎻd뫍볛룱짏헇폐맘ꎬ랴펳뗄쫇풴뾪닉떼훂뗄풴쾡좱ꎻc횻폫풴볛룱룟폚뇟볊뾪닉돉놾헢룶틲쯘폐맘ꎬ랴펳뗄쫇풴뾪닉뿉틔믱뗃뗄ꆰ웕뇩뗄뺭볃샻죳ꆱꆣ ㈮㌮?†풴ퟢ뷰뗄훖샠?붫쯹폐풴쯹폐헟뗄짺닺뻶닟훐짺닺뗣ퟳ닠뗄뇟볊돉놾쟺쿟MC뫡쿲볓ퟜꎬ뻍믡믱뗃헻룶풴뾪닉탐튵뗄뇟볊돉놾쟺쿟MCꆣ쿠뛔펦뗄쫇ꎬ쏦쇙뗄쫇쿲폒쿂랽쟣킱쫐뎡뗄탨쟳쟺쿟ꆣ폫떥룶풴쯹폐헟뗄짺닺뻶닟훐짺닺뗣샠쯆2ꎬ짺닺뗣늻퓚E1ꎬ뛸쫇퓚E0ꆣ P P0 E0 MC Scarcity rent E1 P1 Absolute rent D Differential rent F O Q0 Q1 Q 춼2-5 풴ퟢ뷰 룹뻝뿉뫄뷟풴뗄쳘뗣ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄탎돉뿉틔폐솽룶살풴ꎺ튻룶살풴쫇샠쯆폚췁뗘릩룸뗄만뚨늻뇤탔ꎨ늻믡퓶볓ꎩꎬ췁뗘쫇늻믡놻짺닺돶살뗄ꎬ풴뒢솿튲쫇늻믡놻짺닺돶살뗄ꎬ평 1 짏튻킡뷚뗄뷡싛ꆣ 2 뻟쳥뗄룷훖풴ퟢ뷰뗄닺짺풭틲뫍맽돌붫퓚쿂튻뷚쿪쫶ꆣ 15
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 폚탨쟳뗄늻뛏퓶볓ꎬ풴쯹폐헟튲춬퇹튪쟳믱뗃튻룶ퟢ뷰ꎬ평폚살풴샠쯆폚뗘ퟢꎬ헢훖평릩룸솿늻쯦볛룱뇤뮯닺짺뗄ퟢ뷰튲놻돆캪샮볎춼ퟢ뷰ꎨRecardian rentꎩ1ꎬ룹뻝풴ퟢ뷰뗄늻춬탔훊ꎬ샮볎춼ퟢ뷰뷸튻늽뿉틔럖캪벶닮ퟢ뷰ꎨDifferential rentꎩ뫍뻸뛔ퟢ뷰ꎨAbsolute rentꎩꎻ쇭튻룶살풴쫇퓚풴뒢솿놾짭늻믡퓶볓뗄믹뒡짏ꎬ풴뗄뾪닉뮹믡복짙풴뗄뒢솿ꎬ평듋볓뻧쇋풴뗄쾡좱탔ꎬ풴쯹폐헟믡튪쟳뛮췢뗄ퟢ뷰ꎬ헢훖평풴뇤뗃룼캪쾡좱뗄닺짺뗄ퟢ뷰놻돆캪쾡좱ퟢ뷰ꎨScarcity rentꎩꆣ쯹틔풴ퟢ뷰뻍믡폐죽훖ꎺ벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰뫍쾡좱ퟢ뷰ꆣ 죧춼2-5쯹쪾ꎬ쾡좱ퟢ뷰쫇쿖퓚뗄풴뾪닉복짙쇋붫살뗄뿉뾪닉뗄풴ꎬ쫇볛룱짏헇뗄뷡맻ꎨP1짏짽떽P0ꎩꎬ틑뺭뾪닉뗄죎뫎훊솿뗄풴뚼뿉틔믱뗃ꎻ벶닮ퟢ뷰쫇늻춬뿳님훊솿늻춬뗄닺컯ꎬ훊솿풽뫃ꎨMC풽뚸ꎩꎬ쫽뛮풽듳ꎬ틑뺭뾪닉뗄훊솿ퟮ닮뗄뿳님ꎨF뗣ꎩ벶닮ퟢ뷰캪쇣ꎻ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰쫇풴뾪닉튵웕뇩뿉믱뗃뺭볃샻죳뗄닺컯ꎬ죎뫎훊솿풴뗄뾪닉뚼뿉틔믱뗃ꆣ벶닮ퟢ뷰뫍뻸뛔ퟢ뷰쫇퓚웚돵볛룱쓚뿉틔뻶뚨뗄ꎬ쫇늻좷뚨탔뷏킡뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꎨ뺲첬탔ꎩꎻ뛸쾡좱ퟢ뷰쫇퓚웚돵볛룱틔쓚늻쓜뻶뚨뗄ꎬ쫴폚늻좷뚨탔뷏잿뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꎨ뚯첬탔ꎩꆣ?㈮㐠?룷훖풴ퟢ뷰뗄뷧뚨?풴ퟢ뷰쫇풴뾪닉헟뛔풴쯹폐헟쯹ퟶ뗄횧뢶ꎬ쯹틔풴ퟢ뷰폫풴뗄쯹폐좨폐쏜쟐맘쾵ꆣ뿉틔뛔풴뗄쯹폐좨웤뷸탐튻룶럖샠ꎺ 뇭2-2 풴뗄쯹폐좨럖샠 럖샠 릫릲쯹폐ꎨPublic or collectiveꎩ ퟔ평뷸죫ꎨOpen-accessedꎩ 풴쯹폐좨릲춬닆닺ꎨCommon propertyꎩ 쮽폐ꎨPrivate or individualꎩ 럖즢쯹폐 슢뛏쯹폐ꎨMonopolyꎩ 늻춬뗄풴쯹폐좨튪쟳뛔풴쯹폐헟ퟶ늻춬뗄횧뢶ꎬ믡폐늻춬뗄풴ퟢ뷰뗄ힴ첬ꆣ ㈮?⸱†풴ퟢ뷰뗄솽훖벫뛋쟩뿶?ꎨ1ꎩퟢ뷰뫄즢ꎨRent dissipationꎩ 퓚풴뾪닉ퟔ평뷸죫뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ쎻폐뇘튪캪믱뗃풴뾪닉ퟶ횧뢶ꎬ튲뻍쎻폐ퟢ뷰ꆣ죧춼 1 뒿샮볎춼ퟢ뷰쫇횸뛔췁뗘뗄ꆰ풭쪼뗄뫍늻뿉득믙뗄짺닺솦ꆱ뗄쪹폃쯹ퟶ뗄횧뢶ꆣRicardo, David. 1951. The Principles of Economy and Taxation, Vol. 1 of Works and Correspondence, edited by Sraffa and Dobb. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 16
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 2-6쯹쪾ꎬ틲캪풴뾪닉ퟔ평뷸죫ꎬ쫐뎡쫇췪좫뺺헹뗄ꎬ쯹폐짺닺헟횻쓜퓚뗈폚뇟볊돉놾MC뗄Pc뒦짺닺ꎬ틲캪폐듳솿뗄잱퓚뷸죫헟쯹틔릩룸S떯탔컞쟮듳ꎬ풴뗄릩룸쟺쿟쫇쮮욽뗄캪Sꎬ쎻폐죎뫎ퟢ뷰닺짺ꎬ튲뿉틔쮵ퟢ뷰뫄즢ꆣ S P D P SꎬMC PC P0 Land rent D OO Q0 Q Q0 Q 춼2-6 ퟢ뷰뫄즢 춼2-7 뗘ퟢ ꎨ2ꎩ뗘ퟢꎨLand rentꎩ 췁뗘뗄릩룸솿만뚨늻뇤ꎬ튲늻쓜놻득믙ꆣ뗘ퟢ쫇췁뗘쪹폃헟뛔췁뗘쯹폐헟캪믱뗃췁뗘뗄쪹폃좨쯹ퟷ뗄횧뢶ꆣ쿁틥뗘쮵ꎬ평폚늻탨튪죎뫎돉놾뻍쓜믱뗃쫕틦ꎬ쯹틔뗘ퟢ뻍쫇좫늿뗄쫕틦ꆣ죧춼2-7쯹쪾ꎬ췁뗘뗄릩룸쟺쿟쫇뒹횱뗄캪Sꎬ릩룸솿만뚨늻뇤캪Q0ꎬ췁뗘뗄탨쟳쟺쿟캪Dꎬ뗘ퟢ캪춼훐뗄틵펰늿럖ꆣꎨ맣틥뗘쮵ꎬ십뿋쮼뷸튻늽ퟶ쇋쟸럖ꎬ붫췁뗘늻탨튪죎뫎캬뮤돉놾뻍쓜폀뻃쪹폃돆캪뻸뛔뗘ퟢꎬ췁뗘쟸럖뗘샭캻훃뫍럊컖돌뛈뛸탎돉벶닮뗘ퟢꋱꎬ폐튻뚨뗄춶죫뗄쟩뿶쿂쫕틦믡룼룟뛸탎돉벶닮뗘ퟢꋲ1ꆣꎩ ꎨ3ꎩ솽훖벫뛋쟩뿶폫벶닮ퟢ뷰2 S2 P S3 S1 D O Q 춼2-8 솽훖벫뛋쟩뿶폫벶닮ퟢ뷰 1?십뿋쮼?ꆶ놾싛ꆷ?뗚뛾냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ2004ꎬ759-835튳ꆣ 2 쿂컄쿪쾸뷩짜ꆣ 17
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 퓚쿖듺짧믡ꎬ평폚풴쫇듦퓚쯹폐좨뗄ꎬ뿳닺풴뗄뾪닉쫇듦퓚돉놾뗄ꎨ풴뾪닉평잳죫짮ꎬ돉놾뗝퓶ꎩꎬ쯹틔풴ퟢ뷰쫇뒦폚솽룶벫뛋쟩뿶뛾헟횮볤ꆣ죧춼2-8쯹쪾ꎬ릩룸쟺쿟S1듺뇭ퟢ뷰뫄즢쪱뗄쟩뿶ꎬS2듺뇭뗘ퟢ쪱뗄쟩뿶ꎬS3듺뇭풴뾪닉쪱뗄쟩뿶ꎬ춼2-7훐뗄틵펰늿럖뻍쫇풴뾪닉쪱뗄벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆣ ㈮???†풴ퟢ뷰뗄튻냣쟩뿶?튻냣쟩뿶쫇횸풴맩쮽죋쯹폐ꎬ믲헟릲춬닆닺쪱늻쪵탐춳튻맜샭쪱뗄쟩탎ꆣ ꎨ1ꎩ벶닮ퟢ뷰ꎨDifferential rentꎩ 벶닮ퟢ뷰튲돆훊솿ퟢ뷰ꎨQuality rentꎩꎬ쫇평폚뿳즽뗄풴닺욷뗄훊솿늻춬떼훂뗄쿲풴쯹폐헟쯹ퟶ뗄늻춬횧뢶ꎬ풴닺욷뗄훊솿늻춬훷튪쳥쿖퓚뾪닉돉놾뗄늻춬ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰ꎨAbsolute rentꎩ 뻸뛔ퟢ뷰뻍쫇뾪닉죎뫎풴뚼뇘탫횧뢶뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꆣ평폚죋샠뺭볃믮뚯맦쒣풽살풽듳ꎬ튻킩욷훊늻첫뫃뗄뿳즽튲뗃뾪닉ꎬ쯹틔훰붥죎뫎뿳즽뚼폐쇋쯹폐좨ꎬ뚼튪쫕좡뻸뛔ퟢ뷰ꆣ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰쫇폫벶닮ퟢ뷰쿠뛔뛸퇔뗄ꆣ 죧춼2-9쯹쪾ꎬ풴뾪닉웳튵놻뚯뷓쫜쫐뎡볛룱P1튲늻쓜펰쿬룃볛룱ꎬ죧맻늻쫕좡뻸뛔ퟢ뷰ꎬ풴뾪닉웳튵믡퓚P1=MC뒦짺닺ꎬ듋쪱닺솿캪Q1ꎬ듋쪱풴쯹폐헟뿉틔쫕좡벶닮ퟢ뷰ꎨP1ꆢMCꆢퟝ훡캧돉뗄늿럖ꎩꎬ쟒늢늻펰쿬풴뾪닉ꎻ뿉쫇듦퓚쯹폐좨뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ쯹폐헟쫇튪쫕좡ퟢ뷰뗄ꎬ죧맻좫늿뿳즽쫕좡뻸뛔ퟢ뷰ꎨ짨떥캻뻸뛔ퟢ뷰캪Rentꎬ쓇쎴풴뾪닉웳튵뗄떥캻쫕틦캪P2= P1ꎭRentꎩꎬ쓇쎴풴뾪닉웳튵믡퓚P2=MC뒦짺닺ꎬ닺솿캪Q0ꎬ듋쪱풴쯹폐헟뿉틔믱뗃뗄벶닮ퟢ뷰캪P2ꆢMCꆢퟝ훡캧돉뗄늿럖ꆣQ0폫Q1횮볤뗄풴평폚뇟볊쫕틦늻릻뷉쓉뻸뛔ퟢ뷰뛸퓝쪱럅웺뾪닉ꆣ퓚헢샯훷튪쫇캪쇋쟸럖벶닮ퟢ뷰뫍뻸뛔ퟢ뷰볲떥뗘쇐뻙뻸뛔ퟢ뷰뫍닺솿뗄샽ퟓꎬ뻟쳥뗄뻶뚨닎뾴뷚ꆣ 뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ벶닮ퟢ뷰늻쫇뾪닉죎뫎훊솿뗄풴뚼뇘탫뷉쓉뗄ퟢ뷰ꎬ횻폐풴훊솿뷏뫃뗄풴닅뷉쓉ꎬ풴훊솿풽뫃벶닮ퟢ뷰풽듳ꎬ훊솿ퟮ닮뗄풴ꎨP2=MC뗣뒦ꎩ뗃늻떽벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆣ벶닮ퟢ뷰뫍뻸뛔ퟢ뷰뚼쫇퓚쿖폐풴닺욷볛룱랶캧쓚뿉틔뻶뚨뗄풴ퟢ뷰늿럖틲뛸쫇뺲첬뗄ꎬ뛸쟒뚼쫇틲캪풴뗄늻뿉퓙짺ꎨ뒢솿늻믡퓶볓ꎩ뛸떼훂뗄ꎬ폫뗘ퟢ폐샠쯆뗄뗘랽ꆣ 18
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 Absolute rent Scarcity rent or P P Hotelling rent MC C+MCU P1 P(Q) P2 E0 P0 C(Q) DifferentialP1 E1 rent PP D O O Q0 Q1 Q Q0 Q1 Q 춼2-9 벶닮ퟢ뷰폫뻸뛔ퟢ뷰 춼2-10 쾡좱ퟢ뷰 ꎨ3ꎩ쾡좱ퟢ뷰ꎨScarcity rentꎩ 쾡좱ퟢ뷰튲돆뫀첩쇖ퟢ뷰ꎨHotelling rentꎩꎬ쫇뾼싇쿖퓚풴뗄뾪닉떼훂캴살풴쾡좱ꆢ볛룱짽룟뗄믺믡돉놾ꎬ쿲풴쯹폐헟쯹ퟶ뗄횧뢶ꆣ풴뾪닉폫웤쯼짺닺늻춬ꎬ뷱쳬뗄뾪닉뻍믡복짙쏷쳬뗄뾪닉ꎬ폐뫜잿뗄믺믡돉놾ꎬ뛸쟒쯦ퟅ풴뗄늻뛏복짙ꎬ풴볛룱폐짏헇뗄쟷쫆ꆣ 죧춼2-10쯹쪾ꎬQ듺뇭닺솿ꎬP(Q)듺뇭풴볛룱쯦닺솿뇤뮯뗄탨쟳몯쫽ꎬC듺뇭뾪닉돉놾ꎬMCU듺뇭뾼싇쇋풴뾪닉ꆢ붫살뗄닺솿복짙볛룱짏짽뗄믺믡돉놾벴뇟볊쪹폃헟돉놾ꎨMarginal user costꎩ1ꆣ퓚풴뾪닉쫇ퟔ평뷸죫뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ샻죳ퟮ듳뮯쳵볾P(Q)=C(Q)?E1쫇뻹뫢뗣ꎬ풴뾪닉솿쫇Q1ꎬ풴볛룱쫇P1ꎬ듋쪱쾡좱ퟢ뷰캪쇣ꎬ훊솿뷏뫃뗄풴붫믱뗃벶닮ퟢ뷰ꎬ뿉뾪닉뗄풴훐훊솿ퟮ닮뗄ꎨE1뗣ꎩ붫뗃늻떽죎뫎벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰ꎬ쯹틔퓚폐풴쯹폐좨듦퓚뗄쟩뿶쿂E1늻뿉쓜쫇뻹뫢뗣ꎻ뾼싇풴뾪닉훂쪹풴뇤뗃쾡좱뗄쟩뿶쿂뗄믺믡돉놾ꎬ샻죳ퟮ듳뮯쳵볾P(Q)=C+MCUꎬE0쫇뻹뫢뗣ꎬ뾪닉솿쫇Q0ꎬ풴볛룱쫇P0ꆣP0> P1ꎬ랴펳쇋쿖퓚풴뾪닉떼훂붫살뿉뾪닉풴복짙떼훂뗄볛룱짏짽뗄늹뎥ꎬQ0< Q1랴펳쇋풤웚볛룱짏헇쿂뗄풴놣뮤탔뾪닉ꆣ듋쪱쾡좱ퟢ뷰죧춼2-10틵펰늿럖쯹쪾ꎨP0ꆢP1ꆢQ0폫ퟝ훡캧돉뗄늿럖ꎩꆣ 뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ쾡좱ퟢ뷰쫇퓚풭살볛룱횮췢뗄늿럖ꎨ볛룱짏헇늿럖ꎩ뻶뚨뗄ꎬ틲뛸쫇뚯첬뗄ꎬ뛸벶닮ퟢ뷰폫뻸뛔ퟢ뷰쫇쫇퓚풭살볛룱횮쓚뗄늿럖뻶뚨뗄ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ풴ퟢ뷰ꎨResource rentꎩ 벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰폫쾡좱ퟢ뷰횮뫍뻍쫇풴ퟢ뷰ꆣ 죧춼2-5쯹쪾ꎬ풴쮽죋쯹폐믲헟릲춬닆닺쪱늻쪵탐춳튻맜샭쪱ꎬ짺닺퓚E뗣?P0?Q0?뒦ꎬ 1?욽뗒뿋ꎬ슳뇶럆뛻뗂훸?헅뻼뗈틫?ꆶ캢맛뺭볃톧ꆷ?뗚쯄냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〰⸹ꎬ㐹?튳ꆣ 19
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 풴쯹폐헟믱뗃뗄풴ퟢ뷰춬쪱냼삨벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰폫쾡좱ퟢ뷰ꎬ쫇죽헟횮뫍ꆣ ㈮㐮?†슢뛏뗄쟩뿶?풴슢뛏ꎨMonopolyꎩ뫍릲춬닆닺쿂뗄춳튻맜샭ꎨPublic arrangementꎩ헢솽룶쟩탎뗄놾훊뚼쫇슢뛏ꆣ뛸풴쮽죋럖즢쯹폐쪱ꎬ탎돉뗄쫐뎡튻냣쫴폚슢뛏뺺헹쫐뎡ꆣ슢뛏뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ샻죳ퟮ듳뮯뗄쳵볾캪MR=MCꎬ퓚헢훖쟩뿶쿂ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰캪쿠펦뗄쾡좱ퟢ뷰ꆢ벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰폫슢뛏ퟢ뷰횮뫍ꎨ죧춼2-11쯹쪾ꎬ듋쪱춼훐뗄틵펰늿럖캪쾡좱ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰폫슢뛏ퟢ뷰횮뫍ꎩꆣ내헕뺭볃샭싛ꎬ슢뛏쟩뿶쿂뗄풴ퟢ뷰붫룟폚쎻폐슢뛏뗄쪱뫲ꎬ풴뾪닉솿붫복짙ꆣ Monopoly rent+Scarcity P rent+Absolute rent MC P0 D Differential rent O Q0 MR Q 춼2-11 슢뛏ퟢ뷰 ㈮㐮㐠?폫풴뾪닉폐맘뗄웤쯼ퟢ뷰?ꎨ1ꎩ뿳튵뗘ퟢꎨMining land rentꎩ 뿳뗘ퟢ뷰쫇횸평폚풴뾪닉떼훂뗄슽뗘뇭쏦뗄췁뗘쫜떽웆뮵ꎬ틲뛸늻쓜볌탸룻훖뗄믺믡돉놾ꎬ놾훊뮹쫇뗘ퟢꎬ늻쓜쯣ퟷ풴ퟢ뷰뗄랶돫ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ뮷뺳ퟢ뷰ꎨEnvironment rentꎩ폫짺첬ퟢ뷰ꎨEcology rentꎩ 뮷뺳ퟢ뷰폫짺첬ퟢ뷰쫇횸평폚풴뾪닉떼훂뗄뮷뺳ꆢ짺첬뗄웆뮵떫쫇쎻폐좥늹뎥뛸믱뗃뗄ퟢ뷰ꎬ웤놾훊쫇뛔뮷뺳ꆢ짺첬뗄쏢럑쪹폃ꎬ떱헢킩췢늿탔돉놾놻짧믡튪쟳늹뎥쪱뮷뺳ퟢ뷰폫짺첬ퟢ뷰뻍쫴폚돉놾뗄랶돫ꎬ쯹틔늻쓜쯣ퟷ풴ퟢ뷰뗄랶돫ꆣ 20
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 †풴ퟢ뷰폫풴닺욷볛룱?풴ퟢ뷰뗄놾훊탨튪췢퓚뇭쿖살랴펳ꎬ뻍탨튪듓풴닺욷볛룱뗄릹돉살뾴ꆣ풴닺욷뗄볛룱쫴폚쫕틦뗄랶돫ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰쫴폚튪쯘럖엤뗄랶돫ꆣ튪쯘쫐뎡뛔튪쯘뗄탨쟳쫇닺욷쫐뎡뛔닺욷탨쟳뗄틽훂탨쟳ꎬ쫕틦뗄뇤뮯틽웰럖엤뗄뇤뮯ꎬ쫇풴닺욷볛룱뻶뚨풴ퟢ뷰ꎬ뛸늻쫇풴ퟢ뷰뻶뚨풴닺욷볛룱ꆣ풴닺욷뗄볛룱쫇떥캻풴쫕틦ꎬ헢룶쫕틦탨튪퓚룷룶튪쯘횮볤뷸탐럖엤ꎺ샍뚯믱뗃릤ꎬ놾믱뗃샻쾢ꎬ웳튵볒닅쓜믱뗃헽뎣샻죳ꎬ췁뗘믱뗃뗘ퟢꎨ뿳튵뗘ퟢꎩ뫍풴ퟢ뷰ꎬ럖엤횮뫳뗄폠뛮놻돆캪ꆰ뺭볃샻죳ꆱꆣ 뿉뫄뷟풴뾪닉웳튵폫튻냣뗄웳튵쿠뇈늻춬횮뒦퓚폚ꎺꎨ1ꎩ평폚풴뗄뿉뫄뷟탔ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰볈폐쿠뛔좷뚨뗄뺲첬늿럖ꎨ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰ꆢ벶닮ퟢ뷰ꎩꎬ튲폐쿠뛔늻좷뚨뗄뚯첬늿럖ꎨ쾡좱ퟢ뷰ꎩꆣꎨ2ꎩ풴뾪닉폐뷏잿뗄췢늿탔ꆣ쾡좱ퟢ뷰쫇평폚풴뾪닉떼훂뗄풴쾡좱탔뷸튻늽퓶볓훂쪹풴닺욷볛룱짏헇탎돉뗄ꆣ쾡좱ퟢ뷰뗄듦퓚쪹ꆰ뺭볃샻죳ꆱ뫜쓑에뛏쫇살풴폚웳튵맜샭뗄쳡룟뮹쫇살풴폚풴닺욷볛룱뗄짏헇ꎬ죧맻ꆰ뺭볃샻죳ꆱ쫇살풴폚웳튵맜샭뗄쳡룟쓇쎴헢룶ꆰ뺭볃샻죳ꆱ뻍펦룃뮹쫇풭살틢틥짏뗄뺭볃샻죳ꎬ죧맻ꆰ뺭볃샻죳ꆱ쫇살풴폚풴닺욷볛룱뗄짏헇쓇쎴헢룶ꆰ뺭볃샻죳ꆱ뻍펦룃쫇쾡좱ퟢ뷰ꆣ쫂쪵짏ꎬ헢룶ꆰ뺭볃샻죳ꆱ뗄헦헽살풴뫜쓑헦헽쟸럖쟥돾ꎬ솽훖살풴춬쪱뚼폐ꎬ쫇뺭볃샻죳폫쾡좱ퟢ뷰뗄믬뫏ꆣ헢튲쫇풴ퟢ뷰퇐뺿ퟮ뢴퓓뗄뗘랽ꆣ 죧맻냑쾡좱ퟢ뷰뾴ퟶ쫇뫍뺭볃샻죳늢쇐뗄튻쿮ꎬ퓙뾼싇풴뾪닉뗄뫜잿뗄췢늿탔ꎬ쓇쎴뿉틔뛔풴닺욷볛룱뗄릹돉ퟶ뷸튻늽럖뷢ꎬ죧뇭2-3쯹쪾ꆣ 뇭2-3 풴닺욷볛룱뗄럖뷢폫풴ퟢ뷰 ퟩ돉늿럖 뇭쿖 럖샠 풴ퟢ뷰 뇭쿖캪캪쇋뷸죫풴 믲헟뺭볃샻죳 뾪닉뛸풸틢뗄횧뢶 헽뎣샻죳ꎨ웳튵볒닅쓜ꎩ 뇭쿖캪짌튵돉놾폫쮽죋샻틦 풴튪쯘돉놾 폫믘놨폐맘뗄늿럖 볛룱ꎨ췁뗘ꆢ샍뚯ꆢ놾ꎩ 헾뢮돉놾 ꎨힼ죫맜샭ꎬ볠맜ꎩ 폫릫릲샻틦헾뢮돉놾뇭쿖캪헾뢮쮰럑 폐맘뗄늿럖 ꎨ뮷뺳놣뮤ꎬ릫릲샻틦맜샭ꎩ 듓뇭2-3훐뿉틔뾴떽ꎺ풴닺욷볛룱뿉틔럖뷢캪폫쮽죋샻틦폐맘뗄늿럖뫍폫릫릲샻틦폐맘뗄솽듳늿럖ꎬ폫쮽죋샻틦폐맘뗄늿럖뷸튻늽뿉틔럖뷢캪짌튵돉놾폫믘놨뫍캪쇋뷸죫풴뾪 21
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 닉뛸풸틢ퟶ뗄횧뢶솽늿럖ꆣ 죧맻듓돉놾뗄뷇뛈뾴ꎬ풴닺욷뗄볛룱릹돉뻍펦룃냼삨죽룶늿럖ꎺꎨ1ꎩ뇟볊뾪닉돉놾ꎨ냼삨릤ꆢ샻쾢ꆢ헽뎣샻죳ꆢ뿳튵뗘ퟢꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰ꆢ벶닮ퟢ뷰ꎩꎬ뇭쿖캪짌튵돉놾폫믘놨ꎻꎨ2ꎩ뇟볊쪹폃헟돉놾?쾡좱ퟢ뷰?ꎬ뇭쿖캪캪쇋풴뾪닉뷸죫뛸풸틢뗄횧뢶ꎻꎨ3ꎩ뇟볊짧믡돉놾ꎨ냼삨뮷뺳ퟢ뷰ꆢ짺첬ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻓쏱붡뾵쯰몦뗈릫릲샻틦쯰쪧ꎩꎬ뇭쿖캪헾뢮뗄쮰럑뗈ꆣ 풴뾪닉잣짦떽풴쯹폐헟ꆢ뾪닉웳튵ꆢ헾뢮죽랽쏦ꆣ웤훐뿳튵뗘ퟢꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰ꆢ벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ쾡좱ퟢ뷰폫풴쯹폐헟폐맘ꎻ릤ꆢ샻쾢ꆢ헽뎣샻죳폫뾪닉웳튵폐맘ꎻ뮷뺳ퟢ뷰ꆢ짺첬ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻓쏱붡뾵쯰몦폫헾뢮폐맘ꆣ 풴ퟢ뷰컊쳢뗄뢴퓓탔퓚폚ꎺꎨ1ꎩ쾡좱ퟢ뷰폫뺭볃샻죳뗄쟸럖삧쓑ꎬ쾡좱ퟢ뷰놾짭튲뫜쓑볆쯣ꎻꎨ2ꎩ풴뾪닉웳튵뗄잿췢늿탔훂쪹풴ퟢ뷰뮹쫜떽뮷뺳짺첬ퟢ뷰뫍램싉훆뚨쪵쪩뗄펰쿬ꎻꎨ3ꎩ풴맩맺볒쯹폐쪱풴쫕죫ꎨ풴ퟢ뷰ꎩ폫쮰쫕쫕죫뗄쟸뇰뷸튻늽삧쓑ꆣ 22
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 뗚3헂 풴ퟢ뷰뗄뻶뚨폫럖엤 ?⸱??샭싛짏풴ퟢ뷰뗄뻶뚨?듓ퟜ쳥짏뾴ꎬ떥캻풴ퟢ뷰뗄룟뗍퓚쒳훖돌뛈짏쫇평풴놾짭뗄훖샠ꆢ탔훊뻶뚨뗄ꎬ듦퓚룟ퟢ뷰풴폫뗍ퟢ뷰풴뗄쟸뇰ꎬ헢훖닮뇰훷튪풴폚풴뗄쾡좱탔ꆣ뇈죧ꎺ쾡좱탔뷏룟뗄룟ퟢ뷰풴냼삨ꎺ맳뷰쫴ꎬퟪ쪯ꎬ헤맳뚯컯ꎨ듳쿳ꎩꎬ쓜풴ꎨ쪯폍ꎬ쳬좻웸ꎩ뗈ꎻ쾡좱탔튻냣뗄훐뗈ퟢ뷰풴냼삨ꎺ튻냣뷰쫴ꎬ쎺첿뗈ꎻ쾡좱탔뷏뗍뗄뗍ퟢ뷰풴ꎺ쮮ꎬ즳쪯뗈ꆣ ㌮ㄮ?†벶닮ퟢ뷰뫍뻸뛔ퟢ뷰뗄뻶뚨? 벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰쫇늻뾼싇붫살뗄풴볛룱뇤뮯쟩뿶쿂뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꎬ쫇쒳튻쪱뿌뗄풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫽횵ꎬ쫇룶뺲첬뗄룅쓮ꆣ죧춼2-9쯹쪾ꎬ볛룱캪P1ꎬ뾪닉솿캪Q0ꎬ뇟볊돉놾캪MC(Q)ꎬ벶닮ퟢ뷰폫뻸뛔ퟢ뷰횮뫍캪 QDifferential rent+Absolute rent0=∫ꎨ倭?䵃⡑?ꎩd? ꎨ3-1ꎩ 0 뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ벶닮ퟢ뷰평풴뾪닉솿ꆢ쿖퓚뗄볛룱ꆢ뇟볊돉놾몯쫽뻶뚨ꆣ볛룱뿉틔뾴ퟶ췢짺뗄ꎬ뇟볊돉놾몯쫽쫇평풴뗄훊솿뻶뚨뗄ꎬ쯹틔벶닮ퟢ뷰뻍쫇평풴뗄닺솿뫍놾짭뗄훊솿뻶뚨뗄ꆣ볛룱퓚뺲첬뗄쪱뫲쫇뎣쫽ꎬ뒢솿튲쫇뎣쫽ꎬ뇟볊돉놾쫇평뿳님뗄훊솿ꆢ뾪닉벼쫵뻶뚨뗄ꎬ뛌웚쓚늻쯦쪱볤뇤뮯ꎬ쯹틔벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰쫇룶뺲첬뗄룅쓮ꎬ벴퓚쒳룶쪱뿌벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰횮뫍뿉틔폐룶뻟쳥뗄쫽횵ꆣ ㌮ㄮ?†쾡좱ퟢ뷰뗄뻶뚨?쾡좱ퟢ뷰쫇뾼싇붫살틲캪풴뾪닉뛸떼훂뗄풴볛룱짽룟뫍벼쫵뷸늽떼훂뗄뾪닉돉놾뗄쿂붵쟷쫆뗈뗄쟩뿶뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꎬ쫇룶뚯첬뗄룅쓮ꆣ죧맻폐n룶쪱웚ꎬ폃t듺뇭늻춬뗄쪱웚ꎬPt듺뇭t쪱웚뗄볛룱ꎬCt듺뇭t쪱웚뗄돉놾1ꎬQt듺뇭t쪱웚뗄닺솿ꎬr듺뇭헛쿖싊ꎬR듺뇭뒢솿ꎬ쯹폐풴ퟢ뷰뗄쿖횵캪ꎺ 1 죧맻벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰틑뺭쳡잰횧뢶뗄뮰ꎬ펦룃볆죫듋뒦뗄돉놾ꆣ 23
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 n(P)Scarcity rent =∑−CQttt ꎨ3-2ꎩ =0(1+r)tt풼쫸쳵볾n ∑Q≤R tt=0뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쿖횵뗄뻶뚨틲쯘쫇붫살뗄볛룱뇤뮯쟷쫆ꆢ뾪닉돉놾뇤뮯쟷쫆ꆢ헛쿖싊ꆢ뾪닉솿뗄낲업뗈ꎬ쫇룶뚯첬뗄룅쓮ꆣ붫살뗄풴닺욷볛룱풽룟ꆢ뾪닉돉놾풽뗍ꆢ쳹쿖싊풽뗍ꎬퟢ뷰풽룟ꎬ떫쫇붫살풴뗄볛룱ꆢ뾪닉돉놾ꆢ샻쾢싊ꎨ헛쿖싊ꎩ뗈뚼쫇늻좷뚨뗄ꎬ쯹틔뚯첬뗄풴ퟢ뷰횻쓜쫇룶샭싛짏뗄쫽횵ꆣ 평짏ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰쫇벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰ꆢ쾡좱ퟢ뷰횮뫍ꎬ벴 Resource rent=Differential rent+Absolute rent+Scarcity rent ꎨ3-3ꎩ 뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰볈폐뺲첬뗄늿럖ꎨ벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰ꎩꎬ튲폐뚯첬뗄늿럖ꎨ쾡좱ퟢ뷰ꎩꆣ ?⸲??늻좷뚨쟩뿶쿂풴ퟢ뷰뗄뻶뚨?풴ퟢ뷰좷뚨뗄삧쓑퓚폚ꎺퟜ뒢솿쫇폐쿞뗄떫뮹폐듳솿캴랢쿖뿳님ꎬ늻춬뗄뿳즽훊솿늻춬ꎬ캴살뾪닉돉놾ꎨ뇟볊돉놾ꎩ뇤뮯쓑틔풤쇏ꎬ볛룱늨뚯쓑틔풤닢뗈ꆣ퓚듳솿뗄늻좷뚨탔듦퓚뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄뻶뚨붫룼볓삧쓑ꆣ 죧맻뾼싇룷훖틲쯘쯦쪱볤뇤뮯뗄쟩뿶ꎬ볆쯣룷쪱웚뗄ퟢ뷰ꎬ늢헒떽뫏쫊뗄ퟢ뷰쫕좡ꆢ럖엤뗄랽쪽튲쫇폐틢틥뗄ꆣ컒쏇쿈훘뗣뾼싇볛룱뫍돉놾뗄뇤뮯뻶뚨믲헟펰쿬틲쯘ꆣ 뇭3-1 풴볛룱뇤뮯뗄펰쿬틲쯘 샠뇰 틲쯘 틲쯘뇤뮯랽쿲 뛔풴볛룱펰쿬뗄랽쿲 죋뿚퓶뎤싊 볓뿬 삭룟 릩쟳 뺭볃퓶뎤싊 볓뿬 삭룟 뿉쎳틗탔 퓶잿 삭뗍 뒢솿뇤뮯 뒢솿퓶볓 삭뗍 돥믷 맺볊맘쾵춻뇤 뷴헅 삭룟 퓖몦 랢짺뛠ꆢ듳 삭룟 퓙짺쯙뛈 볓뿬 삭뗍 벼쫵뇤뮯 쳦듺벼쫵 뷸늽 삭뗍 퓋쫤벼쫵 뷸늽 삭뗍 톭뮷샻폃싊 쳡룟 삭뗍 쪹폃킧싊 떥캻GDP쓜뫄 쿂붵 삭뗍 떥캻GDP풴쿻뫄솿 쿂붵 삭뗍 짺믮랽쪽 컯훊쿻럑럾컱 뿬 삭뗍 샋럑싊 쿂붵 삭뗍 24
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 듓뇭3-1뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ펰쿬풴볛룱뗄틲쯘럇뎣뛠ꎬ풴뗄볛룱뇤뚯틲듋튲믡럇뎣욵랱뫍뛠퇹ꎬ뇤뮯랽쿲뫍럹뛈튪뾴ퟛ뫏펰쿬ꎬ쓑틔풤웚ꆣ 뇭3-2 풴뾪닉뇟볊돉놾뇤뮯뗄펰쿬틲쯘 샠뇰 틲쯘 틲쯘뇤뮯랽쿲 뛔풴볛룱펰쿬뗄랽쿲 릤 퓶볓 췆룟 샻싊 짽룟 췆룟 짺닺돉놾믺웷짨놸볛룱 짽룟 췆룟 낲좫돉놾 퓶볓 췆룟 웳튵볒ퟢ뷰 퓶볓 췆룟 ꎨ헽뎣샻죳ꎩ 뿳튵뗘ퟢ 퓶볓 췆룟 벼쫵뇤뮯 뾪닉벼쫵 뷸늽 삭뗍 췢늿탔돉놾 뮷뺳짺첬ퟢ뷰 퓶볓 췆룟 뻓쏱붡뾵돉놾 퓶볓 췆룟 듓뇭3-2뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ펰쿬풴뾪닉돉놾뗄틲쯘럇뎣뛠ꎬ풴뾪닉뗄돉놾뇤뚯틲듋튲믡럇뎣욵랱ꎬ쓑틔풤웚ꆣ 퓚죧듋뛠뗄늻좷뚨탔쿂ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쿖횵볆쯣럇뎣삧쓑ꎬ벴쪹볆쯣튲믡퓬돉뫜듳뗄컳닮ꎬ쯹틔튪뾼싇럻뫏쪵볊쟩뿶뗄쯦쪱볤뇤뮯뗄쫂뫳뗄풴ퟢ뷰뫋쯣ꆣ P(t) P,C Pi Cꎨtꎩ Ci O Qi T tꎬQ 춼3-1 쯦쪱볤뇤뮯뗄쫂뫳뗄풴ퟢ뷰뫋쯣 죧춼3-1쯹쪾ꎬ볙짨풴볛룱P(t)ꆢ풴뾪닉돉놾C(t)쯦쪱볤뇤뮯ꎬ웤볤쫜떽뛠훖틲쯘뗄펰쿬ꎬ쫂쿈늻뿉풤횪ꎬ횻쓜쫂뫳닅횪뗀ꆣ퓚쪱웚iꎬ볛룱캪Piꎬ뇟볊돉놾캪Ciꎬ닺솿캪Qiꎬ뚼캪좷뚨뗄쫽횵ꎬi쪱웚뗄풴ퟢ뷰캪 Resource rent=(P−C)*Q ꎨ3-4ꎩ iiii 25
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 듋쪱늻춬쪱웚뗄풴ퟢ뷰뿉틔ퟩ돉튻룶쫽쇐ꎺ Resource rent1ꎬResource rent2ꎬResource rent3ꎬ… 쿻돽늻좷뚨탔뗄풴ퟢ뷰뗄볆쯣횻쓜쫇쫂뫳뗄ꎬ늢쟒쫇튻룶좷뚨뗄쫽쇐ꆣ ?⸳??풴ퟢ뷰뗄뮯폫쇷쪧?풴뷰쫇럱좫늿뿉틔놻풴쯹폐헟믱뗃쓘ꎿ듰낸쫇럱뚨뗄ꆣ헢훖풴뷰캴쓜놻풴쯹폐헟믱좡뗄쟩뿶놻돆캪풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧?Loss?믲헟뮯?Transformation?ꆣ풴ퟢ뷰쇷쪧믲헟뮯뗄늿럖튲뿉틔놻돆캪캴쪵쿖풴ퟢ뷰ꎨUnrealized resource rentꎩꆣ평폚쫜캴살풴볛룱ꆢ뾪닉돉놾뗄늻좷뚨탔떼훂뗄ퟢ뷰볆쯣뗄삧쓑ꎬ풴뾪닉웳튵쓚췢듦퓚뗄뛠훘ꆰ캯췐ꆪꆪ듺샭ꆱ컊쳢?Principal-agent problem?ꎬퟢ웚횻쓜잩뚩뫜뎤뗈틲쯘뗄펰쿬ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뇣듦퓚ퟅ뛠훖뮯탎쪽ꆣ ㌮㌮?†풴ퟢ뷰폫뺭볃샻죳뗄쿠뮥뮯?듓풴ퟢ뷰뗄탎돉짏뾴ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뫍뺭볃샻죳뚼ퟷ캪쫕틦뗄뇘튪뿛돽뫳뗄닺컯ꎬ놾짭뻍듦퓚듋쿻뇋뎤뗄쎬뛜ꆣ풴ퟢ뷰튻늿럖ꎨ벶닮ퟢ뷰뫍뻸뛔ퟢ뷰ꎩ퓚탎쪽짏쫇뛔튪쯘뗄풤쿈횧뢶ꎬ뛸쾡좱ퟢ뷰퓚놾훊짏뫍뺭볃샻죳뚼쫇튻퇹뚼뗄ꎬ헢뻍듦퓚튻룶ꆰ뎬뛮샻죳ꆱ퓚풴쯹폐헟뫍웳튵쯹폐헟횮볤뗄럖엤컊쳢ꆣ 헢룶럖엤펦룃쫇퓚ퟢ풼잩뚩횮훐쪵쿖뗄ꎬ늢쟒퓚ퟢ웚떽웚뫳춨맽첸에살늻뛏뗷헻뗄ꆣ듓샭싛짏붲ꎬퟢ웚뎤뛔풴쪹폃헟폐샻ꎬퟢ웚뛌뛔풴쯹폐헟폐샻ꆣ틔뗘ퟢ캪샽ꎬퟢ웚쓚벼쫵뷸늽닺짺뗄뎬뛮샻죳맩얩튵놾볒쯹폐ꎬퟢ웚떽웚뫳헢룶뎬뛮샻죳붫뮯캪벶닮뗘ퟢꋲ맩췁뗘쯹폐헟햼폐1ꎬ쯹틔뷏뎤뗄ퟢ웚뛔얩튵놾볒폐샻ꎬ뷏뛌뗄ퟢ웚뛔췁뗘쯹폐헟폐샻ꆣ샠쯆뗘ꎬ평폚퓚뎤ퟢ웚쓚볛룱짏헇ꆢ벼쫵뷸늽닺짺뗄풴ퟢ뷰맩풴뾪닉웳튵ꎬ쯹틔뷏뎤뗄ퟢ웚뛔풴뾪닉웳튵폐샻ꎬ뷏뛌뗄ퟢ웚뛔풴쯹폐헟폐샻ꆣ 뿉쫇풴뾪닉튵뗄뻞뛮돁쎻돉놾뫍닺폃탔뫜잿쪹첫뛌뗄ퟢ웚돉캪늻뿉쓜ꎬ뇘탫쫇뎤웚뗄ퟢ웚짵훁쫇튻듎탔잩뚩뗄훕짭ퟢ풼ꆣ헢퇹ퟢ풼뗄좷뚨ꎨퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡랽쪽ꎩ뻍쪮럖훘튪ꎬ횱뷓펰쿬떽풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫽솿ꆢ럖엤뗄릫욽뫍뺭볃킧싊ꎬ놾컄쿂헂붫훘뗣퇐뺿ꆣ 1?십뿋쮼?ꆶ놾싛ꆷ?뗚뛾냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〴ꎬ㜵??㠳?튳ꆣ 26
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 ㌮㌮?†풴ퟢ뷰쿲릤뗄뮯?룹뻝튻냣뗄뺭볃샭싛ꎬ웳튵쓚듦퓚웳튵쯹폐헟폫웳튵뺭펪헟뗄ꆰ캯췐ꆪꆪ듺샭컊쳢ꆱꎬ퓚웳튵쓚늿폐뺭볃샻죳ꆢ짵훁헽뎣샻죳쿲릤뮯뗄쟣쿲ꎻ쓇쎴샠쯆뗘ꎬ퓚풴뾪닉웳튵췢늿ꎬ퓚쾡좱ퟢ뷰뗄컊쳢짏ꎬ뮹듦퓚쾡좱ퟢ뷰쿲릤뮯ꎨ믲헟쿈춨맽쿲뺭볃샻죳뗄뮯ꎩ뗄쟣쿲ꆣ평폚쾡좱ퟢ뷰뫍뺭볃샻죳쓑틔쟸럖뗄풭틲ꎬ쾡좱ퟢ뷰뗄쪵쿖탨튪풴쯹폐헟춨맽웳튵쯹폐헟ꆢ웳튵뺭펪헟뗄쮫훘듺샭ꎬ쯹틔쾡좱ퟢ뷰뗄믱좡쫇짦벰풴쯹폐헟ꆢ풴뾪닉웳튵쯹폐헟ꆢ풴뾪닉웳튵뺭펪헟뗄쮫훘짵훁뛠훘ꆰ캯췐ꆪꆪ듺샭컊쳢ꆱꆣ놾컄죏캪풴맩쮽죋쯹폐쪱ꎬ풴쯹폐헟늻쓜믱뗃좫늿풴ퟢ뷰늻쓜돆캪ퟢ뷰쇷쪧ꎬ틲캪듦퓚ꆰ캯췐ꆪꆪ듺샭ꆱ컊쳢ꎬ펦룃쿱웳튵쯹폐헟룸폨뺭펪헟튻늿럖샻죳튻퇹ꎬ쫓캪쫇벤샸컊쳢ꆣ ㌮㌮?†낲좫돉놾ꆢ뮷뺳돉놾ꎨퟢ뷰ꎩ쿲풴ퟢ뷰ꆢ뺭볃샻죳뗄뮯?낲좫돉놾ꆢ뮷뺳돉놾ꎨퟢ뷰ꎩ쫴폚돉놾뗄랶돫ꎬ쫇뇘탫쿈폚샻죳ꆢퟢ뷰뗃떽늹뎥뗄ꆣ떫쫇퓚훆뛈늻붡좫ꆢ좱랦폐킧뗄램싉놣뮤믲헟램싉횴탐늻솦뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ낲좫돉놾ꆢ뮷뺳돉놾뻍폐쿲풴ퟢ뷰ꆢ뺭볃샻죳뮯뗄뚯솦폫뿉쓜ꆣ ㌮㌮?†풴ퟢ뷰쿲쮰쫕뗄뮯? 죧맻풴쫇쮽죋쯹폐뗄ꎬ쿲풴ퟢ뷰헷쮰뻍쫇퓙럖엤컊쳢ꎻ죧맻풴맩맺볒쯹폐ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰폫쮰쫕뻍폐쿠쯆뗄탔훊ꎬ쫇쿠뮥쳦듺뗄맘쾵ꆣ 춨맽뗷뷚쮰뗄랽쪽살쪹췢늿돉놾쓚늿뮯뗄쮼쿫ퟮ퓧평뺭볃톧볒뇓맅쳡돶ꎬ쯹틔튲놻돆캪ꆰ뇓맅쮰ꆱ1ꆣ샻폃닺좨붻틗뷸탐췢늿돉놾쓚늿뮯뗄얬솦늢늻웕뇩ꎬ뗷뷚쮰믲뇓맅쮰틔벰룷훖쫕럑쒿잰죔좻뮹쫇훷튪뗄췢늿돉놾쓚늿뮯뗄랽쪽2ꎬ춨맽헢훖랽쪽뿉틔붫틑뺭쿲풴ퟢ뷰ꆢ뺭볃샻죳뮯뗄낲좫돉놾ꆢ뮷뺳돉놾퓙뮯돶살ꆣ ㌮???풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡?㌮㐮???풴ퟢ뷰쫕좡뗄틢틥뫍탔훊?쫗쿈ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰쫇ퟷ캪뛔풴쯹폐좨ꆢ닆닺좨뗄쫕틦믘놨ꆣ듓램싉짏붲ꎬ쯹폐좨쫇햼폐ꆢ 1?헅랫?ꆶ뮷뺳폫ퟔ좻풴뺭볃톧ꆷ?짏몣ꎺ짏몣죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬㄹ㤸ꎬㄷ??ㄸ?튳ꆣ 2?짲싺뫩?ꆶ풴폫뮷뺳뺭볃톧ꆷ?놱뺩ꎺ훐맺뮷뺳뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〷ꎬ㘲?㤱튳ꆣ 27
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 쪹폃ꆢ쫕틦ꆢ뒦럖룷쿮좨샻뗄ퟛ뫏쳥ꎬ뛔풴뗄쯹폐좨뇘좻튪쟳뛔풴뾪닉뗄쫕틦좨ꆣ 웤듎ꎬ쫕좡풴ퟢ뷰쫇캪쇋뇜쏢풴엤훃뗍킧ꆣ풴펦룃엤훃떽뺻쫕틦ퟮ룟뗄뗘랽ꆣ죧맻늻쫕좡풴ퟢ뷰ꎬ쓇쎴뻍폐풴맽솿쪹폃뗄컊쳢ꎬ쫊떱뗄쫕좡풴ퟢ뷰뻍믡냑뗍킧뗄탨쟳뻜뻸ꎬ놣횤쇋풴뗄룟킧샻폃뫍뷚풼쪹폃ꆣ떱좻캪쇋럀횹풴뗄맽뛈쪹폃튲뿉틔쪹폃엤룸훆뗈랽램ꎬ떫쫇컞싛닉폃엤룸훆뮹쫇닉폃업뛓램ꆢ욽뻹램믲헟쫇쯦믺램뗈죔좻늻쓜놣횤풴쪹폃뗄룟킧싊ꎬ쫕좡풴ퟢ뷰ퟮ뫃쫇쫐뎡뮯뗄랽램ꎬ죃쫐뎡볛룱엤훃풴ꆢ뻶뚨풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫽솿ꆣ늻쫕좡풴ퟢ뷰뻍믡떼훂ퟢ뷰쇷쪧ꎬ늢쟒얤쟺쇋룷훖튪쯘뗄볛룱ꎬ튲믡떼훂웤쯻튪쯘뗄쪹폃컞킧싊ꆣ 웤죽ꎬ퓚싗샭랽쏦ꎬ쫇캪쇋뿉돖탸랢햹뫍듺볊릫욽ꆣ캪쇋뿉돖탸랢햹ꎬ늻뿉퓙짺풴뗄뾪닉뇘탫뛔뿉쳦듺풴믲헟웤쯻놾뗄늹뎥ꆣ헢튻뗣퓚쿂튻헂뮹붫쿪쾸싛쫶ꆣ ퟮ뫳ꎬ풴뗄맽뛈쪹폃뮹냾뛡쇋늿럖쪹폃헟뗄쪹폃좨ꎬ뛔룟킧샻폃헟늻쓜춨맽볛룱믱뗃풴ꎬ튲쫇튻훖늻릫욽ꆣ 떱좻ꎬ맽룟뗄풴ퟢ뷰튲믡웆뮵랢쏷뒴탂뗄뚯솦ꎬ풴쯹폐헟틀뾿풴ퟢ뷰짝돞쿻럑ꎬ늻쮼뷸좡ꎬ뛔짧믡튲쫇튻훖ퟨ훍ꆣ 듓풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡뗄탔훊짏뾴ꎬ죧맻풴맩쮽죋쯹폐ꎬ쓇쎴풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡뻍쫇튻룶돵듎럖엤뗄컊쳢ꎻ죧맻맩맺볒쯹폐ꎬ쓇쎴풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡볈쫇튻룶돵듎럖엤뗄컊쳢ꎬ튲쫇튻룶뛾듎럖엤뗄컊쳢ꎬ뻟폐쮫훘탔훊ꆣ ㌮?⸲??풴ퟢ뷰쫕좡뗄랽쪽?풴ퟢ뷰뫏샭뗄쫕좡랽쪽뛔풴쯹폐헟믱좡잡떱뗄쫕틦ꆢ럀횹풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧뻟폐훘튪ퟷ폃ꎬ쫇풴ퟢ뷰럖엤랽쪽뗄뻟쳥쳥쿖ꆣ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡랽쪽쫇퓚풴쯹폐헟폫풴뾪닉헟횮볤춨맽첸에ꆢ킭짌좷뚨뗄ꆣ 1ꎮ믱뗃풴ퟢ뷰뗄춾뺶 룹뻝잰쏦풴ퟢ뷰뗄뻶뚨럖컶ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰볈폐뺲첬뗄늿럖튲폐뚯첬뗄늿럖ꎬ쯹틔쿠쫊펦뗘믱뗃풴ퟢ뷰뻍폐뒢솿횧뢶ꎨStock paymentsꎩ뫍쇷솿횧뢶ꎨFlow paymentsꎩ솽훖춾뺶ꎬ헢솽훖믱뗃풴ퟢ뷰뗄춾뺶튲쫇뫍풴ퟢ뷰뗄솽룶ퟩ돉늿럖쿠튻훂뗄ꆣ ꎨ1ꎩ뒢솿횧뢶 뒢솿횧뢶쫇횸내헕뿳즽뗄풴뒢솿쯹ퟶ뗄풴ퟢ뷰뗄횧뢶ꎬ튻냣쫇퓚뿳즽뗄뾪닉좨뗄엄싴훐닺짺뗄튻듎탔횧뢶ꎬ랴펳뗄쫇뿳즽뗄욷캻ꆢ훊솿뗄닮뇰ꆣ죧쯹ퟶ뗄럖컶ꎬ벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ 28
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 뻸뛔ퟢ뷰퓚뺲첬뗄쟩뿶쿂쫇뿉틔볆쯣뫍풤웚뗄ꎬ쯹틔퓚엄싴뷐볛맽돌췪좫뺺헹뗄쟩뿶쿂뿉틔믱뗃좫늿벶닮ퟢ뷰뫍뻸뛔ퟢ뷰ꆣ 평폚튻듎탔엄싴뿳즽뾪닉좨ꎬ뛔폚쎺첿ꆢ쳺뿳뗈만쳥풴ꎬ풴뇈뷏벯훐ퟜ뒢솿폖뫜듳뗄뿳즽ꎬ튻듎탔믱좡ퟢ뷰뛮첫듳ꎬ쪹듳솿웳튵놻뻜횮쏅췢ꎬ듳탍뿳즽뾪닉웳튵퓚엄싴훐탎돉싲랽슢뛏ꎬ쪹뿳즽쯹폐헟늻쓜믱뗃뫏샭뗄ퟢ뷰쫕죫ꎬ쯹틔튲뿉틔뾼싇놣횤뫏샭뾪닉뗄맦쒣뗄잰쳡쿂뮮럖쟸뿩ꆢ훰듎엄싴ꎬ쪹뿳즽쯹폐헟쫊떱쯵뛌ퟢ웚ꎬ붵뗍늻좷뚨탔ꎬ믱뗃뫏샭뗄풴ퟢ뷰쫕죫ꆣ샠쯆폚춼2-4쯹쪾풴ퟢ뷰뗄탎돉ꎬ퓚춼3-2훐ꎬ볙짨풴닺욷볛룱쯦뒢솿복짙뛸짏헇ꆢ횻폐뒢솿횧뢶ꆢ늻뾼싇붵뗍엄싴뷰뛮듸살뗄엄싴뺺헹볓뻧ꎬ죧맻튻듎탔엄싴뒢솿캪ꇷR뿳즽뗄쯹폐좨쟒퓚t0뗄쪱볤쓚뾪닉췪ꎬ풴닺욷볛룱듓P1짏짽떽P3ꎬ쓇쎴풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧캪좫늿뗄쾡좱ퟢ뷰a+b+cꎻ죧맻뿳즽쾸럖캪솽듎엄싴럖뇰퓚t1뫍t2쪱볤쓚뾪닉췪ꎬ쓇쎴풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧캪a+bꎬ벴쾡좱ퟢ뷰늿럖쇷쪧ꆣ뮮럖쟸뿩ꆢ훰듎엄싴뗄쫕틦캪cꆣ P ꇷR P3 b P2 c a P1 D t2 t1 O R t0 춼3-2 뿳즽쯹폐좨뗄훰듎엄싴믱좡풴ퟢ뷰 ꎨ2ꎩ쇷솿횧뢶 쇷솿횧뢶쫇횸쯦쪱볤뗄뇤뮯럖쪱웚뷸탐풴ퟢ뷰뗄횧뢶ꎬ랴펳쇋늻뿉풤웚뗄볛룱ꆢ돉놾뇤뮯ꎬ랴펳쇋쿖쪵뗄볛룱ꆢ돉놾뇤뮯ꆣ죧퓚쯹ퟶ뗄럖컶ꎬ쾡좱ퟢ뷰퓚늻좷뚨탔뫜듳뗄쟩뿶쿂쫇쓑틔풤웚뫍볆쯣뗄ꎻ죧퓚쯹ퟶ뗄럖컶ꎬ럖쪱웚뷸탐뗄쇷솿횧뢶뿉틔믱뗃뫏샭뗄쾡좱ퟢ뷰ꆣ 2ꎮ맺췢풴ퟢ뷰쫕좡뗄튻냣믺훆폐 퓚맺췢ꎨ폈웤쫇쏀맺뗈랢듯맺볒ꎩꎬ틑뺭탎돉쇋뷏캪췪짆뗄풴ퟢ뷰쫕좡랽쪽ꎬ횵뗃뷨본ꆣ ꎨ1ꎩ뫬샻ꎨBonusesꎩꎺ뛔풴뾱첽ꆢ뾪닉좨뗄뺺볛ꆢ엄싴뿉틔쪵쿖늿럖풴ퟢ뷰ꎬ죧 29
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 벶닮ퟢ뷰뫍뻸뛔ퟢ뷰뻍쫇쫴폚풴ퟢ뷰뗄뒢솿횧뢶ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ좨샻뷰ꎨRoyaltiesꎩꎺ뛔캴살풴뾪닉쫕틦뗄늿럖럖쿭ꎬ뿉틔쪵쿖캴살볛룱ꆢ돉놾뇤뚯듸살뗄ퟢ뷰뇤뮯ꎬ죧쾡좱ퟢ뷰ꎬ쫴폚풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷솿횧뢶ꆣ뻟쳥폐닺솿뗄냙럖뇈ꆢퟜ쫕틦뗄냙럖뇈ꆢ뺻쫕틦뗄냙럖뇈ꆢ닺욷럖쿭킭틩뗈쫕좡랽램ꆣ퓚풴뾪닉훐듦퓚뗄풴쯹폐헟ꆢ풴뾪닉웳튵쯹폐헟ꆢ풴뾪닉웳튵뺭펪헟뗄뛠훘ꆰ캯췐ꆪꆪ듺샭ꆱ컊쳢뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ좨샻뷰뗄믱좡닉좡럖돉훆벰뻟쳥뗄뇈샽쫇룷랽늩?뗄뷡맻ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ뿳뗘ퟢ뷰ꎨRentsꎩꎺ뿳튵폃뗘퓚풴뾪닉맽돌훐뗄믺믡돉놾ꎬ쫴폚쇷솿횧뢶ꆣ ꎨ4ꎩ쮰쫕ꎨTaxesꎩꎺ맺볒춨맽릫쮾쫕죫쯹뗃쮰ꆢ풴ퟢ뷰쮰ꆢ풴쮰뗈쮰쫕릤뻟뛔풴ퟢ뷰뗄뗷뷚믲헟믱좡뗄랽램ꎬ쫴폚풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷솿횧뢶ꆣ 뫬샻 풴ퟢ뷰쮰쫕좨샻뷰 뾪닉돉놾쫕틦?????????ㄱㄲㄳㄴㄵㄶ 춼3-3 튻룶뗤탍쎺첿뾪닉웳튵뗄풴ퟢ뷰 볙짨튻룶쎺첿뾪닉웳튵ꎬ뗚튻쓪춨맽엄싴믱뗃뾪닉좨ꎬ튻듎탔횧뢶뫬샻ꎨ벶닮ퟢ뷰뫍뻸뛔ퟢ뷰ꎩꎬ뗚뛾쓪듳솿춶붨뺮ꎬ듓뗚죽쓪뾪쪼짺닺ꎬ폐쇋쫕틦ꆢ좨샻뷰뫍쮰쫕ꆣ솬탸쪮쓪뗈솿짺닺ꎬ쎿쓪쫕틦쿠춬ꎨ풴닺욷볛룱늻뇤ꎩꎬ듓뗚쪮튻쓪뾪쪼풴훰붥뫄뷟ꎬ돖탸쯄쓪ꎬ쫕틦훰쓪쿂붵ꎻ뾪닉돉놾듓뗚죽쓪뾪쪼돊쿖훰쓪뮺싽퓶뎤ꎻ좨샻뷰ꎨ쾡좱ퟢ뷰ꎩ쫇쫕틦복좥뾪닉돉놾뗄%ꎻ쮰쫕쫇쫕틦복좥뾪닉돉놾뗄33%ꆣ풴ퟢ뷰죧춼3-3쯹쪾ꎬ웤훐뫡훡틔짏늿럖쫇풴뾪닉웳튵뗄쫕틦ꎬ뫡훡틔쿂뗄늿럖쫇풴뾪닉웳튵뗄돉놾ꆢ쮰쫕ꆢ풴ퟢ뷰뗄횧뢶ꆣ죧맻풴닺욷볛룱ꆢ돉놾랢짺뇤뮯뗄뮰ꎬ좨샻뷰뚼믡쿠펦뗘랢짺뇤뮯ꆣ 30
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 뗚4헂 풴ퟢ뷰폫풴탍뺭볃뗄탎돉벰웤탍 풴ퟢ뷰쫇풴쯹폐헟믱뗃뗄쫕죫ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧튲믡룄뇤웤쯻튪쯘뗄볛룱?쫕죫?ꎬ쯹틔춨맽튪쯘쯹폐헟뗄쫕틦ퟮ듳뮯탐캪ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄뇤뮯뛔풴뗄뾪닉슷뺶ꎨ풴뫄뷟쯙뛈ꎩꆢ풴탍뺭볃뗄탎돉ꆢ풴탍뺭볃뗄탍뚼폐훘튪펰쿬ꆣ ?⸱??풴ퟢ뷰뗄뇤뮯뛔풴뾪닉쯙뛈폫슷뺶뗄펰쿬?룹뻝ퟢ뷰쫕틦쿖횵ퟮ듳뮯뗄쳵볾뿉틔췆떼ퟮ폅뗄풴뾪닉슷뺶ꎬ뗃돶쇋뿉뫄뷟풴뾪닉솿뇘뚨쿂붵ꎬ뷡맻쫇볛룱뇘뚨짏짽뗄뷡싛?뫀첩쇖ꎬ1931ꎩꆣ놣돖ퟮ폅뗄뾪닉슷뺶쫇풴탍뺭볃뿉돖탸랢햹뗄뇘튪쳵볾ꎬ뿉쫇쿖쪵뗄훖훖쳵볾좴뿉쓜펰쿬풴ퟮ폅뗄뾪닉슷뺶ꎬ퇐뺿헢킩펰쿬틲쯘뗄ퟷ폃뫍믺샭뇘붫뛔풴뗄폐킧놣뮤뫍폐탲쪹폃웰떽훘튪뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ 㐮ㄮ?†풴볛룱뇤뮯뛔풴뾪닉쯙뛈뗄펰쿬?퓚쫐뎡뺭볃뗄쳵볾쿂ꎬ닺횮볤쫇뿉틔쿠뮥뮻뗄ꎬ닺뗄쿠뮥ퟔ평뮻쪹늻춬뗄닺쟷폚폐쿠춬뗄쫕틦싊ꆣ퓚췪좫뺺헹뗄쫐뎡짏ꎬ쿱놾믱뗃샻쾢튻퇹ꎬ뿉뫄뷟풴ퟷ캪튻훖닺ꎬ뗘쿂캴뾪닉풴뗄ꎨ잱퓚ꎩퟢ뷰뻍튪쟳내샻쾢싊퓶뎤1ꎬ헢퇹풴폫놾볤뗄뮯닅쓜뻹뫢ꎬ헢룶풭퓲놻돆캪뫀첩쇖ힼ퓲ꎨHotelling’s ruleꎩꆣ죧맻풴ퟢ뷰퓶뎤싊싽폚샻쾢싊ꎬ퓲볓쯙뾪닉ꎻ죧맻풴ퟢ뷰퓶뎤싊뿬폚샻쾢싊ꎬ퓲복쯙뾪닉2ꎨ죧맻뾪닉돉놾캪쇣ꎬ퓲뇭쿖캪볛룱뗄퓶뎤싊ꎩꆣꆰퟢ뷰뻍튪쟳내샻쾢싊퓶뎤ꆱ쫇룶뎤웚뗄룅쓮ꎬ튲뿉틔죏캪쫇튻훖뎤웚뗄풤웚ꆣ죧맻R0듺뇭쿖퓚뗄떥캻ퟢ뷰ꎬR1듺뇭붫살쒳튻쪱뿌뗄떥캻ퟢ뷰ꎬ헢룶믺훆뿉틔놻뇭쪾캪ꎺ ꎨ1ꎩR0=(1+r)R1ꎬ뻹뫢뗣ꎬ닉늻닉뚼튻퇹ꎻ ꎨ2ꎩR0ꎾ (1+r)R1ꎬ뾪닉ꎻ ꎨ3ꎩR0ꎼ(1+r)R1ꎬ늻뾪닉ꆣ 퓚뛌웚쓚ꎬ폫뎤웚뗄쟩뿶잡잡쿠랴ꆣ죧맻풴볛룱뗄헇럹뫜듳믲헟돖폐풴닺뗄쫕틦싊룟폚샻쾢싊ꎬ쓇쎴뻍믡볓쯙풴뗄뾪닉ꎻ죧맻풴볛룱뗄헇럹뫜킡믲헟돖폐풴닺뗄쫕틦싊뗍폚샻쾢싊ꎬ쓇쎴뻍믡복쯙풴뗄뾪닉ꆣ헢룶믺훆튲놻돆ퟷ쪱볤쳗샻뗄뫀첩쇖ힼ퓲 1 Harold Hotelling, “The Economics of Exhaustible Resources”,Journal of Political Economy , 1931,39(April),ꆫ175. 2?욽뗒뿋ꎬ슳뇶럆뛻뗂훸?헅뻼뗈틫?ꆶ캢맛뺭볃톧ꆷ?뗚쯄냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〰⸹ꎬ㐸?튳ꆣ 31
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 ꎨIntertemporal arbitrage’s Hotelling’s ruleꎩꆣ헢룶믺훆폃쫕틦싊살뇭쪾뿉틔죧춼4-1쯹쪾ꎬ퓚떥샻뗄쟩뿶쿂솽뗣솬쿟뗄킱싊뻍쫇쫕틦싊ꎬ놾뗄쫕틦싊캪샻쾢싊캪rꎬ풴볛룱P퓚늨뚯ꆣ퓚D뗣뗄쪱뫲돖폐풴닺뗄쫕틦싊B룟폚샻쾢싊rꎬ퓲풴뗄뾪닉볓쯙ꎻ퓚C뗣뗄쪱뫲돖폐풴닺뗄쫕틦싊A뗍폚샻쾢싊rꎬ퓲풴뗄뾪닉복쯙ꆣ 쫕틦싊B P P D 샻쾢싊r 쫕틦싊A C t 춼4-1 돖폐풴뗄쫕틦싊폫샻쾢싊뗄맘쾵 뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ풴뗄뾪닉쯙뛈폫볛룱늨뚯폫샻쾢싊뚼폐맘쾵ꆣ쓇쎴떽뗗풴볛룱늨뚯폫풴뗄뾪닉쯙뛈룃좡탅쓄룶ힼ퓲쓘ꎿ놾컄죏캪ꎬ룃좡탅뫳헟ꎬ벴좡탅쪱볤쳗샻뗄뫀첩쇖ힼ퓲ꆣ풭틲죧쿂ꎺ웤튻ꎬ퓚뻸듳뛠쫽맺볒ꎬ풴뗄쯹폐헟쫇맺볒ꎬ룶죋쎻폐ퟮ훕뗄쯹폐좨ꎻ웤뛾ꎬ튻룶뿳즽튻냣뗄뾪닉웚쿞쫇벸쓪떽벸쪮쓪ꎬ쎻폐돤럖뗄쪱볤듯떽ꆰ뎤웚ꆱ튪쟳뗄뎤뛈ꎻ웤죽ꎬ뿳즽뗄돁쎻돉놾뫜듳ꎬ뾪닉쪱웚퇓뎤늻튻뚨폐샻ꎻ웤쯄ꎬ풴볛룱뇤뮯뫜듳ꎬ쫜펰쿬뗄틲쯘뫜뛠ꎬ늨뚯훜웚튲뫜뎤ꎬ뇤뮯뫜쓑풤웚ꎻ웤컥ꎬ쿖퓚볛룱룟헇ꎬ퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏뗈춬폚붫살볛룱풤웚쿂뗸믲헟헇럹복킡ꆣ쯹틔떱풴볛룱룟헇ꎬ돖폐풴닺뗄쫕틦싊룟폚샻쾢싊쪱ꎬ풴뗄뾪닉펦룃쫇볓쯙뗄ꆣ 쯹틔ꎬ퓚풴탍뗘쟸ꎬ죧맻볛룱퓶뎤쯙뛈뿬폚샻쾢싊ꎬ퓲풴쯰뫄볓쯙ꆣ샻쾢싊뗄룟뗍랴펳뗄쫇놾뗄튻냣퓶횵쯙뛈ꎬ뿉틔죏캪쫇췢짺뗄ꆣ쯹틔튪놣횤풴뾪랢ퟱ톭ퟮ폅슷뺶ꎬ뛔풴볛룱튪뷸탐쫊떱뗄뗷뿘ꎬ럀횹풴볛룱뗄듳웰듳실ꎬ놣돖풴볛룱뗄쫊뛈컈뚨탔ꎬ탎돉뫏샭뗄풤웚쫇뇘튪뗄ꆣ 㐮ㄮ?†풴ퟢ뷰뛔풴ퟮ폅뾪닉슷뺶뗄펰쿬? 슢뛏ꆢ샻싊ꆢ뾪닉돉놾ꆢ탨쟳ꆢ뒢솿뗈뗄뇤뮯뚼믡춨맽펰쿬풴ퟢ뷰뗄듳킡살펰쿬풴ퟮ폅뾪닉슷뺶ꆣ 32
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 ꎨ1ꎩ슢뛏쪱ꎬ캴살ퟢ뷰퓶뎤싊짽룟ꎬ풴뫄뷟쪱볤뇤뎤ꎻ샻싊붵뗍쪱ꎬ붫살뗄ퟢ뷰헛쿖싊붵뗍ꎬ퓶듳쇋풴ퟢ뷰뗄쿖횵ꎬ풴뫄뷟쪱볤뇤뎤ꎻ뾪닉돉놾짽룟ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰붵뗍ꎬ풴뫄뷟쪱볤뇤뎤ꎻ퓚헢죽룶쳵볾쿂풴ퟮ폅뾪닉슷뺶뻹듓듓슷뺶1떽슷뺶2ꎬ뫄뷟쪱볤듓t1떽퇓뎤떽t2ꆣ죧춼4-2쯹쪾ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ탨쟳퓶볓ꎬ풴볛룱짏짽ꎬ떥캻풴ퟢ뷰짏짽ꎬ뾪닉볓쯙ꎬ듓슷뺶1떽슷뺶3ꎬ뫄뷟쪱볤듓t1쯵뛌떽t3ꎻ뒢솿퓶볓ꎬ풴볛룱쿂뗸ꎬ떥캻풴ퟢ뷰쿂붵ꎬ뾪닉복쯙ꎬ듓슷뺶1떽슷뺶4ꎬ뫄뷟쪱볤듓t1퇓뎤떽t4ꆣ죧춼4-3쯹쪾ꆣ 뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ돽좥췢짺틲쯘샻싊횮췢ꎬ뛔풴뗄슢뛏맜샭ꎨ슢뛏헟뇈뺺헹헟룼볓놣뮤풴ꎩ1ꆢ탨쟳쿂붵ꆢ풴뾱첽솦뛈볓듳ꆢ뾪닉돉놾퓶볓뗈틲쯘뚼믡붵뗍풴뗄뫄뷟쯙뛈ꆣ Choke price P Choke price P 슷뺶2 슷뺶3 슷뺶1 슷뺶슷뺶4 1 O O t1 t2 t t3 t1 t4 t 춼4-2 슢뛏뫍샻싊룟뗍뗄펰쿬 춼4-3 풴듦솿뫍탨쟳뇤뮯뗄펰쿬 㐮ㄮ?†훆뛈붨짨뛔풴뾪닉솿뗄펰쿬?늻춬뗄뿳닺풴뗄훆뛈믡뛔풴뾪닉쯙뛈폐펰쿬ꎬ뇈죧쯹폐좨좱쪧ꆢ듦퓚췢늿탔(Externality)뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ뚼믡볓쯙풴뗄뾪닉ꆣ 죧춼4-4쯹쪾ꎬ풴닺좨쏷좷쪱ꎬ풴쯹폐헟믱뗃뗄쾡좱ퟢ뷰뫍뻸뛔ퟢ뷰?춼4-4훐틵펰늿럖?ꎬ풴뾪닉솿캪Q0ꆣ퓚늻쏷좷닺좨ꆢ풴ퟔ평뷸죫뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰좫늿뫄즢ꎨP0ꆢC0쿲P1틆뚯ꎬ횱훁뗈폚P1ꎬ듋쪱좫늿ퟢ뷰쿻쪧ꎩꎬ풴뗄뾪닉솿붫믡듓Q0볓듳떽Q1ꎻ죧춼4-5쯹쪾ꎬ퓚췢늿탔뗄돉놾뗃늻떽늹뎥뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ풴뾪닉웳튵뻍믡뗃떽뮷뺳짺ꆢ첬ퟢ뷰ꎨ춼4-5훐뗄틵펰늿럖ꎩꎬ릩룸쟺쿟듓S0폒틆떽S1ꎬ풴뗄뾪닉솿붫믡듓Q1볓듳떽Q2ꆣ 1?욽뗒뿋ꎬ슳뇶럆뛻뗂훸?헅뻼뗈틫?ꆶ캢맛뺭볃톧ꆷ?뗚쯄냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〰⸹ꎬ㐹?튳ꆣ 33
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 S0 P S0 P P0 E E S1 P1 P1 C0 D D OO Q0 Q1 Q Q1 Q2 Q 춼4-4 ퟢ뷰뫄즢폫풴맽솿뾪닉 춼4-5 췢늿탔폫풴맽솿뾪닉 쯹틔ꎬ붨솢폐킧뗄닺좨놣뮤ꆢ풴ퟢ뷰쫕좡쳥훆ꆢ붫췢늿탔돉놾뾼싇뷸풴뾪닉뗄돉놾횮훐뗄훆뛈낲업뚼붫믡붵뗍풴뗄뾪닉솿ꎬ듓뛸복싽풴뗄뫄뷟쯙뛈ꆣ 㐮ㄮ?†뫪맛짏폫캢맛짏뗄풴뫄뷟?폐퇐뺿뇭쏷ꎬ뷼냙쓪살듳뛠쫽뗄풴틲캪뾱첽벼쫵뷸늽뗈풭틲뒢솿뗃떽퓶볓ꎬ풴뫄뷟컊쳢뗃떽뮺뷢1ꆣ놾컄뗄샭뷢쫇헢늢늻쓜듓룹놾짏뷢뻶풴뫄뷟컊쳢ꎬ풭틲뷢쫍죧쿂ꎺ웤튻ꎬ뾱첽벼쫵뗄뷸늽횻믡퓚튻뛎쪱볤볓쯙캴첽쏷풴뗄랢쿖뛸늻믡듓놾훊짏쪹풴뫄뷟컞쿞췆동ꎻ웤뛾ꎬ볓쯙랢쿖잱퓚풴쪹죋쏇폐쇋풴뿉틔컞쿞놻랢쿖뗄믃뻵ꎬ풴볛룱놻뗍맀ꎬ룼볓뻧쇋풴뗄뫄뷟쯙뛈ꆣ 틔짏벸뷚뗄럖컶훷튪쫇뫪맛짏뗄풴뫄뷟뗄럖컶ꎬ벴쪹쫇탂랢쿖뗄풴뒢솿튲늻튻뚨믡퓚풭살풴탍뗘쟸ꎬ튲탭퓚쇭튻룶뗘쟸ꎬ쯹틔퓚캢맛짏ꎬ헫뛔뻟쳥뗄튻룶풴뾪닉웳튵ꆢ쒳룶풴탍뗘쟸ꎬ풴뫄뷟쎿쳬뚼퓚랢짺ꎬ풴뫄뷟쪱뗄웳튵맘뇕ꆢ죋풱쪧튵쫇쎿룶풴탍뗘쟸늻뛏튪폶떽뗄컊쳢ꆣ ?⸲??풴ퟢ뷰뗄럖엤ꆢ쪹폃폫풴탍뺭볃뗄탎돉?풴ퟢ뷰믡듓뛠랽쏦펰쿬떽풴탍뺭볃뗄탎돉폫탍ꆣ풴탍뺭볃뻟폐폫튻냣뺭볃늻춬뗄튻킩쳘헷ꎬ헅뢴쏷쳡떽쇋풴탍뺭볃뗄컥룶쳘헷2ꎺ쎳틗쳵볾뛱뮯늢틽랢랴릤튵뮯쿖쿳ꎬ풴쫕틦럖엤늻릫컊쳢ꎬ풴닺욷볛룱늨뚯쯹틽랢뗄뺭볃늨뚯틔벰평듋듸살뗄풤쯣횧돶삧뺳ꎬ춶췢쳓ꆢ쿻럑췢틧뫍럇샭탔쿻럑ꎬ풴탍닺튵쳥쾵뗄ퟔ톭뮷랢햹벰닺튵뷡릹컊쳢ꆣ죧맻맣 1 Ronald H. Schmidt,Hotelling's Rule Repealed?An Examination of Exhaustible Resource PricingꎬFederal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Review, Fall 1988 2 헅뢴쏷?ꆶ풴탍뺭볃—샭싛뷢쫍ꆢ쓚퓚믺훆폫펦폃퇐뺿ꆷ?놱뺩ꎺ훐맺짧믡뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ2007ꎬ31-32튳ꆣ 34
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 틥뗘뾴ꎬ뷡뫏맺쓚췢폐맘풴틽랢뗄룷훖컊쳢뗄퇐뺿ꎬ놾컄죏캪풴ퟢ뷰퓚쯹폐좨뷡릹ꆢퟢ뷰쫕좡폫럖엤ꆢퟢ뷰뗄쪹폃뗈벸룶뮷뷚뿉쓜틽랢풴탍뺭볃컊쳢ꎨ믲뿉쓜뗄풴탍뺭볃뗄뇭쿖ꎩꎬ뻟쳥죧쿂ꆣ 㐮㈮?†쯹폐좨뷡릹틽랢뗄풴탍뺭볃컊쳢? 죧맻풴뾪닉쫇ퟔ평뷸죫뗄ꎬ쓇쎴뻍믡떼훂ퟢ뷰뫄즢ꎬ늢쟒떼훂풴뗄맽뛈뾪닉ꎬ헢퓚놾헂뗄뷚틑뺭뷩짜ꆣ퓙뷸튻늽짮죫뗘럖컶ꎬ풴뾪닉뗄ퟔ평뷸죫뗄놾훊뻍쫇풴뗄쯹폐좨좱쪧믲헟닺좨늻쏷ꎬ뷡뫏컒맺뗄쿖쪵뾴ꎬ컒맺뿳튵쇬폲튻뛈듦퓚뗄ꆰ쮽췚샃닉ꆱ뻍쫇뗤탍뗄샽ퟓꆣ 죧맻풴쫇릫릲닆닺뗄쟩뿶ꎨ튲뻍쫇쫀뷧룷맺풴쯹폐좨ퟮ튻냣뗄쟩뿶ꎩꎬ풴ퟢ뷰쫕좡뗄훆뛈뻍럇뎣훘튪ꎬ횱뷓떼훂쇋풴ퟢ뷰쫇뒦폚좷뚨뗄ힴ첬뮹쫇뒦폚쇷쪧뗄ힴ첬ꆣ풴ퟢ뷰뗄늻쫕좡ꆢ짙쫕좡뚼쫇풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧ꎬ횻쫇돌뛈늻춬ꎬ늻쫕좡쫇훆뛈좱쪧컊쳢ꎬ짙쫕좡쫇훆뛈늻뫏샭컊쳢ꆣ컒맺뗄맺폐웳튵뗄풴쏢럑쪹폃뻍쫇뗤탍뗄풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧뗄ힴ첬ꆣ놾컄죏캪풴맩쮽죋쯹폐쪱ꎬ쯹폐헟늻쓜믱뗃좫늿풴ퟢ뷰늻쓜돆캪ퟢ뷰쇷쪧ꎬ틲캪듦퓚ꆰ캯췐ꆪꆪ듺샭ꆱ컊쳢ꎬퟢ뷰쇷쪧폈웤쫇쿲뺭볃샻죳뗄뮯퓚튻뚨돌뛈짏펦룃쫓캪쫇벤샸쫖뛎ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧펦룃훷튪랢짺퓚릫릲닆닺뗄쟩뿶쿂ꆣ?쯹폐좨훆뛈랽쏦떼훂풴ퟢ뷰쇷쪧ꎬ뻟쳥뇭쿖캪ꎺ ꎨ1ꎩ톰ퟢ뫍뢯냜ꎺ틲캪풴ퟢ뷰쇷쪧훷튪랢짺퓚릫릲닆닺뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ쓇쎴헆컕풴엤훃릫릲좨솦뗄헾뢮맙풱뻍폐톰ퟢ뗄뻞듳뚯솦ꎬퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧돉캪뇘좻뷡맻ꎬ헢튲쫇풴탍뺭볃쳥폶떽뗄웕뇩컊쳢ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ튪쯘볛룱쪧헦ꎺ틲캪풴ퟢ뷰쇷쪧훷튪쫇뮯돉릤ꆢ샻죳ꎬ쯹틔풴닺튵뗄릤ꆢ샻죳튪룟폚웤쯼닺튵ꎬ뷡맻쫇컼틽룼뛠뗄샍뚯ꆢ놾쇷쿲풴닺튵ꎬ퓬돉풴닺튵뗄맽뛈랱죙ꎬ튪쯘맽뛈엤훃ꎻ뛸훆퓬튵놻웈뷓쫜삭룟뗄릤뫍샻쾢ꎬ뺺헹솦쿂붵ꎬ쫜떽쯰몦ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ뺭볃듳웰듳실ꎺ풴볛룱룟헇뗄쪱뫲ꎬ튪쯘볛룱톸쯙엊짽ꎬ풴닺튵뗄춶뿬쯙퓶뎤ꎬ뺭볃톸쯙룟헇ꎻ퓚뺭볃뗄뷴쯵쪱웚ꎬ릤뗄룕탔뻜쿂ꎬ늻떫쫇웕춨뺭볃쳥뗄쫐뎡럇돶쟥뗄풭틲1ꎬ튲쫇풴볛룱늨뚯뺭볃듳웰듳실뗄풭틲횮튻ꎬ평폚풴닺튵뗄릤튪룟폚웕춨닺튵ꎬ쪹릤뗄뗷헻룼볓뮺싽ꎬ뺭볃뷴쯵뗄쪱볤뇈웕춨닺튵룼뎤ꆣ ꎨ4ꎩ킧싊쯰쪧ꎺ풴닺튵랱죙듸살뗄튪쯘퓚풴닺튵맽뛈엤훃ꎬ훂쪹닺튵쳥쾵믻탎랢햹ꎬ 1 랽뢣잰?ꆶ떱듺컷랽뺭볃톧훷튪쇷엉ꆷ?놱뺩,훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ2004?12ꎬ214-224튳ꆣ? 35
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 풭놾뿉틔쇷쿲웤쯻닺튵뗄놾ꆢ샍뚯ꆢ벼쫵뗈튪쯘듳솿퓚풴닺튵믽뻛ꎬ뛸풴닺튵뗄튪쯘룟믘놨쫇ퟢ뷰쇷쪧뗄뷡맻ꎬ늻쫇헦헽뗄튪쯘닺돶ꎬ붵뗍쇋튪쯘뗄킧싊ꎻ쇭튻랽쏦ꎬ풴닺튵뛔죋솦놾뗄탨쟳놻죏캪쫇뗍뛋뗄ꆢ볲떥뗄ꎬ룟릤컼틽듳솿뗄폅탣죋닅듓쫂볲떥뗄샍뚯ꎬ뷸튻늽붵뗍쇋튪쯘뗄킧싊ꎻ웤죽쫇풴닺튵뛔죋솦놾뗄업돢1ꎬ풴뫄뷟틔뫳훆퓬튵뗄랢햹폶떽욿뺱ꎬ뺺헹솦쿂붵ꎬ뺭볃랢햹쓑틔캪볌ꎻ웤쯄쫇ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧떼훂웤쯻튪쯘뗄ꆰ늻샍뛸믱ꆱꎬ복죵쇋뺺헹뗄벤샸폫톹솦ꎬ쪹풴뾪닉웳튵뒴탂뚯솦복죵ꆣ 듸살헢킩컊쳢뗄훷튪풭틲쫇훆뛈틲쯘ꎬ쓇쎴뷢뻶헢킩컊쳢뗄냬램튲훷튪쫇붨솢뫏샭뗄풴ퟢ뷰쫕좡훆뛈뫍쿠펦뗄쏱훷램싉훆뛈ꆣ 㐮㈮?†풴ퟢ뷰럖엤틽랢뗄풴탍뺭볃컊쳢?죧맻풴쫇쮽폐뗄믲헟쫇퓚릫릲닆닺쪱뻟폐솼뫃뗄풴ퟢ뷰쫕좡훆뛈ꎬ쓇쎴풴ퟢ뷰뻍쫇쿠뛔좷뚨뗄ꎬ뻟폐쇋쿂튻늽럖컶뗄믹뒡ꆣ퓚풴ퟢ뷰뗄럖엤랽쏦뿉쓜돶쿖뗄컊쳢쫇ꎺ ꎨ1ꎩ쫕죫닮뻠볓듳ꎺ평폚듳뛠쫽맺볒풴맩맺볒쯹폐ꎬ맺볒붫믱뗃쿠펦뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꎬ맺볒닆헾뻟폐퓙럖엤뗄릦쓜ꎬ쯹틔풴ퟢ뷰뗄럖엤쫇럱릫욽훷튪뾴맺볒뗄닆헾ꆢ쮰쫕헾닟틔벰풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡랽쪽ꆣ죧맻쫇내헕웤쯻닺튵튻퇹뗄헾닟ꎬ쓇쎴뇘좻쫇퓚풴랢쿖횮뫳뗄쫕죫뗄듳럹쳡룟뫍풴뫄뷟틔뫳뗄쫕죫듳럹쿂붵ꎬ헢솽훖쟩뿶뚼믡퓬돉쫕죫닮뻠뗄볓듳ꆣ쯹틔풴탍뺭볃뗘쟸뇘좻튪쟳폐웤쳘쫢뗄닆헾ꆢ쮰쫕헾닟ꎬ냑풴뗄닆뢻쫊떱뒢탮ꎬ럀횹듋훖쟩뿶뗄랢짺ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ췢늿탔ꎺ췢늿탔뗄놾훊뻍쫇뛔뮷뺳ꆢ짺첬풴뗄쏢럑쪹폃ꎨ릫릲뗄췢늿탔ꎩ뫍웤쯻쯹폐헟뗄풴쏢럑쪹폃ꎨ쮽죋뗄췢늿탔ꎩꆣ쮽죋뗄늿럖쮽죋믡춨맽뫏쫊뗄랽램뷢뻶ꎬ훷튪뗄컊쳢쫇퓚릫릲뗄늿럖ꆣ죧맻뛔풴뾪닉뗄뮷뺳ꆢ짺첬웆뮵뗄돉놾볆쯣늻헽좷짵훁쎻폐죎뫎늹뎥뗄뮰ꎬ헢훖쯰쪧쫇뻞듳뗄ꎬ늢쟒평헻룶짧믡돐떣ꆣ 㐮㈮?†풴ퟢ뷰쪹폃틽랢뗄풴탍뺭볃컊쳢? ꆰ듓쳬뛸붵ꆱ뗄풴닆뢻퓚뫜듳뗄돌뛈짏믡룄뇤뻓쏱뗄쿻럑쾰맟ꎬ풭살뗄쿻럑ꆢ뒢탮뗄뇈샽놻듲웆ꎬ뻓쏱폐볓듳쿻럑뗄쟣쿲ꎬ뒢탮싊붵뗍ꎬ뺭볃뗄뎤웚퓶뎤잱솦붵뗍쇋ꎻ풴볛룱뗄짏헇횱뷓떼훂풴ퟢ뷰뗄짏헇ꎬ죧맻헢훖볛룱짏헇듸살뗄ퟢ뷰짏헇쎻폐뫜뫃뗄럖엤믺훆뗄뮰ꎬ뻞뛮뗄풴ퟢ뷰쇷쪧뇘좻떼훂믻탎쿻럑ꎬ뛸쟒뿬쯙퓶볓뗄쫕죫뎬맽쇋떱뗘훆퓬튵ꆢ럾컱 1 Thorvaldur GylfasonꎬꆰNatural Resources, Education,and Economic DevelopmentꆱꎬFor the 15th Annual Congress of the European Economic Association Bolzano, 30 August – 2 September 2000. 36
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 튵뗄쮮욽ꎬ훂쪹쿻럑뗄췢쇷ꆣ듓헾뢮랽쏦뾴ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄ꆰ틢췢횮닆ꆱ퓶볓쇋좨솦뚷헹뗄듌벤ꎬ헾훎폐늻컈뚨뗄쟣쿲ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰쫕죫믡놻듳솿폃폚햽헹뫍돥춻횮훐ꆣ퓚헾훎컈뚨뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ쟡틗뛸뗃뗄쫕죫볓쯙쇋놻폃폚럇짺닺쇬폲뗄쿻럑ꎬ뛸뒢탮ꆢ춶뗄쿂붵뫍뷌폽뗄춶늻ퟣ떼훂맺볒뗄헦쪵뒢탮싊캪뢺ꆣ헢킩쟩뿶뚼믡떼훂뺭볃랢햹늻뿉돖탸ꆣ 풴ퟢ뷰떼훂뗄풴탍뺭볃컊쳢죧춼4-6쯹쪾ꆣ 㐮㌠?풴ퟢ뷰뗄쪹폃폫뿉돖탸랢햹?맘폚뿉돖탸탔뗄룅쓮ꎬ싞뷜ꆤ싼쳡떽쇋뿉돖탸탔뗄쇹룶룅쓮1ꎺꎨ1ꎩ뿉돖탸ힴ첬쫇킧폃믲쿻럑쫇늻쯦쪱볤뛸쿂붵뗄ꎻꎨ2ꎩ뿉돖탸ힴ첬쫇ퟔ좻풴뗃떽맜샭틔캬돖캴살뗄짺닺믺믡ꎻꎨ3ꎩ뿉돖탸ힴ첬쫇ퟔ좻놾듦솿늻쯦쪱볤뛸쿂붵뗄ꎻꎨ4ꎩ뿉돖탸ힴ첬쫇ퟔ좻풴뗃틔맜샭틔캬돖풴럾컱뗄뿉돖탸닺솿ꎻꎨ5ꎩ뿉돖탸ힴ첬쫇싺ퟣ짺첬쾵춳퓚쪱볤짏뗄컈뚨뫍떯탔뗄ퟮ킡쳵볾ꎻꎨ6ꎩ뿉돖탸ힴ첬쫇쫇쓜솦뫍릲쪶뗄릹붨ꆣ 헢쇹룶룅쓮쫇듓늻춬뗄뷇뛈뷸탐뚨틥뗄ꎬ쫇뮥쿠쏜쟐솪쾵뗄ꎬ웤훐뗚튻쳵ꆰ쿻럑퓚듺볊볤럇쿂붵ꆱ튲놻돆캪ꆰ맾쳘캬뿋ힼ퓲ꆱ2ꎬ놾컄닉폃헢룶뿉돖탸뗄룅쓮뷸탐럖컶ꆣ 쿻럑퓚듺볊볤늻쿂붵틢캶ퟅ탨튪ꆰ짺닺뗄뿉돖탸ꆱꆣ 듓뒫춳뗄짺닺몯쫽뾴ꎬ Q=Q(L,K) ꎨ4-1ꎩ 웤훐Q듺뇭닺솿ꎬL듺뇭샍뚯ꎬK듺뇭놾ꆣ틢틥쫇닺솿쫇평샍뚯뫍놾뗄쫽솿뻶뚨뗄ꎬퟔ좻풴쎻폐놻뾼싇ꎬK잿뗷뗄쫇죋퓬뗄컯훊놾ꆣ죧맻뾼싇떽샍뚯뗄늻춬훊솿틔벰뒴퓬탔ꎬ뿉돆웤캪죋솦놾KRꎻ뾼싇떽ퟔ좻풴ꎬ뿉돆웤캪ퟔ좻놾KNꎻ풭살뗄죋퓬컯훊놾캪KWꎻ탂짺닺몯쫽뿉뇭쪾캪ꎺ Q=Q(L,KW,KN,KR) ꎨ4-2ꎩ 튪ퟶ떽ꆰ짺닺뗄뿉돖탸ꆱꎬ죧맻룷튪쯘쫇늻뿉쳦듺뗄ꎬ퓲튪쟳죎뫎튻훖튪쯘뚼늻쓜쿂붵ꎻ죴맻룷튪쯘쫇뿉쳦듺뗄ꎬ퓲튪쟳폐튻뚨놾믽샛틔쏖늹쇭튻훖튪쯘뗄복짙ꎬ믽샛튪쟳뗄쯙뛈튪뾴쿠뮥뗄쳦듺싊ꆣ퓚짏쫶뗄쯄룶튪쯘샯ꎬ평ퟔ좻풴뗄쳘탔뻶뚨뗄ꎬ횻폐ퟔ좻놾쫇떥뗷쿂붵뗄ꎨ떱좻웤쯻죽룶튪쯘튲폐뿉쓜쿂붵ꎩꎬ쯹틔뻍튪쟳웤쯻죽룶튪쯘뷸탐믽샛쳦듺ꆣ평폚샍뚯솦쫽솿쫇평죋뿚뻶뚨뗄ꎬ쫇췢짺뗄ꎬ쯹틔ퟔ좻놾쯰뫄뗄늹뎥횻쓜평컯훊놾뫍죋솦놾살뷸탐ꆣ 1 싞뷜ꆤ싼ꎬ십풽뗈?ꆶퟔ좻풴폫뮷뺳뺭볃톧ꆷ?뗚뛾냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎬ훐맺뺭볃돶냦짧ꎬ2002ꎬ57-72튳ꆣ 2 춬짏ꆣ 37
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 쯹폐좨뷡릹 ퟢ뷰ힴ첬 뿉쓜뗄풴탍 뺭볃뗄뇭쿖 ퟔ평뷸죫 ퟢ뷰뫄즢 맽뛈뾪닉 톰ퟢꆢ뢯냜 릫릲닆닺 ퟢ뷰쇷쪧 킧싊쯰쪧 튪쯘볛룱쪧헦 쮽폐 ퟢ뷰좷뚨 ퟢ뷰풴헹뛡 햽헹ꆢ돥춻 풴ퟢ뷰럖엤릫럱 쫕죫닮뻠 욽럱 볓듳 쫇 뮷뺳ퟢ뷰 헷쫕럱럱 췢늿탔 볛룱뇤뮯쫇 듸살뗄ퟢ럖쿭럱럱 럖쿭럱 믻탎쿻럑 뷰 쫇 ퟢ뷰훖샠 ퟢ뷰럖엤 ퟢ뷰쪹폃 맺볒풴뷌폽횧돶 쮰쫕믲릫 릲믹뷰 뒢탮 헦헦쪵쪵뗄뗄 맺쓚뒢탮맺쫇 랢햹늻뿉쓚뒢탮싊싊 돖탸 캪캪뢺뢺럱럱 쮽죋쯹폐 헟쫕틦 풴복짙 믵뇒쇷 틲맻맘쾵 춼4-6 풴ퟢ뷰폫풴탍뺭볃컊쳢뗄탎돉믺훆 38
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 쪵볊짏ꎬퟔ좻풴쫇늻쓜췪좫쳦듺뗄ꎬ횻쓜쫇쒳훖돌뛈뗄쳦듺ꎬ쯹틔폐볆뮮뗄뾪닉ퟔ좻풴쫇뿉돖탸랢햹뇘탫튪ퟶ떽뗄ꆣ돽쇋튪폐믴쳘쇖틑뺭횤쏷뗄ꆰퟮ폅뗄뾪닉슷뺶ꆱ뗄뺭볃뾼싇횮췢ꎬ뮹탨튪뾼싇짧믡뗄헻쳥샻틦ꆣ헦쪵뗄뒢탮ꎨGenuine savingsꎩ뗄룅쓮쫇듺뇭쓇킩뛔랢햹폐훘튪ퟷ폃뗄닺볛횵뗄뺻룄뇤ꎬ뇈죧죋퓬컯훊놾ꆢퟔ좻놾ꆢ뮷뺳놾ꆢ맺췢뗄닺뗈1?뾼싇뻟쳥쟩뿶뮹튪뷸탐뗷헻ꎺꎨ1ꎩ복좥ퟔ좻풴뾪닉뗄볛횵ꎻꎨ2ꎩ복좥컛좾쯰쪧ꆢ죋쏇뗄벲늡붡뾵쯰쪧ꎻꎨ3ꎩ볓짏뷌폽횧돶ꎬ틲캪뷌폽횧돶탎돉죋솦놾ꎻꎨ4ꎩ복좥맺췢뗄뺻뢺햮ꎻꎨ5ꎩ볓짏헾뢮볤뗄뺻틆횧뢶ꆣ 폃SR듺뇭헦쪵뗄맺쓚뒢탮싊ꎨGenuine domestic saving ratesꎩꎬSD듺뇭뺻맺쓚뒢탮ꎨNet domestic savingꎩ햼GDP뗄냙럖뇈ꎬIE듺뇭뷌폽횧돶ꎨEducation expenditureꎩ햼GDP뗄냙럖뇈ꎬSN듺뇭ퟔ좻풴뾪닉ꎨNatural resource depletionꎩ햼GDP뗄냙럖뇈ꆣ쓇쎴SD뻍붫믡탎돉컯훊놾KWꎬIE붫믡탎돉죋솦놾KRꎬSN뻍쫇ퟔ좻놾KN뗄복짙솿ꆣ죧맻퓝늻뾼싇맺췢틲쯘뫍뮷뺳틲쯘ꎬ쓇쎴헦쪵뗄맺쓚뒢탮싊뿉틔볲뮯캪ꎺ SR=SD+IE−SN ꎨ4-3ꎩ 릫쪽ꎨ4-3ꎩ뗄틢틥뻍쫇ꎺ풴뾪닉쯰쪧ퟔ좻놾떫쫇믱뗃풴ퟢ뷰ꎬ죧맻풴뾪닉믱뗃뗄풴ퟢ뷰쓜릻뗃떽뒢탮ꎨ쪵컯춶ꎩ뫍폃폚뷌폽횧돶ꎨ죋솦놾춶ꎩ뗄뮰ꎬ쪹헦쪵뗄맺쓚뒢탮싊듳폚쇣ꎬ튻룶뺭볃뗄랢햹뻍쫇뿉돖탸뗄ꆣ쯹틔듓튻룶맺볒헻쳥짏뾴ꎬ죋뿚늻뇤뗄쟩뿶쿂ꎬ퓚죧맻SRꎾ0ꎬ뺭볃뿉틔돖탸랢햹ꎨ붫살쿻럑늻쿂붵ꎩꎬ랴횮늻뿉돖탸ꆣ 㐮???풴ퟢ뷰뗄쪹폃폫풴탍뺭볃탍?풴탍뺭볃탍쫇듓튻룶풴탍뺭볃뗘쟸뗄닺튵뷡릹돶랢룸뗄뚨틥ꎬ쯹틔떥뛀듓닉뿳튵뗄뷇뛈뾴뺭볃뗄뿉돖탸랢햹뛔뻟쳥뗄튻룶풴탍뗘쟸튲쫇뫜폐틢틥뗄ꆣ 쯷싥ꎨ1974ꎩ뫍맾쳘캬뿋ꎨ1977ꎩ쳡돶뗄뿉돖탸쫕죫뗄룅쓮살뫢솿뺭볃뗄뿉돖탸랢햹ꎬ뻟쳥랽램쫇냑뾪닉뿳닺뗄쫕틦퓙춶떽웤쯻쇬폲ꎬ튲놻돆캪맾쳘캬뿋ힼ퓲ꎬ헢룶ힼ퓲튲뿉틔랢햹캪풴탍뺭볃탍뗄쒣탍ꆣ듓튻룶뺭볃뗄ퟜ쳥살럖컶뿉돖탸랢햹ꎬ죧맻냑헢룶ꆰ웤쯻쇬폲ꆱ삩듳캪죋퓬놾ꎨ냼삨럇닉뿳튵놾뫍죋솦놾ꎩ뗄뮰ꎬ헢룶풴탍뺭볃탍쒣탍뗄슷뺶튲뿉뇭쪾죧춼4-7쯹쪾ꆣ 1 Expanding the Measure of Wealth, World Bank, 1997 39
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 웤쯼뒢탮 풴ퟢ뷰 쿻럑 ퟔ좻쮽죋슷뺶 럇닉뿳튵춶 죋퓬놾복짙 놾퓶볓 쮰쫕ꆢ믹뷰 뷌폽춶 릫릲슷뺶 놾퓶볓뺻뛮 탍뿬 ꇝ탍싽 0 쫇 럱 춼4-7 풴ퟢ뷰폫풴탍뺭볃탍 헢쫇듓풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡ꆢ쪹폃뗄뷇뛈살ퟶ뗄럖컶ꆣퟔ좻풴뾪닉믱뗃뗄쫕틦뿉틔럖캪쮽죋믱뗃뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꆢ쮰쫕뫍릫릲믹뷰뗈릫릲쫕틦ꆣ풴퓚쮽죋쯹폐쪱늻듦퓚ퟢ뷰뗄쪹폃컊쳢ꎬ쎻폐쿞훆ꎬ평풴쯹폐헟뻶뚨ꆣ컞싛쫇풴ퟢ뷰뮹쫇쮰쫕뫍릫릲믹뷰뗈릫릲쫕틦ꎬ쪹폃랽쿲뚼뿉틔럖캪쿻럑뫍춶ꎬ쟸뇰쫇쮽죋춶쫇캪쇋믱샻뗄쒿뗄쿲럇닉뿳튵춶ꎬ헾뢮춶쫇캪쇋릫릲샻틦뗄뷌폽춶ꎨ퓚쫐뎡뺭볃맺볒ꎬ춶늻쫇헾뢮쮰쫕뗄쪹폃랽쿲ꎩꆣ 풴탍뺭볃뗄탍뗄뿬싽좡뻶폚죋퓬놾뗄믽샛쯙뛈ꎬ벴폃틔뗖쿻ퟔ좻놾복짙뗄돌뛈ꆣ볌탸짮죫럖컶뿉틔랢쿖ꎬ뒢탮폫쿻럑뇈샽ꎨ냼삨쮽죋ꆢ릫릲뗄늿럖ꎩ룟뗍쫇뻶뚨풴탍뺭볃탍뿬싽뗄훷튪펰쿬틲쯘ꆣ뒢탮싊룟떼훂춶싊룟ꎬ죋퓬놾뗄믽샛쯙뛈뻍뿬ꎬ뗖쿻ퟔ좻놾복짙뗄뻍뛠ꎬ풴탍뺭볃뗄탍뻍뿬ꆣ뷌폽춶쫇죋퓬놾믽샛뗄훘튪랽쏦ꎬ평폚뷌폽쫴폚릫릲춶뗄랶캧ꎬ늻쫇쮽죋춶뗄훷튪랽쿲ꎬ힢뚨쇋춨맽뷌폽춶살늹돤짧믡ퟜ놾쫇헾뢮믱뗃뗄풴랽쏦뗄쮰쫕ꆢ풴ퟢ뷰뗄훘튪쪹폃랽쿲ꆣ 40
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 뗚5헂 컒맺쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰뗄쪵횤퇐뺿 ?⸱??떥캻쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰뗄뫋쯣?풴ퟢ뷰쫇룶캢맛뗄룅쓮ꎬ늻춬뗄쎺첿뾪닉웳튵ꎬ평폚늻춬뗄돉놾뫍볛룱믡폐늻춬뗄쎺첿풴떥캻ퟢ뷰ꎬ늻춬뗄닺솿믡폐늻춬뗄ퟢ뷰ퟜ뛮ꎬ쯹틔뛔쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰뗄뫋쯣훷튪쫇춨맽톡좡뻟폐듺뇭탔뗄웳튵췪돉뗄ꆣ평폚캢맛쫽뻝늻죝틗믱뗃ꎬ쯹틔놾컄닉폃틑폐컄쿗뗄맀쯣살럖컶컒맺쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰ꆣ 퇮훐뚫ꎬ돂뷰죙ꎨ2008ꎩ폃캢맛쫽뻝틔짱뮪캪샽맀쯣쇋컒맺쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰ꆣ훐맺짱뮪쫇컒맺ퟮ듳뗄쎺첿짺닺짏쫐릫쮾ꎬ뻟폐뫜잿뗄듺뇭탔ꆣ웤랽램쫇폃샻죳싊뗄뇈뷏ꎺ죧맻쎺첿웳튵춶죫짺닺뗄ퟜ닺놨돪싊뗈폚좫맺릤튵탐튵뗄춶놨돪싊ꎬ쎺첿풴뗄ퟢ뷰뻍뗈폚쇣ꎬ듳폚좫맺릤튵웳튵뗄춶놨돪싊ꎬ퓲쎺첿웳튵믱뗃쇋쎺첿ퟢ뷰ꎬ헢룶ퟢ뷰냼삨쇋ꆰ벶닮뗘ퟢꆱ뫍ꆰ뻸뛔뗘ퟢꆱꆣ죧맻룶뇰쎺첿웳튵뗄춶놨돪싊듳폚쎺첿짺닺탐튵뗄춶놨돪싊ꎬ퓲믱뗃쇋쎺첿풴뗄ꆰ벶닮뗘ퟢꆱꆣ 샻폃샻죳싊랽램볆쯣뗄ퟢ뷰폫풴ퟢ뷰뗄살풴폫릹돉믹놾튻훂ꎬꆰ뻸뛔뗘ퟢꆱ폫ꆰ벶닮뗘ퟢꆱ뗄ꆰퟢ뷰ퟜ뛮ꆱ뻍풼뗈폚쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰ꆣ 뇭5-1 훐맺짱뮪떥캻쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰뗄맀쯣 떥캻ꎺ풪/뛖 쓪럝 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 벶닮뗘ퟢ 뻸뛔뗘ퟢ ퟢ뷰ퟜ뛮 14 쓪럝 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 벶닮뗘ퟢ 뻸뛔뗘ퟢ ퟢ뷰ퟜ뛮 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ퇮훐뚫ꎬ돂뷰죙?틔짱뮪캪샽잳컶컒맺쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰?ꆶ쎺첿뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ?2008ꎬꎨ1ꎩꎬ40-43. 듓뇭5-1뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ짱뮪뗄떥캻쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰돊쿖훰쓪퓶뎤뗄쟷쫆ꎬ25쓪퓶뎤쇋8놶뛠ꎬ2005쓪뗄뛖쎺ퟢ뷰뻸뛔뛮캪풪ꆣ캪쇋횱맛뗘맛달뛖쎺ퟢ뷰쯦쪱볤뇤뮯폫쎺첿볛룱뇤뮯뗄 41
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 맘쾵ꎬퟷ춼5-1살뇈뷏ꎺ 㜰풪뛖쎺ퟜퟢ뷰뛮ꎨퟳ훡ꎩㄹ㤰쓪캪?㘰?㘰쎺첿볛룱횸쫽ꎨ폒훡ꎩ㔰?㔰㐰?㐰㌰㌰?㈰㈰????ㄹ㠰ㄹ㠲ㄹ㠴ㄹ㠶ㄹ㠸ㄹ㤰ㄹ㤲ㄹ㤴ㄹ㤶ㄹ㤸㈰〰㈰〲㈰〴쓪럝 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ놱뺩뮪춨죋쫐뎡탅쾢폐쿞릫쮾ꎬ볻퇮훐뚫ꎬ돂뷰죙?틔짱뮪캪샽잳컶컒맺쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰?ꆶ쎺첿뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ?2008ꎬꎨ1ꎩꎬ40-43튳ꆣ 춼5-1 쎺첿벰솶붹돶뎧볛룱횸쫽폫떥캻쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰뗄맘쾵 평폚뛌웚뇟볊돉놾뇤뮯늻듳ꎬ쯹틔떥캻쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰뗄뇤뮯뻍뫍쎺첿볛룱뇤뮯룟뛈쿠맘ꆣ죧맻돉놾늻뇤ꎬ퓲볛룱퓶뎤뻍믡좫늿뇤돉떥캻ퟢ뷰뗄퓶뎤ꆣ죧춼5-1쯹쪾ꎬ짱뮪뗄떥캻ퟜퟢ뷰뛮ꎨ쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰ꎩ폫쎺첿볛룱횸쫽뗄뇤뮯쟷쫆럇뎣컇뫏ꎬ쮵쏷돉놾폫ퟢ뷰춬쪱춬볛룱뷸탐쇋퓶뎤ꎬퟢ뷰쿲릤폐쇋뮯폫쇷쪧ꎬ튲펡횤쇋맺폐웳튵뗄ퟢ뷰쿲릤ꆢ샻죳쇷쪧뗄샭싛ꆣ 퓚뮷뺳ퟢ뷰ꆢ짺첬ퟢ뷰뗄뫋쯣랽쏦ꎬ떳뷺뮪뗈ꎨ2007ꎩ뫋쯣쇋즽컷쪡쎺첿뾪닉뮷뺳컛좾뫍짺첬웆뮵뗄뺭볃쯰쪧솿ꎬ뷡맻뇭쏷ꎺ2003쓪즽컷쪡쎺첿뾪닉뮷뺳컛좾폫짺첬웆뮵퓬돉뗄쯰쪧풼캪틚풪ꎬ헛뫏쎿뛖쎺쯰쪧풪ꆣ웤훐뮷뺳컛좾쓪쯰쪧틚풪ꎬ헛뫏쎿뛖쎺쯰쪧풪ꎻ짺첬웆뮵쯰쪧틚풪ꎬ헛뫏쎿뛖쎺쯰쪧풪1ꆣ 죧맻짱뮪뗄ퟢ뷰폫즽컷뗄쎺첿뾪닉뮷뺳컛좾뫍짺첬웆뮵뗄뺭볃쯰쪧솿뚼뻟폐듺뇭탔뗄뮰ꎬ쓇쎴2003쓪컒맺뗄쎺첿풴뛖ퟢ뷰퓚늹뎥쇋뮷뺳뫍짺첬뗄쯰쪧ꎨ펦룃볆죫돉놾뗄뮷뺳ꆢ짺첬ퟢ뷰ꎬ펦룃싊쿈늹뎥ꎩ뫳쪵볊횵캪풪ꎨ= ꎩꎬ벴쎺첿풴뾪닉뗄쯹뗃ퟢ뷰ꎨ틔룷훖쇷쪧뗄탎첬듦퓚뗄ꎩ짐늻릻훎샭풴뾪닉뗄췢늿탔쯰쪧ꎬ쪵볊쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰캪쇣ꎬ뗘쿂탎첬뗄ퟔ좻놾쫇뒿쯰쪧ힴ첬ꎬ뫁컞늹뎥ꆣ풴뾪닉뗄뎬뛮샻죳좫늿쫇틔컾짼뮷뺳뫍짺첬캪듺볛뗄ꎬퟔ좻놾뒦폚뒿쯰쪧ힴ첬뫁컞늹뎥ꎬ뺭볃짧믡랢햹퇏훘뗄늻뿉돖탸ꆣ 1 떳뷺뮪ꎬ볖닊쾼ꎬ탬쳎ꎬ탬쫀훹?즽컷쪡쎺첿뾪닉뮷뺳쯰쪧뗄뺭볃뫋쯣?ꆶ뮷뺳뿆톧퇐뺿ꆷ?2007ꎬ20ꎨ4ꎩꎬ155-160튳ꆣ 42
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 1978떽2003쓪즽컷쪡샛볆닉쎺풼65틚뛖ꎬ햼떽춬웚좫맺쎺첿짺닺ퟜ솿뗄30%ꎬ샛볆뗷돶풭쎺45틚뛖ꎬ햼떽좫맺쪡볊볤뺻뗷돶솿뗄80%ꎬ릩펦좫맺28룶쪡럝ꎬ쎺첿돶뿚햼떽좫맺뗄70%ꆣ퓚캪좫맺ퟶ돶뻞듳뗄릱쿗뗄춬쪱ꎬ쎺첿풴뾪닉쯹퓬돉뗄뮷뺳쯰쪧풼캪4100틚풪ꎨ×65ꎩꎬ짐늻냼삨짺첬뮷뺳뺭볃볛횵뛔웤쯻쿠맘닺튵뗄맘솪ퟷ폃ꆣ ?⸲??쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰ퟜ뛮뫍떥캻ퟢ뷰뗄뇤뮯쟷쫆럖컶? 쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰ퟜ뛮뗄듳킡ꎬ볈튪뾼싇볛룱틲쯘뇤뮯쿂뗄떥캻ퟢ뷰뛮뗄뇤뮯ꎬ튲튪뾼싇짺닺쫽솿ꎬ뛸떥캻ퟢ뷰뛮뗄뇤뮯퓚뛌웚쓚훷튪좡뻶폚쎺첿볛룱ꎬ쯹틔쎺첿짺닺쫽솿뫍볛룱뗄뇤뮯뻍뛔쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰ퟜ뛮뗄뇤뮯웰떽뻶뚨탔뗄ퟷ폃ꆣ 㔮㈮ㄠ?컒맺쎺첿짺닺폫쿻럑뗄뇤뮯쟷쫆?컞싛듓쎺첿퓚컒맺뗄쓜풴쿻럑뮹쫇짺닺뗄뇈훘짏뾴ꎬ뮹쫇듓뻸뛔뗄짺닺쫽솿짏뾴ꎬ쎺첿퓚컒맺뗄쓜풴뷡릹훐햼폐벫캪훘튪뗄캻훃ꆣ 100%80%60%40%20%0%195319561959196219651968197119741977198019831986198919921995199820012004쓪럝풭쎺쪯폍쳬좻웸쮮럧뫋뗧 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ훐맺춳볆쓪본ꎬ탂훐맺55쓪춳볆쇏믣뇠ꆣ 춼5-2 훐맺룷훖튻듎쓜풴쿻럑뇈샽 죧춼5-2쯹쪾ꎬ풭쎺퓚훐맺뗄쓜풴쿻럑훐뗄뇈샽ꎬ듓폐볇슼뗄1953쓪뗄ퟮ룟%ꎬ훰늽붵뗍떽1975쓪뗄%ꎬ틔뫳믹놾퓚70%ퟳ폒늨뚯ꎻ뛸쪯폍뗄쿻럑뇈샽듓1953쓪뗄4%ퟳ폒솬탸퓶볓횱훁1974쓪듯떽20%ퟳ폒ꎬ틔뫳믹놾캬돖퓚20%ퟳ폒ꆣ풭쎺뫍쪯폍쫇컒맺뗄훷 43
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 튪쓜풴쿻럑욷ꎬ풭쎺뇈샽ퟮ듳ꎬ햼폐뻸뛔뗄춳훎뗘캻ꆣ 100%80%60%40%20%0%97194195219551958196119641967197019731976197919821985198819911994199200020032006쓪럝풭쎺쪯폍쳬좻웸쮮럧뫋뗧 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ훐맺춳볆쓪본ꎬ탂훐맺55쓪춳볆쇏믣뇠ꆣ 춼5-3 훐맺룷훖튻듎쓜풴짺닺뇈샽 죧춼5-3쯹쪾ꎬ풭쎺퓚훐맺뗄쓜풴짺닺뗄뇈샽ꎬ듓붨맺돵웚뗄96%틔짏ꎬ훰늽붵뗍떽1974쓪뗄%ꎬ틔뫳믹놾퓚70%ퟳ폒늨뚯ꎻ쪯폍뗄짺닺뇈샽뷼쓪살믹놾컈뚨퓚싔룟폚10%뗄쮮욽ꆣ풭쎺쫇컒맺뗄훷튪튻듎쓜풴짺닺욷ꎬ뇈샽튲쫇ퟮ듳뗄ꆣ ㌵㌰틚뛖훐맺쎺첿닺솿벰캴살탨쟳풤닢㈵㈰ㄵ?쓪럝? 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ2004쓪틔잰캪탂훐맺55쓪춳볆쇏믣뇠ꎻ2005쓪틔뫳캪풤닢쫽뻝ꎬ볻쇖늮잿ꎬ캺캡쿍ꎬ샮?뚫?훐맺뎤웚쎺첿탨쟳:펰쿬폫헾닟톡퓱?ꆶ뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ?2007ꎬꎨ2ꎩꎬ48-58튳ꆣ 춼5-4 훐맺쎺첿닺솿벰캴살탨쟳풤닢 44 ㄹ㐹ㄹ㔲ㄹ㔵ㄹ㔸ㄹ㘱ㄹ㘴ㄹ㘷ㄹ㜰ㄹ㜳ㄹ㜶ㄹ㜹ㄹ㠲ㄹ㠵ㄹ㠸ㄹ㤱ㄹ㤴ㄹ㤷㈰〰㈰〳㈰〶㈰〹㈰ㄲ㈰ㄵ
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 뷡뫏1949쓪틔살뗄풭쎺닺솿틔벰쇖늮잿ꎨ2007ꎩ뛔붫살뗄풤닢ꎬ뿉틔뾴떽컒맺풭쎺닺솿폫풤닢탨쟳솿ꎨ돽쇋룶뇰쓪럝뗄쿂붵췢ꎩ돊쿖떹엗컯쿟탍뗄짏헇ꎬ폫컒맺GDP쪱볤탲쇐뗄탎ힴ벫캪쿠쯆ꎬ헢쫇폫쎺첿퓚컒맺뗄쓜풴짺닺폫쿻럑뗄70%뗄뇈샽쿠쫊펦뗄ꆣ 듓춼5-4뿉틔뾴돶ꎬ컒맺뗄쎺첿탨쟳폫짺닺뗄ퟜ솿쫇뺪죋뗄ꆣ2006쓪풭쎺닺솿틑뺭듯22틚뛖ꎬ틑뛠쓪룟뻓쫀뷧쫗캻ꎬ뻝풤닢퓚캴살뗄늻떽10쓪붫듯떽30틚뛖ꆣ퓚헢퇹뗄짺닺솿짏ꎬ쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰뗄ퟜ뛮튲뻍럇뎣횮듳ꆣ 㔮㈮㈠?컒맺쎺첿볛룱뗄뇤뮯쟷쫆?듓샭싛짏뾴ꎬ뛌웚쓚짺닺돉놾늻뇤ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄뇤뮯훷튪좡뻶폚풴볛룱ꎻ듓짏튻뷚튲뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ컒맺쎺첿떥캻풴ퟢ뷰폫쎺첿볛룱뗄뇤뮯쟷쫆럇뎣컇뫏ꎬ쯹틔놾컄폃쎺첿뗄볛룱풤닢살뷼쯆뗘뛔쎺첿떥캻풴ퟢ뷰뛮뗄풤닢ꆣ 컒맺뗄쎺첿볛룱탎돉믺훆뗄뇤뮯듳룅폐죽룶뷗뛎ꎺ뗚튻뷗뛎ꎨ1949-1985쓪ꎩꎬ맺볒훆뚨쎺첿볛룱ꎬ쪵탐볛룱떥맬훆ꎻ뗚뛾뷗뛎ꎨ1985-1992쓪ꎩꎬ맺볒뿘훆듳늿럖쎺볛ꎬ쪵탐볛룱쮫맬훆ꎬ킡쎺뿳뫍맺폐쎺뿳뗄뎬닺늿럖볛룱럅뾪ꎻ뗚죽뷗뛎ꎨ1993쓪틔뫳ꎩꎬ맺볒훰늽럅뾪쎺볛ꎬ떽2002쓪좫늿럅뾪뗧쎺볛룱ꎬ뿉쫇2004쓪폖뛔뗧쎺폖쪵탐볛룱뗷뿘ꎬ쯹틔뗧쎺뮹쫇틔헾뢮횸떼볛캪훷ꆣ 1980쓪틔살뗄쎺첿볛룱횸쫽죧춼5-5쯹쪾ꎺ 㘰?㔰?쎺첿볛룱횸쫽㐰?㌰?㈰???쓪럝 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ놱뺩뮪춨죋쫐뎡탅쾢폐쿞릫쮾ꎬ볻퇮훐뚫ꎬ돂뷰죙?틔짱뮪캪샽잳컶컒맺쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰?ꆶ쎺첿뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ?2008ꎬꎨ1ꎩꎬ40-43튳ꆣ 춼5-5 쎺첿벰붹쎺돶뎧볛룱횸쫽 45 ㄹ㠰ㄹ㠱ㄹ㠲ㄹ㠳ㄹ㠴ㄹ㠵ㄹ㠶ㄹ㠷ㄹ㠸ㄹ㠹ㄹ㤰ㄹ㤱ㄹ㤲ㄹ㤳ㄹ㤴ㄹ㤵ㄹ㤶ㄹ㤷ㄹ㤸ㄹ㤹㈰〰㈰〱㈰〲㈰〳㈰〴㈰〵
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 죧춼5-5쯹쪾ꎬ컒맺쎺첿볛룱뗄뇤뮯듳룅뿉틔럖캪쯄룶뷗뛎ꎺ뗚튻뷗뛎쫇듓1980쓪떽1989쓪ꎬ헢뮹쫇쪵탐쎺첿맺볒ꆰ춳엤ꆱꎬ볛룱쫜떽맜훆뗄쪱웚ꎬ헢튻쪱웚뗄볛룱쓪벸뫎욽뻹퓶뎤싊캪%ꎻ뗚뛾뷗뛎쫇듓1989쓪떽1997쓪ꎬ헢쫇1990쓪맺볒럅뾪쎺첿볛룱횱떽퇇훞뷰죚캣믺놬랢잰뗄쪱웚ꎬ쫇쎺첿볛룱뗄ꆰ믖뢴쪱웚ꆱꎬ헢튻쪱웚뗄볛룱쓪벸뫎욽뻹퓶뎤싊캪%ꎻ뗚죽뷗뛎쫇1997쓪떽2000쓪ꎬ헢쫇퇇훞뷰죚캣믺펰쿬쪱웚ꎬ헢튻쪱웚뗄볛룱쓪벸뫎욽뻹퓶뎤싊캪%ꎻ뗚쯄뷗뛎쫇듓2000쓪떽2005쓪ꎬ쫜탨쟳퓶볓뗄펰쿬틔벰맺볊풭폍볛룱뗄짏헇뗄펰쿬볌탸짏헇ꎬ헢튻쪱웚뗄볛룱쓪벸뫎욽뻹퓶뎤싊캪%ꆣ듓ퟜ쳥짏뾴ꎬ쎺첿볛룱돊쿖늻뛏짏헇뗄쟷쫆ꆣ ퟷ캪훘튪뗄튻듎쓜풴ꎬ컒맺쎺첿폫쪯폍볛룱쫜맺볊볛룱뗄펰쿬늻춬ꆣ듓1990쓪틔살?쎺첿튻횱쫇뺻돶뿚ꎬ돶뿚솿햼짺닺솿뗄뇈훘퓚5%틔쿂ꎬ뇈훘뫜킡ꎻ뛸쪯폍듓1995쓪틔살뷸뿚벤퓶ꎬ뷸뿚솿햼짺닺솿뗄뇈훘듓1995쓪뗄%짏짽떽2006쓪뗄%ꎬ벸뫵폫맺쓚닺솿돖욽ꎬ뇈훘뫜듳ꆣ헢퇹뗄뷸돶뿚탎쫆뻶뚨쇋쪯폍쫜맺볊쫐뎡볛룱뗄펰쿬뫜듳ꎻ뛸풭쎺쫜맺볊쫐뎡뗄볛룱펰쿬뷏킡ꎬ훷튪쫜맺쓚뗄릩탨뻶뚨ꆣ떱좻ퟷ캪쎺첿쳦듺욷뗄쪯폍볛룱뗄늨뚯튲믡펰쿬쎺첿뗄볛룱ꎬ펰쿬뗄랽쿲캪춬랽쿲뇤뮯ꆣ 뇭5-2 훐맺쎺첿욽뫢뇭 떥캻ꎺ췲뛖 쓪럝 1990 1995 2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 짺닺솿 129921 172200 237300 뷸뿚솿 돶뿚솿 1729 뺻돶뿚 뺻돶뿚/짺닺솿(%) 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ훐맺춳볆쓪본2007ꆣ 뇭5-3 훐맺쪯폍욽뫢뇭 떥캻ꎺ췲뛖 쓪럝 1990 1995 2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 짺닺솿 15005 16300 뷸뿚솿 19453 돶뿚솿 뺻뷸뿚 뺻뷸뿚/짺닺솿(%)-6 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ훐맺춳볆쓪본2007ꆣ 46
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 훐맺솬탸뗄룟쯙뗄GDP뗄퓶뎤듸뚯쇋뛔쓜풴뗄뻞듳탨쟳ꎬ춬쪱컒맺뒦폚릤튵뮯폫돇헲뮯뗄훘튪랢햹뷗뛎ꎬ맺쏱뺭볃뛔쓜풴탨쟳돊쿖룕탔탨쟳ꎬ헢킩틲쯘뚼뇘붫뛔쎺첿볛룱닺짺솬탸짏헇뗄췆뚯ꎻ컒맺뗄쎺첿풴헻뫏뗄늻뛏췪돉ꎬ듳솿뗄벯쳥ꆢ룶쳥킡쎺뿳뗄맘뇕ꎬ믡복짙풴ퟢ뷰뗄뫄즢돌뛈ꎬ떥캻ퟢ뷰펦룃믡폐쯹퓶볓ꆣ 쎺첿볛룱짏헇뗄틖훆틲쯘폐ꎺ듓쎺첿퓚컒맺뗄쓜풴훐뗄뗘캻뾴ꎬ컒맺튻듎탔쓜풴뛔쎺첿벫뛈틀삵ꎬ쎺첿퓚헻룶맺볒뗄릤튵쳥쾵훐ퟷ폃벫캪훘튪ꎬ쯹틔쎺첿듦퓚맺볒볛룱맜훆뗄뿉쓜ꎬ퓚쒿잰춨헍뗄놳뺰쿂룼쫇죧듋ꎻ듓쎺첿뗄쪹폃짏뾴ꎬ2006쓪컒맺쎺첿폃떽랢뗧폃춾ꎨ훐볤쿻럑ꎩ뗄햼떽쎺첿뿉릩솿뗄%ꎬ폃폚릤튵폃춾뗄ꎨퟮ훕쿻럑ꎩ캪%ꎬ랢뗧쫇쎺첿훷튪뗄쪹폃랽쿲1ꎬ쎺뗧웳튵볤뗄늩?쫇쎺첿볛룱탎돉뗄훘튪랽쏦ꎬ뛸뗧솦쫇헻룶릤튵욷볛룱탎돉뗄훘튪틲쯘ꎬ뗧솦볛룱쫇맺볒맜훆뗄ꎬ틲듋ퟷ캪짏폎닺욷뗄뗧쎺튲늻뗃늻쫜떽맜훆ꎻ듓뺭볃뛔쎺볛뗄펰쿬짏뾴ꎬ뺭볃뗄늨뚯믡뛔쎺첿볛룱탎돉뷏듳돥믷ꎬ뇈죧퇇훞뷰죚캣믺퓬돉뗄쎺첿볛룱쿂붵ꎬ뺭볃복쯙튲믡펰쿬떽쎺첿볛룱ꆣ ퟜ횮ꎬ퓚뻞뛮뗄닺솿쿂ꎬ컒맺뗄쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰ퟜ뛮쪮럖엓듳ꎻ퓚쎺첿닺솿뫍볛룱뗄늻뛏짏헇뗄쟷쫆쿂ꎬ쎺첿풴뗄떥캻ퟢ뷰뫍ퟢ뷰ퟜ뛮뮹돊쿖늻뛏뗄짏헇쟷쫆ꆣ쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰뗄늻뛏퓶볓쪹쎺첿풴탔뗘쟸뗄랢햹폫탍쏦쇙솼뫃뗄믺폶ꆣ ?⸳??컒맺쎺첿풴폐뎥뾪닉뗄샺쪷폫쿖ힴ?컒맺뗄뿳닺풴뾪닉뺭샺쇋듓컞뎥뾪닉떽폐뎥쪹폃뗄샺쪷ꆣ듓1994쓪웰뛔닉뿳좨죋헷쫕뿳닺풴늹뎥럑웰ꎬ뻍뷡쫸쇋퓚컒맺컞뎥뾪닉뿳닺풴뗄샺쪷ꎻ듓1998쓪웰뛔첽뿳좨죋ꆢ닉뿳좨죋쫕좡첽뿳좨쪹폃럑ꆢ닉뿳좨쪹폃럑뫍맺볒돶뾱닩탎돉뗄첽뿳좨볛뿮ꆢ닉뿳좨볛뿮2ꎬ틔벰틔뫳뗄웤쯼쮰럑훆뛈뗄붨솢ꎬ뷸튻늽췆뷸쇋컒맺뿳닺풴폐뎥쪹폃훆뛈?The system of compensation for using of mineral resource?뗄췪짆ꆣ 㔮㌮?†컒맺뿳닺풴폐뎥쪹폃뗄뻟쳥뗄쫕좡뇪ힼ?ꎨ1ꎩ첽뿳좨ꆢ닉뿳좨쪹폃럑쫕좡뇪ힼ3 첽뿳좨쪹폃럑틔뾱닩쓪뛈볆쯣ꎬ내쟸뿩쏦믽훰쓪뷉쓉ꎬ뗚튻룶뾱닩쓪뛈훁뗚죽룶뾱닩쓪 1 룹뻝2007쓪ꆶ훐맺춳볆쓪본ꆷ볆쯣ꆣ 2?맺컱풺탂컅냬릫쫒ꎬꆶ훐맺뗄뿳닺풴헾닟ꆷ냗욤쫩?좫컄?ꎬ㈰〳ꎬ맺췁풴늿췸햾ꆣ 3ꆶ첽뿳좨닉뿳좨쪹폃럑뫍볛뿮맜샭냬램ꆷꎬ맺췁풴늿췸햾ꆣ 47
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뛈ꎬ쎿욽랽릫샯쎿쓪뷉쓉100풪ꎬ듓뗚쯄룶뾱닩쓪뛈웰쎿욽랽릫샯쎿쓪퓶볓100풪ꎬퟮ룟늻뎬맽쎿욽랽릫샯쎿쓪500풪ꆣ 닉뿳좨쪹폃럑내뿳쟸랶캧쏦믽훰쓪뷉쓉ꎬ쎿욽랽릫샯쎿쓪1000풪ꆣ ꎨ2ꎩ첽뿳좨ꆢ닉뿳좨볛뿮쫕좡뇪ힼ1 첽뿳좨ꆢ닉뿳좨볛뿮틔맺컱풺뗘훊뿳닺훷맜늿쏅좷죏뗄움맀볛룱캪틀뻝ꆣ튻듎믲럖웚뷉쓉ꎻ떫첽뿳좨볛뿮뷉쓉웚쿞ퟮ뎤늻뗃뎬맽2쓪ꎬ닉뿳좨볛뿮뷉쓉웚쿞ퟮ뎤늻뗃뎬맽6쓪ꆣ ꎨ3ꎩ뿳닺풴늹뎥럑내헕쿂쇐랽쪽볆쯣2 헷쫕뿳닺풴늹뎥럑뷰뛮=뿳닺욷쿺쫛쫕죫×늹뎥럑럑싊×뾪닉믘닉싊쾵쫽 뾪닉믘닉싊쾵쫽=뫋뚨뾪닉믘닉싊/쪵볊뾪닉믘닉싊 쪯폍ꆢ쳬좻웸ꆢ쎺첿ꆢ쎺돉웸늹뎥럑럑싊뻹캪1%ꎬ훐퇫폫쪡ꆢ횱쾽쫐뿳닺풴늹뎥럑뗄럖돉뇈샽캪5ꇃ5ꎻ훐퇫폫ퟔ훎쟸뿳닺풴늹뎥럑뗄럖돉뇈샽캪4ꇃ6ꆣ ꎨ4ꎩ풴쮰헷쫕뇪ힼ3 웤훐쎺첿ꎺ좫맺캪-5풪/뛖ꎻ즽컷쪡튻냣캪풪/뛖ꎻ듳춬뿳컱뻖풪/뛖ꎬ슺낲뿳컱뻖ꆢ뷺돇뿳컱뻖2풪/뛖ꎬ럚컷뿳컱뻖풪/뛖ꎬ컷즽뿳컱뻖ꆢ퇴좪뿳컱뻖풪/뛖ꎬ탹룚뿳컱뻖풪/뛖ꆣ풴쮰쫕죫좫늿맩뗘랽헾뢮쯹폐ꆣ ꎨ5ꎩ즽컷쪡쫔뗣뗄쫕럑 쎺첿뿉돖탸랢햹믹뷰헷쫕뇪ힼ4ꎺ뚯솦쎺5-15풪/뛖ꎬ컞퇌쎺10-20풪/뛖ꎬ붹쎺15-20풪/뛖ꎻ쫔뗣돵웚뗄쫊폃쎺훖헷쫕뇪ힼ뚨캪뚯솦쎺14풪/뛖ꎬ컞퇌쎺18풪/뛖ꎬ붹쎺20풪/뛖ꎻ2008쓪뗄헷쫕뇪ힼ캪뚯솦쎺캪13-15풪/뛖ꎬ컞퇌쎺캪18-20풪/뛖ꎬ붹쎺17-20풪/뛖5ꆣ 뿳즽뮷뺳훎샭믖뢴놣횤뷰6ꎺ즽컷쪡뺳쓚쯹폐쎺첿짺닺웳튵펦틀뻝뿳뺮짨볆럾컱쓪쿞믲쪣폠럾컱쓪쿞ꎬ내10풪/뛖럖쓪내퓂쳡좡ꆣ 쎺뿳닺랢햹뷰7ꎺ즽컷뺳쓚쯹폐쎺첿짺닺웳튵튪붨솢쎺뿳닺랢햹뷰ꆣ룹뻝풭쎺닺솿ꎬ내퓂쳡좡ꎬ쳡좡뇪ힼ캪5풪/뛖ꆣ 풭쎺쾴쎺붹쎺쮮풴늹뎥럑8ꎺ2풪/뛖ꆣ 붹첿짺닺업컛럑1ꎺ럖캪컥듳샠ꎬ횮볤닮뻠뷏듳ꎬퟮ뗍뗄폐뮷놣짨쪩뗄웳튵쎿뛖붹첿쫕럑 1ꆶ첽뿳좨닉뿳좨쪹폃럑뫍볛뿮맜샭냬램ꆷꎬ맺췁풴늿췸햾ꆣ?2ꆶ뿳닺풴늹뎥럑헷쫕맜샭맦뚨ꆷꎬ맺췁풴늿췸햾ꆣ?3ꆶ훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺풴쮰퓝탐쳵샽ꆷꎬꆶ훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺풴쮰퓝탐쳵샽쪵쪩쾸퓲ꆷꎬ맺볒쮰컱ퟜ뻖췸햾ꆣ?4ꆶ즽컷쪡쎺첿뿉돖탸랢햹믹뷰헷쫕맜샭쪵쪩냬램ꆷꎬ즽컷쪡죋쏱헾뢮췸햾ꆣ?5ꆶ맘폚릫늼㈰〸쓪쎺첿뿉돖탸랢햹믹뷰헷쫕뇪ힼ뗄춨횪ꆷꎬ즽컷쪡닆헾쳼췸햾ꆣ?6ꆶ즽컷쪡쎺첿릤튵뿉돖탸랢햹헾닟듫쪩쫔뗣릤ퟷퟜ쳥쪵쪩랽낸ꆷꎬ즽컷쪡죋쏱헾뢮췸햾ꆣ?7ꆶ즽컷쪡쎺첿릤튵뿉돖탸랢햹헾닟듫쪩쫔뗣릤ퟷퟜ쳥쪵쪩랽낸ꆷꎬ즽컷쪡죋쏱헾뢮췸햾ꆣ?8ꆶ즽컷쪡쮮풴늹뎥럑헷쫕맜샭냬램ꆷꎬꆶ즽컷쪡죋쏱헾뢮냬릫쳼ꆴ맘폚풭쎺쾴쎺붹쎺쮮풴늹뎥럑헷쫕뇪ힼ컊쳢뗄춨횪ꆵꆷꎬ즽컷쪡뗘쮰뻖췸햾ꆣ? 48
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 18풪ꎬퟮ룟뗄쎻폐뮷놣짨쪩뗄웳튵쎿뛖붹첿쫕럑200풪ꆣ 쎺첿퓋쿺쾵춳쫕럑2ꎺ뛔쳺슷퓋쫤뫍릫슷췢퓋쎺첿쫕좡ꎥ뗄퓋쿺럾컱럑ꎻ춨맽릫슷퓋쫤뗄쎺첿듺쿺럑폃ꎬ뗘랽쎺첿퓋쿺웳튵쿲쎺뿳쫕좡ꎥ뗄맜샭럑ꎻ춨맽믰뎵퓋쫤뗄쎺첿뺭펪럑폃ꎬ쪵탐듺쿺뗄뗘랽쎺첿퓋쿺웳튵ꎬ쿲쎺뿳쫕좡듺쿺럑4ꎥꎨ벴쎺볛뗄3ꎥ맜샭럑ꎬ1ꎥ쯰뫄럑ꎩꆣ 볛룱뗷뿘믹뷰?ꎺ볛룱뗷뿘믹뷰뛮?ꎨ쪵뷉퓶횵쮰+쪵뷉쿻럑쮰+쪵뷉펪튵쮰?×%ꎻ쫐ꆢ쿘뗘쮰믺맘헷쫕뗄볛룱뗷뷚믹뷰ꎬ쪡폫쫐쿘내2:8뗄뇈샽럖돉ꎬ20%뷉죫쪡맺뿢ꎬ80%뷉죫쫐ꆢ쿘맺뿢ꆣ 떱좻뮹냼삨튻냣웳튵튲튪뷉쓉뗄웳튵쯹뗃쮰ꆢ퓶횵쮰4ꆢ돇쫐캬뮤붨짨쮰ꆢ뷌폽럑뢽볓뗈ꎬ뻟쳥쮰싊캪ꎺ웳튵쯹뗃쮰2008쓪틔잰쫇33%ꎬ2008쓪틔뫳쫇25%ꎻ퓶횵쮰튻냣쫇17%ꎬ쎺첿웳튵캪13%ꎻ돇쫐캬뮤붨짨쮰캪퓶횵쮰뗄7%ꎻ뷌폽럑뢽볓캪퓶횵쮰뗄3%ꆣ?탨튪쮵쏷뗄쫇ꎬ평폚풴뾪닉웳튵퓶횵쮰뗖뿛쿮쒿뫜짙ꎬ쯹틔쿠뛔폚훆퓬튵ꆢ짌튵웳튵살쮵퓶횵쮰쫇뫜훘뗄쮰뢺ꎬ뛸맺췢뛔풴뾪닉웳튵헷쫕퓶횵쮰뗄맺볒뷏짙ꆣ퓚풴샻폃킧싊랽쏦ꎬ컒맺맺폐뿳즽웳튵뗄욽뻹닉톡믘쫕싊훐ꎬ폐즫뷰쫴뿳풼캪50?60%ꎬ럇뷰쫴뿳풼캪20?60%ꎬ쎺뿳풼캪30%?ꎻ늻춬쯹폐좨뗄쎺뿳믘닉싊닮틬뫜듳ꎬ풭맺폐훘뗣쎺뿳뿳뺮믘닉싊캪40%?60%ꎬ뗘랽쎺뿳뗄뿳뺮믘닉싊늻떽40%ꎬ쿧헲쎺뿳뷶캪10%?15%ꎬ폐킩킡쎺뿳퓚8%틔쿂ꎬ좫맺ퟛ뫏쎺첿풴뗄뿳뺮믘닉싊풼캪30%ꎬ뗍폚훷튪닺쎺맺볒ꎬ뇈쏀맺ꆢ펢맺뗍20룶냙럖뗣6ꆣ듓컒맺뗄훆뛈짏뾴ꎬ뿳닺풴뗄폐뎥쪹폃ꆢ뿳닺풴늹뎥럑쫕좡폫풴믘닉싊횱뷓쿠솪쾵ꎬ뛔풴뗄놣뮤폐샻ꎻ듓뺭볃샭싛짏뾴ꎬ뿳닺풴볛룱얤쟺?뗍볛? ꎬ훺뎤쇋뾪랢웳튵닉뫱웺놡ꎬ뿳닺풴웆뮵퇏훘ꎬ튲쫇컒맺뿳튵믘닉싊맽뗍뗄풭틲횮튻ꎨ뫂죰뇲ꎬ2007ꎩꆣ 㔮㌮?†컒맺뿳닺풴폐뎥쪹폃뗄쮰럑뗄탔훊뷧뚨?뿳닺풴뗄폐뎥뾪닉듓쿁틥짏붲뻍쫇냑뮷뺳ꆢ짺첬뗄쯰쪧ꎨ뮷뺳ꆢ짺첬ퟢ뷰ꎩ폨틔늹뎥ꎬ늢쟒냑풴ퟢ뷰쫕좡짏살ꎻ듓맣틥짏붲뮹냼삨냑웳튵ꆢ뗘쟸뗄뿉돖탸랢햹뗄뷰돯벯웰살ꆣ듓틔짏컒맺폐맘쫕럑헾닟뾴ꎬ훖샠뇈뷏뛠ꎬ룹뻝헷쫕뗄랽쪽ꆢ쒿뗄ꎬ뿉틔뛔웤뷸탐탔훊뷧뚨7ꆣ 1ꆶ즽컷쪡붹첼짺닺업컛럑헷쫕쪹폃맜샭냬램ꎨ쫔탐ꎩꆷꎬ즽컷쪡뗘쮰뻖췸햾ꆣ 2ꆶ즽컷쪡컯볛뻖맘폚헻뛙뫍맦랶좫쪡쎺첿퓋쿺쾵춳쫕럑뗄춨횪ꆷꎬ즽컷쪡컯볛뻖췸햾ꆣ 3ꆶ즽컷쪡볛룱뗷뷚믹뷰헷쫕쪹폃맜샭냬램ꆷꎬ즽컷쪡죋쏱헾뢮췸햾ꆣ 4ꆶ훐뮪죋쏱릲뫍맺웳튵쯹뗃쮰램ꆷꎬ맺볒쮰컱ퟜ뻖췸햾ꆣ?5 훬톧틥?ꆶ뿳닺풴폐뎥뾪닉퇐뺿ꆷ?훐맺뿳튵듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ1999ꆣ?6 떼싛ꆰ쎺첿풴믘닉싊맽뗍늻죝뫶쫓ꆱ?ꆶ쎺첿뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷꎬ㈰〴ꎬ㈸?ꎨㄱꎩꎬ?튳ꆣ 7 뛔컒맺풴ퟢ뷰뗄탔훊뷧뚨ꎬ쿖퓚뮹폐늻춬틢볻ꎬ잰컄뗄쿠맘컄쿗믘맋틑폐뷩짜ꆣ 49
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뇭5-4 컒맺뿳닺풴폐뎥쪹폃쮰럑뗄탔훊뷧뚨 쫕럑훖샠 헷쫕랽쪽폫쒿뗄 탔훊 뛔펦뗄맺췢룅쓮 첽뿳좨쪹폃럑 내쓪ꆢ쏦믽헷쫕 뿳튵뗘ퟢ 뿳뗘ퟢ뷰 닉뿳좨쪹폃럑 내쓪ꆢ쏦믽헷쫕 뿳튵뗘ퟢ 뿳뗘ퟢ뷰 첽뿳좨볛뿮 튻듎헷쫕뗄풴ퟢ뷰 벶닮ퟢ뷰 뫬샻 뛔첽뿳돉놾뗄늹뎥 쯹폐헟좨틦샠 닺죃쫕죫 닉뿳좨볛뿮 튻듎헷쫕뗄풴ퟢ뷰 벶닮ퟢ뷰 뫬샻 늿럖닉뿳춶돉놾뗄늹뎥 쯹폐헟좨틦샠 닺죃쫕죫 뿳닺풴늹뎥럑 럖웚ꆢ내닺횵헷쫕뗄풴ퟢ뷰 쾡좱ퟢ뷰 좨샻뷰 풴쮰 내닺솿헷쫕뗄풴ퟢ뷰 뻸뛔ퟢ뷰 좨샻뷰 쟸럖늻춬뿳쟸 벶닮ퟢ뷰 쎺첿뿉돖탸랢햹믹뷰 뛔뮷뺳웆뮵뗄늹뎥 뮷뺳ퟢ뷰 뮷뺳ퟢ뷰 캪쇋뗘쟸뿉돖탸랢햹뗄믽샛 믹뷰 풴닆뢻믹뷰 뿳즽뮷뺳훎샭믖뢴놣뛔뮷뺳ꆢ짺첬웆뮵뗄늹뎥 뮷뺳ퟢ뷰 뮷뺳ퟢ뷰 횤뷰 쎺뿳닺랢햹뷰 캪쇋웳튵뿉돖탸랢햹뗄믽샛 쯹폐헟좨틦샠 놾릫믽뷰 릫틦뷰 풭쎺쾴쎺붹쎺쮮풴쮮풴쿻뫄늹뎥 뮷뺳ퟢ뷰 뮷뺳ퟢ뷰 늹뎥럑 붹첿짺닺업컛럑 뮷뺳컛좾늹뎥 뮷뺳ퟢ뷰 뮷뺳ퟢ뷰 쎺첿퓋쿺쾵춳쫕럑 내닺횵헷쫕뗄풴ퟢ뷰 쾡좱ퟢ뷰 좨샻뷰 볛룱뗷뿘믹뷰 믱좡늿럖볛룱짏헇쫕틦 쾡좱ퟢ뷰 좨샻뷰 퓶횵쮰 쮰쫕 풴ퟢ뷰 컞 첽뿳좨ꆢ닉뿳좨볛뿮내헕맦뚨쫇뛔뾱첽ꆢ뾪닉돉놾뗄늹뎥ꎬ뿉쫇떱닉뿳좨닉좡헐뇪ꆢ엄싴ꆢ맒없뗈쫐뎡뺺헹랽쪽돶죃쪱ꎬ닉뿳좨볛뿮뻍몬폐튻듎탔헷쫕뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꎻ평폚첽뿳좨죋폅쿈좡뗃뾱닩ퟷ튵쟸쓚뿳닺풴뗄닉뿳좨ꎬ쯹틔떱첽뿳좨닉좡헐뇪ꆢ엄싴ꆢ맒없뗈쫐뎡뺺헹랽쪽돶죃쪱튲뻍몬폐쇋튻듎탔헷쫕뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꎬ쯹틔첽뿳좨쪹폃럑ꆢ닉뿳좨쪹폃럑쫴폚풴ퟢ뷰뗄랶돫ꎻ쎺첿퓋쿺쾵춳쫕럑쫴폚늻첫헽맦뗄퇓짬뗄내닺솿헷쫕뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꎻ쎺첿볛룱뗷뿘믹뷰쫴폚럖웚ꆢ내닺횵헷쫕뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꎻ뿳닺풴늹뎥럑내맦뚨폃춾쫇늹뎥뾱첽돉놾뗄ꎬ놾훊쫇럖웚ꆢ내닺횵헷쫕뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꎻ뿳닺풴쮰쫴폚내닺솿헷쫕뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꎬ틔짏벸쿮뻹쫴폚풴ퟢ뷰탔훊ꆣ 쎺첿뿉돖탸랢햹믹뷰볈쫴폚훎샭좨쫴늻쏷뗄뮷뺳컛좾뗄돉놾횧돶튲쫴폚뗘쟸뺭볃탍뗄믹뷰ꎻ첽뿳좨볛뿮볈쫴폚튻듎탔헷쫕뗄풴ퟢ뷰튲쫴폚뛔첽뿳돉놾뗄늹뎥ꎻ닉뿳좨볛뿮볈쫴폚튻듎탔헷쫕뗄풴ퟢ뷰튲쫴폚늿럖닉뿳춶돉놾뗄늹뎥ꎬ헢벸쿮뚼쫴폚늿럖풴ퟢ뷰탔훊ꆣ 뿳즽뮷뺳훎샭믖뢴놣횤뷰쫴폚뮷뺳놣뮤횧돶ꎻ쎺뿳닺랢햹뷰쫴폚웳튵뗄잿훆놾릫믽뷰ꆢ릫틦뷰ꎻ풭쎺쾴쎺붹쎺쮮풴늹뎥럑ꆢ붹첿짺닺업컛럑쫴폚뛔뮷뺳짺첬웆뮵뗄늹뎥ꎬ헢벸쿮뻹늻쫴폚풴ퟢ뷰탔훊ꆣ 내뒢솿헷쫕풴쮰럑뗄랽쪽뿉틔쪵쿖웳튵퓚ힷ쟳샻죳ퟮ듳뮯뗄춬쪱볦맋ퟜ뾪닉솿믲ퟜ믘 50
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 닉싊뗄쳡룟ꎨ쇵탂쎷ꎬ2008ꎩꎬ쯹틔첽뿳좨ꆢ닉뿳좨뗄엄싴놾훊쫇내뒢솿헷쫕뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꎨ벶닮ퟢ뷰ꎩꎬ뛔풴뗄놣뮤폐샻ꆣ뿳닺풴뗄뾱첽쪵탐쟸뿩맜샭1ꎬ뛔폫뿳닺풴뗄럖뿩엄싴ꆢ믱뗃쿠펦뗄풴ퟢ뷰쫇폐샻뗄ꆣ뿳닺풴뾪닉뗄뗄뗇볇맜샭2ꎬ쏷좷닺좨ꎬ뿉틔룄짆풴뗄쮽췚싒닉ꎬ뛔폚놣뮤풴ꆢ럀횹풴ퟢ뷰뗄쿻즢쫇폐샻뗄ꆣ퓊탭첽뿳좨ꆢ닉뿳좨뗄죃3쪹풴뾪닉웳튵뗄뷸죫ꆢ췋돶룼캪쫐뎡뮯ꎬ폐샻폚풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫐뎡뚨볛뫍룼뫃뗘쪵쿖ꆣ듓2006쓪웰ꎬ쫔뗣쪡?쟸?돶죃탂짨쎺첿풴첽뿳좨ꆢ닉뿳좨ꎬ돽쳘뇰맦뚨뗄틔췢ꎬ튻싉틔헐뇪ꆢ엄싴ꆢ맒없뗈쫐뎡뺺헹랽쪽폐뎥좡뗃4ꎬ뺺헹믺훆뗄붨솢쪹컒맺뗄풴ퟢ뷰뗄믱좡뗃틔뫏샭쪵쿖ꆣ헢킩램싉뗄춨맽ꆢ훆뛈뗄붨솢붫훰늽췪짆쇋컒맺뗄풴폐뎥쪹폃쳥쾵ꎬ늢쟒뛔폚풴탍뺭볃뗄뮺뷢폫탍웰떽믽벫ퟷ폃ꆣ 㔮㌮?†컒맺뿳닺풴폐뎥쪹폃쮰럑뗄헷쫕쿖ힴ?듓헷쫕ퟜ뛮뾴ꎬ쯦ퟅ컒맺풴폐뎥뾪닉뗄훆뛈뗄붨솢뫍늻뛏췪짆ꎬ컒맺뗄풴쿠맘쮰럑튲돊쿖돶훰쓪퓶뎤뗄첬쫆ꆣ ㄲ?틚풪첽뿳좨볛뿮㘮〴?닉뿳좨볛뿮㠰㘰㐲⸹?㐰㌹⸴?㌹⸷㈰ㄲ⸳?ㄵ⸹?㈴⸵?㌮㔱⸴?ㄮ㤵㔮㐱㜮〲?㈰〰㈰〱㈰〲㈰〴㈰〵㈰〶쓪럝 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ2001쓪—2006쓪훐맺맺췁풴릫놨ꎬ맺췁풴늿췸햾ꆣ 춼5-6 컒맺첽뿳좨ꆢ닉뿳좨볛뿮뗄헷쫕ퟜ뛮 죧춼5-6쯹쪾ꎬ2000쓪틔살컒맺첽뿳좨ꆢ닉뿳좨볛뿮뗄헷쫕뛮훰쓪퓶볓ꎬ2006쓪좫맺첽뿳좨ꆢ닉뿳좨볛뿮럖뇰듯떽틚풪ꆢ틚풪ꎻ2004쓪좫맺뿳닺풴늹뎥럑헷쫕쫗듎춻 1 ꆶ뿳닺풴뾱닩쟸뿩뗇볇맜샭냬램ꆷꎬ맺췁풴늿췸햾ꆣ 2 ꆶ뿳닺풴뾪닉뗇볇맜샭냬램ꆷꎬ맺췁풴늿췸햾ꆣ 3 ꆶ첽뿳좨ꆢ닉뿳좨죃맜샭냬램ꆷꎬ맺췁풴늿췸햾ꆣ 4 닆헾늿ꆢ맺췁풴늿뫍랢햹룄룯캯돶첨뗄ꆶ맘폚짮뮯쎺첿풴폐뎥쪹폃훆뛈룄룯쫔뗣뗄쪵쪩랽낸ꆷꎬ2006ꎬ맺췁풴늿췸햾ꆣ 51
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 웆30틚풪1ꎻ풴쮰좫맺2005쓪헷쫕틚풪ꎬ2006쓪헷쫕틚풪2ꎬ웤훐즽컷쪡2005쓪풴쮰헷쫕틚풪3ꎻ즽컷쪡쎺첿뿉돖탸랢햹믹뷰2007쓪헷쫕듯떽틚풪4ꎻ쎺첿쮮풴늹뎥럑즽컷쪡1995쓪훁2000쓪샛볆헷쫕틚풪5ꆣ 듓캢맛짏뾴ꎬ룷룶쎺첿뾪닉웳튵헷쫕쟩뿶믡폐늻춬ꎬ놾컄틔짏쫐릫쮾듳춬쎺튵캪샽ꎬ뛔튻룶뗤탍뗄즽컷쎺첿뾪닉웳튵뗄쮰럑뷸탐럖컶ꆣ 뇭5-5 듳춬쎺튵막럝폐쿞릫쮾뗄펦붻쮰럑 쮰훖?2007쓪?2006쓪?쫽뛮ꎨ풪ꎩ?냙럖뇈⠥??쫽뛮ꎨ풪ꎩ?냙럖⠥??퓶횵쮰?110,901, 36,300, 펪튵쮰?371, 94, 돇쫐캬뮤붨짨쮰?5,239, 6,930, 웳튵쯹뗃쮰?122,223, 88,712, 룶죋쯹뗃쮰?2,974, 1,131, 펡뮨쮰?316, 1,171, 풴쮰?7,998, 7,871, 뷌폽럑뢽볓?992, 384, 볛룱뗷뿘믹뷰?8,152, 3,268, 뿉돖탸랢햹믹뷰?19,829, 쮮풴늹뎥럑?22,413, 41,500, 뿳닺풴늹뎥럑?19,459, 8,019, 췁뗘쪹폃쮰?935, 쪡쎺맜뻖맜샭럑?3,813, 4,032, 펦뗖뿛만뚨닺퓶쮰?-5,202, 쮰럑ퟜ볆?320,420, 199,418, 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ듳춬쎺튵막럝폐쿞릫쮾ꎨ601001ꎩ2007쓪쓪뛈놨룦ꎬ뫍톶췸ꎬ /ftp/pdf_stockdata/2008/04/29/ꎬ2008쓪4퓂29죕ꆣ 뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ쮰럑뗄훖샠듯떽15훖ꎬ뇈뷏뛠ꆣ평폚듳춬쎺튵쫇풭살맺웳짏쫐ꎬ쯹틔쎻폐첽뿳좨ꆢ닉뿳좨볛뿮ꆣ퓚듳춬쎺튵쯹폐뷉쓉뗄쮰럑훐ꎬ퓶횵쮰뫍웳튵쯹뗃쮰햼폐뫜듳뗄뇈샽ꎬ뫏볆풼햼쮰럑ퟜ뛮뗄60%떽70%ꎻ웤폠뗄듳늿럖쫴폚풴폐뎥뾪닉뗄쮰럑ꎬ풼햼쮰럑ퟜ뛮뗄30%ퟳ폒ꆣ 1 ꆶ2004쓪맺췁풴릫놨ꆷꎬ맺췁풴늿췸햾ꆣ 2 ꆶ훐맺춳볆쓪본ꆷꎬ2006쓪ꎬ2007쓪ꆣ 3 ꆶ즽컷춳볆쓪본ꆷꎬ2006쓪ꆣ 4ꆶ2007쓪좫쪡뗘랽쮰쫕쫕죫쟩뿶룅쫶ꆷꎬ즽컷쪡뗘랽쮰컱뻖췸햾ꎬ 5ꆶ즽컷쪡죋쏱헾뢮맘폚뷸튻늽볓잿쮮풴늹뎥럑헷쫕맜샭릤ퟷ뗄춨횪ꆷꎬ즽컷쪡뗘랽쮰컱뻖췸햾ꆣ 52
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 ?⸴??풴럡풣맺볒풴뾪닉웳튵뗄쮰럑뢺떣뇈뷏?㔮㐮?†늿럖맺볒풴뾪닉웳튵쮰럑뗄뇈뷏?캪쇋ퟶ뫡쿲뗄뛔뇈ꎬ놾컄쫕벯쇋늿럖맺볒풴뾪닉웳튵뗄쮰럑쫕좡쟩뿶ꎬ뻟쳥죧뇭5-6쯹쪾ꆣ 뇭5-6 늻춬맺볒풴뾪닉웳튵뗄쮰럑 맺볒 릫쮾쫕죫쮰 좨샻뷰뷸뿚짨놸퓶뗤탍뗄뷸뿚뗤탍뗄돶뿚 횵쮰 쮰 쮰샻쾢쮰 막샻쮰 쏀맺낢삭뺻샻죳뗄쯦닺욷ꆢ맺컞 쮹볓솪냮15-35%ꎬ훝럇쳵풼맺볒럇쳵풼맺볒 3-7%ꎬ훝쯹폐30%ꎬ쳵풼맺30%ꎬ쳵풼맺%ꎻ컞퓶횵쮰뗄췁뗘뢽볓컞볒뛸뚨 볒5-15% 볒0-15% 3% 낢룹춢 35% 늻뎬뿓뿚볛뗄21%ꎬ뿉췋뮹튻냣1% 컞 뎬맽샛볆뿛%ꎬ 3% 쮰쫕죫뗄0-35% 냄듳샻퇇 30%ꎻ 쪵쿖횵뗄10%ꎬꎬ뿉췋튻냣5% 컞 럇쳵풼맺볒10%ꎬ뿉뿛돽컞퓶횵쮰 % 뮹 30%ꎬ쳵풼맺볒15% 늣샻캬퇇 25%ꎬ놾ꆢ뾱ퟜ쫕죫뗄13% 5% 컞 %ꎬ늻뿉%ꎬ늻뿉첽돉놾뿉뿛돽 1-7%뿉뗖복뿛돽 뿛돽 쯹뗃쮰ꎬ쇭볓뎬뛮샻죳뗄25% 늩듄췟쓉 25% 쪵쿖횵뗄15%늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 냍컷 33% ퟜ쫕죫뗄늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 -3% 볓쓃듳 % 샻죳뗄7% % 컞 럇쳵풼맺볒럇쳵풼맺볒10-18% 25%ꎬ쳵풼맺25%ꎬ쳵풼맺볒15% 볒5-15% 훇샻 15% 컞 컞 10%ꎬ뿉뗖뿛컞 35% 35% 룧싗뇈퇇 늻쿪 뿓뿚볛뗄늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 1-12% 맧퇇쓇 35%ꎬퟮ듳늻뎬ꎨ뷰뿳ꎩퟜ쫕늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 펪튵뛮뗄2% 죫뗄5% 펡뛈쓡컷30%ꎻ쇭볓퓶횵뷰뿳쪯10% 컞 컞 20%ꎬ늻뿉뗖20%ꎬ뿉뗖뿛퇇 쮰10% 225-235쏀풪/뿛 릫뷯ꎬ춭뿳쪯45-55쏀풪/뛖 쿳퇀몣낶 35% 뿓뿚볛뗄10% % 18%ꎬ횻뛔ퟪ12% 18% -3% 쪯쮮틸헷쫕 맾죸뿋쮹30%ꎬ뎬뛮샻죳ퟜ쫕틦뗄2% 컞 컞 컞 15%,늻뿉뗖15%ꎬ늻뿉뗖첹 쮰0-30% 뿛 뿛 쒫컷룧 35% 늻쿪 15% 10% 컞 % 럇쳵풼맺볒15%ꎬ쳵풼맺볒% 53
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 냍늼퇇탂35%ꎬ뮹폐뎬뛮튻냣캪2% 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 벸쓚퇇 샻죳쮰 쏘슳 30%ꎬ뺻샻죳뗄ퟜ쫕죫뗄18% 12% 컞 컞 1% 8%럖쿭 1-3% 늨삼 22% 뷰뿳볛횵22% 9% 컞 20% 20% 10%ꎬ쎺첿쫛볛뗄2%ꎬ킿춭3% 쓏럇 30%ꎻ쇭볓퓶횵ퟜ쫕틦뗄14% 컞 컞 12% 컞 쮰14% 1-8% 뫉삼 35% 뷰뿳ퟜ쿺쫛뛮늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 뗄2%ꎬ웤쯻뺻쫕틦뗄2% 캯쓚죰삭 30% 뷰뿳ퟜ쿺쫛뛮늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 뗄3%ꎬ웤쯻뷰쫴ퟜ쿺쫛뛮뗄1% 퓞뇈퇇 늻쿪 샻죳뗄2% 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 늻쿪 훐맺 2008쓪틔잰내볛헷쫕ꎺ쎺첿쪯폍쳬좻웸뗈쿺쫛쫕죫뗄1%ꎬ튻냣뷰쫴2%ꎬ쾡폐뷰쫴3%ꎬ33%ꎬ2008쓪틔믆뷰놦쪯4%ꎻ내솿헷쫕ꎺ쪯폍8-30풪/뛖ꎬ쳬좻웸2-15풪/잧솢랽쏗ꎬ쎺첿-5뫳25%;쇭볓퓶풪/뛖ꎬ럇뷰쫴풭뿳5-20풪/뛖ꎬ뫚즫뷰쫴풭뿳4-30풪/뛖ꎬ만쳥퇎10-60풪/뛖 횵쮰13% 쇏살풴ꎺMining and Sustainable Development Series , International Development Research Center, 2004, Jaime Consiglieri, Joan Kuyek and Rodrigo PizarroꎻComparaitive Mining Tax Regimes ,PricewaterhouseCoopers, 1998, Bob Parsons, Partners, Global Energy &Mining Group ꎻ State Taxes and Charges Applicable to Mining in Australia , Austrailian Department of Minerals and Energy, 1999, Planning and Finance Division. 듓뇭5-6훐뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ룷맺퓚풴뗄폐뎥쪹폃랽쏦뗄맦뚨럇뎣뢴퓓ꎬ룷늻쿠춬ꎬ룷맺룷폐닠훘ꎬ훖샠훷튪폐웳튵쯹뗃쮰ꆢ좨샻뷰ꆢ뷸돶뿚쮰ꆢ막쾢ꆢ막샻쮰뗈ꎬ쓑틔횱뷓뛔뇈ꆣ춨맽뿉틔뛔뇈뗄늿럖뿉틔횪뗀ꎬ컒맺뗄쮰럑훆뛈틑뺭믹놾붨솢웰살ꎬ쏻틥쮰럑싊ퟛ뫏쯆뫵뻓훐뗈욫쿂쮮욽ꎬ뿉쫇뾼싇떽컒맺쇭볓퓶횵쮰?맊컒맺뗄풴뾪닉웳튵뗄쪵볊쮰뢺튲늻뗍ꆣ 㔮㐮?†늿럖맺볒뗄쎺첿풴좨샻뷰뗄뇈뷏?뛔폚쎺첿ꆢ쪯폍뗈쓜풴ꎬ룷맺튻냣뚼훆뚨쇋뷏룟뗄좨샻뷰뇈싊ꆣ듓5-7뇭훐뿉틔뾴떽ꎬ컒맺뗄쎺첿좨샻뷰헷쫕뗍폚쏀맺ꆢ냄듳샻퇇솽룶랢듯맺볒ꎬ떫쫇컒맺뗄풴ퟢ뷰뗄탎첬뛠퇹ꎬ쫇늻쓜횱뷓뇈뷏뗄ꆣ내헕얣햼뿼뗄맀볆1ꎬ틔뮴쓏뿳튵벯췅캪샽ꎬ2002쓪떽2006쓪뗄쮰뢺훷펪튵컱쫕죫쮰뢺싊캪%ꎻ럖샠뾴ꎬ퓶횵쮰햼%ꎬ웳튵쯹뗃쮰햼%ꎬ풴쮰햼%ꎻ 1 얣햼뿼ꎬ쇎폱쇖?쎺첿웳튵쮰뢺훆뛈듦퓚뗄컊쳢폫췪짆붨틩?훐맺쎺첿?2007ꎬ33ꎨ6ꎩꎬ8-11튳ꆣ 54
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 룹뻝듳춬쎺튵뗄2006쓪놨1ꎬ듓쮰쫕ퟜ뛮뗄럖샠뾴ꎬ퓶횵쮰햼%ꎬ웳튵쯹뗃쮰햼%ꎬ풴쮰햼%ꆣ1994쓪쮰훆룄룯ꎬ쎺첿닺욷평닺욷쮰룄캪퓶횵쮰ꎬ틲캪풴뾪닉웳튵뗄퓶횵쮰뿛쿮뫜짙ꎬ쯹틔쎺첿웳튵쮰뢺듳럹뛈퓶볓ꎬ퓶횵쮰돉캪쎺첿웳튵뗄훘튪쮰쫕뢺떣?헢폫맺볊짏뗄웤쯻맺볒뗄쟩뿶폐뫜듳뗄늻춬ꎬ쯹틔룷맺뗄풴ퟢ뷰늻쓜볲떥뗄횱뷓뇈뷏ꆣ뇈죧쏀맺뗄풴쮰럑좨샻뷰ꆢ뫬샻ꆢ뿳뗘ퟢ뷰훐ꎬ좨샻뷰뚼햼떽ퟜ뛮뗄80%틔짏2ꆣ죧맻내ퟜ쮰뢺뾴ꎬ뮴쓏뿳튵벯췅뗄훷펪튵컱쫕죫쮰뢺싊캪%ꎬ폫쏀맺뗄좨샻뷰뷏%캪뷓뷼ꎬ퓙뾼싇쏀맺뗄릫쮾쫕죫쮰ꎬ컒맺뗄ퟜ쮰럑뗍폚쏀맺ꎬ펦룃룟폚냄듳샻퇇ꆣ 뇭5-7 늿럖맺볒뗄쎺첿쪯폍풴좨샻뷰 맺볒 훝 쎺첿좨샻뷰 쪯폍좨샻뷰 쏀맺 듳뛠쫽뗄훝 ꎨ슶쳬ꎩퟜ볛뗄% ퟜ볛뗄% ꎨ뺮뿳ꎩퟜ볛뗄8% 냄듳샻퇇 탂쓏췾뛻쪿 ퟜ볛뗄5-7% ퟜ볛뗄10% 쓏럇 ퟜ볛뗄7% 늻쿪 펡뛈쓡컷퇇 뫏춬뛮뗄% 늻쿪 훐맺 좫늿뗄쪡 ퟜ볛뗄1%ꎬ-5풪/뛖 ퟜ볛뗄1%ꎬ8-30풪/뛖 쫽뻝살풴ꎺ룹뻝맺쓚췢뗄쿠맘컄쿗헻샭믱뗃ꆣ 㔮㔠?컒맺뿳닺풴폐뎥쪹폃훆뛈쿖듦뗄컊쳢폫룄뷸붨틩?쯤좻컒맺뗄풴폐뎥쪹폃훆뛈틑뺭붨솢ꎬ룷쿮쮰럑헷쫕훰쓪퓶볓ꎬ떫쫇컒맺쎺첿ퟢ뷰뗄뫄즢폫쇷쪧죔좻쪮럖퇏훘ꆣ컒맺뗄듳솿벯쳥ꆢ룶쳥킡쎺뿳뗄듦퓚ꎬ쫽쒿뛠듯벸췲룶ꎬ볠맜쓑뛈뫜듳ꎬ늻뷶쪹컒맺뗄쎺첿풴쫜떽듳솿뗄웆뮵ꎬ뛸쟒풴뾪닉뗄뷸죫쏅볷첫뗍ꎬ샠쯆ퟔ평뷸죫뗄ힴ첬ꎬ훂쪹풴ퟢ뷰듳솿뗄뫄즢ꎻ컒맺뗄뿳즽쯹폐좨쫴맺볒쯹폐ꎬ듳솿뗄맺폐풴뾪닉웳튵뚼쫇풭살컞뎥믱뗃뿳즽뗄뾱첽ꆢ뾪닉좨뗄ꎬ쯹틔풴ퟢ뷰듳솿틔샻죳ꆢ릤탎첬쇷쪧ꎻ벯쳥ꆢ룶죋뗄킡쎺뿳맍펶얩쏱릤ꎬ짺닺돉놾뫜뗍ꎬ믱뗃뫜룟뗄풴ퟢ뷰ꎬ뛸쿖듦뗄훆뛈쎻폐뾼싇헢킩닮뇰훂쪹풴ퟢ뷰쇷쪧ꎻ쿖듦뗄훆뛈죔좻쎻폐냑풴ퟢ뷰좫늿쫕짏살ꎬ쫕좡뗄횻쫇뷏킡뗄늿럖ꎬퟢ뷰뮹퓚듳솿쇷쪧ꆣ룹뻝즽컷쪡뗘랽쮰컱뻖ꎨ2003ꎩ뗄맀볆3ꎬ쎺첿볛룱듓1999쓪떽2003쓪뗄헇볛훐믱뗃뗄쫕틦ꎬ웤훐헾뢮쮰럑믱뗃%ꎬ릤뗈믱뗃%ꎬ웳튵훷 1 듳춬쎺튵2006쓪쓪뛈놨룦ꎨ죽ꎩꎬ훐닆췸ꎬ 2 룹뻝쏀맺뿳닺맜샭뻖2000쓪뗄쫽뻝볆쯣뗃떽ꎬ솪냮몣짏캪%ꎬ솪냮슽짏캪%ꆣ 3 즽컷쪡뗘랽쮰컱뻖?룄룯뫍췪짆쎺첿풴쮰뗄퇐뺿ꆪ맘폚즽컷쪡룄룯쎺첿풴쮰뗄뗷퇐놨룦?쮰컱퇐뺿?2004ꎬ 235ꎨ12ꎩꎬ48-53튳ꆣ 55
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뫍웤쯻죋믱뗃%ꆣ 퓚풴뾪닉뗄췢늿탔뗄훎샭짏ꎬ낲좫ꆢ뮷뺳ꆢ짺첬ꆢ뻓쏱붡뾵뗄쯰쪧늹뎥뮹쎻폐좫쏦뾼싇ꎬ뛸헢킩쫴폚돉놾뗄랶돫ꎬ쫇ퟮ쿈탨튪늹뎥뗄ꎬ떫쫇쿖퓚훆뛈짏뮹탨튪볌탸췪짆뫍퇐뺿ꎬ폈웤램싉볠맜늻퇏ꎬ낲좫돉놾쿲뺭볃샻죳뮯ꎬ떼훂낲좫쫂맊욵랢ꎻ짺첬뮷뺳ퟢ뷰헷쫕솦뛈첫킡튲늻릻퇏룱ꎬ짺첬뮷뺳ퟢ뷰쿲뺭볃샻죳뮯ꎬ떼훂짺첬뮷뺳벫뛈뛱뮯뛸쎻폐뷰훎샭ꆣ 퓚풴탍뗘쟸뗄뿉돖탸랢햹랽쏦ꎬ쿖퓚퓚즽컷쪡쫔뗣헷쫕쎺첿뿉돖탸랢햹믹뷰ꎬ뛔폚헷쫕뛠짙ꆢ퓵쎴맜샭ꆢ퓵쎴쪹폃뮹쎻폐쪵볊뗄쇏ꎬ죧뫎퓚좫맺췆맣ꎬ뮹탨튪뷸튻늽맛달퇐뺿ꆣ평폚풴ퟧ훤퓚훐맺튲듦퓚ꎬ벴훐맺풴럡풣뗘쟸폫뺭볃랢햹뻟폐뢺쿠맘맘쾵ꎨ탬뾵쓾ꆢ췵붣ꎬ2006ꎻXiaobo Zhangꎬ2007ꎩꎬ퓚즽컷튲쫇죧듋ꎨ커랼쎷ꎬ2007ꎩꎬ쯹틔풴탍뗘쟸뗄뿉돖탸랢햹ꆢ탍뚼튪쟳뛔풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡ꆢ쪹폃룼볓뿆톧맦랶ꆣ 퓚쮰럑훖샠뗄짨뚨랽쏦ꎬ컒맺뗄쿖폐쮰럑훖샠럇뎣뢴퓓뫍믬싒ꎬ탨튪뛔룷훖쮰럑뗄뚨틥폫헷쫕뗄뻟쳥랽쪽탨튪뷸튻늽맦랶ꎬ쏷좷쮰럑룷ퟔ뗄뺭볃탔훊폫ퟷ폃1?늻쓜믬캪튻첸ꎨ뇈죧퓶횵쮰돉캪풴뾪닉웳튵뗄훷떼쮰쫕훖샠ꎬ뛸좨샻뷰ꆢ뫬샻뗄헷쫕캢뫵웤캢ꎩꎬ룷쿮쮰럑튪룷쮾웤횰ꆣ붨틩붨솢틔풴ퟢ뷰캪훷쳥뗄풴쫕틦믱좡쳥훆쳦듺쿖퓚뗄틔쮰쫕캪훷뗄풴쫕틦믱좡쳥훆ꎬ붨솢틔풴ퟢ뷰훖샠캪믹뒡뗄풴ퟢ뷰쫕좡훆뛈ꎬ뿉틔뷨본맺췢뗄쿈뷸ퟶ램ꎬ탎돉틔뿳즽뾪닉좨엄싴ꆢ좨샻뷰캪훷ꎬ틔럖뿩훰늽엄싴캪뢨뗄풴ퟢ뷰쫕좡쳥쾵ꆣ 1 맘럯뻾?풴쮰뫍늹뎥럑샭싛뇦컶?ꆶ훐맺뗘훊뿳닺뺭볃ꆷ⸲〰ㄬ⠸⤬???튳ꆣ 56
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 뗚6헂 뷡싛폫폐듽뷸튻늽퇐뺿뗄컊쳢 ?⸱??뷡싛?퓚풴뾪닉뗄맽돌훐ꎬ틲캪풴뗄쾡좱탔폫뿉뫄뷟탔ꎬ풴뾪닉헟튪쿲풴쯹폐헟횧뢶풴ퟢ뷰ꆣ풴ퟢ뷰뗄훖샠뿉틔쟸럖캪벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰뫍쾡좱ퟢ뷰ꆣ벶닮ퟢ뷰ꆢ뻸뛔ퟢ뷰쫴폚뺲첬ퟢ뷰ꎬ쾡좱ퟢ뷰쫴폚뚯첬ퟢ뷰ꎬ쿠펦뗄풴ퟢ뷰믱좡춾뺶폐뒢솿횧뢶뫍쇷솿횧뢶ꎬ퓚맺볊짏튻냣돆캪뫬샻뫍좨샻뷰ꆣ퓚늻좷뚨쟩뿶쿂풴ퟢ뷰뗄뻶뚨틲쯘뫜뛠ꎺ볛룱랽쏦뗄틲쯘폐릩쟳ꆢ돥믷ꆢ벼쫵뇤뮯ꆢ쪹폃킧싊ꆢ짺믮랽쪽뗈5샠ꎬ11룶틲쯘ꎬ뇟볊돉놾랽쏦폐짺닺돉놾ꆢ벼쫵뇤뮯ꆢ췢늿탔돉놾뗈3샠ꎬ9룶틲쯘ꆣ평폚쫜캴살풴볛룱ꆢ뾪닉돉놾뗄늻좷뚨탔떼훂뗄ퟢ뷰볆쯣뗄삧쓑ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰폫뺭볃샻죳뗄듓놾훊짏뗄튻훂탔ꎬ뫍뺭볃샻죳뗄믱좡튻퇹ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄믱좡쫇짦벰풴쯹폐헟ꆢ풴뾪닉웳튵쯹폐헟ꆢ풴뾪닉웳튵뺭펪헟뗄뛠훘ꆰ캯췐ꆪꆪ듺샭컊쳢ꆱꆣ쫜헢룶틲쯘ꆢퟢ웚횻쓜잩뚩뫜뎤뗈웤쯼틲쯘뗄펰쿬ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뇣듦퓚ퟅ뛠훖쇷쪧ꆢ뮯탎쪽ꎺ풴ퟢ뷰폫뺭볃샻죳뗄쿠뮥뮯ꆢ풴ퟢ뷰쿲릤뗄뮯ꆢ낲좫돉놾ꆢ뮷뺳돉놾ꎨퟢ뷰ꎩ쿲풴ퟢ뷰ꆢ뺭볃샻죳뗄뮯ꆢ풴ퟢ뷰쿲쮰쫕뗄뮯뗈ꆣ 풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧믡떼훂풴탍뺭볃컊쳢ꎺ쯹폐좨훆뛈랽쏦떼훂풴ퟢ뷰쇷쪧뻟쳥뇭쿖캪톰ퟢ뫍뢯냜ꆢ튪쯘볛룱쪧헦ꆢ뺭볃듳웰듳실ꆢ킧싊쯰쪧뗈ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄럖엤랽쏦뿉쓜돶쿖뗄컊쳢쫇쫕죫닮뻠볓듳ꆢ췢늿탔뗈ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰쪹폃뿉쓜틽랢뗄컊쳢쫇볓듳쿻럑뗄쟣쿲ꆢ뒢탮싊붵뗍ꆢ뺭볃뗄뎤웚퓶뎤잱솦붵뗍ꆢ믻탎쿻럑ꆢ쿻럑뗄췢쇷ꆢ럇짺닺쇬폲뗄쿻럑맽뛈뗈ꆣ쯹틔붨솢뫏샭뗄풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡ꆢ럖엤ꆢ쪹폃뗄훆뛈뛔뷢뻶풴탍뺭볃컊쳢뻟폐훘튪틢틥ꆣ풴뾪닉뗄뫀첩쇖ힼ퓲뫍쪱볤쳗샻뗄뫀첩쇖ힼ퓲뗄쟸뇰뫍솪쾵ꎺ뎤웚쪱펦룃좡탅뫀첩쇖ힼ퓲ꎬ뛌웚쓚펦룃좡탅쪱볤쳗샻뗄뫀첩쇖ힼ퓲ꎬ평폚컒맺뗄닺좨훆뛈늻릻쏷좷ꆢꆰ뎤웚ꆱ쓑틔듯떽뗈풭틲ꎬ컒맺훷튪쫊폃쪱볤쳗샻뗄뫀첩쇖ힼ퓲ꆣ퓚놣돖풴탍뗘쟸뗄뺭볃랢햹뗄뿉돖탸탔뫍뺭볃탍훐ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰뗄쪹폃룼쫇뻟폐뫋탄뗄뗘캻ꎺ뒢탮싊룟떼훂춶싊룟ꎬ죋퓬놾뗄믽샛쯙뛈뻍뿬ꎬ뗖쿻ퟔ좻놾복짙뗄뻍뛠ꎬ풴탍뺭볃뗄탍뻍뿬ꎬ뷌폽춶쫇죋퓬놾믽샛뗄훘튪랽쏦ꆣ 퓚컒맺풴ퟢ뷰뗄쪵횤퇐뺿짏ꎬ뷡싛폐ꎨ1ꎩ뛔컒맺뗄풴폐뎥뾪닉뗄쮰럑뷸탐좫쏦뗄헻샭폫맩쓉ꎺ뛔첽뿳좨ꆢ닉뿳좨쪹폃럑쫕좡뇪ힼꆢ첽뿳좨ꆢ닉뿳좨볛뿮쫕좡뇪ힼꆢ뿳닺풴늹 57
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 뎥럑ꆢ풴쮰헷쫕뇪ힼꆢ즽컷쪡쫔뗣뗄쫕럑뷸탐쇋좫쏦뗄ퟜ뷡폫헻샭ꎻꎨ2ꎩ뛔컒맺뗄풴폐뎥뾪닉뗄쮰럑뷸탐뺭볃탔훊뗄뷧뚨ꎺꎨ쫐뎡돶죃쪱뗄ꎩ첽뿳좨볛뿮닉뿳좨볛뿮ꆢ첽뿳좨쪹폃럑ꆢ닉뿳좨쪹폃럑ꆢ쎺첿퓋쿺쾵춳쫕럑ꆢ쎺첿볛룱뗷뿘믹뷰ꆢ뿳닺풴늹뎥럑ꆢ뿳닺풴쮰뻹쫴폚풴ퟢ뷰탔훊ꎬ쎺첿뿉돖탸랢햹믹뷰ꆢꎨ럇쫐뎡돶죃쪱뗄ꎩ첽뿳좨볛뿮닉뿳좨볛뿮쫴폚늿럖풴ퟢ뷰탔훊ꎬ뿳즽뮷뺳훎샭믖뢴놣횤뷰ꆢ쎺뿳닺랢햹뷰ꆢ풭쎺쾴쎺붹쎺쮮풴늹뎥럑ꆢ붹첿짺닺업컛럑뻹늻쫴폚풴ퟢ뷰탔훊ꎻꎨ3ꎩ뛔컒맺풴폐뎥뾪닉뗄쮰럑뫍맺볊쮮욽뷸탐뇈뷏ꎺ컒맺뗄풴뾪닉웳튵뗄쪵볊쮰뢺튲늻뗍ꎬ컒맺뗄ퟜ쮰럑뗍폚쏀맺ꎬ펦룃룟폚냄듳샻퇇ꎻꎨ4ꎩ뛔컒맺풴ퟢ뷰뗄뇤뮯쟷쫆뷸탐럖컶풤닢ꎺ퓚뻞뛮뗄닺솿쿂ꎬ컒맺뗄쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰ퟜ뛮쪮럖엓듳ꎻ퓚쎺첿닺솿뫍볛룱뗄늻뛏짏헇뗄쟷쫆쿂ꎬ쎺첿풴뗄떥캻ퟢ뷰뫍ퟢ뷰ퟜ뛮뮹돊쿖늻뛏뗄짏헇쟷쫆ꎻꎨ5ꎩ뛔컒맺풴ퟢ뷰뗄쇷쪧폫ퟢ뷰뫄즢뷸탐럖컶뷧뚨ꎺ쿖듦뗄훆뛈죔좻쎻폐냑풴ퟢ뷰좫늿쫕짏살ꎬ쫕좡뗄횻쫇뷏킡뗄늿럖ꎬퟢ뷰뮹퓚듳솿쇷쪧ꆣ 듓1994쓪뾪쪼ꎬ컒맺틑뺭훰늽붨솢쇋뿳닺풴뾪랢뗄폐뎥쪹폃훆뛈ꎬ떫쫇죔좻폐뫜뛠뗘랽탨튪룄룯ꆢ췪짆ꆣ훷튪뗄컊쳢폐ꎺꎨ1ꎩ쎻폐쏷좷풴ퟢ뷰뗄쫕좡ꎬ뿳닺풴뾪랢뗄폐뎥쪹폃훆뛈쫇튻쾵쇐뗄쮰럑ퟩ돉ꎬ쮰럑뗄탔훊늻쏷좷ꆢ쿠뮥붻닦ꎬ뛔풴ퟢ뷰ꆢ쮰뢺뗄볆쯣뫢솿듸살뫜뛠싩랳ꎬ쫕좡뗄틀뻝폖늻돤럖ꎬ퓬돉풴ퟢ뷰뗄듳솿쇷쪧뫍웳튵볤뗄쮰뢺늻뻹뗈ꎻꎨ2ꎩ컒맺뗄뿳닺풴뾪랢뗄폐뎥쪹폃훆뛈쒿잰뮹쫇헫뛔탂붨뿳즽ꎬ듳솿뗄맺폐웳튵뮹퓚컞뎥쪹폃ꎬ헢퇹풴ퟢ뷰뗄듳솿쇷쪧뻍늻뿉뇜쏢ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰늻뷶쿲웳튵샻죳뮯ꎬ뛸쟒듳솿쿲릤ꆢ돉놾뮯ꎬ퓬돉듳솿뗄뢯냜탐캪뫍릤닮뻠볓듳ꎬ뛸풴탍뗘쟸뗄뎤웚랢햹뫍뺭볃탍뗄뷰돉캪컞풴횮쮮ꎻꎨ3ꎩ컒맺쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰뗄뫄즢폫쇷쪧죔좻쪮럖퇏훘ꆣ컒맺뗄듳솿벯쳥ꆢ룶쳥킡쎺뿳뗄듦퓚ꎬ늻뷶쪹컒맺뗄쎺첿풴쫜떽듳솿뗄웆뮵ꎬ뛸쟒뷸죫쏅볷첫뗍ꎬ샠쯆ퟔ평뷸죫뗄ힴ첬ꎬ훂쪹풴ퟢ뷰듳솿뗄뫄즢ꆣꎨ4ꎩ퓚풴뾪닉뗄췢늿탔뗄훎샭짏ꎬ뮷뺳ꆢ짺첬ꆢ뻓쏱붡뾵뗄쯰쪧늹뎥뮹쎻폐좫쏦뾼싇ꎬ뛸헢킩쫴폚돉놾뗄랶돫ꎬ쫇ퟮ쿈탨튪늹뎥뗄ꎬ듳솿췢늿탔뗄듦퓚훂쪹뺭볃퓶뎤폫랢햹쫇틔뮷뺳ꆢ짺첬ꆢ뻓쏱붡뾵뗄잷헋캪잰쳡뗄ꎬ뛸헢킩헋동퓧쫇튪뮹뗄ꆣ ?⸲??폐듽뷸튻늽퇐뺿뗄컊쳢? 퓚샭싛짏ꎬ풴ퟢ뷰펦룃내뛠짙헷쫕ꎬ쿖퓚횻쫇웤쯻맺볒뗄뺭퇩ꎬ뮹좱랦쿠펦뗄샭싛횧돖ꎻ풴ퟢ뷰퓚뷢뻶풴탍뺭볃뗄뿉돖탸랢햹폫뺭볃탍훐ퟷ폃뫍쿠펦뗄훆뛈놣헏듫쪩ꎬ평폚컒맺뮹쎻폐쪵볹뺭퇩ꎬ맺췢뗄뺭퇩튲늻뛠ꎬ뚼폐듽폚뷸튻늽퇐뺿ꆣ 58
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 닎뾼컄쿗 ꆾ?ꆿ퇇떱ꆤ쮹쏜훸?맹듳솦ꆢ췵퇇쓏틫?ꆶ맺쏱닆뢻뗄탔훊뫍풭틲뗄퇐뺿ꆷ?놱뺩ꎺ짌컱펡쫩망ꎬㄹ㠱쓪?퓂??ꆾ?ꆿ샮볎춼훸?훜뷠틫?ꆶ헾훎뺭볃톧벰뢳쮰풭샭ꆷ?놱뺩ꎺ뮪쿄돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〵쓪?퓂??ꆾ?ꆿ십뿋쮼?ꆶ놾싛ꆷ?뗚뛾냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〴쓪??ꆾ?ꆿ룟뫨튵?ꆶ컷랽뺭볃톧ꆷ?뗚죽냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〴쓪ㄱ퓂??ꆾ?ꆿ욽뗒뿋ꎬ슳뇶럆뛻뗂훸?헅뻼뗈틫?ꆶ캢맛뺭볃톧ꆷ?뗚쯄냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〰쓪?퓂??ꆾ?ꆿ싵뿋뛻ꆤ엁뷰훸?솺킡쏱틫?ꆶ뺭볃톧ꆷ?놱뺩ꎺ죋쏱폊뗧돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〳쓪?퓂??ꆾ?ꆿ낢삼ꆤ삼뗂뛻훸?쪩틔헽틫?ꆶ풴뺭볃톧ꆪꆪ듓뺭볃뷇뛈뛔ퟔ좻풴뫍뮷뺳헾닟뗄첽쳖ꆷ?놱뺩ꎺ짌컱펡쫩망ꎬㄹ㠹쓪??ꆾ?ꆿ싞뷜ꆤ싼ꎬ십풽뗈훸?뫮풪헗뗈틫?ꆶퟔ좻풴폫뮷뺳뺭볃톧ꆷ?뗚뛾냦ꎬ놱뺩ꎺ훐맺뺭볃돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〲쓪??ꆾ?ꆿ췵캰ꎬ뗋죘ꎬ헅횾잿?ꆶ풴뺭볃톧ꆷ?놱뺩ꎺ훐맺얩튵돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〴쓪?퓂??ꆾꆿ짲싺뫩?ꆶ풴폫뮷뺳뺭볃톧ꆷ?놱뺩ꎺ훐맺뮷뺳뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〷쓪?퓂??ꆾㄱꆿ헅랫?ꆶ뮷뺳폫ퟔ좻풴뺭볃톧ꆷ?짏몣ꎺ짏몣죋쏱돶냦짧ꎬㄹ㤸쓪?퓂??ꆾㄲꆿ랽뢣잰?ꆶ떱듺컷랽뺭볃톧훷튪쇷엉ꆷ?놱뺩ꎺ훐맺죋쏱듳톧돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〴⸱㈮?ꆾㄳꆿ헅뢴쏷?ꆶ풴탍뺭볃ꆪ샭싛뷢쫍ꆢ쓚퓚믺훆폫펦폃퇐뺿ꆷ??놱뺩ꎺ훐맺짧믡뿆톧돶냦짧ꎬ㈰〷??ꆾㄴꆿ탬뾵쓾ꎬ췵붣?ퟔ좻풴럡뛈폫뺭볃랢햹쮮욽맘쾵퇐뺿?ꆶ뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ⸲〰㘬⠱⤬?㜸?㠹??ꆾㄵꆿ헅뢴쏷ꎬ뺰웕쟯?풴탍뺭볃벰웤탍퇐뺿쫶움⸠ꆶ훐맺짧믡뿆톧ꆷ?㉏伶ꎬꎨ?ꎩꎬ?㜸?㠷??ꆾㄶꆿ뺰웕쟯?풴폅쫆쫇즽컷뺭볃랢햹뗄?ꆪꆪ즽컷벰훜뇟컥쪡럝뗄풴뇈뷏폫움볛?ꆶ짺닺솦퇐뺿ꆷ?㈰〳Ⱘㄩ??ㄴ??ㄴ???ꆾㄷꆿ커랼쎷?ꆰ풴ퟧ훤ꆱ폫뺭볃랢햹ꆪꆪ믹폚즽컷쪡뗄뗤탍럖컶?ꆶ뺭볃컊쳢ꆷ?㈰〷ꎬꎨꎩꎬ?㈴?㈷??ꆾㄸꆿ퇮몣짺ꎬ훜폀헂ꎬ훜컄뻪?뿳닺풴뾱첽폫뾪랢뗄늻좷뚨탔럖컶?ꆶ훐즽듳톧톧놨ꆷ 59
즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 ?ퟔ좻뿆톧냦??㈰〶ꎬ㐵ꎨ?ꎩꎬ???ㄱ???ꆾㄹꆿ뎵믜뒾?풴뫄뷟풭틲뗄뺭볃톧럖컶?ꆶ쿖듺뺭볃첽쳖ꆷ?㈰〲ꎬꎨ?ꎩꎬ?㈸?㌴??ꆾ㈰ꆿ풬뮳폪ꎬ쇵놣쮳ꎬ샮뿋쟬?뿳튵좨쫐뎡죴룉샭싛폫쪵볹컊쳢뗄쳖싛폫붨틩?ꆶ훐맺뿳튵ꆷ?㈰〳氲⡬㈩??ㄲ?ㄵ??ꆾ㈱ꆿ샮췲뫠?뿳튵좨볛횵뗄릹돉벰웤뺭볃쪵쿖?ꆶ뗘쟲뿆톧?훐맺뗘훊듳톧톧놨ꆷ?㈰〲ꎬ?㈷ꎨ?ꎩꎬ?㠱?㠴??ꆾ㈲ꆿ맹퓆쳎?붨솢맺볒쎺첿햽싔뒢놸뗄릹쿫?ꆶ훐맺쎺첿ꆷ?㈰〴ⰳ〨ㄲ⤬?ㄴ?ㄶ??ꆾ㈳ꆿ웑횾훙?뿳닺풴ퟢ죴룉컊쳢첽쳖?ꆶ뺭볃뺭캳ꆷ?㈰〸ꎬꎨ?ꎩꎬ?ㄲ??ㄳ???ꆾ㈴ꆿ잮폂?풴ퟢ뷰ꆢ풴뾪랢늹뎥폫풴탍돇쫐뿉돖탸랢햹?ꆶ닆뺭컊쳢퇐뺿ꆷ?㈰〶ꎬ㈷??ꎨㄲꎩꎬ?㌴?㌸??ꆾ㈵ꆿ샮맺욽ꎬ헅퓆?뿳닺풴뗄볛횵늹뎥쒣쪽벰맺볊뺭퇩?ꆶ풴뿆톧ꆷ?㈰〵ꎬ㈷ꎨ?ꎩꎬ?㜰?㜵??ꆾ㈶ꆿ돂컄뚫?ퟢ뷰샭싛벰웤뛔풴쮰뗄펰쿬?ꆶ훐퇫닆뺭듳톧톧놨ꆷ?㈰〷ꎬꎨ?ꎩꎬ??????ꆾ㈷ꆿ헅뢴쏷ꎬ뺰웕쟯?쎺첿릤튵뿉돖탸랢햹믹뷰벰웤킧펦럖컶?ꆶ훐맺릤튵뺭볃ꆷ?㈰〶ꎬ㈲?ꎨ?ꎩꎬ?㌰?㌷??ꆾ㈸ꆿ쳆톩쎷ꎬ퇮뗮ꎬ쳆뻼럥?듓ퟢ쮰놾풴뷇뛈뛔컒맺뿳튵쮰럑벰좨샻뷰뗄쮼뾼?ꆶ뿳튵퇐뺿폫뾪랢ꆷ?㈰〷ꎬ㈷ꎨ?ꎩꎬ?㜶?㜸??ꆾ㈹ꆿ컢본?뿳닺풴폐뎥뾪닉쫕럑훆뛈뇦컶?퓙싛틔뗘ퟢ샭싛릹훾뿳닺풴폐뎥쫕럑훆뛈쳥쾵?ꆶ풴ꆤ닺튵ꆷ?㈰〱?ꎨ?ꎩꎬ?㈱?㈳??ꆾ㌰ꆿ퇮훐뚫ꎬ돂뷰죙?틔짱뮪캪샽잳컶컒맺쎺첿풴ퟢ뷰?ꆶ쎺첿뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ?㈰〸ꎬꎨ?ꎩꎬ?㐰?㐳??ꆾ㌱ꆿ쇖늮잿ꎬ캺캡쿍ꎬ샮?뚫?훐맺뎤웚쎺첿탨쟳?펰쿬폫헾닟톡퓱?ꆶ뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ?㈰〷ꎬꎨ?ꎩꎬ?㐸?㔸??ꆾ㌲ꆿ뺰웕쟯ꎬ헅뢴쏷?쏦쿲뿉돖탸랢햹뗄뿉뫄뷟풴맜샭?ꆶ맜샭쫀뷧ꆷ?㈰〷ꎬꎨ?ꎩꎬ?ㄵ??ㄵ???ꆾ33ꆿ얣죊쇁ꎬ헅뢴쏷?풴탍뺭볃쿖쿳벰웤훷튪횢뷡?ꆶ맜샭쫀뷧ꆷ⸲〰?ꎬ⠱㈩??ㄵ??ㄵ㔮?ꆾ34ꆿ헅컄뻔?컒맺뿳닺풴닆닺좨샻훆뛈뗄퇝뮯뫍랢햹랽쿲?ꆶ훐맺뗘훊뿳닺뺭볃ꆷ⸲〰?ꎬꎨ?ꎩꎬ???? ꆾ35ꆿ?붨캰?뿳닺풴폐뎥쪹폃뺭볃쪵쿖랽쪽럖컶?ꆶ쎺첿뺭볃퇐뺿ꆷ⸲〰?ꎬꎨ?ꎩꎬ?ㄶ?㈴?? 60
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즽컷닆뺭듳톧쮶쪿톧캻싛컄 훂킻 럇뎣룐킻횸떼뷌쪦뺰웕쟯뷌쫚뛔놾컄뗄쾤탄횸떼ꆢ죏헦킣뛔ꎬ쪹컒췪돉쇋놾컄뗄킴ퟷꆣ쯽뛔컒뿆퇐믹놾릦쫖냑쫖뗄통솷ꎬ붫쪹컒쫕틦훕짭ꎻ쯽퇏쏜뗄싟벭쮼캬뫍뷷짷뗄뿆퇐첬뛈쪹컒쫜틦럋잳ꎻ쯽늻캷볨쓑ꆢ폂엊룟럥뗄폂웸쇮죋엥럾ꎻ쯽좡뗃뗄뻞듳돉벨붫벤샸컒볌탸잰뷸ꎻ뛔폚헢킩ꎬ컒뚼붫믡폀풶쏺볇퓚탄ꆣ?럇뎣룐킻컒뗄볒죋뗄쒬쒬횧돖ꆣ룐킻뢸쒸뗄뺭볃횧돖폫뺫짱맄샸ꎻ룐킻웞ퟓ쪷횾뗄좫솦횧돖폫컞쮽럮쿗ꎬ뛹ퟓ룕룕돶짺ꎬ쫇쯽ퟔ벺돐떣쇋벸뫵좫늿뗄퇸폽헕맋몢ퟓ뗄퓰죎ꎬퟶ돶쇋뻞듳뗄컾짼ꎬ쫇쟗죋쏇뗄뻞듳횧돖닅쪹컒췪돉쇋톧튵뫍놾컄뗄킴ퟷꆣ?룐킻헅뢻뒺뷌쫚ꆢ헔뫬쎷뷌쫚ꆢ샮쇡뛰뷌쫚뗄붨틩폫틢볻ꆣ?룐킻헔뾵뷜춬톧ꆢ솺볌뾭춬톧뗄틢볻폫냯훺ꎬ룐킻웤쯼춬톧뗄냯훺ꆣ?쪦탖탬뾭ꆢ쪦뷣헅쿾랼퓹쯍쇋룷ퟔ뗄쮶쪿싛컄룸컒ꎬ퓚듋뇭쪾룐킻ꆣ?놾컄쿗룸뛹ퟓ샮퓱폅ꎬ풸쯻붫살뫃뫃톧쾰ꎬ쳬쳬쿲짏ꎬퟶ튻룶뛔맺볒ꆢ짧믡폐폃뗄죋ꆣ???샮솬맢?2008-12-2폚즽컷첫풭 64
풴ퟢ뷰벰웤뛔풴탍뺭볃뗄펰쿬퇐뺿 릥뛁쮶쪿톧캻웚볤랢뇭뗄싛컄 튻ꆢ릥뛁쮶쪿톧캻웚볤랢뇭뗄싛컄?1.샮솬맢?ꆶ컒맺랿뗘닺튵슢뛏탔럖컶ꆷ퓘폚ꆶ뺭볃퇐뺿떼뾯ꆷꎬ2008쓪뗚13웚ꆣ 2.샮솬맢ꎬ룰탂럦ꎬ샮샶?ꆶ컒맺랿볛뗄뻶뚨틲쯘럖컶ꆷ퓘폚ꆶ훐놱듳톧톧놨ꎨ짧믡뿆톧냦ꎩꆷꎬ2009쓪뗚2웚ꆣꎨ틑뺭쫕슼ꎩ?뛾ꆢ웤쯼뿆퇐돉맻 1.훷돖뿎쳢ꆶ컒맺랿뗘닺튵죴룉컊쳢퇐뺿ꆷꎬ즽컷닆뺭듳톧2007쓪퇐뺿짺톧쫵뿆퇐뿎쳢듳주쿮쒿ꎬ틑뺭췪돉ꆣ 2.훷돖뿎쳢ꆶ풴탍뺭볃컊쳢벰웤뛔즽컷뗄뷨본ꆷꎬ즽컷닆뺭듳톧2008쓪퇐뺿짺톧쫵뿆퇐뿎쳢듳주쿮쒿ꎬ틑뺭췪돉ꆣ?3.닎폫뿎쳢ꆶ쎺첿풴뾪랢폫쟸폲뺭볃랢햹ꆪꆪ볦싛쎺첿풴탍쟸폲뺭볃랢햹랽쪽뗄뇤ꆷꎬ맺볒짧뿆믹뷰쿮쒿ꎨ쿮쒿뫅08BJL052ꎩꎬ뺰웕쟯뷌쫚훷돖ꎬ퓚퇐ꆣ?4.닎폫뿎쳢ꆶ벼쫵뷸늽폫즽컷쪡풴탍뗘쟸뺭볃탍퇐뺿ꆷꎬ즽컷닆뺭듳톧뿆퇐뒦톧짺뿎쳢ꎬ뺰웕쟯뷌쫚훷돖ꎬ틑뺭췪돉ꆣ?5.닎폫뿎쳢ꆶ즽컷쪡쳘즫돇헲뮯춳볆볠닢움볛쳥쾵퇐뺿ꆷꎬ즽컷쪡붨짨쳼뿎쳢쿮쒿ꎬ헅뢴쏷퇐뺿풱훷돖ꎬ퓚퇐ꆣ?6?닎폫뿎쳢ꆶ즽컷쪡폀볃쫐쫐폲돇헲쳥쾵맦뮮ꆷꎬ즽컷쪡돇쿧맦뮮풺쿮쒿ꎬ뺰웕쟯뷌쫚훷돖ꎬ틑뺭췪돉ꆣ?죽ꆢ뿆퇐믱붱쟩뿶 1. 훷돖뿎쳢ꆶ풴탍뺭볃컊쳢벰웤뛔즽컷뗄뷨본ꆷ믱2008쓪즽컷닆뺭듳톧퇐뺿짺톧쫵뿆퇐뿎쳢듳주튻뗈붱ꆣ †2.?뛀솢ퟷ헟ꎬꆶ풴탍뺭볃컊쳢퇐뺿ꆪꆪ믹폚뺭볃ퟢ뷰뗄럖컶ꆷꎬ믱㈰08쓪즽컷닆뺭듳톧퇐뺿짺톧쫵싛컄듳주튻뗈붱ꆣ 3. 훷돖뿎쳢ꆶ컒맺랿뗘닺튵죴룉컊쳢퇐뺿ꆷ믱2007쓪즽컷닆뺭듳톧퇐뺿짺톧쫵뿆퇐뿎쳢듳주폅탣붱ꆣ 65
